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Mode 5 signal used in the identification friend or foe (IFF) system adopts technologies such as Walsh soft spread spectrum and MSK modulation to improve the information capacity and security, while making specific emitter identification (SEI) of the Mode 5 signal difficult. To address this issue, two SEI methods for Mode 5 signal are proposed by using the fixed characteristics of synchronous pulse: SEI method based on the instantaneous phase features of synchronous pulses and SEI method based on the cross-correlation features of synchronous pulses. The simulation results show that under the condition of signal-to-noise ratio of 12dB, the accuracy of the method based on the instantaneous phase feature is 90.4%, and the accuracy of the method based on the cross-correlation feature is 94.8%. The performance of both SEI methods proposed in this paper is better than the traditional ones.

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敌我识别模式5信号采用Walsh软扩频、MSK调制等技术,提高信息容量和安全性的同时也使得对模式5信号的个体识别变得困难。针对这个问题,利用模式5信号同步脉冲码元固定的特点,提出两种针对模式5信号的个体识别方法:基于同步脉冲瞬时相位特征的个体识别方法和基于同步脉冲互相关特征的个体识别方法。仿真试验结果表明,在信噪比12dB条件下,基于同步脉冲瞬时相位特征的个体识别方法正确率90.4%,基于同步脉冲互相关特征的个体识别方法正确率94.8%,且两种方法的性能都要优于传统个体识别方法。

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夏韶俊 男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电子侦察系统设计。

胡泽宾 男,博士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电子对抗系统设计。

牛勤 女,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电子侦察系统设计。

孔祥明月 男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为电子侦察系统设计。

杨钟灵 女,学士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为雷达电子。

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辐射源Saleh功放非线性参数IQ失衡
α1β1α2β2幅度相位
12.161.154.009.10-0.11dB-1.28°
21.960.992.532.820.28dB-0.61°
31.660.060.150.35-0.31dB0.94°
42.061.0519.099.000.11dB0.46°
51.330.345.4512.99-0.19dB0.25°
), ArticleFig(id=1253999619378176785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234736404742242, articleId=1253997368102290163, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同辐射源参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
辐射源Saleh功放非线性参数IQ失衡
α1β1α2β2幅度相位
12.161.154.009.10-0.11dB-1.28°
21.960.992.532.820.28dB-0.61°
31.660.060.150.35-0.31dB0.94°
42.061.0519.099.000.11dB0.46°
51.330.345.4512.99-0.19dB0.25°
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基于同步脉冲的模式5信号个体识别方法
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夏韶俊 1 , 胡泽宾 1 , 牛勤 1 , 孔祥明月 1 , 杨钟灵 2
雷达科学与技术 | 2025,23(5): 523-528
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雷达科学与技术 | 2025, 23(5): 523-528
基于同步脉冲的模式5信号个体识别方法
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夏韶俊1, 胡泽宾1, 牛勤1, 孔祥明月1, 杨钟灵2
作者信息
  • 1.中国电子科技集团公司第三十八研究所,安徽 合肥 230088
  • 2.中国人民解放军93145部队,江苏南京 210000
  • 夏韶俊 男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电子侦察系统设计。

    胡泽宾 男,博士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电子对抗系统设计。

    牛勤 女,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电子侦察系统设计。

    孔祥明月 男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为电子侦察系统设计。

    杨钟灵 女,学士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为雷达电子。

Specific Emitter Identification for Mode 5 Signal Based on Synchronous Pulse
Shaojun XIA1, Zebin HU1, Qin NIU1, Xiangmingyue KONG1, Zhongling YANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.The 38th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Hefei 230088, China
  • 2.Unit 93145 of PLA, Nanjing 210000, China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2337.2025.05.006
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敌我识别模式5信号采用Walsh软扩频、MSK调制等技术,提高信息容量和安全性的同时也使得对模式5信号的个体识别变得困难。针对这个问题,利用模式5信号同步脉冲码元固定的特点,提出两种针对模式5信号的个体识别方法:基于同步脉冲瞬时相位特征的个体识别方法和基于同步脉冲互相关特征的个体识别方法。仿真试验结果表明,在信噪比12dB条件下,基于同步脉冲瞬时相位特征的个体识别方法正确率90.4%,基于同步脉冲互相关特征的个体识别方法正确率94.8%,且两种方法的性能都要优于传统个体识别方法。

