Article(id=1154432889971266532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432887630844811, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683388800000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167849295, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1726761600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167849295, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167849295, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167849295, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154432887630844811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='9', pageStart='1137', pageEnd='1278', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167848737, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694558733, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642069524369942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432887630844811, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642069524369943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432887630844811, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1161, endPage=1169, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154432890503943157, articleId=1154432889971266532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Demand-side management-based optimization of all-season performance of a hybrid photovoltaic/thermal-linked system with a heat pump, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The research develops a hybrid photovoltaic/thermallinked system with a heat pump and thermal energy storage in a single building, combining it with the idea of demandside management to solve the issue of excessive building energy consumption. To define its operational performance, a dynamic simulation model is created. After that, the configuration is optimized for demandside management, and the cost and energy use of various configurations are examined. The findings demonstrate that, as compared to the coupled system without storage, the ratio of feedin tariff to total generation for the heating and cooling seasons is improved by 23.96% and 7.07%, respectively. The demand for power rose sharply at night, rising by a total of 5.07% and 104.50%, and the system is capable of good power load management. The set point for the temperature of the water tank is 43 °C for the heating season and 24 °C for the cooling season, respectively. This configuration uses the least amount of energy overall among all optimized configurations, with a seasonwide energy savings rate of 41.77%, which is 7.10% higher than the rate without the use of management strategies. Approximately 50.9% and 72.7% of the total electricity used during the heating and cooling seasons is used during the storage period. To further lower the energy consumption of systems with control techniques and energysaving benefits, it is useful to research demandside management configuration optimization.

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针对建筑能源消耗过高问题,文章在独栋建筑中构建了带有热泵和热能储存的混合光伏/热能耦合系统,将其与需求侧管理概念相结合,开发了一个动态模拟模型描述其运行性能,进而对需求侧管理进行配置优化,分析了不同配置下的成本和能源使用情况。结果表明,需求侧管理下耦合系统上网电量占总发电量比率相比无储能系统在供暖、供冷季白天分别提升了23.96%,7.07%,索取电量在夜间大幅提升,总体增加了5.07%,104.50%,系统电力负荷调控能力良好,水箱温度设定点在供暖季及供冷季分别为43,24℃,是所有优化配置中总能耗最低的,比没有PVT 和水箱的系统,年能耗降低41.77%,比不实施管理策略的节能率提高了7.10%。储能期消耗的电量在供暖、供冷季约占总耗电量的50.9%,72.7%。需求侧管理配置优化能够进一步降低系统能耗,特别是那些具备节能优势的系统,这对节能降耗具有良好的现实意义。

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于水(1983-),女,教授,博士,博士研究生导师,研究方向为建筑节能技术。E-mail:

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Applied Energy, 2017, 185: 1984-1993., articleTitle=Thermal energy storage coupled with PV panels for demand side management of industrial building cooling loads, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154432939245949553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889971266532, awardId=U23A20657, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(U23A20657), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154432934242144678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889971266532, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154432934250533287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889971266532, companyId=1154432934242144678, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering Shenyang Jianzhu University Shenyang 110168 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154432934258921896, 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articleId=1154432889971266532, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Simulation results of scenario 3 for a week of the heating season, figureFileSmall=7MP+K13hl10Dckue6/Ljgg==, figureFileBig=zHQT52m0ZpcNXbbw4ntXKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432938285453909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889971266532, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=供暖季某周方案三模拟结果, figureFileSmall=7MP+K13hl10Dckue6/Ljgg==, figureFileBig=zHQT52m0ZpcNXbbw4ntXKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432938335785559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889971266532, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Total