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With the leapfrog development of renewable energy in China, the problem of new energy electric power utilization has become increasingly prominent. This paper, constructs an electric and photovoltaic complementary electric heating system with phasechange thermal energy storage, and a mathematical model of the thermal performance of the system is constructed, which can reflect the dynamic thermal performance of the indoor thermal environment of the system, and the control strategy of the flexible thermoelectric load regulation of the system is designed. A case study was carried out on a lowcarbon building in Beijing, and the load transfer capacity and photovoltaic absorption capacity of the system were simulated and studied. The results show that the system with this rooftop photovoltaic was able to reduce the peak electricity consumption of the case building by 93.9% and the primary energy consumption by 23.9%, with the indoor temperature being maintained at 18 °C. In this study, the peak power consumption can be reduced by 75.1% to 97.4% compared to the system without PV using different PV installed capacity installation methods and areas, and the improvement of the storage capacity has a significant effect on the improvement of the system's flexible load transfer capability, and the improvement effect gradually decreases when the storage battery capacity is larger than 15 kW.h.

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随着我国可再生能源的跨越式发展,新能源电力消纳问题日益突出。文章构建了市电与光伏互补型相变蓄能电供暖系统,搭建了该系统动态热性能的数学模型,设计了系统的热电负荷柔性调节控制策略。针对北京市某低碳建筑进行情景分析,模拟研究了该系统的光伏消纳能力和柔性负荷转移能力。结果表明:在室内温度维持在18℃的情况下,采用屋顶光伏的系统能够降低案例建筑93.9%的峰电消耗量及23.9%的一次能源消耗量;与无光伏系统相比,使用不同安装形式及面积的系统,峰电消耗量能够降低75.1%~97.4%,且蓄电容量的提升对系统的柔性负荷转移能力提升有着显著作用,当蓄电池容量大于15 kW·h时,提升效果逐渐减小。

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张群力(1977-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为余热回收与建筑节能。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432891745461019, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Parameters of each equipment, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备名称 型号规格 数量
相变蓄热式电供暖装置 六水氯化镁蓄热单柱 $\times 6$ 1
单晶硅光伏电池板 300 W/18 V 3
铅酸蓄电池 ${12}\mathrm{\;V}{250}\mathrm{{Ah}}$ 1
逆变器 ${6000}\mathrm{\;W}$ 1
光伏控制器 60 A 1
数据记录仪 Agilent34972A 1
热电偶 K 型热电偶 12
), ArticleFig(id=1154432955725373940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432891745461019, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=设备参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备名称 型号规格 数量
相变蓄热式电供暖装置 六水氯化镁蓄热单柱 $\times 6$ 1
单晶硅光伏电池板 300 W/18 V 3
铅酸蓄电池 ${12}\mathrm{\;V}{250}\mathrm{{Ah}}$ 1
逆变器 ${6000}\mathrm{\;W}$ 1
光伏控制器 60 A 1
数据记录仪 Agilent34972A 1
热电偶 K 型热电偶 12
), ArticleFig(id=1154432955784094197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432891745461019, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Specifications of latent heat storage heating device, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
房间 电供暖装置数量/台 总蓄热量/kJ
1 1 5784
2 1 5784
3 2 11 568
4 4 23 136
), ArticleFig(id=1154432955847008758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432891745461019, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=相变蓄热电供暖装置规格, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
房间 电供暖装置数量/台 总蓄热量/kJ
1 1 5784
2 1 5784
3 2 11 568
4 4 23 136
), ArticleFig(id=1154432955901534711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432891745461019, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=PV installation form, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
安装形式 光伏类型 倾角 (°)
晶硅光伏/m 碲化镉光伏/m
屋顶光伏 65 5
立面光伏 60(南向)+25(西向) 90
综合光伏 65(屋顶) 60(南向)+25(西向)
), ArticleFig(id=1154432955960254968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432891745461019, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=光伏安装形式, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
安装形式 光伏类型 倾角 (°)
晶硅光伏/m 碲化镉光伏/m
屋顶光伏 65 5
立面光伏 60(南向)+25(西向) 90
综合光伏 65(屋顶) 60(南向)+25(西向)
), ArticleFig(id=1154432956014780921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432891745461019, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Power consumption statistics of different photovoltaic installation systems, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
光伏安装 方式 市电消耗 有效光电 峰电消耗 弃光量 弃光率
屋顶光伏 5049.9 1585.0 163.4 305.5 16.20
立面光伏 4 372.0 2 266.6 37.8 683.3 23.20
综合光伏 3802.6 2826.7 17.1 2013.7 41.60
无光伏 6 643.6 656.5
), ArticleFig(id=1154432956069306874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432891745461019, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=不同光伏安装形式系统耗电量统计, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
光伏安装 方式 市电消耗 有效光电 峰电消耗 弃光量 弃光率
屋顶光伏 5049.9 1585.0 163.4 305.5 16.20
立面光伏 4 372.0 2 266.6 37.8 683.3 23.20
