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Article(id=1253997369280893091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234736404742242, issueId=1253997366797857283, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-2337.2025.05.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734278400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-16, revisedDate=1741104000000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776905870980, onlineDateStr=2026-04-23, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776905870980, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776905870980, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1776905870980, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1253997366797857283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234736404742242, year='2025', volume='23', issue='5', pageStart='473', pageEnd='590', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776905870387, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1777355497251, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1255883238690702048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234736404742242, issueId=1253997366797857283, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1255883238690702049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234736404742242, issueId=1253997366797857283, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=503, endPage=512, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1253997369654186154, articleId=1253997369280893091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234736404742242, language=EN, title=Research on Baseline Estimation Method Based on Attitude Analysis of Spaceborne Distributed InSAR System, columnId=null, journalTitle=Radar Science and Technology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Spaceborne distributed interferometic synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) system flying in formation winding, the relative attitude change of the two satellites leads to the dynamic change of baseline system error. The traditional baseline estimation method of calculating the mean value of baseline calibration results for a single calibration site cannot be effectively applied to uncalibrated arcs. A baseline estimation method is proposed in this paper to solve this problem. The baseline system error and the system error of the two satellites are analyzed, and the baseline calibration result is converted to the satellite system error. Then the baseline error of the uncalibrated arc is calculated by combining the orbit parameters and motion attitude of the satellite. The variations of the elevation difference, the relative attitude and the system error of the traditional baseline estimation method and the proposed baseline estimation method during the flight of the satellite are simulated, and the experimental results are verified by the measured data of the Chinese spaceborne distributed InSAR system. The experimental results show that the proposed baseline estimation method can improve the ground elevation measurement accuracy of the uncalibrated arc compared with the traditional baseline estimation method, and provide a new method for the application of baseline calibration results of spaceborne distributed InSAR system.

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星载分布式干涉合成孔径雷达（Interferometic Synthetic Aperture Radar，InSAR）系统编队缠绕飞行，双星姿态相对变化导致基线系统误差动态变化，单定标场地基线定标结果求均值的传统基线估计方法无法有效适用于未定标弧段。针对这一问题，本文提出了一种基线估计方法。该方法对基线系统误差及双星各自系统误差进行分析，将基线定标结果转换至卫星系统误差，然后结合未定标弧段卫星轨道参数、运动姿态完成该弧段的基线误差推算。本文仿真了卫星飞行过程中传统基线估计方法和本文所提基线估计方法对应的测量高程差和相对姿态以及卫星系统误差的变化关系，并采用我国星载分布式InSAR系统实测数据进行实验验证。实验结果表明，本文所提基线估计方法相较于传统基线估计方法能够提高未定标弧段的地面高程测量精度，为星载分布式InSAR系统基线定标结果应用提供一种新方法。

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田家奇 男，硕士，主要研究方向为星载分布式InSAR系统基线定标。

梁维斌 男，博士，研究员，主要研究方向为定量化遥感理论方法。

王亚芬 女，硕士，主要研究方向为星载SAR、InSAR数据处理。

柴会明 男，博士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为In-SAR成像、TomoSAR成像。

林梓 男，硕士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为星载SAR、InSAR数据处理。

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田家奇 男，硕士，主要研究方向为星载分布式InSAR系统基线定标。

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田家奇 男，硕士，主要研究方向为星载分布式InSAR系统基线定标。

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梁维斌 男，博士，研究员，主要研究方向为定量化遥感理论方法。

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梁维斌 男，博士，研究员，主要研究方向为定量化遥感理论方法。

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王亚芬 女，硕士，主要研究方向为星载SAR、InSAR数据处理。

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王亚芬 女，硕士，主要研究方向为星载SAR、InSAR数据处理。

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柴会明 男，博士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为In-SAR成像、TomoSAR成像。

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柴会明 男，博士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为In-SAR成像、TomoSAR成像。

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林梓 男，硕士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为星载SAR、InSAR数据处理。

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林梓 男，硕士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为星载SAR、InSAR数据处理。