power operation with and without DSM system, figureFileSmall=G/ohNXCqfiedrAzBWUhe+w==, figureFileBig=pip/49mTa3084R5gwkXmRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432938386117209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889971266532, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=有、无 DSM 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the hottest week and coldest week with DSM, figureFileSmall=T0Z3FWDCu/GPtZSWD63ZzA==, figureFileBig=ltHKMAzN02S5dKnjohYraA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432938616803934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889971266532, language=CN, label=图 7, caption=最热周和最冷周带有 DSM 的建筑和水箱温度, figureFileSmall=T0Z3FWDCu/GPtZSWD63ZzA==, figureFileBig=ltHKMAzN02S5dKnjohYraA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432938671329887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889971266532, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Tank water temperature trends for different set temperatures, figureFileSmall=qJyRIjkZQ+8+uFqMWB2i4A==, figureFileBig=sVNCN99MO7jpq/NW+cH+1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432938725855841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889971266532, language=CN, label=图 8, caption=不同设定温度的水箱水温趋势, figureFileSmall=qJyRIjkZQ+8+uFqMWB2i4A==, figureFileBig=sVNCN99MO7jpq/NW+cH+1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432938780381795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889971266532, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Disaggregated energy use, figureFileSmall=W29nj4hLwZT2SGORHtiXcg==, figureFileBig=p3yUknb6mItVEQR3bfoB2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432938839102053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889971266532, language=CN, label=图 9, caption=能源分类的使用情况, figureFileSmall=W29nj4hLwZT2SGORHtiXcg==, figureFileBig=p3yUknb6mItVEQR3bfoB2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432938902016615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889971266532, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Main thermal physical parameters of the building envelope, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部位 结构 传热系数
外墙 370 mm 混合水泥砂浆黏土实心砖墙+50 mmXPS 板+10 mm 抹灰层 0.50
内墙 ${240}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 砖墙+10 mm 抹灰层 2.01
屋顶 双坡屋顶, ${10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 棚板 $+ {40}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ XPS 板 $+ {100}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 稻壳 $+ 2\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 铸铁瓦 0.45
地面 ${20}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 瓷砖 $+ {120}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 混凝土 $+ {50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 保温材料 0.50
外窗 塑钢双层玻璃 2.70
外门 铝合金门 2.50
), ArticleFig(id=1154432938964931177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889971266532, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=建筑围护结构的主要热物性参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部位 结构 传热系数
外墙 370 mm 混合水泥砂浆黏土实心砖墙+50 mmXPS 板+10 mm 抹灰层 0.50
内墙 ${240}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 砖墙+10 mm 抹灰层 2.01
屋顶 双坡屋顶, ${10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 棚板 $+ {40}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ XPS 板 $+ {100}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 稻壳 $+ 2\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 铸铁瓦 0.45
地面 ${20}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 瓷砖 $+ {120}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 混凝土 $+ {50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 保温材料 0.50
外窗 塑钢双层玻璃 2.70
外门 铝合金门 2.50
), ArticleFig(id=1154432939019457131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889971266532, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Main parameters of the system equipment, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
耦合系统设备相关参数 数值
地理管钻孔数量/个 2
钻孔深度/m 100
钻孔半径/m 0.06
储存热导率/kJ·(h·m·K) ${}^{-1}$ 4.68
体积比热容 $/\mathrm{{kJ}} \cdot {\left( {\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 2016
填充物导热系数 $/\mathrm{{kJ}} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{h} \cdot \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 4.68
U 型管的外半径/m 0.017
U 型管的内半径/m 0.014
地埋管流体比热 $/\mathrm{{kJ}} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 4.19
地埋管流体密度 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$ 1000
辐射盘管管道间距/m 0.2
地埋管道外径/m 0.02
地埋管壁厚度/m 0.002
地埋管壁热导率 $/\mathrm{{kJ}} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{h} \cdot \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 1.26