综合光伏 3802.6 2826.7 17.1 2013.7 41.60
无光伏 6 643.6 656.5
), ArticleFig(id=1154432956128027131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432891745461019, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Power consumption statistics of different battery rated capacities systems, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蓄电池容 量/kW·h 市电消耗 有效光电 峰电消耗 弃光量 弃光率 %
2 5 445.9 1193.7 798.6 696.9 36.90
5 5199.4 1 440.5 466.2 450.0 23.80
10 5062.1 1568.9 261.4 321.6 17.00
15 5049.9 1585.0 163.4 305.5 16.20
20 5028.3 1604.6 106.3 286.0 15.10
30 5010.5 1619.8 78.3 270.8 14.30
), ArticleFig(id=1154432956195135996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432891745461019, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=不同蓄电池额定容量系统耗电量统计, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蓄电池容 量/kW·h 市电消耗 有效光电 峰电消耗 弃光量 弃光率 %
2 5 445.9 1193.7 798.6 696.9 36.90
5 5199.4 1 440.5 466.2 450.0 23.80
10 5062.1 1568.9 261.4 321.6 17.00
15 5049.9 1585.0 163.4 305.5 16.20
20 5028.3 1604.6 106.3 286.0 15.10
30 5010.5 1619.8 78.3 270.8 14.30
), ArticleFig(id=1154432956266439165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432891745461019, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=The impact of different battery rating capacity on system economy, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蓄电池容量 市电成本 (供暖季)/元 系统 初投资/元 投资 回收期/a
2 2870 35 060 5.4
5 2 616 38 060 5.6
10 2 446 43 060 6.3
15 2378 48 060 7.0
20 2342 53 060 7.7
30 2313 63 060 9.3
), ArticleFig(id=1154432956358713854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432891745461019, language=CN, label=表 6, caption=不同蓄电池额定容量对系统经济性影响, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蓄电池容量 市电成本 (供暖季)/元 系统 初投资/元 投资 回收期/a
2 2870 35 060 5.4
5 2 616 38 060 5.6
10 2 446 43 060 6.3
15 2378 48 060 7.0
20 2342 53 060 7.7
30 2313 63 060 9.3
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市电、光伏互补相变蓄能电供暖系统柔性负荷调节能力分析
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张群力 1, 2 , 张金亮 1 , 刘一墨 3 , 张秋月 2 , 程煊锐 1
可再生能源 | 2024,42(9): 1179-1188
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(9): 1179-1188
市电、光伏互补相变蓄能电供暖系统柔性负荷调节能力分析
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张群力1, 2 , 张金亮1, 刘一墨3, 张秋月2, 程煊锐1
作者信息
  • 1 北京建筑大学 供热供燃气通风及空调工程北京市重点实验室 北京 100044
  • 2 北京建筑大学 环境与能源工程学院 北京 100044
  • 3 航天中心医院 北京 100049
  • 张群力(1977-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为余热回收与建筑节能。E-mail:

Analysis of flexible load regulation capability in electric heating system with phase-change for energy storage using photovoltaic and grid power
Qunli Zhang1, 2 , Jinliang Zhang1, Yimo Liu3, Qiuyue Zhang2, Xuanrui Cheng1
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing Key Lab of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture Beijing 100044 China
  • 2 School of Environmental and Energy Engineering Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture Beijing 100044 China
  • 3 Aerospace Central Hospital Beijing 100049 China
出版时间: 2024-09-20
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随着我国可再生能源的跨越式发展,新能源电力消纳问题日益突出。文章构建了市电与光伏互补型相变蓄能电供暖系统,搭建了该系统动态热性能的数学模型,设计了系统的热电负荷柔性调节控制策略。针对北京市某低碳建筑进行情景分析,模拟研究了该系统的光伏消纳能力和柔性负荷转移能力。结果表明:在室内温度维持在18℃的情况下,采用屋顶光伏的系统能够降低案例建筑93.9%的峰电消耗量及23.9%的一次能源消耗量;与无光伏系统相比,使用不同安装形式及面积的系统,峰电消耗量能够降低75.1%~97.4%,且蓄电容量的提升对系统的柔性负荷转移能力提升有着显著作用,当蓄电池容量大于15 kW·h时,提升效果逐渐减小。

光伏  /  供暖  /  多能互补  /  柔性负荷  /  建筑热性能

With the leapfrog development of renewable energy in China, the problem of new energy electric power utilization has become increasingly prominent. This paper, constructs an electric and photovoltaic complementary electric heating system with phasechange thermal energy storage, and a mathematical model of the thermal performance of the system is constructed, which can reflect the dynamic thermal performance of the indoor thermal environment of the system, and the control strategy of the flexible thermoelectric load regulation of the system is designed. A case study was carried out on a lowcarbon building in Beijing, and the load transfer capacity and photovoltaic absorption capacity of the system were simulated and studied. The results show that the system with this rooftop photovoltaic was able to reduce the peak electricity consumption of the case building by 93.9% and the primary energy consumption by 23.9%, with the indoor temperature being maintained at 18 °C. In this study, the peak power consumption can be reduced by 75.1% to 97.4% compared to the system without PV using different PV installed capacity installation methods and areas, and the improvement of the storage capacity has a significant effect on the improvement of the system's flexible load transfer capability, and the improvement effect gradually decreases when the storage battery capacity is larger than 15 kW.h.