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figureFileBig=nmCN9mVNtPWf4ajoxUdIHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1253999628488205153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234736404742242, articleId=1253997369280893091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仿真参数A星B星
轨道六根数半长轴6976.6005km6976.6007km
偏心率0.002220.00218
轨道倾角97.7430°97.7429°
升交点赤径327.3219°327.3177°
近地点幅角66.0307°64.7658°
真近点角172.0490°173.3134°
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初始时刻卫星各项参数

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仿真参数A星B星
轨道六根数半长轴6976.6005km6976.6007km
偏心率0.002220.00218
轨道倾角97.7430°97.7429°
升交点赤径327.3219°327.3177°
近地点幅角66.0307°64.7658°
真近点角172.0490°173.3134°
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参数场景1场景2
A星B星A星B星
成像时间2024/04/092024/04/092024/08/042024/08/04
卫星位置/mOXg轴-658435.277-658122.719-1527286.156-1526965.861
OYg轴5249497.1695249580.2625155241.9785155356.055
OZg轴4551832.0494552404.9994450235.8064450849.790
卫星速度/（m·s-1）OXg轴741.245741.539-69.989-69.682
OYg轴4988.6824988.5444935.1384935.099
OZg轴-5629.989-5629.481-5724.639-5724.096
姿态角/（°）横滚角-0.000360-0.000235-0.001235-0.000237
俯仰角0.0796150.0780620.0787630.077391
偏航角2.8491792.8489822.9020992.902245
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卫星姿态数据

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参数场景1场景2
A星B星A星B星
成像时间2024/04/092024/04/092024/08/042024/08/04
卫星位置/mOXg轴-658435.277-658122.719-1527286.156-1526965.861
OYg轴5249497.1695249580.2625155241.9785155356.055
OZg轴4551832.0494552404.9994450235.8064450849.790
卫星速度/（m·s-1）OXg轴741.245741.539-69.989-69.682
OYg轴4988.6824988.5444935.1384935.099
OZg轴-5629.989-5629.481-5724.639-5724.096
姿态角/（°）横滚角-0.000360-0.000235-0.001235-0.000237
俯仰角0.0796150.0780620.0787630.077391
偏航角2.8491792.8489822.9020992.902245
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参数定标场景1定标场景2
日期2024/04/092024/06/08
主星A星A星
GCPs个数56
基线定标结果/mOgXg轴-0.00777366-0.00789719
OgYg轴-0.00967295-0.029108
OgZg轴0.004749460.0102868
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新疆定标场基线定标结果

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参数定标场景1定标场景2
日期2024/04/092024/06/08
主星A星A星
GCPs个数56
基线定标结果/mOgXg轴-0.00777366-0.00789719
OgYg轴-0.00967295-0.029108
OgZg轴0.004749460.0102868
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参数验证场景1验证场景2验证场景3
日期2024/08/042024/10/112024/08/07
主星A星A星A星
GCPs个数664
地点酒泉酒泉新疆
), ArticleFig(id=1253999629238985576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234736404742242, articleId=1253997369280893091, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

验证场景各项参数

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参数验证场景1验证场景2验证场景3
日期2024/08/042024/10/112024/08/07
主星A星A星A星
GCPs个数664
地点酒泉酒泉新疆
), ArticleFig(id=1253999629318677353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234736404742242, articleId=1253997369280893091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基线修正量验证场景1验证场景2验证场景3
传统方法基线修正量/mOgXg轴-0.0102865-0.00936411-0.00410125
OgYg轴-0.0170082-0.0174958-0.0194314
OgZg轴0.007301110.007389650.00734824
本文方法基线修正量/mOgXg轴-0.0107179-0.00928527-0.001735
OgYg轴-0.0142571-0.0146965-0.024432
OgZg轴0.01220390.0107906-0.00222102
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各验证场景基线修正量

