Article(id=1253997370102973194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234736404742242, issueId=1253997366797857283, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-2337.2025.05.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726761600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-20, revisedDate=1739462400000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776905871177, onlineDateStr=2026-04-23, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776905871177, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776905871177, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1776905871177, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1253997366797857283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234736404742242, year='2025', volume='23', issue='5', pageStart='473', pageEnd='590', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776905870387, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1777355497251, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1255883238690702048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234736404742242, issueId=1253997366797857283, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1255883238690702049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234736404742242, issueId=1253997366797857283, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=551, endPage=562, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1253997370383991568, articleId=1253997370102973194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234736404742242, language=EN, title=Single-Channel Airborne Spotlight SAR Moving Target Interference Suppression Algorithm Based on Relative Velocity, columnId=null, journalTitle=Radar Science and Technology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Airborne spotlight synthetic aperture radar (Spotlight SAR) is a high resolution imaging mode of SAR. The basic principle is to achieve decimeter-level high-resolution imaging by continuous observation of fixed areas. This high-resolution imaging has extremely important applications in military and civilian fields, especially in target interpretation and recognition. However, with the improvement of resolution, in the long-term observation process, the moving target in the observation area will produce longer and more complex defocus and offset signals. When these signals cover important objects such as urban buildings, the effect of image interpretation and target recognition will be significantly reduced. In view of the above problems, two methods of moving target interference suppression are proposed in this paper. The first method is to combine the relative velocity with the range Doppler algorithm (RDA), and adjust the relative velocity parameters iteratively so that the defocused moving target can be refocused. In each iteration, the refocusing effect of the moving target is tested and judged by the maximum amplitude index. After the refocusing is completed, the refocused moving target is separated by the mask, and the original moving target echo signal is recovered by the inverse echo operation. Finally, by subtracting the recovered moving target echo from the original echo signal, the echo signal of the static scene can be obtained, and then the range Doppler algorithm is used to realize the imaging of the static scene. The second method is a moving target interference suppression method based on image sequence. The method obtains an image sequence by segmenting the sub-aperture, detects and generates a mask in the sub-aperture image sequence to remove the defocusing moving target signal, and then accumulates the processed image sequence complex data to generate a high-resolution static scene image. In this paper, semi-physical synthetic data are used for experiments, and evaluated by correlation and coherence operations. The experimental results show that the first method can effectively separate the moving target from the static scene echo and the effect is better than the second method.

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机载聚束合成孔径雷达(Spotlight SAR)是一种SAR的高分辨成像模式。其基本原理是通过对固定区域进行连续观测来实现分米级的高分辨率成像。这种高分辨成像在军事和民用领域中有着极其重要的应用,尤其是在目标判读、解译和识别等方面具有显著优势。然而,随着分辨率的提升,在长时间观测过程中,观测区域内的动目标会产生较长、形态较复杂的散焦和偏移信号。这些信号覆盖在城市建筑物等重要对象上时,会显著降低图像的解释和目标识别的效果。针对上述问题,本文提出了两种动目标干扰抑制方法,第一种方法是通过将相对速度与距离多普勒算法(Range Doppler Algorithm,RDA)相结合,通过迭代调整相对速度参数,使得散焦的动目标能够重新聚焦。在每次迭代中,通过最大幅度指标来检验和判断动目标的重聚焦效果。重聚焦完成后,利用掩膜分离出重聚焦的动目标,再通过逆回波操作恢复出原始的动目标回波信号。最后,通过将原始回波信号减去恢复的动目标回波,即可得到静止场景的回波信号,进而利用距离多普勒算法实现静止场景成像。第二种方法是基于图像序列的动目标干扰抑制方法。该方法通过分割子孔径获得图像序列,在子孔径图像序列中检测并生成掩膜去除散焦动目标信号,进而将处理的图像序列复数据累加生成高分辨静止场景图像。本文采用半物理合成数据进行实验,并通过相关性和相干性运算进行评估,实验结果表明,第一种方法能够有效分离动目标与静止场景回波且效果优于第二种方法。

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申文杰 男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为SAR动目标检测与成像。

王佩悦 女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为SAR信号处理。

王彦平 男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为智能雷达、雷达形变监测、智能预警技术。

林赟 女,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为多角度SAR三维成像技术。

李洋 男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为极化SAR、雷达多目标跟踪、封闭空间雷达定位与构图。