水箱容积 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 0.5
水箱热损系数 $/\mathrm{{kJ}} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{h} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.72
PVT 集热器面积 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 1.62
集热板数量/个 31
散热翅片效率系数 0.96
硅晶板吸收率 0.92
玻璃盖板数量/个 1
硅晶板辐射率 0.09
边缘密封损失系数 $/\mathrm{{kJ}} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{h} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 1.1
光伏板发电效率温度系数 $/{\mathrm{K}}^{-1}$ 0.003
电池最佳工作温度/℃ 25
), ArticleFig(id=1154432939107537517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889971266532, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=系统设备的主要参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
耦合系统设备相关参数 数值
地理管钻孔数量/个 2
钻孔深度/m 100
钻孔半径/m 0.06
储存热导率/kJ·(h·m·K) ${}^{-1}$ 4.68
体积比热容 $/\mathrm{{kJ}} \cdot {\left( {\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 2016
填充物导热系数 $/\mathrm{{kJ}} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{h} \cdot \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 4.68
U 型管的外半径/m 0.017
U 型管的内半径/m 0.014
地埋管流体比热 $/\mathrm{{kJ}} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 4.19
地埋管流体密度 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$ 1000
辐射盘管管道间距/m 0.2
地埋管道外径/m 0.02
地埋管壁厚度/m 0.002
地埋管壁热导率 $/\mathrm{{kJ}} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{h} \cdot \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 1.26
水箱容积 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 0.5
水箱热损系数 $/\mathrm{{kJ}} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{h} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.72
PVT 集热器面积 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 1.62
集热板数量/个 31
散热翅片效率系数 0.96
硅晶板吸收率 0.92
玻璃盖板数量/个 1
硅晶板辐射率 0.09
边缘密封损失系数 $/\mathrm{{kJ}} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{h} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 1.1
光伏板发电效率温度系数 $/{\mathrm{K}}^{-1}$ 0.003
电池最佳工作温度/℃ 25
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需求侧管理下带有热泵和储能的混合光伏/热能耦合系统全季节运行优化分析
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于水 , 韩府宏 1 , 李睿哲 2 , 李思尧 1 , 刘雪研 1
可再生能源 | 2024,42(9): 1161-1169
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(9): 1161-1169
需求侧管理下带有热泵和储能的混合光伏/热能耦合系统全季节运行优化分析
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于水 , 韩府宏1, 李睿哲2, 李思尧1, 刘雪研1
作者信息
  • 1 沈阳建筑大学 市政与环境工程学院 辽宁 沈阳 110168
  • 2 东北大学 基建管理处 辽宁 沈阳 110168
  • 于水(1983-),女,教授,博士,博士研究生导师,研究方向为建筑节能技术。E-mail:

Demand-side management-based optimization of all-season performance of a hybrid photovoltaic/thermal-linked system with a heat pump
Shui Yu , Fuhong Han1, Ruizhe Li2, Siyao Li1, Xueyan Liu1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering Shenyang Jianzhu University Shenyang 110168 China
  • 2 Capital Construction Department Northeastern University Shenyang 110168 China
出版时间: 2024-09-20
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针对建筑能源消耗过高问题,文章在独栋建筑中构建了带有热泵和热能储存的混合光伏/热能耦合系统,将其与需求侧管理概念相结合,开发了一个动态模拟模型描述其运行性能,进而对需求侧管理进行配置优化,分析了不同配置下的成本和能源使用情况。结果表明,需求侧管理下耦合系统上网电量占总发电量比率相比无储能系统在供暖、供冷季白天分别提升了23.96%,7.07%,索取电量在夜间大幅提升,总体增加了5.07%,104.50%,系统电力负荷调控能力良好,水箱温度设定点在供暖季及供冷季分别为43,24℃,是所有优化配置中总能耗最低的,比没有PVT 和水箱的系统,年能耗降低41.77%,比不实施管理策略的节能率提高了7.10%。储能期消耗的电量在供暖、供冷季约占总耗电量的50.9%,72.7%。需求侧管理配置优化能够进一步降低系统能耗,特别是那些具备节能优势的系统,这对节能降耗具有良好的现实意义。

混合光伏/热能  /  热能储存  /  需求侧管理  /  配置优化

The research develops a hybrid photovoltaic/thermallinked system with a heat pump and thermal energy storage in a single building, combining it with the idea of demandside management to solve the issue of excessive building energy consumption. To define its operational performance, a dynamic simulation model is created. After that, the configuration is optimized for demandside management, and the cost and energy use of various configurations are examined. The findings demonstrate that, as compared to the coupled system without storage, the ratio of feedin tariff to total generation for the heating and cooling seasons is improved by 23.96% and 7.07%, respectively. The demand for power rose sharply at night, rising by a total of 5.07% and 104.50%, and the system is capable of good power load management. The set point for the temperature of the water tank is 43 °C for the heating season and 24 °C for the cooling season, respectively. This configuration uses the least amount of energy overall among all optimized configurations, with a seasonwide energy savings rate of 41.77%, which is 7.10% higher than the rate without the use of management strategies. Approximately 50.9% and 72.7% of the total electricity used during the heating and cooling seasons is used during the storage period. To further lower the energy consumption of systems with control techniques and energysaving benefits, it is useful to research demandside management configuration optimization.