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基线修正量验证场景1验证场景2验证场景3
传统方法基线修正量/mOgXg轴-0.0102865-0.00936411-0.00410125
OgYg轴-0.0170082-0.0174958-0.0194314
OgZg轴0.007301110.007389650.00734824
本文方法基线修正量/mOgXg轴-0.0107179-0.00928527-0.001735
OgYg轴-0.0142571-0.0146965-0.024432
OgZg轴0.01220390.0107906-0.00222102
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高程精度验证场景1验证场景2验证场景3
无修正量绝对高程误差/m4.7021497.5180875.48184
相对高程误差/m0.9480.3430.131
传统方法绝对高程误差/m2.5234350.759161.912026
相对高程误差/m0.9720.4050.089
本文方法绝对高程误差/m0.9557660.311351.782370
相对高程误差/m0.960.3970.046997
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各验证场景GCPs高程测量精度

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高程精度验证场景1验证场景2验证场景3
无修正量绝对高程误差/m4.7021497.5180875.48184
相对高程误差/m0.9480.3430.131
传统方法绝对高程误差/m2.5234350.759161.912026
相对高程误差/m0.9720.4050.089
本文方法绝对高程误差/m0.9557660.311351.782370
相对高程误差/m0.960.3970.046997
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基于星载分布式InSAR系统姿态分析的基线估计方法研究
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田家奇 1, 2, 3 , 梁维斌 1, 2 , 王亚芬 1, 2, 3 , 柴会明 1, 2 , 林梓 1, 2
雷达科学与技术 | 2025,23(5): 503-512
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雷达科学与技术 | 2025, 23(5): 503-512
基于星载分布式InSAR系统姿态分析的基线估计方法研究
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田家奇1, 2, 3, 梁维斌1, 2, 王亚芬1, 2, 3, 柴会明1, 2, 林梓1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院空天信息创新研究院，北京 100094
  • 2.中国科学院空间信息处理与应用系统技术重点实验室，北京 100190
  • 3.中国科学院大学电子电气与通信工程学院，北京 100049

    • 田家奇 男，硕士，主要研究方向为星载分布式InSAR系统基线定标。

    梁维斌 男，博士，研究员，主要研究方向为定量化遥感理论方法。

    王亚芬 女，硕士，主要研究方向为星载SAR、InSAR数据处理。

    柴会明 男，博士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为In-SAR成像、TomoSAR成像。

    林梓 男，硕士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为星载SAR、InSAR数据处理。

Research on Baseline Estimation Method Based on Attitude Analysis of Spaceborne Distributed InSAR System
Jiaqi TIAN1, 2, 3, Weibin LIANG1, 2, Yafen WANG1, 2, 3, Huiming CHAI1, 2, Zi LIN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 3.School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2337.2025.05.004
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摘要
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星载分布式干涉合成孔径雷达（Interferometic Synthetic Aperture Radar，InSAR）系统编队缠绕飞行，双星姿态相对变化导致基线系统误差动态变化，单定标场地基线定标结果求均值的传统基线估计方法无法有效适用于未定标弧段。针对这一问题，本文提出了一种基线估计方法。该方法对基线系统误差及双星各自系统误差进行分析，将基线定标结果转换至卫星系统误差，然后结合未定标弧段卫星轨道参数、运动姿态完成该弧段的基线误差推算。本文仿真了卫星飞行过程中传统基线估计方法和本文所提基线估计方法对应的测量高程差和相对姿态以及卫星系统误差的变化关系，并采用我国星载分布式InSAR系统实测数据进行实验验证。实验结果表明，本文所提基线估计方法相较于传统基线估计方法能够提高未定标弧段的地面高程测量精度，为星载分布式InSAR系统基线定标结果应用提供一种新方法。

星载分布式InSAR  /  基线估计方法  /  系统误差  /  基线定标

Spaceborne distributed interferometic synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) system flying in formation winding, the relative attitude change of the two satellites leads to the dynamic change of baseline system error. The traditional baseline estimation method of calculating the mean value of baseline calibration results for a single calibration site cannot be effectively applied to uncalibrated arcs. A baseline estimation method is proposed in this paper to solve this problem. The baseline system error and the system error of the two satellites are analyzed, and the baseline calibration result is converted to the satellite system error. Then the baseline error of the uncalibrated arc is calculated by combining the orbit parameters and motion attitude of the satellite. The variations of the elevation difference, the relative attitude and the system error of the traditional baseline estimation method and the proposed baseline estimation method during the flight of the satellite are simulated, and the experimental results are verified by the measured data of the Chinese spaceborne distributed InSAR system. The experimental results show that the proposed baseline estimation method can improve the ground elevation measurement accuracy of the uncalibrated arc compared with the traditional baseline estimation method, and provide a new method for the application of baseline calibration results of spaceborne distributed InSAR system.

