Article(id=1154432892156497946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432887630844811, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711468800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167849816, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1726761600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167849816, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167849816, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167849816, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154432887630844811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='9', pageStart='1137', pageEnd='1278', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167848737, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694558733, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642069524369942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432887630844811, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642069524369943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432887630844811, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1198, endPage=1204, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154432893041496104, articleId=1154432892156497946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=The performance for wind turbine under the dual effects of ambient temperature and incoming currents, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Taking the existing wind turbine pitch control system as the research object, the impeller aerodynamic test with variable incoming flow and angle of attack was carried out, and the fluidstructure coupling calculation was completed by selecting the Fluent module and Transient Structural module in the workbench 2021 platform. The results show that: the maximum error of the power and lift coefficient of the model and test within the test range is 3.7%, 5.8%, and the average error is 2.2%, 3.4%, and the maximum power of the impeller in the rated wind speed of 10 m/s is 2.5 kW, and the lift coefficient of the angle of attack of 14° is the maximum of 1.05. The incoming wind speed has a more obvious effect on the strength of the vortex in the wake area, and the higher the incoming wind speed, the higher the surface pressure on the blades at the same position coordinates. The higher the incoming wind speed, the higher the surface pressure of the blade in the same position coordinate, the smaller the velocity attenuation of the impeller tail, and the maximum stress and deformation suffered by the blade is proportional to the incoming wind speed; the lower the ambient temperature, the higher the surface pressure of the blade in the same position coordinate, and the maximum stress and deformation suffered by the blade is inversely proportional to the ambient temperature, and the ambient temperature is in the range of 20~20 °C, and the maximum stress and deformation caused by the temperature are 1.45% and 2.37%, the results of the study are of guiding significance for the operation of wind turbines in harsh environments.

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文章以现有风力机变桨控制系统为研究对象,进行了变来流和环境温度的风轮性能试验,流固耦合计算选用 workbench2021平台中的Fluent 模块和 Transient Structural 模块来完成。结果表明:在试验范围内,模型和试验的功率、升力系数的最大误差分别为3.7%,5.8%,平均误差分别为2.2%,3.4%;在额定风速 10 m/s 位置风轮达到最大功率2.5kW,攻角为14°时,升力系数最大为1.05。来流风速对尾流区旋涡强度影响较为明显,来流风速越高,同一位置坐标叶片表面压力越大,叶轮尾部速度衰减越小,叶片所受最大应力和变形量与来流风速成正比关系;环境温度越低,同一位置坐标叶片表面压力越大,叶片所受最大应力和变形量与环境温度成反比关系,环境温度为20~20℃时,由温度引起的最大应力、变形量波动分别为1.45%和2.37%,该结果对风力机在恶劣环境中的运行具有指导意义。

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任小勇(1982-),男,硕士,副教授,主要从事风力发电机组设计研究工作。E-mail:

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任小勇(1982-),男,硕士,副教授,主要从事风力发电机组设计研究工作。E-mail:

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任小勇(1982-),男,硕士,副教授,主要从事风力发电机组设计研究工作。E-mail:

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参数 数值
叶片数 $z$ 3
风轮直径 ${D}_{0}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.95
额定转速 $n/\mathrm{r} \cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}$ 12
额定功率 $P/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 2.5