PV  /  heating  /  multi -energy complementary  /  flexible load  /  building thermal performance
张群力, 张金亮, 刘一墨, 张秋月, 程煊锐. 市电、光伏互补相变蓄能电供暖系统柔性负荷调节能力分析. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (9) : 1179 -1188 .
Qunli Zhang, Jinliang Zhang, Yimo Liu, Qiuyue Zhang, Xuanrui Cheng. Analysis of flexible load regulation capability in electric heating system with phase-change for energy storage using photovoltaic and grid power[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (9) : 1179 -1188 .
随着国家“双碳”战略目标的部署,中国正在大力推进能源清洁低碳转型,以风、光为主体的清洁能源大规模接入电网 [ 1 , 2 ] 。我国“三北”地区供暖季长,风电并网空间差,依托“可再生能源发电+ 电转热+蓄能”技术[ 3 ],可以降低纯电采暖的电网压力,起到电力调峰作用。
作为灵活的可调节资源, 蓄热式电采暖末端可有效解决新能源与负荷时空不匹配导致的弃光、弃风等问题 [ 4 - 6 ] 。目前,已有大量学者对蓄热式清洁供暖技术及系统进行了研究。文献[ 7 ]分析了当前蓄热式电锅炉的电热转换及储热特性,探索了其在能源互联网中的应用模式。文献[ 8 ]采用蓄热式电锅炉消纳风电模式,建立了日热负荷需求优化调度模型。文献[ 9 ]提出蓄热式电锅炉与燃煤锅炉联合供暖的多级运行模式, 有效地提高了风电消纳。文献[ 10 ]提出将蓄热式电锅炉与分布式光伏发电相结合的新型供暖方式, 建立经济性模型, 证明了该系统的经济性。文献[ 11 ]设计了太阳能相变蓄热蒸发型空气源热泵复合供暖系统,采用合理的控制策略有效提升机组能效比。文献 [ 12 ]建立低温热泵系统数学模型,分析了其运行的可行性与经济性。文献[ 13 ]用建筑供暖热泵系统做了间歇运行试验, 结果表明机组换热效率与供暖效果优于连续运行模式。
从电力系统发展形态来看,源、荷互动已经成为新型电网的发展趋势 [ 14 - 16 ] 。相变蓄热式电采暖末端具有可迁移性、调节性高的特点, 成为清洁供暖系统中重要组成部分。目前以热泵、电锅炉为代表的供暖设备优化研究较多,针对更加轻量化、电气化的蓄热电供暖的研究较少。因此本文搭建了市电与光伏互补型相变蓄能电供暖系统试验台, 研究了该系统的热性能模型与动态控制策略, 并以北京市某低碳科研楼为例, 验证了数学模型与控制策略的有效性。
市电、光伏互补相变蓄能电供暖系统主要由光伏板、控制器、蓄电池、逆变器及蓄热式电供暖装置组成, 系统原理见 图 1 。系统中利用蓄电池对光伏电与低谷市电进行储存, 当蓄热单元中的蓄热量较低或有光伏电消纳需求时, 将蓄电池中的电能转化为热能储存到相变蓄热电供暖装置中, 再通过对流换热与辐射换热的方式将热量传递到室内。
在满足室内房间热舒适性的基础上, 为提高系统对光伏电量的消纳能力、削减峰价市电的使用,设计了市电、光伏互补相变蓄热电供暖系统控制策略,如 图 2 所示。
鉴于夜间蓄电池须保留一定容量以消纳光伏电量, 因此根据前一日的弃光量计算蓄电池的荷电状态(SOC),设定蓄电池夜间的动态控制模型:
${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max }\left( t\right)= \\\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{{st}}}- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = t -{23}}}^{t}{E}_{\mathrm{{PV}},1}\left( i\right)/{E}_{\mathrm{{PV}},1,\mathrm{{st}}},\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = t -{23}}}^{t}{E}_{\mathrm{{PV}},1}\left( i\right)/{E}_{\mathrm{{PV}},1,\mathrm{{st}}}< {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{{st}}}\\ 0,\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = t -{23}}}^{t}{E}_{\mathrm{{PV}},1}\left( i\right)/{E}_{\mathrm{{PV}},1,\mathrm{{st}}}\geq {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{{st}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max }$ 为蓄电池夜间最大荷电状态上限; $t$ 为时刻; ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{{st}}}$ 为蓄电池荷电状态的基准控制值; ${E}_{\mathrm{{PV}},1}$ 为系统的逐时弃光量, $\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h};{E}_{\mathrm{{PV}},1,\mathrm{{st}}}$ 为系统的单日累积弃光限度, $\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$
在建立建筑热过程基本方程的过程中, 将墙体传热简化为一维问题可有效降低求解难度; 将室内空气温度集总为单一节点处理, 同时假定墙体物性不随时间变化。在此基础上利用状态空间法, 构建建筑动态热平衡数学模型并求解, 围护结构的离散温度节点如 图 3 所示。
①外围护结构动态热平衡模型
外围护结构温度节点的动态热平衡方程 [ 17 ]
$\frac{1}{2}{\rho }_{1}{c}_{1}\Delta {x}_{1}{F}_{j}\frac{\mathrm{d}{T}_{1}}{\mathrm{\;d}\tau }= {h}_{\mathrm{{in}}}{F}_{j}\left({{T}_{\mathrm{{in}}}- {T}_{1}}\right)+ \frac{{\lambda }_{1}}{\Delta {x}_{1}}{F}_{j}\left({{T}_{2}- {T}_{1}}\right)+ {q}_{\mathrm{{rin}}}$