spaceborne distributed InSAR  /  baseline estimation method  /  systematic error  /  baseline calibration
田家奇, 梁维斌, 王亚芬, 柴会明, 林梓. 基于星载分布式InSAR系统姿态分析的基线估计方法研究. 雷达科学与技术, 2025 , 23 (5) : 503 -512 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2337.2025.05.004
Jiaqi TIAN, Weibin LIANG, Yafen WANG, Huiming CHAI, Zi LIN. Research on Baseline Estimation Method Based on Attitude Analysis of Spaceborne Distributed InSAR System[J]. Radar Science and Technology, 2025 , 23 (5) : 503 -512 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2337.2025.05.004
正文
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0　引言
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星载分布式InSAR系统是合成孔径雷达（Synthetic Aperture Radar，SAR）技术和卫星编队有机结合的航天干涉雷达系统，通过两颗或多颗SAR卫星编队飞行，利用干涉原理测制高精度数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model，DEM）[1]。2010年，德国宇航中心发射TanDEM-X卫星，与TerraSAR-X卫星编队飞行，首次实现了星载双星分布式干涉测量[2]。近年来，我国星载分布式In-SAR系统蓬勃发展，成功发射了TH-2、LT-1和HT-1等InSAR系统[3-5]，有效弥补了我国在三维地形测绘领域的技术短板，为高精度地形数据的获取提供了重要支撑。相较于星载重轨InSAR系统和双天线InSAR系统，星载分布式InSAR系统具有重访周期短、雷达回波相干性好、干涉基线长度长、测制精度高等优点，但需要两颗或多颗卫星协同工作，实施难度相对较大且高程测量精度受干涉基线影响大。
干涉基线是指InSAR系统对地面同一目标进行观测时，主辅雷达两次成像时刻SAR天线相位中心（Antenna Phase Center，APC）的连线，简称基线[6]。目前常采用全球导航卫星系统（Global Navigation Satellite System，GNSS）双频载波相位差分测量技术实现星间基线高精度测量，主要包括GNSS天线相位中心测量、相对定轨以及GNSS天线相位中心和SAR天线相位中心坐标转换三部分。星载分布式InSAR系统受内部硬件老化、温度变化和卫星平台飞行姿态不稳定等因素影响，导致GNSS相位中心、SAR天线相位中心和雷达姿态产生测量误差，降低基线测量精度[7]。基线精度是影响星载分布式InSAR系统测量高程精度的重要因素，基线定标技术能够对基线测量过程中的系统误差进行定标并校准，是获取高精度DEM的必要手段，目前多采用单定标场地实现基线定标。文献[8-16]分析了目标高程对基线的敏感度，建立敏感度方程，利用地面控制点（Ground Control Points，GCPs）或参考DEM信息完成星载分布式InSAR系统基线定标；文献[14-15，17-19]根据InSAR测高原理，建立基线偏差方程，利用GCPs完成星载分布式InSAR系统基线定标。为降低定标结果偶然性的影响，上述文献采用多次定标结果求均值作为全弧段基线测量系统误差完成基线修正。星载分布式InSAR系统采用异轨道面编队缠绕飞行，双星需要调整各自运动姿态以保证观测同一地面目标。双星运动姿态的相对变化导致双星各自系统误差相对关系发生变化，影响合成的基线系统误差，降低InSAR系统的测高精度，单定标场多次定标结果求均值的传统基线估计方法无法精确应用至卫星未定标弧段。