白泽朝 男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为星载/地基InSAR技术理论和应用研究。

蒋雯 女,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为雷达智能感知与对抗、雷达系统仿真。

赵新亚 女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为动目标阴影检测与速度估计。

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申文杰 男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为SAR动目标检测与成像。

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申文杰 男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为SAR动目标检测与成像。

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王佩悦 女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为SAR信号处理。

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王佩悦 女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为SAR信号处理。

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王彦平 男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为智能雷达、雷达形变监测、智能预警技术。

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王彦平 男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为智能雷达、雷达形变监测、智能预警技术。

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林赟 女,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为多角度SAR三维成像技术。

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林赟 女,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为多角度SAR三维成像技术。

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李洋 男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为极化SAR、雷达多目标跟踪、封闭空间雷达定位与构图。

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李洋 男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为极化SAR、雷达多目标跟踪、封闭空间雷达定位与构图。

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白泽朝 男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为星载/地基InSAR技术理论和应用研究。

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白泽朝 男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为星载/地基InSAR技术理论和应用研究。

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蒋雯 女,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为雷达智能感知与对抗、雷达系统仿真。

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蒋雯 女,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为雷达智能感知与对抗、雷达系统仿真。

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赵新亚 女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为动目标阴影检测与速度估计。

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赵新亚 女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为动目标阴影检测与速度估计。

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参数参数值
中心频率/GHz9.7
发射脉宽/μs2.5
信号带宽/MHz50
脉冲重复频率/Hz2126
雷达到场景中心距离/m4000
雷达运动速度/(m·s-1150
合成孔径角/(°)5
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雷达系统仿真参数

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参数参数值
中心频率/GHz9.7
发射脉宽/μs2.5
信号带宽/MHz50
脉冲重复频率/Hz2126
雷达到场景中心距离/m4000
雷达运动速度/(m·s-1150
合成孔径角/(°)5
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目标坐标/m速度/(m·s-1
T1(3980, 0)(0, 5)
T2(4050, -20)(0, 3)
T3(4000, 20)(5, 2)
T4(4015, 5)(3, 7)
T5(4050, 10)(5, 0)
T6(3970, 10)(0, 3)
T7(3950, 20)(0, 4)
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动目标仿真参数

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目标坐标/m速度/(m·s-1
T1(3980, 0)(0, 5)
T2(4050, -20)(0, 3)
T3(4000, 20)(5, 2)
T4(4015, 5)(3, 7)
T5(4050, 10)(5, 0)
T6(3970, 10)(0, 3)
T7(3950, 20)(0, 4)
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方法算法一算法二
不做算法处理0.903150.90315
做算法处理0.988710.98645
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相关性计算结果

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方法算法一算法二
不做算法处理0.903150.90315
做算法处理0.988710.98645
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方法算法一算法二
不做算法处理0.938620.93862
做算法处理0.992730.97911
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相干性计算结果

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方法算法一算法二
不做算法处理0.938620.93862
做算法处理0.992730.97911
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基于相对速度的单通道机载聚束SAR动目标干扰抑制算法
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申文杰 , 王佩悦 , 王彦平 , 林赟 , 李洋 , 白泽朝 , 蒋雯 , 赵新亚
雷达科学与技术 | 2025,23(5): 551-562
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雷达科学与技术 | 2025, 23(5): 551-562
基于相对速度的单通道机载聚束SAR动目标干扰抑制算法
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申文杰, 王佩悦, 王彦平, 林赟, 李洋, 白泽朝, 蒋雯, 赵新亚
作者信息
  • 北方工业大学信息学院雷达监测技术实验室,北京 100144
  • 申文杰 男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为SAR动目标检测与成像。

    王佩悦 女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为SAR信号处理。

    王彦平 男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为智能雷达、雷达形变监测、智能预警技术。

    林赟 女,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为多角度SAR三维成像技术。

    李洋 男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为极化SAR、雷达多目标跟踪、封闭空间雷达定位与构图。