$\left({\frac{1}{2}{\rho }_{1}{c}_{1}\Delta {x}_{1}+ \frac{1}{2}{\rho }_{2}{c}_{2}\Delta {x}_{2}}\right){F}_{j}\frac{\mathrm{d}{T}_{2}}{\mathrm{\;d}\tau }= \\\frac{{\lambda }_{1}}{\Delta {x}_{1}}{F}_{j}\left({{T}_{1}- {T}_{2}}\right)+ \frac{{\lambda }_{2}}{\Delta {x}_{2}}{F}_{j}\left({{T}_{3}- {T}_{2}}\right)$
$\left({\frac{1}{2}{\rho }_{2}{c}_{2}\Delta {x}_{2}+ \frac{1}{2}{\rho }_{3}{c}_{3}\Delta {x}_{3}}\right){F}_{j}\frac{\mathrm{d}{T}_{3}}{\mathrm{\;d}\tau }= \\\frac{{\lambda }_{2}}{\Delta {x}_{2}}{F}_{j}\left({{T}_{2}- {T}_{3}}\right)+ \frac{{\lambda }_{3}}{\Delta {x}_{3}}{F}_{j}\left({{T}_{4}- {T}_{3}}\right)$
$\frac{1}{2}{\rho }_{3}{c}_{3}\Delta {x}_{3}{F}_{j}\frac{\mathrm{d}{T}_{4}}{\mathrm{\;d}\tau }= {h}_{\mathrm{a}}{F}_{j}\left({{T}_{\mathrm{a}}- {T}_{4}}\right)+ \frac{{\lambda }_{3}}{\Delta {x}_{3}}{F}_{j}\left({{T}_{3}- {T}_{4}}\right)+ {q}_{\text{rout }}$
式中: ${\rho }_{j}$ 为第 $j$ 个差分层的密度, $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{c}_{j}$ 为第 $j$ 个差分层的比热容, $\mathrm{J}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$${x}_{j}$ 为第 $j$ 个差分层的厚度, $\mathrm{m};{F}_{j}$ 为第 $j$ 个差分层的面积, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2};{T}_{j}$ 为围护结构 $j$ 的表面温度, ${}^{c}\mathrm{C};\tau$ 为时间, $\mathrm{s};{h}_{\text{in }}$ 为墙体内表面对流换热系数, $\mathrm{W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{t}_{\text{in }}$ 为墙体内表面温度, ${}^{0}\mathrm{C};{\lambda }_{j}$ 为第 $j$ 个差分层的导热系数, $\mathrm{W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ; ${q}_{\mathrm{{rin}}}$ 为墙体内表面吸收的辐射热量, $\mathrm{W};{h}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为墙体外表面对流换热系数, $\mathrm{W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{T}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为空气温度, ${}^{c}\mathrm{C};{q}_{\text{rout }}$ 为墙体外表面吸收的辐射热量, ${\mathrm{W}}_{0}$
${q}_{\mathrm{{rin}}}$ 主要由室内辐射热源 ${q}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 及外窗入射辐射 ${q}_{\mathrm{{si}}}$ 组成:
${q}_{\mathrm{{rin}}}= {q}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {q}_{\mathrm{{si}}}$
${q}_{\mathrm{r}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}\left\lbrack {{\sigma }_{\mathrm{b}}\left({{T}_{\mathrm{{sh}}}^{4}- {T}_{\mathrm{{gi}}}^{4}}\right){X}_{\mathrm{{sh}}- i}{A}_{\mathrm{{sh}}}}\right\rbrack $
式中: ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为斯蒂芬-玻尔兹曼常数, ${5.67}\times {10}^{-8}$ $\mathrm{W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{4}}\right);{T}_{\mathrm{{sh}}}$ 为相变蓄热电供暖装置外壳温度, $\mathrm{K};{T}_{\mathrm{g}i}$ 为墙体 $i$ 表面温度, $\mathrm{K};{X}_{\mathrm{{sh}}- i}$ 为相变蓄热电供暖装置与墙体 $i$ 之间的角系数; ${A}_{\mathrm{{sh}}}$ 为相变蓄热电供暖装置的外壳计算面积 $,{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$
${q}_{\mathrm{{si}}}= {q}_{\mathrm{{so}}}\cdot {s}_{i}= \left({{I}_{D}{\tau }_{D}+ {I}_{d}{\tau }_{d}}\right)\cdot S \cdot \chi \cdot {F}_{\mathrm{w}}\cdot {s}_{i}$
式中: ${q}_{\mathrm{{so}}}$ 为外窗入射的总辐射量, $\mathrm{W};{s}_{i}$ 为围护结构占外窗入射总辐射量的份额; ${I}_{\mathrm{D}}$ 为外窗表面受到的太阳直射辐射强度, $\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};{I}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为外窗表面受到的太阳散射辐射强度, $\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};D$ 为太阳直射辐射的透过率; $d$ 为太阳散射辐射的透过率; $S$ 为遮阳系数; $\chi$ 为玻璃面积系数,等于玻璃面积/整窗面积; ${F}_{\mathrm{w}}$ 为整窗面积, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$