hybrid PV/thermal energy  /  thermal energy storage  /  demand-side management  /  optimal configuration
于水, 韩府宏, 李睿哲, 李思尧, 刘雪研. 需求侧管理下带有热泵和储能的混合光伏/热能耦合系统全季节运行优化分析. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (9) : 1161 -1169 .
Shui Yu, Fuhong Han, Ruizhe Li, Siyao Li, Xueyan Liu. Demand-side management-based optimization of all-season performance of a hybrid photovoltaic/thermal-linked system with a heat pump[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (9) : 1161 -1169 .
全球气候变化是 21 世纪人类共同面临的重大挑战。面向“碳中和”的低碳、零碳乃至负碳技术将成为未来全球产业革命和科技竞争的关键[ 1 ]。 为实现“双碳”目标, 我国积极开发可再生能源发电, 然而可再生能源系统的不稳定性对高可再生能源渗透率下的能源系统运行造成了很大影响, 这是一个亟需解决的问题。
太阳能作为一种可再生能源, 广泛应用于建筑节能领域中,当前应用广泛的太阳能光伏、光热组件(Solar Photovoltaic/Thermal, PVT)可同时进行发电和吸热 [ 2 ] ,然而太阳能的间歇性和不可控性会使电力供应方与建筑之间产生供需失衡, 导致发电和配电效率低下 [ 3 ] 。基于太阳能的多能耦合系统的最佳组合和经济效益受地理位置、建筑类型等因素影响。一方面, 光伏的应用潜力受到电价、自然资源以及电力供需一致性的影响 [ 4 ] ;另一方面,储能系统的有效性取决于电价模式和需求状况时。
热泵(Heat Pump, HP)是目前技术成熟的节能装置, 热泵系统能够利用环境中的低品位可再生能源,以减少对化石燃料的需求,减少温室气体排放, 提供稳定、经济的能源供应。热泵采用蒸汽压缩制冷系统,有很强的电力消纳能力,可以很好地与光伏、光热一体化装置搭配使用 [ 5 ] 。将 PVT、 热泵与热能储存系统(Thermal Energy Storage, TES)相结合,可提高建筑能源需求的灵活性,将高峰负荷转移到非高峰时段, 有效地改变建筑物的电力消耗状况 [ 6 ] 。不同学者将可再生能源与 $\mathrm{{HP}}$ 、 控制策略或 TES 装置等进行搭配, 研究系统耦合后的节能效果。Kim M J [ 7 ] 和 Emmi G [ 8 ] 对带有 TES 辅助的地源热泵系统(Ground Source Heat Pumps, GSHPS)进行研究, 与没有 TES 的 GSHPS 相比,制冷能耗减少 2%,制热能耗减少 15%。还有学者将平板太阳能集热器与水源热泵串联,结合 TES 进行供暖, 明显改善了太阳能集热器供能不稳定的问题 [ 9 ] 。李红 [ 10 ] 提出针对 TES、太阳能集热器等设备的多微网频率控制策略, 使系统更加节能。通过合理的搭配 TES 与需求侧管理 (Demand Side Management, DSM), 使储存的能量在电价高峰时段使用,促进谷段电网消费的同时, 还可以改善 PVT 发电、吸收热量和高峰负荷之间时间不匹配问题。Dannemand M [ 11 ] 将 PVT 与 HP 及双 TES(供冷箱、热水箱)结合,通过 DSM,提高双 TES 在不同天气下能源利用率。Liu F [ 12 ] $\mathrm{{HP}}$ 与 TES 耦合的系统中,利用 DSM 降低了 17.6%的总功耗。因此, 研究 GSHPS 耦合系统 DSM 策略下季节性节能潜力对节能减排有重大意义。
以往的研究主要集中在 PVT 系统和 DSM 下的 GSHPS 之间的并联使用, 对结合 TES 进行供热、制冷考虑有限。本研究以一栋民用独栋建筑为原型, 开发了一种包含 PVT, GSHPS, TES 和蓄电池等设备的能源系统, 重点研究将 TES 与 PVT 和 GSHPS 在需求响应策略进行结合, 分析和评估全年的运行情况。并指出在此气候区, DSM 下安装 PVT 及 TES 的可行性。
此代表性民用独栋建筑是一层建筑, 全天居住使用,室内长期停留约有 3 人,位于中国辽宁省沈阳市,与当地电网相连,建筑总面积为 ${120}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ , 由 3 个房间构成:两间起居室 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}\times 4\mathrm{\;m}$ (总面积 ${80}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ ) 位于建筑两边,一间厅室 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}\times 4\mathrm{\;m}$ (面积 ${40}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ )位于建筑中部,建筑室内高度 $3\mathrm{\;m}$ ,建筑外观、结构、热负荷、环境温度及 PVT 接收的辐射量如 图 1 所示。