针对上述基线定标结果应用存在的问题，本文对星载分布式InSAR系统双星姿态进行分析，提出了一种基线估计方法，实现多景基线定标结果的拓展应用：首先建立坐标系对基线测量误差和双星各自系统误差进行分析，根据坐标系间的旋转关系将双星各自系统误差以及基线定标结果旋转至地固系；然后根据双星姿态数据及已有定标结果实现双星各自系统误差求解，并建立基线误差外推模型，该模型保证了基线误差外推过程中双星各自系统误差的地理一致性；最后根据未定标弧段的双星轨道参数和运动姿态外推该弧段基线误差，修正GNSS天线获取的基线初始值，提高InSAR系统测量精度。该方法考虑了卫星姿态对基线测量系统误差的影响，确保了基线估计结果的准确性和适用性。
1　坐标系的建立及其转换关系
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1）　地固坐标系XgYgZg
坐标原点为地心O，OXg轴指向本初子午线与赤道的交点，OZg轴指向北极，OYg垂直于平面XgOZg且构成右手坐标系。
2）　惯性坐标系XoYoZo
坐标原点为地心O，OXo轴指向春分点，OZo轴指向北极，OYo垂直于平面XoOZo且构成右手坐标系。
3）　轨道平面坐标系XvYvZv
坐标原点为地心O，OXv轴指向卫星轨道近地点，OZv轴指向卫星飞行角动量方向，OYv轴垂直于平面XvOZv且构成右手坐标系。
4）　卫星平台坐标系XrYrZr
坐标原点为卫星质心Os，OsXr轴指向卫星速度方向，OsZr轴与OZv轴方向相同，OsYr轴垂直于平面XrOZr且构成右手坐标系。
5）　卫星星体坐标系XeYeZe
坐标原点为卫星质心Os，OsXe轴与卫星滚动轴重合，OsZe轴与卫星偏航轴重合，OsYe轴与卫星俯仰轴重合。
6）　APC坐标系
坐标原点为主雷达天线相位中心Oa，OaYa轴指向卫星速度方向，OaXa轴垂直于平面OOaYa，OaZa轴满足右手螺旋法则。
设卫星飞行过程中轨道六根数半长轴为a、偏心率为e、轨道倾角为i、升交点赤径为Ω、近地点幅角为ω、真近点角为θ，航迹角为γ，横滚角为θr，偏航角为θy，俯仰角为θp，格林尼治时角为θG，如图1所示为各坐标系及卫星轨道示意图。
卫星星体坐标系首先绕OsYe轴、OsZe轴和OsXe轴分别对卫星俯仰角、偏航角和横滚角进行旋转得到卫星平台坐标系，其次绕OsZr轴对真近点角和航迹角进行旋转得到轨道平面坐标系，然后绕OZv轴、OYv轴和OZv轴分别对卫星近地点幅角、轨道倾角和升交点赤径进行旋转得到惯性坐标系，最后对岁差矩阵、章动矩阵和格林尼治时角进行旋转得到地固坐标系。
令Lx(α）为向量绕X轴逆时针旋转α度的旋转矩阵，Ly(α）为向量绕Y轴逆时针旋转α度的旋转矩阵，Lz(α）为向量绕Z轴逆时针旋转α度的旋转矩阵，则Lx(α）、Ly(α）和Lz(α）分别为
卫星星体坐标系旋转至地固坐标系的流程图及对应的旋转矩阵如图2所示[20]。其中Lx(-εM-Δε）Lz(-Δφ）Lx(εM）为章动矩阵，Δε为交角章动，Δφ为黄经章动，εM为平黄赤交角，Lz(-zA）Ly(-θA）Lz(-ξA）为岁差矩阵。设卫星位置向量为R→，速度向量为v→，角动量为h→，升交线矢量为n→，儒略世纪数t，引力常数μ，黄道与月球平轨道升交点黄经Ω1，月球平黄经L，太阳平黄经L′，各旋转角度及旋转矩阵LS计算如下：
2　基线误差估计方法
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星载分布式InSAR系统采用编队飞行完成干涉测量，其星间基线时刻变化，如图3所示为德国宇航中心发射的TanDEM-X和TerraSAR-X InSAR系统运行示意图[2]。为研究基线的变化情况，本节对基线系统误差进行分析并建立基线误差外推模型，实现全弧段基线高精度估计。
2.1　基线系统误差分析