    白泽朝 男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为星载/地基InSAR技术理论和应用研究。

    蒋雯 女,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为雷达智能感知与对抗、雷达系统仿真。

    赵新亚 女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为动目标阴影检测与速度估计。

Single-Channel Airborne Spotlight SAR Moving Target Interference Suppression Algorithm Based on Relative Velocity
Wenjie SHEN, Peiyue WANG, Yanping WANG, Yun LIN, Yang LI, Zechao BAI, Wen JANG, Xinya ZHAO
Affiliations
  • Radar Monitoring Technology Laboratory, School of Information Science and Technology, North China University of Technology, Beijing100144, China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2337.2025.05.009
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机载聚束合成孔径雷达(Spotlight SAR)是一种SAR的高分辨成像模式。其基本原理是通过对固定区域进行连续观测来实现分米级的高分辨率成像。这种高分辨成像在军事和民用领域中有着极其重要的应用,尤其是在目标判读、解译和识别等方面具有显著优势。然而,随着分辨率的提升,在长时间观测过程中,观测区域内的动目标会产生较长、形态较复杂的散焦和偏移信号。这些信号覆盖在城市建筑物等重要对象上时,会显著降低图像的解释和目标识别的效果。针对上述问题,本文提出了两种动目标干扰抑制方法,第一种方法是通过将相对速度与距离多普勒算法(Range Doppler Algorithm,RDA)相结合,通过迭代调整相对速度参数,使得散焦的动目标能够重新聚焦。在每次迭代中,通过最大幅度指标来检验和判断动目标的重聚焦效果。重聚焦完成后,利用掩膜分离出重聚焦的动目标,再通过逆回波操作恢复出原始的动目标回波信号。最后,通过将原始回波信号减去恢复的动目标回波,即可得到静止场景的回波信号,进而利用距离多普勒算法实现静止场景成像。第二种方法是基于图像序列的动目标干扰抑制方法。该方法通过分割子孔径获得图像序列,在子孔径图像序列中检测并生成掩膜去除散焦动目标信号,进而将处理的图像序列复数据累加生成高分辨静止场景图像。本文采用半物理合成数据进行实验,并通过相关性和相干性运算进行评估,实验结果表明,第一种方法能够有效分离动目标与静止场景回波且效果优于第二种方法。

相对速度  /  距离多普勒算法  /  动目标聚焦  /  回波分离

Airborne spotlight synthetic aperture radar (Spotlight SAR) is a high resolution imaging mode of SAR. The basic principle is to achieve decimeter-level high-resolution imaging by continuous observation of fixed areas. This high-resolution imaging has extremely important applications in military and civilian fields, especially in target interpretation and recognition. However, with the improvement of resolution, in the long-term observation process, the moving target in the observation area will produce longer and more complex defocus and offset signals. When these signals cover important objects such as urban buildings, the effect of image interpretation and target recognition will be significantly reduced. In view of the above problems, two methods of moving target interference suppression are proposed in this paper. The first method is to combine the relative velocity with the range Doppler algorithm (RDA), and adjust the relative velocity parameters iteratively so that the defocused moving target can be refocused. In each iteration, the refocusing effect of the moving target is tested and judged by the maximum amplitude index. After the refocusing is completed, the refocused moving target is separated by the mask, and the original moving target echo signal is recovered by the inverse echo operation. Finally, by subtracting the recovered moving target echo from the original echo signal, the echo signal of the static scene can be obtained, and then the range Doppler algorithm is used to realize the imaging of the static scene. The second method is a moving target interference suppression method based on image sequence. The method obtains an image sequence by segmenting the sub-aperture, detects and generates a mask in the sub-aperture image sequence to remove the defocusing moving target signal, and then accumulates the processed image sequence complex data to generate a high-resolution static scene image. In this paper, semi-physical synthetic data are used for experiments, and evaluated by correlation and coherence operations. The experimental results show that the first method can effectively separate the moving target from the static scene echo and the effect is better than the second method.