多能源耦合系统模型包含一个详细的建筑模型、GSHPS 机组模型、TES 模型、PVT 系统模型。 根据建筑蓝图还原建筑三维模型,设定 3 个热区 (3 个房间) 如 图 1(b) 所示。建筑围护结构的主要热物性参数列于 表 1
建筑系统供能设计如下:系统中 GSHPS 的设计冷水出水温度为 ${15}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,设计热水出水温度为 ${45}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ; 供能形式为地板辐射供能。
地源热泵供能模型: 选择的热泵装置是新零 GP-03,机组制热量为 ${10}\mathrm{{kW}}$ ,机组平均能效比为 4。PVT 模型:产品为 SUNTASK PVT-2, 水平面倾斜 ${45}^{\circ }$ ,朝向南方,安装面积为 ${50}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ 。系统设备的主要参数见 表 2
无 DSM 下的模型, 根据建筑的需求, 以 3 种不同的供能策略进行工作:
①水箱储能模式:PVT 提供能量为水箱储能;
②水箱供能模式:水箱向建筑物提供能量;
③GSHPS 供能模式:水箱热量不足以满足建筑物供能需求时,热泵向建筑物提供能量,来保持室内温度。
有 DSM 下的模型与上述供能策略部分相同, 不同点在于:水箱储能模式, PVT 提供能量为水箱储能的同时, 在电价波谷期, 通过 GSHPS 对水箱进行储能;水箱供能模式,除 GSHPS 储能期外, 水箱向建筑物提供能量。
本文为了分析能源系统与电网的日内互动情况,对 ${24}\mathrm{\;h}$ 内的系统储能和供能情况进行分析。 对系统全年运行情况进行模拟, 并对夏季和冬季的典型周进行详细分析, 用于分析不同季节时的最高及平均能量需求。仿真模型原理如 图 2 所示。
TES 储能期为每日 00:00-06:00。为了比较不同 TES 运行策略细节方面的差异, 直观地分析 TES 储能情况, 本文模拟了供暖季及供冷季 5 种运行配置。
供暖季热泵对水箱的储热开始到截止温度设定值为 ${40}\sim {45}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},{38}\sim {43}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},{36}\sim {41}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},{34}\sim {39}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ , 33~38 °C(即水箱温度低于下限如 40°C开始储热,高于上限对应 ${45}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 停止)。
TES 的供热开始到截止温度设定值为大于 38°C开启水箱供热模式,小于 33°C关闭水箱供热模式,开启热泵进行供热。
供冷季热泵对水箱的储冷开始到截止温度设定值为 ${26}\sim {25}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},{25}\sim {24}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},{24}\sim {23}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},{23}\sim {22}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ , 22~21 °C。TES 的供冷设定开始到截止温度为 26~ ${21}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,即水箱温度低于 ${26}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 便可开启水箱供冷模式;当水箱的冷量不能满足建筑制冷需求时,启动 GSHPS 为建筑供冷。
只有水箱温度在供暖期低于或供冷期高于开始温度时,才可进入储能模式。