敌我识别模式5  /  个体识别  /  同步脉冲  /  瞬时相位  /  互相关

Mode 5 signal used in the identification friend or foe (IFF) system adopts technologies such as Walsh soft spread spectrum and MSK modulation to improve the information capacity and security, while making specific emitter identification (SEI) of the Mode 5 signal difficult. To address this issue, two SEI methods for Mode 5 signal are proposed by using the fixed characteristics of synchronous pulse: SEI method based on the instantaneous phase features of synchronous pulses and SEI method based on the cross-correlation features of synchronous pulses. The simulation results show that under the condition of signal-to-noise ratio of 12dB, the accuracy of the method based on the instantaneous phase feature is 90.4%, and the accuracy of the method based on the cross-correlation feature is 94.8%. The performance of both SEI methods proposed in this paper is better than the traditional ones.

IFF mode 5  /  specific emitter identification  /  synchronous pulse  /  instantaneous phase  /  cross-correlation
夏韶俊, 胡泽宾, 牛勤, 孔祥明月, 杨钟灵. 基于同步脉冲的模式5信号个体识别方法. 雷达科学与技术, 2025 , 23 (5) : 523 -528 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2337.2025.05.006
Shaojun XIA, Zebin HU, Qin NIU, Xiangmingyue KONG, Zhongling YANG. Specific Emitter Identification for Mode 5 Signal Based on Synchronous Pulse[J]. Radar Science and Technology, 2025 , 23 (5) : 523 -528 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2337.2025.05.006
目前Mark系列敌我识别系统(Identification Friend or Foe,IFF)应用非常广泛,全新的MarkⅫA敌我识别系统在MarkⅫ敌我识别系统上进行了升级,其最主要的特点便是增加了模式5技术。模式5信号采用RS编码、Walsh软扩频、MSK调制等技术,提高了信息的安全性,使得侦察设备对其截获和解译变得困难[1]。个体识别技术利用发射机细微指纹特征对辐射源个体进行识别,因此将个体识别技术用在对IFF模式5信号的识别上,有助于实现对MarkⅫA敌我识别系统的情报侦察。