如图4所示为星载分布式InSAR系统基线测量示意图，其中GA和GB分别为A星和B星GNSS天线相位中心，OA和OB分别为A星和B星质心，SA和SB分别为A星和B星SAR天线相位中心。则该In-SAR系统基线测量公式可以表示为
基线测量误差包括随机误差和系统误差，其分类如图5所示。随机误差具有偶然性和不规律性，在此不作深入研究。系统误差包括双星各自的GNSS天线安装误差Gi、卫星平台形变引起的GNSS天线位置误差Gd、GNSS天线相位中心测量误差Gm、SAR天线安装误差Si、卫星平台形变引起的SAR天线位置误差Sd以及SAR天线相位中心测量误差Sm。令δ=Gi+Gm+Gd-Si-Sm-Sd为卫星星体坐标系下的系统误差，如图6所示为单星系统误差示意图。
设A星为主星，当B星姿态相对A星变化时，B星系统误差在A星星体坐标系中的向量随之变化，影响合成后的基线系统误差。如图7所示为基线系统误差合成示意图，其中δA和δB分别为A、B星各自系统误差，δ1和δ2分别为两个状态下的基线测量系统误差。
2.2　基线误差外推模型
设卫星星体坐标系下GNSS天线安装误差为ΔGi=(ΔGix，ΔGiy，ΔGiz），GNSS天线相位中心测量误差为 ΔGm=(ΔGmx，ΔGmy，ΔGmz），卫星形变引起的GNSS天线位置误差ΔGd=(ΔGdx，ΔGdy，ΔGdz），SAR天线安装误差为ΔSi=(ΔSix，ΔSiy，ΔSiz），SAR天线相位中心测量误差为ΔSm=(ΔSmx，ΔSmy，ΔSmz），卫星形变引起的SAR天线位置误差ΔSd=(ΔSdx，ΔSdy，ΔSdz）。设A星旋转矩阵为LSA，B星旋转矩阵为LSB，则基线表示为
由基线计算公式（20）推导地固坐标系下基线的系统误差：
式中δA=(ΔxA，ΔyA，ΔzA）T和δB=(ΔxB，ΔyB，ΔzB）T分别为星体坐标系下A星和B星的系统误差，且在卫星飞行过程中保持恒定。已知InSAR系统在状态1的基线定标结果为δ1=(ΔBx1，ΔBy1，ΔBz1）T，A、B星各自旋转矩阵为LSA1和LSB1；在状态2的基线定标结果为δ2=(ΔBx2，ΔBy2，ΔBz2）T，A、B星各自旋转矩阵为LSA2和LSB2，建立系统误差解算方程：
根据方程（22）解算的AB星系统误差δA和δB结合任意状态t卫星飞行姿态数据计算的旋转矩阵LSAt和LSBt建立该状态下的基线误差δt外推模型：
3　实验
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3.1　仿真分析
1）　理论状态分析
为分析卫星飞行过程中InSAR系统的基线长度及双星相对位置关系，实验使用InSAR系统绕轨道运行5700s内（约绕地球飞行一圈）的轨道数据进行仿真。设初始时刻A星和B星的轨道六根数如表1所示，设A星天线相位中心为A，B星天线相位中心为B，地心为O，图8和图9仿真了InSAR系统运行5700s内基线长度以及∠OAB的变化情况，并以A星为主星建立APC坐标系，对B星在该坐标系下的位置进行仿真，如图10所示。
根据图10双星位置关系，选择两个近似状态进行系统误差分析，如图11所示。假定A星在两状态卫星姿态不变，保持轨道高度615km，下视角15°观测地面目标。设P为A星观测的地面目标，状态1B星相位中心为B1，基线长度为1000m，∠OAB1=90°，B星下视角为θ1；状态2B星相位中心为B2，基线长度为460m，∠OAB2=20°，B星下视角为θ2。为保证B星在不同状态能够和A星观测同一区域，B星需要调整姿态以满足相应下视角要求。根据几何关系，计算可得B星两次下视角变化Δθ=θ1-θ2≈ 0.083058°。当B星具有2cm系统误差时，由B星姿态角改变Δθ引起平行基线长度变化0.028992mm，导致高程变化约为0.1196m，本文认为当两种方法测量高程差的绝对值大于0.1m时，该误差不可忽略。
2）　实际状态分析
选择我国某InSAR系统飞行过程中的两次实测卫星姿态数据如表2所示，对卫星系统误差进行分析，推导不同状态下多次定标结果求均值的基线估计方法（以下简称传统方法）和本文基于双星姿态的基线估计方法（以下简称本文方法）的测量高程差，仿真出两种方法测量高程差与B星星体坐标系下三轴系统误差的变化关系，仿真结果如图12所示。