额定风速 ${v}_{0}/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 10
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参数 数值
叶片数 $z$ 3
风轮直径 ${D}_{0}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.95
额定转速 $n/\mathrm{r} \cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}$ 12
额定功率 $P/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 2.5
额定风速 ${v}_{0}/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 10
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工况 点 温度 ℃ 动力粘度 运动粘度 密度 风速
A 20 1.81 1.50 1.205 10
B 0 1.71 1.32 1.293 8
C 0 1.71 1.32 1.293 10
D 0 1.71 1.32 1.293 12
E -20 1.60 1.15 1.395 10
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工况 点 温度 ℃ 动力粘度 运动粘度 密度 风速
A 20 1.81 1.50 1.205 10
B 0 1.71 1.32 1.293 8
C 0 1.71 1.32 1.293 10
D 0 1.71 1.32 1.293 12
E -20 1.60 1.15 1.395 10
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环境温度和来流双重作用下的风力机性能
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任小勇 1, 2 , 李玉军 1, 2 , 刘艳峰 1, 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(9): 1198-1204
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(9): 1198-1204
环境温度和来流双重作用下的风力机性能
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任小勇1, 2 , 李玉军1, 2, 刘艳峰1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 酒泉职业技术学院 甘肃省太阳能发电系统工程重点实验室 甘肃酒泉 735000
  • 2 兰州理工大学 新能源学院 甘肃酒泉 735000
  • 任小勇(1982-),男,硕士,副教授,主要从事风力发电机组设计研究工作。E-mail:

The performance for wind turbine under the dual effects of ambient temperature and incoming currents
Xiaoyong Ren1, 2 , Yujun Li1, 2, Yanfeng Liu1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Gansu Key Laboratory of Solar Power Generation System Project Jiuquan Vocational and Technical College Jiuquan 735000 China
  • 2 School of New Energy Lanzhou University of Technology Jiuquan 735000 China
出版时间: 2024-09-20
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文章以现有风力机变桨控制系统为研究对象,进行了变来流和环境温度的风轮性能试验,流固耦合计算选用 workbench2021平台中的Fluent 模块和 Transient Structural 模块来完成。结果表明:在试验范围内,模型和试验的功率、升力系数的最大误差分别为3.7%,5.8%,平均误差分别为2.2%,3.4%;在额定风速 10 m/s 位置风轮达到最大功率2.5kW,攻角为14°时,升力系数最大为1.05。来流风速对尾流区旋涡强度影响较为明显,来流风速越高,同一位置坐标叶片表面压力越大,叶轮尾部速度衰减越小,叶片所受最大应力和变形量与来流风速成正比关系;环境温度越低,同一位置坐标叶片表面压力越大,叶片所受最大应力和变形量与环境温度成反比关系,环境温度为20~20℃时,由温度引起的最大应力、变形量波动分别为1.45%和2.37%,该结果对风力机在恶劣环境中的运行具有指导意义。

风力机  /  环境温度  /  振动  /  试验  /  流固耦合

Taking the existing wind turbine pitch control system as the research object, the impeller aerodynamic test with variable incoming flow and angle of attack was carried out, and the fluidstructure coupling calculation was completed by selecting the Fluent module and Transient Structural module in the workbench 2021 platform. The results show that: the maximum error of the power and lift coefficient of the model and test within the test range is 3.7%, 5.8%, and the average error is 2.2%, 3.4%, and the maximum power of the impeller in the rated wind speed of 10 m/s is 2.5 kW, and the lift coefficient of the angle of attack of 14° is the maximum of 1.05. The incoming wind speed has a more obvious effect on the strength of the vortex in the wake area, and the higher the incoming wind speed, the higher the surface pressure on the blades at the same position coordinates. The higher the incoming wind speed, the higher the surface pressure of the blade in the same position coordinate, the smaller the velocity attenuation of the impeller tail, and the maximum stress and deformation suffered by the blade is proportional to the incoming wind speed; the lower the ambient temperature, the higher the surface pressure of the blade in the same position coordinate, and the maximum stress and deformation suffered by the blade is inversely proportional to the ambient temperature, and the ambient temperature is in the range of 20~20 °C, and the maximum stress and deformation caused by the temperature are 1.45% and 2.37%, the results of the study are of guiding significance for the operation of wind turbines in harsh environments.

wind turbines  /  ambient temperature  /  vibration  /  testing  /  fluid-solid coupling
任小勇, 李玉军, 刘艳峰. 环境温度和来流双重作用下的风力机性能. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (9) : 1198 -1204 .