个体识别技术可大致分为基于特征提取的方法和基于深度学习的方法[2]。基于特征提取的方法首先提取信号个体特征,然后利用分类器对辐射源个体进行分类识别。常用的个体特征包括瞬态包络特征[3]、频谱特征[4]、星座图特征[5]、极化特征[6]等,常用的分类器包括支持向量机、决策树、近邻算法等。基于深度学习的方法,利用深度神经网络进行特征提取和个体分类,无需人工提取个体特征。文献[7]利用深度卷积神经网络对卫星通信信号进行个体识别,验证了在强多普勒环境下利用卷积神经网络进行卫星个体识别的有效性。文献[8]使用深度残差收缩网络,有效消除信号噪声,个体识别正确率提升明显。
IFF模式5信号不同于传统通信或雷达信号,其是MSK调制短脉冲信号。针对MSK调制信号,文献[9][10]提出基于信息维数特征和平方谱特征的个体识别方法,但是只有在接收样本时间较长(20ms)时才能获得较好的识别效果。文献[11]利用集成的深度神经网络对MSK调制电台进行个体识别,其对信号长度也有要求,实验中所用的信号长度大于500采样点。文献[12]提出了针对敌我识别系统的个体识别方法,所采用的多脉冲综合技术能显著提高识别正确率,但其只是将敌我识别信号当作普通雷达脉冲,并没有充分挖掘IFF模式5信号的特殊性。
目前对IFF模式5信号的研究多集中在对其检测[13-14]和干扰[15]上,而没有针对模式5信号的个体识别研究。本文从模式5信号自身的特殊性出发,利用模式5信号同步脉冲MSK调制码元固定的特点,提取同步脉冲瞬时相位特征和同步脉冲互相关特征用于对模式5信号的个体识别。
IFF模式5询问信号由同步脉冲(P1~P4)、旁瓣抑制脉冲(L1~L2)和数据脉冲(D1~D11)组成[1],如图1所示。模式5应答信号由同步脉冲和数据脉冲组成[13],其中level1应答信号格式如图2所示。
询问和应答信号都采用MSK差分调制,码速率都是16MHz。同步脉冲都是1μs脉宽,由固定的16比特二进制编码aa=0111100010001001),经过MSK差分调制后形成。因此模式5询问和应答信号都可以利用其同步脉冲的特点进行个体识别研究。
目前流行且有效的检测方法,就是利用同步脉冲编码固定的特性,采用互相关算法,检测同步脉冲[13]
接收到的理想同步脉冲信号可表示为
式中,A是信号幅度,fc是载频,φ0是初相,φ(ta)是MSK编码时变相位,与码元a有关。
设置参考正交信号:
式中,φ(ta)与式(1)中的相同。
将接收信号Spre(t)与参考正交信号Iref(t)和Qref(t)分别进行相乘再积分可得
计算接收信号与参考信号互相关结果:
计算接收信号自相关结果:
将互相关结果与自相关结果相除,去掉幅度A的影响:
最后,将R与设置好的门限相比较,若超过门限,则说明检测到同步脉冲。这种方法不仅能检测到同步脉冲,还能通过相关峰的位置精确定位同步脉冲的到达时间。
检测到同步脉冲后,就可以提取信号指纹特征用于个体识别。本文充分利用同步脉冲编码固定的特点,提出两种指纹特征提取算法:同步脉冲瞬时相位特征和互相关特征。
同步脉冲经过数字下变频后获得正交基带离散信号:
式中,n为采样点(n={1,2,…,N},N是一个同步脉冲总的采样点数),其他参数意义与式(1)相同。
提取离散信号的瞬时相位:
为了消除初始相位φ0的影响,仅保留有意义的部分,将每个采样点的相位减去第一个采样点的相位:
此时φ1=0。定义同步脉冲瞬时相位特征向量如下:
图3所示是两个不同敌我识别模式5辐射源的同步脉冲瞬时相位特征相量,每个辐射源取10个脉冲,不同辐射源用不同颜色区分。这两个辐射源的参数设置见表1中的辐射源1和辐射源2,信噪比都是12dB。可以看出,在有些地方红色线条(辐射源1)和蓝色线条(辐射源2)之间是能明确区分的,预示着同步脉冲瞬时相位特征可以应用于模式5辐射源个体识别。
设置参考复基带离散信号为
接收信号的复数形式:
接收信号与参考信号的互相关结果如下:
式中,k为时间滞后,取值为[-(N-1),N-1]之间的整数;表示共轭运算。
为了消除信号幅度A的影响,取Rk的幅度并作归一化处理:
式中,|Rk|表示Rk的模。
定义同步脉冲互相关特征向量如下:
图4所示是两个不同敌我识别模式5辐射源的归一化互相关特征相量。这两个辐射源的参数设置见表1中的辐射源1和辐射源2,信噪比都是12dB。可以看出,在有些地方红色线条(辐射源1)和蓝色线条(辐射源2)之间是能明确区分的,预示着同步脉冲互相关特征可以应用于模式5辐射源个体识别。
由于最新的MarkⅫA敌我识别装备尚未普及,导致难以采集并标注大量模式5信号用于个体识别研究。本文从辐射源射频指纹特征产生机理出发,通过模拟发射机通道畸变来产生不同的辐射源个体,这也是射频指纹研究中的常用手段[516-17]