relative velocity  /  range Doppler algorithm(RDA)  /  moving target focusing  /  echo separation
申文杰, 王佩悦, 王彦平, 林赟, 李洋, 白泽朝, 蒋雯, 赵新亚. 基于相对速度的单通道机载聚束SAR动目标干扰抑制算法. 雷达科学与技术, 2025 , 23 (5) : 551 -562 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2337.2025.05.009
Wenjie SHEN, Peiyue WANG, Yanping WANG, Yun LIN, Yang LI, Zechao BAI, Wen JANG, Xinya ZHAO. Single-Channel Airborne Spotlight SAR Moving Target Interference Suppression Algorithm Based on Relative Velocity[J]. Radar Science and Technology, 2025 , 23 (5) : 551 -562 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2337.2025.05.009
合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)是一种全天候、全天时的高分辨率微波遥感成像雷达[1]。它是利用合成孔径原理、脉冲压缩技术获得距离向和方位向高分辨遥感图像的雷达成像系统[1-3]。同时,它作为全天候全天时工作的探测系统,已经广泛应用于国民经济的各个领域。它在地形测绘与地质研究、农业林业、海洋研究、军事侦察等方面具有广泛的应用[4]
机载聚束合成孔径雷达(Spotlight SAR)是一种SAR的高分辨成像模式,其显著特点是通过控制雷达天线的指向,使其在数据采集期间始终对准成像区域的中心。这种方法允许雷达对关注的成像区域进行较长时间的照射,从而有效增加合成孔径的长度,获得比一般条带SAR更宽的多普勒带宽。这一特性显著提高了方位向的分辨率[4],使得聚束式SAR能够实现分米级的高分辨率成像。这种高分辨率成像在军民领域的目标判读、解译和识别等应用中具有极其重要的作用。
近年来,聚束式SAR因其高分辨率成像特性,受到了广泛关注。然而,随着成像分辨率的提升,在长时间观测过程中,观测区域内的动目标可能会产生复杂的散焦和偏移信号。这些信号在成像中表现为形态复杂的干扰,严重降低了成像质量。因此,如何有效抑制这些动目标干扰,成为提升SAR成像质量的重要挑战。为了解决这一问题,研究者们正在探索多种干扰抑制算法和技术,以确保在高分辨率成像条件下仍能获得清晰、准确的图像。
SAR系统面向的是静止场景和静止目标进行成像处理,动目标成像会发生偏移和散焦现象[5-7]。在静止场景的雷达图像中,动目标由于其具有二维速度,会导致在合成孔径雷达图像中出现偏移或散焦效应。这种现象通常表现为较长形态复杂的散焦和偏移信号。当这些干扰信号覆盖在城市建筑物等重要目标上时,会显著降低图像的可解释性和目标识别的准确性。这不仅影响了图像的整体质量,还可能对后续的应用,如目标判读、解译和识别,造成严重的干扰。为了确保提取图像信息的准确性,并提高目标判读、解译和识别的性能,迫切需要研究动目标与静止场景回波的有效分离方法。通过精确地分离动目标和静止背景的回波,可以有效去除动目标的干扰信号,从而提高图像的清晰度和可用性[8-9]
前期围绕动目标与静止场景信号分离的问题,主要是针对机载和星载平台开展工作,许多学者提出了不同的算法来消除SAR图像中由动目标引起的伪影。德国的Schulz[10-11]基于空时自适应原理,提出了一种面向多通道动目标干扰抑制方法,并通过实际数据完成了算法验证,有效去除了干扰信号,该方法针对多通道系统,其硬件及算法过于复杂,无法适用于现有广泛存在的单通道SAR系统。西电研究团队[12-13]进一步发展了该方法,将其由常规条带多通道模式拓展至高分宽幅模式,实现了降采样条件下的动目标干扰抑制。本文提出了两种单通道系统下的动目标干扰去除方法。