Xiaoyong Ren, Yujun Li, Yanfeng Liu. The performance for wind turbine under the dual effects of ambient temperature and incoming currents[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (9) : 1198 -1204 .
随着全球能源结构的转型, 可再生能源的开发与利用成为研究的热点。作为一种清洁的可再生能源,风能具有巨大的开发潜力 [ 1 ] 。风力机作为风能转换的主要设备, 其性能的优劣直接影响到风能的利用率。然而,风力机在运行过程中会受到多种因素的影响,如振动、环境温度和来流等 [ 2 - 4 ] , 这些因素之间相互关联, 共同决定了风力机的运行效率和稳定性。振动是风力机运行过程中的一个重要问题, 风力机的振动不仅会影响其结构的稳定性, 还可能引发疲劳损伤, 从而缩短风力机的使用寿命。近年来, 许多学者对风力机的振动问题进行了深入研究, 提出了多种减振措施。文献[ 5 ] 通过数值分析叶轮在旋转和非旋转两种状态下叶片表面的压力分布, 发现计算值与试验值有较高的吻合度, 这为模型分析提供了有力支撑。文献 [ 6 ]研究了 S809 翼型的风速动态分布, 发现随着风速的逐渐增加,升力系数呈线性增长。文献[ 7 ] 通过试验和数值模拟发现,风速为 ${10}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ 附近时, 叶片表面会出现严重的流动分离, 得出在低速轴扭矩和风速变化规律上, 稳态计算结果和试验结果非常接近的结论。文献[ 8 ]研究了环境参数对翼型动态失速的影响, 结果表明, 叶片的升力系数、最大升力攻角与叶片的闭环面积成正比。文献 [ 9 ]对 NACA-4424 翼型进行简化设计分析,发现风力机叶片加强强度设计有利于减少叶片的振动变形。然而, 风力机的振动是一个复杂的问题, 其产生的原因和机理仍需进一步探讨。此外, 环境温度对风力机的运行也有显著影响。在极端温度条件下, 风力机的材料可能会发生热膨胀或收缩, 从而影响其结构的稳定性。温度变化还可能影响风力机的气动性能,进而影响其发电效率。文献[ 10 ] 在 ${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 以下对 S801, S802 翼型表面结冰情况进行模拟分析, 发现随着风速增大, 风力机叶片前缘结冰厚度有上升趋势, 导致叶片振动增大。文献[ 11 ] 利用数值模拟方法计算 NE-100 型叶片在环境温度为 $-{20},- {15},- {10}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下的结冰情况,结果表明,叶片的结冰量和叶片厚度成正比,结冰会导致叶片振动加剧从而影响风力机的效率。文献[ 12 ]采用风洞试验测量了叶片在 $-{12}\sim - 8{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}3$ 种不同尖速比下叶片表面结冰量,结果表明,随着尖速比的升高, 叶片结冰部位逐渐向前缘缩减。文献[ 13 , 14 ]研究了风力机叶片磨损对气动性能的影响, 叶片磨损会加剧翼型尾缘附近的流动分离。已有研究表明, 环境温度和流固耦合影响下的振动对风力机的安全稳定运行尤为重要。
酒泉风电场四季温差较大, 进行环境温度和来流双重作用下的风力机性能研究具有一定的实际意义。本文旨在综合研究环境温度影响下的风力机气动性能和振动特性, 以期为提高风力机的稳定运行提供理论支持和实践指导。
风力机所处位置的环境温度在一年中是持续变化的,要测试环境温度对风力机性能的影响,存在试验周期长,耗资较大的问题。本文基于酒泉职业技术学院已有的风力机变桨控制系统建立试验模型。在模型可靠的情况下, 借助数值试验来研究环境温度的影响, 可以较好地避免以上提及的试验缺陷。该试验系统包括风力机、鼓风机、传感器、 控制系统、服务器( 图 1 ), 试验系统的主要参数如 表 1 所示。
酒泉市所处位置南北高低有所差异, 环境温度和大气密度差异共同形成脉动风速。假设试验场的风速分布概率符合正态分布(高斯分布),风能计算中用于拟合风速的 Weibull 分布函数和概率密度分别为
$ D\left( u\right)= 1 -\exp \left\lbrack {-{\left(\frac{u}{\lambda }\right)}^{k}}\right\rbrack $