为了保证模拟研究的准确性, 首先对系统全年运行模型进行验证。根据同样气候环境下华北及辽宁地区地源热泵示范项目应用研究 [ 13 ] 所测得的住宅建筑地源热泵冬季供能数据, 其热泵机组平均性能系数 ${\mathrm{{COP}}}_{\text{HPexp }}$ 为 3.73,系统平均性能系数 ${\mathrm{{COP}}}_{\exp }$ 为 2.97,实测累计热负荷 ${Q}_{\exp }$${4263364}\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,实测系统耗电量 ${E}_{\text{exp }}$ 为 1435476 $\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,其中热泵机组耗电量占 82%,水泵耗电量占 18%。方案一中参考模型的实时性能系数、累计热负荷及耗电量如 图 3 所示。
模拟得到的平均机组性能系数 ${\mathrm{{COP}}}_{\mathrm{{HPsim}}}$ 约为 3.24,模拟系统平均性能系数 ${\mathrm{{COP}}}_{\mathrm{{sim}}}$ 为 2.83,模拟参考系统累计热负荷 ${Q}_{\operatorname{sim}}$${14737.24}\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,系统模拟耗电量 ${E}_{\text{sim }}$${5215}\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,其中热泵耗电量占 87.3%,水泵耗电量占 12.7%。测试数据与本模拟相差 5.3%的电量分配,这主要是由于参考模型的 GSHPS 体量较小, 效率相对稍低, 导致机组耗电量占比稍大。
$\frac{{E}_{\text{exp }}}{{E}_{\text{cal }}}= \frac{{Q}_{\text{exp }}{\mathrm{{COP}}}_{\text{sim }}}{{Q}_{\text{sim }}{\mathrm{{COP}}}_{\text{exp }}}$
根据热泵耗能量的经验计算式(1)计算后得出的模拟参考系统耗电量 ${E}_{\mathrm{{cal}}}$${5207.5}\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ , 与 ${E}_{\text{sim }}$ 数据相差 ${0.144}\%{}_{\circ }{\mathrm{{COP}}}_{\text{HPsim }}$${\mathrm{{COP}}}_{\text{sim }}$ 均低于实测值, 这是因为热泵产品不同, 实测建筑面积远远大于模拟独栋建筑面积, 水泵相对单位建筑面积的能耗降低及上述提及的体量问题导致。
为了保证需求侧管理阶段模拟的准确性, 对水箱储能部分进行验证。供暖季某周方案三的系统模拟相关数据见 图 4 ,包括了 ${\mathrm{{COP}}}_{\mathrm{{HPsim}}}\text{、}{E}_{\mathrm{{sim}}}$ 、热泵机组耗电量、水箱温度以及水箱的储热量。
计算储能期耗电量[ 14 ]为
${E}_{\mathrm{{cp}}}= \frac{{Q}_{\mathrm{{th}}}}{{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{{cp}}}^{1/2}{\mathrm{{COP}}}_{\mathrm{{HPsim}}}}$
式中: ${E}_{\mathrm{{cp}}}$ 为水箱储能期耗电量; ${Q}_{\mathrm{{th}}}$ 为储存的热能; ${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{{cp}}}$ 为水箱的回收效率。
模拟的水箱体积为 ${0.5}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}$ ,运行温差为 ${5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ , 即储存的热能约为 ${2.83}\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,热泵储能期的平均性能系数约为 4.0,假设水箱的回收效率 ${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{{cp}}}$ 为 0.85。计算后,水箱耗电量 ${E}_{\mathrm{{cp}}}$${0.785}\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot {\mathrm{h}}_{\circ }$图 4 中,取 ${8112}\sim {8118}\mathrm{\;h}$ 分析供暖期 $1\mathrm{\;d}$ 的水箱运行情况,供暖时间为 $6\mathrm{\;h}$ 。期间水箱消耗的电量为 ${0.750}\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,理论计算与模拟结果相差 ${4.67}\%$ 。误差主要产生于水箱回收效率, 即水箱的损失系数大小与管道运输能量损失。
通过对模拟的整个供能季与单独的储能周期进行验证, 说明了整个系统模型模拟及水箱储能模拟的合理性及准确性。受模型组件中假设的启动条件的影响, 模拟初始期可能与实际不符, 但对于这项旨在比较 DSM 下不同水箱储能策略的工作而言, 初始模拟数据的不稳定是可以接受的。