第一种方法是基于单通道聚束式SAR系统的基于相对速度的重聚焦技术将动目标与静止场景回波分离方法。该方法在原有思路的基础上引入重聚焦的技术思路,通过在子孔径中将动目标重聚焦再进行抑制,实现静止场景的最小化损失。具体步骤如下,首先利用相对速度概念与距离多普勒算法相结合,通过调整相对速度参数使得动目标聚焦,然后利用掩膜分离动目标聚焦点,再利用逆回波操作恢复原始动目标回波信号,最后利用原始回波信号减去恢复的动目标回波,即可得到静止场景回波,进而利用距离多普勒(Range Doppler,RD)实现静止场景成像。第二种方法是我们团队之前提出的方法[14],基于图像序列的动目标干扰抑制方法。该方法通过分割子孔径获得图像序列,在子孔径图像序列中检测并生成掩膜去除散焦动目标信号,进而将处理的图像序列复数据累加生成高分辨静止场景图像。
本节将介绍两种动目标干扰抑制算法,以应对合成孔径雷达成像中因动目标引起的干扰问题。其中,算法一是基于相对速度的聚束式SAR静止与运动目标回波分离算法,这是本文的主要研究内容,将进行详细阐述。该算法通过分析目标的相对速度特征,能够有效区分静止场景与动目标的回波,从而实现高效的干扰抑制。算法二是我们团队早期提出的基于图像序列的动目标干扰抑制方法。尽管该算法在实际应用中取得了一定的效果,但与基于相对速度的算法相比,其在处理复杂场景时的鲁棒性和准确性仍有待提升。
假设雷达以匀速vs沿y轴运动。y轴表示沿方位向,x轴表示沿着距离向,坐标原点O位于雷达轨道的中点处。此时雷达处于坐标原点,其坐标表示为(0,vst)。动目标沿方位向和沿距离向的速度分别用vavr来表示。场景中的动目标在t=0时刻,位于点Px0y0)处,其速度为(vrva)。因此该动目标的坐标可以表示为(x0+vrty0+vat),可以将瞬时斜距表达式为
雷达接收信号经dechirp处理得到的输出信号为
式中,A为复常数,λ为载波波长,c为光速,Kr为距离向调频率,Rref为参考距离,一般选取在场景中心。
图1为方位零时刻引入相对速度后的聚束SAR与动目标几何关系图。从图1中关系可以看出,在引入相对速度进行等效后,雷达平台坐标由(0,vst)等效为(0,)。在t=0时刻,动目标位于点Px0y0)处,目标速度为(vrva)。在经过相对速度变换后,运动目标P旋转θ度后可以等效为点目标P′,此时的点目标P′可以视为静止目标。动目标的位置由原来的(x0+vrty0+vat)等效为()。
构造的相对速度变换关系如下所示,其中v′s为等效后的相对平台速度,θ表明了其旋转角度。根据上述几何模型和运动假设,v′sθ为定值。
将式(3)和式(4)代入式(1),并进行相应数学推导,我们可以将距离等式修改如下:
由于(x0y0)均为常数,因此引入变量用于对上式进行简化,简化后的表达式为
这里将上式与静止点目标的瞬时斜距表达式进行对比,在式(1)中,令vrva分别为零,可以得到聚束SAR静止目标的瞬时斜距表达式为
经过对比分析,我们发现引入相对速度后,原本复杂的动目标信号模型可以等效为与静止信号模型相同的形式。这一转变带来了显著的优势。首先,这种等效处理显著降低了信号的复杂程度,使得对动目标信号特性的分析变得更加直观和高效,其次,在对动目标信号进行重聚焦处理时,简化后的信号模型使得我们可以充分利用现有的成像算法。这意味着我们不必从零开始开发新算法,而是可以在现有算法的基础上进行优化和改进。这种方法不仅提高了算法的开发效率,还降低了算法改造的难度。而不同点在动目标的位置由(x0y0)投影到了(),投影后的坐标由相对速度v′s及其旋转角度θ所决定。
动目标与静止场景回波的分离是合成孔径雷达成像领域中一个不可或缺的重要研究方向。本文主要聚焦于单通道SAR系统中静止目标与运动目标的回波分离问题。在上一节中,我们推导了基于相对速度的动目标信号模型,通过将相对速度变换引入距离等式,有效地降低了原有信号模型的复杂程度。在此基础上,本文将相对速度模型与距离多普勒算法(RDA)相结合,提出了一种新的回波分离方法。具体而言,我们通过调整相对速度参数,使得散焦的动目标能够重新聚焦。在重聚焦之后,我们采用掩膜技术来分离重聚焦后的动目标信号。通过掩膜处理,可以有效区分动目标与静止场景的回波,从而实现高效的信号分离。接下来,我们利用逆回波操作恢复原始动目标回波信号。最终,通过上述步骤,我们成功获得了静止场景的回波数据,并利用距离多普勒算法实现了静止场景的成像。算法的整体流程如图2所示,清晰地展示了数据输入到最终静止场景成像的各个步骤。