$ f\left( u\right)= \frac{k}{\lambda }{\left(\frac{u}{\lambda }\right)}^{k - 1}\exp \left\lbrack {-{\left(\frac{u}{\lambda }\right)}^{k}}\right\rbrack $
式中: $u$ 为风速; $\lambda , k$ 分别为尺度、形状参数。
$ k ={\left(\frac{\sigma }{u}\right)}^{-{1.086}}$
$\lambda =\frac{\bar{u}}{\Gamma \left({1 +\frac{1}{k}}\right)} $
$\bar{u}= \frac{1}{n}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{u}_{i}$
$\sigma =\frac{1}{n - 1}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}\left({{u}_{i}- \bar{u}}\right)$
式中: $u$ 为平均风速; $\sigma$ 为标准差; $\Gamma \left(\cdot \right)$ 为 Gamma 函数。
根据流体力学相关理论, 空气粘度和密度受环境温度影响, 具体表现为空气动力粘度和运动粘度随环境温度的升高而增大, 空气密度随环境温度的升高而降低。为了研究环境温度及来流对风力机性能的影响, 本文根据酒泉所在位置环境温度的全年变换范围以及风力机的工况, 选取环境温度分别为 ${20},0,- {20}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 和风速分别为8,10, ${12}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 相匹配的 5 个工况点进行分析,不同温度和风速下空气状态参数如 表 2 所示。
后续模型的可靠度依靠真机试验的功率进行对比验证, 风力机输出功率和风速有直接关系, 理论输出功率 $P$
$ P =\frac{1}{2}{\rho \pi }{R}^{2}{C}_{\mathrm{P}}\left({\lambda ,\beta }\right){v}^{3}$
式中: $\rho$ 为空气密度; $R$ 为风轮半径; ${C}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 为风能系数; $\lambda$ 为叶尖速比; $\beta$ 为桨距角; $v$ 为风速。
为了研究风力机的气动性能及振动特性, 以试验真机作为研究对象, 应用三维软件 creo 建立该风力机 1:1 模型。合理的风洞尺寸有助于减弱阻塞比对风力机性能试验的影响,综合考虑之后, 计算域高度、长度分别确定为风轮直径的 2 倍和 8 倍。网格划分采用 ICEM 混合网格生成技术, 并对轮毂、叶片进行了局部加密, 最终生成流动域的网格总数为 836532。模型及网格如 图 2 所示。
数值计算采用 workbench2021R2 平台中的 Fluent 模块瞬态计算来完成, 结构动力学采用 Transient Structural 模块来分析, 进、出口边界条件分别设置为速度进口和自由流出口, 由于需要计算温度影响, 开启了能量方程。控制方程选用 RNG $k -\varepsilon$ 模型,不考虑用户自定义的源项 $k -\varepsilon$ 方程为
$\rho \frac{\mathrm{d}k}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= \frac{\delta }{\delta {x}_{i}}\left\lbrack {\left({u +\frac{{u}_{t}}{{\sigma }_{k}}}\right)\frac{\delta k}{\delta {x}_{i}}}\right\rbrack +{G}_{k}- {\rho \varepsilon }$