在考虑微电网经济的概念下设计 PVT 和 TES 耦合的系统, 通过转移建筑高峰时段电力负荷以及谷电时段促进电力消费, 来减少自身经济成本。 图 5 显示了为期 $1\mathrm{a}$ 、不同季节建筑及系统电力消耗情况。此处 DSM 设定温度为供暖季 43 ℃,供冷季 24℃。
图 5 中, 可以分析系统中 TES 自耗量、PVT 系统自耗量、总上网电量、电网索取总电量。由于 PVT 产能曲线与用户负荷曲线的不同步, 导致出现光伏产能过剩的时段和需要从电网购电的时段。在供暖及供冷季, 将过剩的光伏电量进行上网, DSM 下系统上网电量占总发电量的比率分别为 49.07%, 58.97%, 与无 DSM 的系统相比, 在供暖、供冷季上网电量比率分别提升了 23.96%, 7.07%;系统在电力波谷时段索取电量比无 DSM 策略增加了 ${5.07}\%,{104.50}\%$ 。可以看出,系统在采用 DSM 策略后,白天相对无 DSM 可以实现较长时间的系统自给自足, 夜间储能的电力需求也增加,实现了较好的负荷转移。借助储能系统,在白天高峰时段减少了电力需求。在过渡季节,上网电量大于电网电力索取量, 这是由于供能系统不运行,只与 PVT 产电量有关。
为满足小型独栋建筑的需求, 采用 DSM 策略,将电能以冷、热能的形式储存。由于储能设备的存在, 白天 PVT 产能大于建筑能量需求时, 降低了光伏的自给率, 但其可以减少电力高峰时段的电网负载,在夜间电力波谷时段促进电网消费。
光伏发电量、建筑和系统消费、电网索取和上网电量在一个典型周的情况如 图 6 所示。
图 6(a)可以看出,在采暖期无 DSM 的情况下, 采暖期白天水箱供能阶段, PVT 的产电量会有短暂时间超过系统电网索取电量, 大多数时间产电量并不能满足建筑自身电力需求,在 80% 的时段内, 上网电量时间与 PVT 产电时间同步, 但上网电量不足 45%。由 图 6(b)可以看出,在采暖期结合 DSM 的情况下, 白天系统电网索取电量大幅下降,下降约 40%,同时索取电量的时间也缩减为无 DSM 的 30%左右。
图6(c),(d)制冷期的实时电力图可以发现, 系统的索取电量会有少许天数出现白天室内温度过高导致 GSHPS 大量索取电量的情况,但在结合 DSM 后, 系统平稳运行, 在夜间蓄能的同时索取电网电量,白天几乎不会对电网造成影响。系统产电量在大部分时刻满足建筑的电力需求。系统 DSM 策略下,白天相对无 TES 设备可以实现较长时间的系统电量的自给自足, 夜间的电力需求总量增加超过一倍,实现了较好的负荷转移。 图 6 中也显示了 PVT 主要是在白天可以满足的部分电力需求。
图 6(e),(f) 可以看出, 春、秋过渡季由于系统的电力需求与 PVT 产电时刻同频,索取电量值几乎持续为 0 ,总体来看,在过渡季整个系统包括电量与热量是正向收益的。同时可以看出, 在秋季过渡季系统耗电量约占春季过渡季的 85%, PVT 产电量在春季过渡季要略多于秋季。
动态模拟主要目的在于比较不同 TES 运行策略细节方面的差异,并直观地分析 TES 储能情况。
图 7 为最热周和最冷周带有 DSM 的建筑和水箱温度逐时情况。
水箱设定温度为 ${21}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${43}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,当供暖季室内温度低于 ${22}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 或供冷季高于 ${26}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,水箱供能系统自动开启,水箱内温度相应降低或提高。水箱供暖季对应的最低温度为 ${33}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,供冷季最高温度
${23}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ (根据策略条件的不同而不同)。 图 8 为冬、夏两季的周水箱水温变化趋势。
冬季供暖时, 水温下降。当不满足供暖条件时, 水温无明显变化。而当水箱通过热泵储能时, 水箱温度上升, 这一趋势与控制策略完全吻合。 只有满足水箱温度低于开始温度设定值同时在储能期内的条件时, 水箱才能进行储能过程。供冷季在相同运行策略下,仅有温度变化与其相反。当不满足供冷条件时, 水温因环境发生些许上升。所有分析的配置都能使建筑内部温度保持在舒适度水平范围内。储能期间及水箱温度不在供能温度区间时, 室内温度舒适性由热泵保证。 PVT 产电量不足时由电网提供电力。同时, 因储能期 GSHPS 直接供能, 会对供能期内水箱温度产生少量影响。
为了评估水箱应用的可行性及其最佳运行配置, 对供暖期和供冷期的系统耗电量进行评估。在水箱供能阶段,水箱侧循环水泵会消耗电力;在水箱储能阶段, GSHPS 为水箱储能的同时对建筑供能, 系统循环水泵同时向水箱和建筑供能。
能源分类的使用情况如 图 9 所示。