算法流程如图2所示。首先输入全场景回波,此回波为静止场景回波Istatic(tr,ta)和动目标的回波Idynamic(tr,ta),如下:
式中,tr代表距离向,ta代表方位向。
接下来进行基于相对速度信号模型的RD成像算法迭代处理运算。根据动目标参数计算出已知的第1,2,…,N个动目标的相对速度和角度。相对速度和角度计算公式与式(3)和式(4)相同,如下:
基于此相对速度可以将第1,2,…,N个在雷达速度下的散焦的动目标重聚焦:
式中,ϑ(·)为相对速度运算。
将重聚焦的动目标进行最大对比度检测,若此动目标与周围噪声的幅度比为最大,则为所要去除的动目标,公式如下:
式中,Atarget为重聚焦的动目标的幅值,Anoise为周围噪声区域的幅度均值。
接下来将此动目标利用掩膜矩阵T进行抠取。掩膜矩阵是自定义的,用于精确覆盖重聚焦后的动目标区域。掩膜矩阵的每个位置包含一个二进制值(通常为0或1),其中值为1的区域表示有效信号区域,需进行后续处理;值为0的区域则表示无效信号区域,不需处理。也就是说,在重聚焦第N个动目标后,当前成像图是包含了第N个动目标的整体矩阵,可以通过自定义的掩膜矩阵T与该矩阵逐位相乘,来精准提取出重聚焦的动目标区域。此二值化矩阵表示为
通过逆回波方法,即RD的逆运算,将掩膜后的数据通过该方法逆运算得到第1,2,…,N个动目标的回波。方位压缩逆回波函数如式(15)所示,距离徙动校正的逆回波函数如式(16)所示。
将二值化矩阵B1,2,…,N(trta)通过与逆回波函数相乘得到第1,2,…,N个动目标的回波:
将原始全场景图像回波与动目标回波进行作差运算得到将第1,2,…,N个动目标抠取之后的场景回波。通过RD算法正运算,即式(15)和式(16)的共轭,重建出无动目标的静止场景图像。
回波分离流程主要步骤示意图如图3所示。
1)第一步是输入原始数据,包括静止场景数据和动目标数据,图3Step1中将点阵作为静止场景,红色的曲线为动目标;
2)第二步是基于相对速度动目标重聚焦,图3Step2中点阵由点延伸为线,代表场景散焦,红色的点为重聚焦后的动目标点;
3)第三步是对动目标的最大对比度检测,如图3Step3;
4)第四步是重聚焦动目标点掩膜处理、动目标的逆回波操作、原始回波与动目标回波差分与静止场景的重建。
基于图像序列的动目标干扰抑制算法的主要思路相对简单,该方法通过对子孔径进行分割,获得图像序列,并在这些子孔径图像序列中检测和生成掩膜,以去除散焦的动目标信号。随后,将处理后的图像序列复数据累加,从而生成高分辨率的静止场景图像。
此算法的整体算法流程如图4所示。对于第n个输入序列,首先生成相应的背景图像。接下来,对预处理后的图像序列与背景图像进行差分,由于背景中没有动目标信号,这一差分过程可以有效提取出每个序列对应的静止场景信息。随后,将差分结果输入到恒虚警(CFAR)检测器中,以检测运动目标并生成第n个图像序列的掩膜。
需要注意的是,CFAR处理结果中可能存在一定的误检(如噪声和残余杂波),因此后续需要进行聚类和跟踪以提高检测的准确性。我们的目标是获得高分辨率的背景图像,如果不将这些误检排除在检测结果之外,可能会导致静止场景信息的丢失。在这一过程中,我们采用基于密度的聚类方法,例如基于密度的空间聚类(DBSCAN),来提取所有潜在目标。由于DBSCAN能够识别较低密度的区域,而动目标和残留杂波通常具有较高的密度,因此这一方法可以有效降低噪声。
对于残余杂波和运动目标的区分,我们可以使用卡尔曼跟踪等方法进行处理。这是因为在重叠的图像序列中,杂波是静止的,而目标则是连续运动的。最后一步是消除每个预处理图像序列中的运动目标伪影,并进行相干求和。原始的子孔径图像序列以复数值存储,因此我们使用掩膜去除相应图像序列中的伪影,并将其求和。整个图像序列被分为若干个重叠的集合,通过从每个集合中选择相邻的子孔径图像组成全孔径,从而获得高分辨率的静止场景图像。
为了验证所提出算法的可行性,我们采用半物理仿真方法设计了一个不含动目标的静止场景作为真值。在这个静止场景中,我们引入了7个动目标,以模拟真实环境中的复杂情况。通过本文所提出的算法,我们成功地分离出了无动目标的静止场景回波和动目标的回波,分离得到的无动目标的回波再经过RD成像得到新的不含动目标的静止场景。为了评估动目标点抠除的效果,我们采用了相关性和相干性的运算方法。此外,通过对比分离前后的图像,我们可以直观地观察到动目标的干扰如何影响静止场景的成像效果。
仿真的参数如表1表2所示。