$\rho \frac{\mathrm{d}\varepsilon }{\mathrm{d}t}= \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left\lbrack {\left({u +\frac{{u}_{t}}{{\sigma }_{k}}}\right)\frac{\delta \varepsilon }{\delta {x}_{j}}}\right\rbrack +{C}_{\varepsilon 1}\frac{\varepsilon }{k}{G}_{k}- {C}_{\varepsilon 2}^{* }\rho \frac{{\varepsilon }^{2}}{k}$
${C}_{\varepsilon 2}^{* }= {C}_{\varepsilon 2}+ \frac{{c}_{\mathrm{u}}{\eta }^{3}\left({1 -\eta /{\eta }_{0}}\right)}{1 +\beta {\eta }^{3}}$
式中: $k$ 为湍流动能; $\varepsilon$ 为耗散率; $\mu$ 为动力粘度; ${G}_{k}$ 为由层流速度梯度而产生的湍流动能; ${\mathbf{\sigma }}_{k}$$k$ 方程的湍流普朗特数; 模型常数 ${c}_{\mathrm{u}}= {0.0845},{c}_{\varepsilon \mathrm{l}}=$ ${1.42},{c}_{\varepsilon 2}= {1.68},{\sigma }_{k}= {0.72},{\sigma }_{\varepsilon }= {0.75}$
为了验证模型的可靠度,在风速为 $0 \sim {16}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 内对模型以及真机的功率变化进行测试 ( 图 3 ), 并基于变桨控制系统在攻角 $\alpha$$0 \sim {20}^{\circ }$ 时,测试了风力机叶片的升力系数 ${C}_{1}$ ( 图 4 )。
图 3 可知:在达到额定风速 $8\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 之前,风力机的功率随着风速的增大而增加,呈现抛物线分布规律,在额定风速点达到额定功率 ${2.5}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ , 之后随着风速的增加,风力机的功率在额定功率附近保持恒定; 计算值和模拟值的最大误差为 3.7%,平均误差为 2.2%。
图 4 可知: 当 $\alpha$$0 \sim {20}^{\circ }$ 时, ${C}_{1}$ 先升高后降低; 当 $\alpha$$0 \sim {8}^{\circ }$ 时, ${C}_{1}$$\alpha$ 上升最为明显,当 $\alpha$${14}^{\circ }$ 时, ${C}_{1}$ 达到了最大值 1.05,之后随着 $\alpha$ 的持续增加, ${C}_{1}$ 逐渐回落;在整个变化过程中,模拟值和试验值拟合较好, 最大误差为 5.8%, 平均误差为 ${3.4}\%$ 。各工况点的模拟值功率、 ${C}_{1}$ 均略高于试验值, 这和湍流模型以及边界条件选择有关, 综合来看,模型试验具有一定的可信度。
叶轮旋转过程中的离心刚化效应, 以及介质密度和风速的多重作用, 均对叶轮表面气动压力产生较大影响。5 种工况下叶片表面气动压力分布如 图 5 所示。
图 5 可知: 5 种工况的叶片迎风面压力明显高于侧面,叶片后缘位置出现局部低压区;对于环境温度相同、来流速度不同的工况 $\mathrm{B},\mathrm{C},\mathrm{D}$ ,在相同位置坐标处,工况 $\mathrm{B}$ 的叶片表面压力最小, 工况 $\mathrm{D}$ 的叶片表面压力最大,工况 $\mathrm{C}$ 介于二者中间,这说明来流风速越大叶片表面压力越大;对于来流速度相同、环境温度不同的工况 $\mathrm{A},\mathrm{C},\mathrm{E}$ ,在相同位置坐标处,工况 $\mathrm{A}$ 的叶片表面压力最小, 工况 $\mathrm{E}$ 的叶片表面压力最大,工况 $\mathrm{C}$ 介于二者中间,这说明环境温度越低叶片表面压力越大,出现这一现象的主要原因是低温条件下空气密度较大,从而导致叶片表面压力有上升趋势。
为了分析环境温度和来流对轴向速度分布的影响,从风轮平面向后沿轴向在 $1{D}_{0},2{D}_{0}$$3{D}_{0}$ 位置分别选 3 个平面,计算流动域轴向速度,结果如 图 6 所示。其中, 横坐标为该平面的速度分布, 纵坐标为位置坐标和风轮直径的比值。