本文通过Matlab模拟产生模式5同步脉冲基带信号:脉宽为1μs,采样率为64MHz,二进制编码a=0111100010001001经过MSK差分调制,每个码元4个采样点,一个脉冲共64个采样点。
类似文献[5][16],通过设置发射机功放非线性失真和IQ失衡参数,来模拟5个不同的辐射源个体。其中功放非线性失真采用Saleh模型,参数设置与文献[16]一致,如表1所示。
在同一信噪比条件下,为每个辐射源生成1000个同步脉冲,提取脉冲的瞬时相位特征φ和互相关特征C。用这两种特征数据分别训练分类器,分类器采用支持向量机。特征数据按70∶15∶15的比例分为训练集、验证集和测试集,训练集和验证集用于训练分类器,测试集用于性能测试。
在信噪比12dB条件下,分别测试瞬时相位特征和互相关特征的个体识别正确率。图5图6分别给出这两种特征个体识别结果的混淆矩阵。瞬时相位特征个体识别平均正确率达90.4%,互相关特征个体识别平均正确率达94.8%。仿真试验结果说明基于瞬时相位特征和互相关特征的个体识别算法都是有效的,信噪比12dB条件下识别正确率都优于90%。
可以看出基于互相关特征个体识别算法要优于基于瞬时相位特征个体识别算法。其原因通过比较图3图4可以发现,不同辐射源的互相关特征的区分度比瞬时相位特征的区分度更大,更适合用于模式5信号的个体识别。
瞬时相位特征个体识别效果最差的是辐射源5,正确率为79.7%;互相关特征个体识别效果最差的是辐射源3,正确率为87.9%。说明瞬时相位特征和互相关特征具有一定的差异性,而不是完全同质的,可以进行优势互补。综合这两种特征的个体识别正确率如图7所示,特征综合后的个体识别正确率要优于单个特征的正确率,且每个辐射源的识别正确率都超过90%。
MSK调制在通信信号中较常用,目前文献也有几种针对MSK通信信号的个体识别方法,如基于信息维数特征[9]和基于平方谱特征[10]的方法。在信噪比1~15dB的条件下,将上述两种方法与本文所述方法进行比较,以验证本文算法的优越性。
图8所示是不同算法的个体识别正确率。可以看出本文所提基于互相关特征的个体识别算法正确率最高,在信噪比15dB时正确率达98.8%;其次是基于瞬时相位特征的个体识别算法,在信噪比15dB时正确率达95.2%。两种算法的正确率都优于传统的基于信息维数特征和基于平方谱特征的个体识别方法。这是因为传统算法是基于信号统计特征,需要长时间的信号积累(大于20ms)才能获得较好的识别效果。而模式5信号同步脉冲脉宽只有1μs,传统算法显然不适用。而本文所提算法,充分利用了同步脉冲码元固定的特点,提取的瞬时相位特征向量和互相关特征向量都包含了每个采样点的信息,信息利用率更高,因此只需要单个脉冲就可以获得较高的个体识别正确率。
本文利用敌我识别模式5信号同步脉冲码元固定的特点,提出了两种针对模式5信号的个体识别算法:基于同步脉冲瞬时相位特征的个体识别方法和基于互相关特征的个体识别方法。仿真试验结果显示,基于互相关特征的个体识别方法优于基于瞬时相位特征的个体识别方法,且所提两种方法都优于传统个体识别方法,验证了本文所提算法的优越性。后续工作将采集真实模式5信号来验证本文算法,并研究能同时利用模式5信号同步脉冲和数据脉冲的个体识别算法。
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2025年第23卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2337.2025.05.006
  • 接收时间:2024-10-30
  • 首发时间:2026-04-23
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-30
  • 修回日期:2025-03-03
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    1.中国电子科技集团公司第三十八研究所,安徽 合肥 230088
    2.中国人民解放军93145部队,江苏南京 210000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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