图5展示了从桑迪亚(Sandia)miniSAR数据集中截取的实测数据场景图像。我们将该场景的幅度信息用作仿真场景回波的幅度,从而生成一个静止场景的仿真模型。图6则呈现了该实测场景经过距离多普勒算法处理后的成像结果图。
图7(a)为T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6和T7七个动目标的回波图,图7(b)为7个动目标的RD成像结果,可明显看出动目标T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6和T7具有散焦和偏移的情况,图7(c)为全场景回波,其中包含了7个动目标的回波及背景杂波的回波,图7(d)为全场景经过RD算法处理后的成像结果,图中明显显示出动目标T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6和T7的伪影,表明这些动目标在成像过程中对静止场景的干扰。
值得注意的是,图6的成像结果在后续处理中将作为真值参考。这一过程不仅有助于评估动目标去除算法的有效性,也为进一步的算法优化和实际应用提供了重要的数据支持。通过对比不同图像的特征,我们能够深入分析动目标对成像质量的影响。
接下来以动目标T1作为对象进行相对速度迭代过程概述。
图7(b)中T1是基于雷达速度为150m/s的RD成像图,通过相对速度的迭代,其过程如图8(a)~ (c)所示,以T1为例,速度分别设置为144,145和146m/s时,动目标T1的聚散焦状态,将其在(3980,0)点进行最大幅度检测,若此动目标与周围噪声的幅度比为最大,即聚焦效果最好,就为所要去除的动目标,图8(d)为绘制的幅值-速度折线图,显而易见,速度为145m/s时是幅值最大的动目标聚焦状态,此时达到相对速度值。图8(e)为T1在速度为145m/s时的聚焦状态,T2,T3为散焦状态的RD成像结果。图8(f)为T1放大图,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6和T7用同样方法。
接下来将动目标T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6和T7依次利用掩膜进行抠取。将抠出的动目标点T1,T2和T3,通过逆回波方法,即RD的逆运算,将掩膜处理后的数据逆运算得到动目标的回波。将原始全场景图像回波与动目标回波进行作差运算得到将动目标抠除之后的场景回波。通过RD算法正运算,还原出抠出动目标的场景图像。图9(a)为掩膜抠出T1,再通过逆回波操作恢复到回波,如图9(b)所示,原始回波与动目标逆回波作差之后进行RD成像,如图9(c)所示。3个动目标迭代处理,最终就可以得到无动目标静止场景成像结果。
图10(a)~(g)为T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6和T7七个动目标掩膜后的逆回波结果,图10(h)为T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6和T7与原始回波差分后的静止场景回波。
接下来对比成像结果,图11(a)为不做本文算法处理的全场景RD成像结果图,图11(b)为算法处理后的无动目标场景RD成像结果图。
为了形成对比,仿真参数和场景信息与算法一设置相同。图12作为真值,图12(a)为全孔径成像中动目标长轨迹,图12(b)为全孔径成像图。
首先将图12(b)进行二维傅里叶运算,将此全孔径傅里叶运算后的成像分为4个子孔径图像,接着对这4个子孔径图再进行傅里叶变换。
接下来以第一个子孔径图为例对算法流程进行概述,首先通过中值滤波提取背景(静止场景),如图13(a)所示,也就是静止场景灰度图,第一个子孔径成像如图13(b)所示,图13(c)为前景图(动目标),由此可得到掩膜,将其与子孔径成像图(复图像)相乘,动目标即可被抑制。每个子孔径图像如此迭代操作后将掩膜处理后子孔径背景图累加即可得到静止场景成像。
图14(a)为不做算法处理的灰度图像,图14(b)为最后累加得到的动目标去除后的静止场景图像。
相关性是衡量两个信号或图像在时间或空间上相似程度的指标。通过计算两个信号在不同偏移量下的点积累加,可以反映出两者的匹配程度。相关性常用于评估信号在时空位置上是否一致,或者在图像处理中评估两幅图像的整体相似性。