图 6 可知, 同一截面位置各工况点的速度曲线形式基本接近, 速度大小有所差异, 表现为来流速度越大,介质轴向速度越大,环境温度的降低会引起介质轴向速度增加, 这主要是由于环境温度改变的过程中空气粘度有所差异。 图 6(a)中: 由于此截面距离叶轮较近,各工况在 $Z/{Z}_{0}= 0$ 的轮载中心位置出现了明显的速度衰减,有两个速度衰减波谷,工况 $\mathrm{A},\mathrm{C},\mathrm{E}$ 波谷相对来流速度的衰减分别为 ${21.5}\%,{17.0}\%,{14.4}\%$ ,说明来流环境温度越低, 叶轮尾部速度衰减越明显; 工况 B, C, D 波谷相对来流速度的衰减分别为 ${18.85}\%$ , 17.0%, 15.35%, 说明来流速度越大, 叶轮尾部速度衰减越小。 图 6(b)中,受叶轮影响,轮毂中心位置依然有低速度区, 但是相比 图 6(a)有明显的速度恢复, 波谷位置有所降低, 各工况点的速度大小基本受来流流速影响, 环境温度有微弱影响。 图 6(c)中, 轮毂中心区域速度得到进一步恢复, 工况 A~E的最低速度分别为9.65,7.76,9.74,11.80, ${9.82}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,风力机尾流速度分布不对称是受到湍流和风切变的共同作用所致, 风切变会导致尾流速度在垂向呈不对称分布, 风力机来流的剪切强度受地形等因素的影响存在较大差异。形成的湍流结构干扰叶尖涡的发展、演化,加速了叶尖涡的破坏,进而影响径向尾流速度恢复,这也是径向尾流速度恢复产生差异的主要原因。这进一步说明来流速度对风力机尾流区轴向速度影响较大, 环境温度对风力机尾流区轴向速度影响较小, 环境温度和来流速度对轴向速度峰谷差异均影响较小。
在复杂载荷作用下, 风力机会使叶片产生应力集中以及形变,甚至产生叶片损坏。工况 $\mathrm{C}, t = 3$ $\mathrm{s}$ 时叶片表面的应力分布如 图 7 所示。
轮毂为约束位置,在叶轮旋转效应下,叶片表面应力在叶根位置达到最大值 ${0.56}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,最小值产生在叶尖自由端位置, 此处的叶片表面应力接近于 0 ,从叶根到叶尖,叶片应力逐渐减小,中间有局部应力集中现象。5 种工况下叶片由叶根到叶尖的应力分布曲线如 图 8 所示。
图 8 可知: 5 种工况下最大应力均处于叶根位置,并沿径向逐渐减小;风速对应力分布影响较大,工况 $\mathrm{B},\mathrm{C},\mathrm{D}$ 叶根位置的最大应力分别为 ${0.36},{0.48},{0.59}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,说明风速越大,叶片所受的应力越大; 工况 $\mathrm{A},\mathrm{C},\mathrm{E}$ 叶根位置的最大应力分别为 ${0.47},{0.48},{0.49}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,说明环境温度越低,叶片所受的最大应力越大, 但影响较小, 环境温度在 -20~20 °C变化过程中,环境温度引起的最大应力波动为 1.45%。
工况 $\mathrm{C}, t = 3\mathrm{\;s}$ 时叶片表面的应力分布如 图 9 所示。由 图 9 可知, 叶片的最大变形量位于叶尖位置,最小变形量位于叶根位置,这和叶片应力分布有所区别,叶尖最大变形量为 ${5.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,沿纸面从外向内看, 叶片变形沿顺时针方向偏移, 叶片的偏移方向与叶轮的旋转方向保持一致, 这说明空气介质推动叶片旋转的过程中叶片产生了形变。
5 种工况下叶片表面最大变形量和时间的关系曲线如 图 10 所示。
图 10 可知, 在来流风速的作用下, 叶片产生形变的同时发生周期性振动, $t ={0.5}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,叶片的结构阻尼对振动幅值具有抑制作用, 随着时间的增加, 叶片的振动幅值有一定的减小。同一环境温度同一时间点, 来流风速对叶片振动大小具有决定作用,来流风速越大,叶片振动越明显。同一来流风速同一时间点, 叶片变形量随着环境温度的降低而增加, 这主要是由于环境温度降低的过程中,空气动力粘度降低而密度增大,同一来流风速下增加了叶片表面受力, 从而增加了叶片的振动幅度。环境温度在 $-{20}\sim {20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 变化过程中,由环境温度引起的变形量波动为 2.37%。