②内围护结构动态热平衡模型
在计算内围护结构热量传递方程时,将式(4) 修改为
$\frac{1}{2}{\rho }_{3}{c}_{3}\Delta {x}_{3}{F}_{j}\frac{\mathrm{d}{T}_{4}}{\mathrm{\;d}\tau }= {h}_{\text{in }}{F}_{j}\left({{T}_{\text{near }}- {T}_{4}}\right)+ \frac{{\lambda }_{3}}{\Delta {x}_{3}}{F}_{j}\left({{T}_{3}- {T}_{4}}\right)+ {q}_{\text{near }}$
式中: ${T}_{\text{near }}$ 为临室墙面的温度, ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C};{q}_{\text{near }}$ 为临室墙面受到的辐射量, W。
③室外空气综合温度模型
围护结构外侧所受辐射复杂, 需将这些外扰对外表面的影响统一用室外空气综合温度 [ 18 ] 来表示,即:
${T}_{\mathrm{z}}= {T}_{\mathrm{d}}+ \frac{{q}_{\mathrm{s}}+ {q}_{\mathrm{R}}}{{h}_{\mathrm{a}}}- \frac{{q}_{\mathrm{e}}}{{h}_{\mathrm{a}}}$
式中: ${T}_{\mathrm{z}}$ 为室外空气综合温度, ${}^{0}\mathrm{C};{T}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为室外空气干球温度, ${}^{0}\mathrm{C};{q}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为围护结构外表面吸收的太阳辐射, $\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};{q}_{\mathrm{R}}$ 为围护结构外表面吸收的地面反射辐射, $\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};{q}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 为夜间辐射, $\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$
根据室外空气综合温度模型, 墙体外围护结构的热量传递方程可以简化为
$\frac{1}{2}{\rho }_{3}{c}_{3}\Delta {x}_{3}\frac{\mathrm{d}{T}_{4}}{\mathrm{\;d}\tau }= {h}_{\mathrm{a}}\left({{T}_{\mathrm{z}}- {T}_{4}}\right)+ \frac{{\lambda }_{3}}{\Delta {x}_{3}}\left({{T}_{3}- {T}_{4}}\right)$
④室内空气动态热平衡模型
利用集总参数法对室内空气进行假设, 室内空气的动态热传递方程 [ 17 ]
$\left({{C}_{\mathrm{f}}+ 1}\right){\rho }_{\mathrm{a}}{c}_{\mathrm{a}}{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{t}_{\mathrm{{in}}}}{\mathrm{d}\tau }= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{n}{F}_{I}{h}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\left({{t}_{i4}- {t}_{\mathrm{{in}}}}\right)+ {F}_{\mathrm{w}}{K}_{\mathrm{w}}\left({{t}_{\mathrm{a}}- {t}_{\mathrm{{in}}}}\right)+ \\{q}_{\mathrm{c}}+ {q}_{\text{vent }}$
式中: ${C}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为家具计算系数,代表将家具比热容是空气比热容的 ${C}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 倍; ${\rho }_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为空气密度, $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{c}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为空气比热容, $\mathrm{J}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$${V}_{\text{in }}$ 为计算房间体积, ${\mathrm{m}}^{3};{K}_{\mathrm{w}}$ 为窗户复合传热系数, $\mathrm{W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{q}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为对流换热功率, $\mathrm{W};{q}_{\text{vent }}$ 为通风换气的换热量, $\mathrm{W}$
${q}_{\text{vent }}$ 计算方法为
${q}_{\text{vent }}= {n}_{\text{in }}{\rho }_{\mathrm{a}}{c}_{\mathrm{a}}{V}_{\text{in }}\left({{t}_{\mathrm{a}}- {t}_{\text{in }}}\right)$
式中: ${n}_{\text{in }}$ 为计算房间的通风换气次数。
①光伏发电输出功率数学模型 [ 19 ]
${P}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}= {P}_{\mathrm{{STC}}}\frac{{G}_{\mathrm{C}}}{{G}_{\mathrm{{STC}}}}\left\lbrack {1 + k\left({{T}_{\mathrm{C}}- {T}_{\mathrm{{STC}}}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