图12仿真结果表明两种方法测量高程差对星体坐标系下Xe轴系统误差的敏感度最高。在此基础上，通过仿真研究两种方法测量高程差与双星姿态角相对变化的关系。令初始时刻B星姿态角（横滚角、俯仰角和偏航角）与A星相同，改变B星姿态角的大小以模拟B星相对A星的姿态变化，仿真两种方法高程差随B星相对姿态角以及Xe轴系统误差的变化情况如图13所示。
上述仿真结果表明：在理论状态下，当星体坐标系下Xe轴系统误差大于2cm时，姿态对测量高程的影响不可忽略；在表2所示状态下，当双星姿态角相对变化大于0.005°时，姿态对测量高程的影响不可忽略。
3.2　实测数据
本文所提基线估计方法及精度检验需要在轨卫星及定标场地支持，本文选择我国目前在轨星载分布式InSAR系统，结合新疆哈密戈壁地区定标场地和酒泉地区定标场地进行实验。新疆定标场具备机载激光雷达获取的点云数据和GCPs数据，可用于基线定标及精度检验；酒泉定标场具备GCPs数据，同样可用于精度检验。如图14所示为我国新疆定标场控制点实物图及分布情况。
1）　基线定标数据的选取
实验选取该InSAR系统于2024年4月和6月拍摄的两景新疆定标场数据用于AB星系统误差计算。如表3所示为两定标场景的各项参数。
2）　实验验证数据的选取
实验分别选取该InSAR系统于2024年8月、2024年10月拍摄的酒泉定标场数据和2024年8月拍摄的新疆定标场数据，三景验证数据包括了卫星飞行过程中不同时段和不同拍摄场景，实验通过基线改正前后GCPs的高程测量值对本文方法进行验证。如表4所示为三景验证数据的各项参数。
表5所示为三景验证数据的基线误差修正量，包括传统定标结果求均值的估计方法和本文所提基于双星姿态的估计方法。表6对比了无修正量、加入传统方法以及加入本文方法修正量后，各验证场景内GCPs的绝对高程误差和相对高程误差。绝对高程误差是指GCPs的测量高程与真实高程之间的偏差，衡量了GCPs高程测量的绝对准确性；相对高程误差是指不同GCPs之间测量高程差异，衡量了GCPs高程测量的相对一致性。
表6实验结果表明，在不同时段、不同拍摄场景的GCPs绝对高程误差相较于传统方法均有所降低，证明了本文方法相较于传统方法能够提高星载分布式InSAR系统的高程测量精度。
4　结束语
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针对传统星载分布式InSAR系统基线定标结果应用不准确的问题，本文对星载分布式InSAR系统双星姿态进行分析，提出一种新的基线估计方法。该方法利用已知基线定标结果，完成卫星星体坐标系下的系统误差求解，然后根据卫星任意时刻的姿态数据推算该时刻的基线偏差实现基线估计。与传统多景基线定标结果求均值的方法相比，本文所提方法考虑了卫星轨道及姿态对基线的影响，提高了星载分布式InSAR系统基线定标结果应用的合理性。
文献
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2025年第23卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2337.2025.05.004
  • 接收时间：2024-12-16
  • 首发时间：2026-04-23
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  • 收稿日期：2024-12-16
  • 修回日期：2025-03-05
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    1.中国科学院空天信息创新研究院，北京 100094
    2.中国科学院空间信息处理与应用系统技术重点实验室，北京 100190
    3.中国科学院大学电子电气与通信工程学院，北京 100049
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