环境温度和来流风速不仅会影响风轮的受力和介质的物理性质, 而且会影响叶轮尾流区的旋涡分布。5 种工况下叶轮尾流区正则螺旋度法旋涡分布如 图 11 所示。
图 11 可知: 5 种工况下流场内旋涡结构分布形式基本接近, 受叶轮旋转效应影响, 在轮毂前方出现两个旋转方向相反的翼前涡, 正则螺旋度 ${H}_{\mathrm{n}}$ 为负值表明存在顺时针旋涡,正值表明存在逆时针旋涡; 以风轮平面作为分割点, 叶轮的尾部出现了明显的顺时针旋涡, 该旋涡强度和风速有直接关系,尾流区边界位置出现局部逆时针旋涡是由于流速衰减的过程中雷诺数降低,主旋涡区域产生流动分离, 由此产生的旋涡分离引起了局部的逆时针旋涡; 风速最大的工况 $\mathrm{D}$ 旋涡强度明显更大, 风速最小的工况 B 旋涡强度最小, 说明风速对尾流区旋涡强度影响较为明显; 从环境温度的影响角度可以发现, ${20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的工况 $\mathrm{A}$ 由于空气粘度较大,整个流动域内的旋涡强度明显高于 $-{20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的工况 $\mathrm{E},{0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的工况 $\mathrm{C}$ 旋涡强度介于工况 $\mathrm{A}$ 和 E 之间,这说明环境温度越低,旋涡强度有降低的趋势, 但影响十分有限。
通过建立风力机模型并以环境温度和来流风速相互匹配确立了 5 种工况, 在保证模型可靠性的前提下, 得出以下结论。
①在试验范围内,模拟值和试验值的功率、升力系数最大误差分别为 ${3.7}\%,{5.8}\%$ ,平均误差分别为 ${2.2}\%,{3.4}\%$ ; 在额定风速 ${10}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,风轮达到最大功率 ${2.5}\mathrm{{kW}}$ ,攻角为 ${14}^{\circ }$ 时,升力系数最大为 1.05。
②来流风速越大,叶片表面压力越大,叶轮尾部速度衰减越小, 风速对尾流区旋涡强度影响较为明显。环境温度降低会增加叶片表面压力,造成明显的尾部速度衰减,降低旋涡强度。
③叶片所受最大应力和变形量与来流风速成正比关系,来流风速越大,叶片所受的应力越大, 叶片变形越明显。叶片所受最大应力和变形量与环境温度成反比,环境温度越低,叶片所受的应力越大,叶片变形量越大,环境温度在 $-{20}\sim {20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 变化时, 由温度引起的最大应力、变形量波动分别为 1.45%和 2.37%。
  • 甘肃省教育厅高等学校创新基金项目(2022B-478)
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2024年第42卷第9期
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  • 接收时间:2024-03-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-27
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甘肃省教育厅高等学校创新基金项目(2022B-478)
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    1 酒泉职业技术学院 甘肃省太阳能发电系统工程重点实验室 甘肃酒泉 735000
    2 兰州理工大学 新能源学院 甘肃酒泉 735000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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