${T}_{\mathrm{C}}= {T}_{\mathrm{e}}+ \left({{c}_{1}+ {c}_{2}{\mathrm{e}}^{{c}_{3}v}}\right){G}_{\mathrm{C}}$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{{STC}}}$ 为光伏试验工况下输出功率, $\mathrm{W};{G}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 为光伏实际工作时的光照强度, $\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};{G}_{\mathrm{{STC}}}$ 为试验工况的光照强度, $\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};k$ 为功率温度系数; ${T}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 为光伏实际工作时的温度, $\mathrm{K};{T}_{\mathrm{{STC}}}$ 为试验工况下的环境温度, $\mathrm{K};{T}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 为光伏实际工作时的环境温度, $\mathrm{K}$ ; ${c}_{1},{c}_{2},{c}_{3}$ 为常数; $v$ 为光伏实际工作时的风速, $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$
②蓄电池实际充、放电功率数学模型 [ 20 ]
${P}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}^{\mathrm{{act}}}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}{P}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}{\eta }_{\mathrm{{ES}},\mathrm{c}}& {P}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}\geq 0 \\\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}}{{\eta }_{\mathrm{{ES}},\mathrm{d}}}& {P}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}< 0 \end{array}\right.$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}^{\text{act }}$$t$ 时刻蓄电池的实际功率, $\mathrm{W};{P}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}$$t$ 时刻蓄电池的理想功率, $\mathrm{W};{\eta }_{\mathrm{{ES}},\mathrm{c}},{\eta }_{\mathrm{{ES}},\mathrm{d}}$ 分别为蓄电池的充电、放电效率。
蓄电池任意时刻的电量表达式为
${E}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}= \left({1 - g}\right){E}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t - 1}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}^{\text{act }}{\Delta T}$
式中: ${E}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}$ 为蓄电池 $t$ 时刻的电量; $g$ 为蓄电池的自损耗系数; $T$ 为求解时间步长, $1\mathrm{\;h}$
蓄电池的荷电状态 [ 21 ] 表达式为
${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{t}= \frac{{E}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}}{{E}_{\mathrm{{ES}}}^{\mathrm{{rat}}}}$
式中: ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{t}$ 为蓄电池 $t$ 时刻的荷电状态; ${E}_{\mathrm{{ES}}}^{\mathrm{{rat}}}$ 为蓄电池的额定容量, kW·h。
③相变蓄热电供暖设备数学模型 [ 22 ]
${Q}_{\mathrm{s}, t}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}{c}_{\mathrm{s}}m\left({{T}_{m}^{- }- {T}_{0}}\right)+ {hm}+ {c}_{1}m\left({T -{T}_{m}^{+ }}\right)& T >{T}_{m}^{+ }\\{c}_{\mathrm{s}}m\left({{T}_{m}^{- }- {T}_{0}}\right)+ {hm}\cdot {\beta }_{t}& {T}_{m}^{- }< T <{T}_{m}^{+ }\\{c}_{\mathrm{s}}m\left({T -{T}_{0}}\right)& T <{T}_{m}^{- }\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${Q}_{\mathrm{s}, t}$ 为相变蓄热电供暖装置在 $t$ 时刻蓄热单元中储存的热量, $\mathrm{{kJ}};{c}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为相变材料的固态比热容, $\mathrm{J}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);m$ 为相变蓄热电供暖设备中相变材料的质量, $\mathrm{{kg}};{T}_{m}$ 为相变材料的终止相变温度, $\mathrm{K}$ ; ${T}_{0}$ 为最低有效蓄热温度, $\mathrm{K};h$ 为相变材料的相变潜热, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}};{c}_{1}$ 为相变材料的液态比热容, $\mathrm{J}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ; ${T}_{m}^{+ }$ 为相变材料的起始相变温度, $\mathrm{K};{\beta }_{t}$$t$ 时刻相变材料的液相率。