供暖期不使用DSM 策略的总能耗为 2956.65 $\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,而水箱温度在 ${38},{39},{41},{43},{45}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 温度下的总能耗分别为 2 767.08,2 725.16,2 727.64, 2673.92,2676.01kW·h,与无 DSM 策略相比,能耗分别减少了 6.41%,7.82%,7.74%,9.56%,9.49%。
不采用 DSM 策略时循环水泵的能耗约占总能耗的 19.63%,而 DSM 策略的设置会增加水泵能源需求, 在供冷季较为明显。水泵在供能期消耗了无 DSM 策略下全天水泵能耗。此外, TES 在能量传输和储存过程中会产生热量损失, 但是由于 TES 改变了供能的温度范围, 所以可以减少 GSHPS 的能耗。模拟结果显示,水箱温度在供暖期设定为 ${43}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 、供冷期设定为 ${24}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时为总能耗最低的水箱配置, 比没有 PVT 和 TES 的系统, 年能耗降低 41.77%,比未使用 DSM 策略时能耗低 7.10%。在此运行策略下, PVT 和 TES 的耦合运行可以达到能耗与经济性的最佳平衡。
储能期消耗的电量在供暖、供冷季约占总耗电量的 50.9%, 72.7%, 占据了相当大的一部分。由于夏季负荷小于冬季负荷, 因此同样体积水箱在供冷季储能耗电量占比更大。正如模拟结果,采用这种配置可以提高在电价低谷时段储能的可行性。水箱储能过程的电力需求取决于水箱储能阶段所需的总电力、储能阶段的持续时间、热泵控制策略 3 个方面。通常情况下, DSM 下系统需求功率与光伏功率之间的差距大大降低。在供冷季的大部分时刻,光伏功率大于系统的需求功率( 图 6 )。在上述模拟中,设定所有配置的储能策略都是相同的, 通过选择水箱运行的最优温度设定点, 可以对储能策略进行优化, 特别是优化水箱供冷时的 GSHPS 控制策略。
为了评估优化运行的 PVT 设备和水箱储能装置的节能潜力, 本研究为不同的供应季节设置储能的温度节点,并评估了能源消耗量,在给定参数下得出以下结论。
①供暖、供冷及过渡季, DSM 下耦合系统上网电量占总发电量的比率为 ${49.07}\%,{58.97}\%$ , 63.9%,与无 DSM 的系统相比,在供暖、供冷季上网电量比率提升了 23.96%,7.07%。索取电量相比无 DSM 策略,增加了 5.07%,104.50%,系统电力负荷调控能力良好。
② 供暖期水箱温度设定点为 ${43}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,供冷期水箱温度设定点为 ${24}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,是所有水箱的配置中总能耗最低的,比没有 PVT、水箱的情况下,即参考模型,年能耗低 41.77%(参考模型供冷季能耗与无 DSM 下 PVT 耦合系统相同),比未使用 DSM 策略时能耗低 7.10%。
③储能期消耗的电量在供暖、供冷季约占总耗电量的 ${50.9}\%,{72.7}\%$ ,占据绝大部分,这种配置使系统利用谷电储能成为可能, 因此可以以最经济的方式运行。利用 PVT 自己发电上网,在非采暖季,大量产电,在采暖季提供热量,无论电价结构如何, 这种应用的经济性都有一定优势。
普适的规律为①在采暖季节,由于使用了光伏发电技术, 储能的节能效果较高; 而在制冷季节, 储能的节能效果较低。这与传统的光伏发电单独驱动 HP 不同,光伏发电可以用较低的热量驱动水箱加热模式启动。②较高的水箱设定温度会消耗大量能量,因此,在制定水箱温度设定点时, 需要在水箱储能期间所需的能量、成本和建筑负荷之间找到一个良好的平衡。③该系统能够利用可再生能源生产的电力同时将多余的电量并入电网, 缓解了高峰时段的电网压力, 促进了非高峰时段的电网消费。因此该耦合系统符合公用事业的利益, 为后续的应用提供了参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金(U23A20657)
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  • 接收时间:2023-05-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-07
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国家自然科学基金(U23A20657)
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    1 沈阳建筑大学 市政与环境工程学院 辽宁 沈阳 110168
    2 东北大学 基建管理处 辽宁 沈阳 110168
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