式(18)中I1(xy),I2(xy)表示两幅不同的图像数据矩阵,mn表示偏移量(即在xy方向上的平移)。(mn)是所求相干性。
相干性是衡量两个信号在相位和幅度上相似程度的指标。如式(19)所示,I1I2是不同的图像数据矩阵,其在相同位置(x,y)的相干性为γ。其中,I1(ij),I2(ij)是复数形式的像素值。
回波分离的效果首先通过相关性的运算进行评估。通过MATLAB读取雷达图像数据,即读取静止场景数据、静止场景加动目标点的全场景数据和动目标点去掉之后重建出的静止场景数据,经过相关性函数运算,两种算法得到的结果如表3所示。
接着通过相干性运算进行评估。通过MATLAB读取静止场景数据、静止场景加动目标点的全场景数据和动目标点去掉之后重建出的静止场景数据的相位信息,经过相干性函数运算,两种算法得到结果如表4所示。
图15为相干性图像,其中图15(a)和(c)为静止场景加动目标点全场景的图像数据和静止场景的图像数据的相干性图像,图15(b)和(d)为静止场景的图像数据和动目标点去掉之后重建出的静止场景数据的相干性图像。
通过静止场景的图像数据和动目标点去掉之后重建出的静止场景数据进行相关性和相干性运算来判断静止场景真值和经过本文算法处理后静止场景的相关性和相干性;通过静止场景加动目标点全场景的图像数据和静止场景的图像数据进行相关性和相干性运算来判断在静止场景中加入动目标的合成数据真值(不经过本文算法处理)和静止场景真值的相关性和相干性。算法一计算出来相关性分别为0.98871和0.90315,算法二计算出来相关性分别为0.987445和0.90315,算法一计算出来相干性分别为0.99273和0.93863,算法二计算出来相干性分别为0.988279和0.93863,可以看到动目标抑制后的图像与无动目标的真值图像相比,相关性和相干性更高,从而验证了本文算法的有效性,并且可以得到算法一优于算法二。
Spotlight SAR通过持续照射实现分米级高分辨率成像,广泛用于地形监测、灾害评估和军事侦察。但高分辨率下动目标会产生散焦和位移伪影,覆盖关键区域时降低图像质量和识别准确性,可能引发误判。针对上述问题,本文提出了两种消除动目标特征的方法,第一种方法是基于单通道聚束式SAR系统的基于相对速度的重聚焦技术将动目标与静止场景回波分离方法。该方法在原有思路的基础上引入重聚焦的技术思路,通过在子孔径中将动目标重聚焦再进行抑制,实现静止场景的最小化损失。具体步骤如下:首先利用相对速度概念与距离多普勒算法相结合,通过调整相对速度参数使得动目标聚焦,然后利用掩膜分离动目标聚焦点,再利用逆回波操作恢复原始动目标回波信号,再利用原始回波信号减去恢复的动目标回波,即可得到静止场景回波,进而利用RD实现静止场景成像。第二种方法是我们团队之前提出的方法,是基于图像序列的动目标干扰抑制方法。该方法通过分割子孔径获得图像序列,在子孔径图像序列中检测并生成掩膜去除散焦动目标信号,进而将处理的图像序列复数据累加生成高分辨静止场景图像。
为验证这两种方法的有效性,本文采用半物理合成数据进行了实验,并通过相关性和相干性运算对结果进行了评估。实验结果表明,第一种方法在动目标与静止场景回波的分离效果上明显优于第二种方法。这主要是因为第一种方法在抑制子孔径散焦动目标信号的同时,有效去除了覆盖的静止场景信号,从而导致静止场景信号的损失较少,保持了较高的图像分辨率。
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2025年第23卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2337.2025.05.009
  • 接收时间:2024-09-20
  • 首发时间:2026-04-23
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-20
  • 修回日期:2025-02-14
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    北方工业大学信息学院雷达监测技术实验室,北京 100144
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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