相变蓄热电供暖装置在任意时刻 $t$ 的蓄热量计算数学模型为
${Q}_{\mathrm{s}, t}= {Q}_{\mathrm{s}, t - 1}+ \frac{\left({{\eta P}- q}\right)\cdot {\Delta \tau }}{1000}$
式中: $\eta$ 为热电转化效率; $P$ 为电能输入功率, $\mathrm{W};i$ 为相变蓄热电供暖装置的热量输出功率, $\mathrm{W};{\Delta \tau }$ 为时间步长, s。
$\dot{q}= {q}_{\mathrm{c}}+ {q}_{\mathrm{r}}$
式中: ${q}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为辐射换热功率, ${\mathrm{W}}_{\circ }$
${q}_{\mathrm{c}}= {\rho }_{\mathrm{a}}{c}_{\mathrm{a}}{\dot{V}}_{\mathrm{a}}\left({{T}_{\mathrm{{out}}}- {T}_{\mathrm{{in}}}}\right)$
式中: ${\dot{V}}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为相变蓄热电供暖装置进出风口处的空气体积流量, ${\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{s};{T}_{\text{out }},{T}_{\text{in }}$ 分别为相变蓄热电供暖装置的出风、进风温度, ${\mathrm{K}}_{\circ }$
④静态投资回收期
${Y}_{t}= A/{C}_{\text{save }}$
式中: ${Y}_{t}$ 为多能互补相变蓄能电供暖系统静态回收期, a; $A$ 为系统初投资的提升费用,元; ${C}_{\text{save }}$ 为与普通电供暖装置相比年节省运行费用,元。
为研究蓄电与蓄热的混合蓄能方式对负荷转移能力及光伏消纳能力的影响, 搭建了相变蓄能电供暖系统试验台, 如 图 4 所示。其设备型号及参数见 表 1
试验房间为 ${10.06}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ 的办公室,具体见 图 5(a)。该房间西、南墙为外墙,其余为内墙,南墙上包含 $4{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ 的节能窗。外墙传热系数为 0.47 $\mathrm{W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ,窗体传热系数为 ${1.61}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ 。通过计算,房间的冬季单位热负荷为 ${40}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 。房间内布置了 12 个温度测点如 图 5(b) 所示, 用以计算均值, 确定逐时室内温度。试验时间为 2022 年 12 月-2023 年 1 月, 单个测试周期从 20:00-次日 20:00; 低谷电价时段为 20:00-8:00。
模拟中的案例建筑为北京某改造后的低碳科研楼, 见 图 5(c)。该建筑共有两层, 南墙、西墙与屋面均为外围护结构,其余墙体为内围护结构,建筑无地下空间,建筑内共有 4 个主要房间。外墙传热系数为 ${0.13}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ,屋面传热系数为 0.13 $\mathrm{W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ,内墙传热系数为 ${1.23}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ,外窗传热系数为 ${1.23}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ 。 4 个房间分别装配不同规格的相变蓄热电供暖装置,见 表 2
为减少市电的使用, 设计了 4 种不同运行方案,如 图 6 所示。方案 1: 仅利用低谷电为相变蓄热式电供暖装置蓄热; 方案 2: 在方案 1 的基础上, 在 15:00 利用蓄电池为电供暖装置进行蓄热补充; 方案 3: 在方案 1 的基础上, 9:00 利用蓄电池为电供暖装置进行蓄热补充;方案 4:在方案 3 的基础上,夜间利用低谷电为蓄电池充电,并在 15:00 利用蓄电池供电蓄热, 以达到单日补充两次热量的目的。
以建筑热过程中的热平衡方程为基础, 将房间的温度节点方程组成矩阵形式 [ 20 ] ,利用 MATLAB 建立热过程模型, 仿真验证步骤如 图 7 所示。试验及模拟室温结果如 图 8 所示。方案 1 仅依靠夜间蓄热量可以维持上午的室内温度在 18 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 以上,15:00 后无法满足房间温度需求; 方案 2 保证了全天室温均大于 ${18}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ;方案3中有 $3\mathrm{\;h}$ 无法满足室温需求;试验中方案 4 对应的室外温度最低,但仍基本保证了全天室温均大于 ${18}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,且温度波动较低。因此,方案 4 是该试验系统中最为理想的运行方式。为验证模型的准确性, 利用该模型对方案 4 复现, 模拟结果与试验结果一致, 证明该模型准确。
将用户侧的电力需求时段从任意时刻转移至光伏发电的高峰时段和夜间低谷电时段, 能够增强系统对光伏发电的消纳和削减对峰电消耗量, 同时有效降低系统中蓄电池的容量压力。在建筑环境中, 早晚时段热负荷需求较高, 而光伏发电的高峰则常出现在中午和下午,因此利用相变蓄热单元的蓄热能力, 将电力需求时段有效地转移至中午、下午和夜间,以实现电能与热能的有效协同调配。
本文模拟计算了该系统与常规系统(无光伏、 无蓄热)在北京单个供暖季(11 月 15 日 -3 月 15 日)的能源使用情况,结果如 图 9 所示。
图 9 可知, 在相同电量需求下, 市电、光伏互补相变蓄能电供暖系统与常规系统相比降低了 93.9%的峰电消耗量和 23.9%的一次能源消耗量, 具备显著的热电负荷柔性转移能力。
3.2 热电负荷柔性转移能力的多种因素影响分析
①光伏安装形式对热电负荷柔性转移能力的影响
根据模拟需要,设计 3 种光伏安装形式,具体参数见 表 3
通过模拟得出 3 种光伏安装形式对能源消耗的影响, 详见 表 4
表 4 可知, 与无光伏系统相比, 屋顶光伏、 立面光伏以及综合光伏的峰电消耗量分别降低了 75.1%, 94.2%和 97.4%。这表明系统在有效光伏电量提升的情况下,峰电消耗量呈现明显的下降趋势。
不同光伏安装形式下,峰价市电消耗量如 图 10 所示。其中, 图 10(a)为不同光伏安装形式下单日峰价市电消耗量, 图 10(b)为不同光伏安装形式下峰价市电累计消耗量。采用光伏系统,对峰电需求主要集中在供暖需求最高的 12 月和 1 月中旬;而无光伏系统,峰电的需求则覆盖了整个供暖季。在 12 月和 1 月中旬, 由于综合光伏装机容量较大,可以维持系统在白天的能源需求;而屋顶光伏发电量较低, 仅凭借光伏电和蓄电池储存的谷电难以维持白天室内的热负荷需求, 须消耗峰电对蓄电池进行补充。在供暖季初末期,室外温度较高,室内热负荷需求较低,市电、光伏互补相变蓄能电供暖系统通过混合蓄能方式, 配合光伏系统产生的电量能够满足室内热负荷需求。
②蓄电池容量对热电负荷柔性转移能力的影响
弃光量可作为系统内可再生能源利用情况的度量标志,当系统弃光量较高时,表明系统对可再生能源消纳能力不足。不同光伏安装形式在供暖季中对光伏发电的消纳存在差异, 各系统在供暖季逐日弃光量以及累计弃光量如 图 11 所示。
图中:由于屋顶光伏的装机容量较小,其弃光量最低; 而综合光伏发电量超出了系统的消纳能力,在不考虑并网的情况下,产生大量的弃光;立面光伏在 12 月与 1 月弃光量较少, 但在初末寒期,由于室内热负荷需求较低,能源消耗较少,进而导致弃光现象产生,3 月尤为明显。
以上模拟结果表明,屋顶光伏效果最优。基于此方案,研究蓄电池容量对系统运行效果的影响, 具体模拟结果见 表 5
表 5 可知: 当蓄电池容量小于 ${10}\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ 时, 增加蓄电容量显著提高了系统的柔性负荷转移能力;当蓄电池额定容量超过 ${15}\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ 时,蓄电池容量对系统柔性负荷转移能力提升不明显。
不同蓄电池容量的系统对峰价市电累计消耗情况如 图 12 所示。
图 12 可见:小蓄电池容量 $(2\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h},5\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot$ h)的系统未能在整个供暖季中实现对能源的有效储存与需求调配, 导致系统柔性负荷转移能力不足,更加依赖峰电供应;大容量蓄电池系统对峰电的需求趋于一致。值得注意的是, 在 12 月和 1 月, 随着蓄电池容量的持续提升, 峰时市电需求的降低幅度逐渐减小。
蓄电池容量在系统中对可再生能源的消纳有显著的影响, 不同蓄电池容量系统的逐日弃光量和累计弃光量情况如 图 13 所示。
图 13 可见, 小蓄电池容量的系统在供暖季初、末期表现出较高的弃光量, 但在改变蓄电池容量时,系统的逐日弃光量变化较为有限。原因在于系统采用了蓄电与蓄热的混合蓄能模式, 其中蓄热量占据了蓄能总量的相当大比例, 导致不同蓄电池容量系统的实际光伏消纳水平差距较小,且随着蓄电池容量的增加, 其对系统光伏消纳水平的提升效果更小。
通过计算得到不同蓄电池容量在供暖季中的市电成本, 以及系统的初投资成本和投资回收期, 见 表 6
表 6 可知, 在不同蓄电池容量的系统中, 随着蓄电池额定容量增大, 系统初投资和投资回收期均增大,且供暖季中的市电成本降低幅度减小。 系统在只改变蓄电池容量的情况下, ${30}\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ 容量蓄电池系统的初投资是 $2\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ 容量蓄电池系统的 1.8 倍,蓄电池的额定容量对系统经济性影响显著。因此, 合理选用蓄电池容量能使系统经济性更佳。
本文提出了市电、光伏互补相变蓄能电供暖系统控制策略与优化模型,并搭建了试验台,测试了单个房间中的系统节能效果。于 MATLAB 中建立了利用建筑动态热过程控制室温的市电、光伏互补相变蓄能电供暖系统的计算模型。以北京某科研楼为例, 分析了不同因素对系统热电负荷柔性转移能力的影响。本研究的主要结论如下。
①试验研究了 4 种不同运行方案下市电、光伏互补相变蓄能电供暖系统的运行效果。结果表明, 方案 4 在不消耗峰价市电的情况下, 室内供暖温度基本维持在 ${18}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 以上,是该试验系统中较为理想的运行方式。
②通过应用情景分析,采用屋顶光伏形式的市电、光伏互补相变蓄能电供暖系统能够在维持室内温度在 ${18}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的情况下,显著降低案例建筑中 23.9%的一次能源消耗量及 93.9%的峰电消耗量。
③与无光伏系统相比,不同光伏安装形式及面积的系统可以将峰电消耗量降低 75.1%~97.4%; 蓄电池容量的增加显著提升了系统的柔性负荷转移能力,当蓄电池容量超过 ${15}\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ 时,其提升效果逐渐减弱。蓄电池的容量对系统经济性影响较大,随着蓄电池容量增大,系统初投资和投资回收期均增大,且市电成本降低幅度减小。
  • 北京建筑大学博士研究生科研能力提升项目资助(DG2023010)
  • 北京建筑大学研究生创新项目资助(PG2022070)
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2024年第42卷第9期
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  • 接收时间:2023-09-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-22
基金
北京建筑大学博士研究生科研能力提升项目资助(DG2023010)
北京建筑大学研究生创新项目资助(PG2022070)
作者信息
    1 北京建筑大学 供热供燃气通风及空调工程北京市重点实验室 北京 100044
    2 北京建筑大学 环境与能源工程学院 北京 100044
    3 航天中心医院 北京 100049
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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