Article(id=1154432889723802588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432887630844811, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1684944000000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167849236, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1726761600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167849236, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167849236, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167849236, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154432887630844811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='9', pageStart='1137', pageEnd='1278', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167848737, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694558733, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642069524369942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432887630844811, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642069524369943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432887630844811, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1137, endPage=1144, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154432890319393775, articleId=1154432889723802588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Research progress of titanium bipolar plate in proton exchange membrane fuel cell, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
The bipolar plate is a crucial component of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), with their performance playing a key role in the structural stability, long term durability, efficiency, and power density. Metal bipolar plates have attracted much attention due to their low cost, outstanding mechanical properties, and effective electrical and thermal conductivity. Among these materials, titanium possesses low density, excellent airtightness, high tensile strength, and exceptional corrosion resistance in acidic environments, which makes them highly promising for use in PEMFCs. However, the corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, hydrophobicity, and heat and mass transfer properties of titanium bipolar plates are significantly influenced by the coating materials and forming methods. Therefore, this paper first introduce the functions and requirements of bipolar plates in PEMFC. It then reviews the main research findings from recent years regarding the coating materials and forming methods of titanium bipolar plates, and concludes with a discussion of future research directions.
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双极板是质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)中的重要组成部件,其性能对 PEMFC 的结构稳定性、耐久性、效率和功率密度等起关键作用。金属双极板由于成本较低、力学性能优异以及导电导热性能良好等优点而备受关注。其中,钛金属具有密度低、气密性好、抗拉强度高等特性,且在酸性环境下具有优异的耐蚀性,在PEMFC 中有很高的应用价值。钛双极板的耐蚀、导电、疏水、传热、传质等性能受到涂层材料和成形方法的显著影响。因此,文章首先介绍了双极板在PEMFC中的功能及相关要求,然后综述了近年来在PEMFC 钛双极板涂层材料和成形方法两个方面的主要研究成果,并对其未来的研究方向进行了展望。
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Schematic diagram of the structural principle of PEMFC, figureFileSmall=OQ4uqxd2P/7kNPVeFOcjWQ==, figureFileBig=GLQYM+71ib0VCbWR/s/e7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432921210442004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889723802588, language=CN, label=图 1, caption=
PEMFC 的结构原理示意图, figureFileSmall=OQ4uqxd2P/7kNPVeFOcjWQ==, figureFileBig=GLQYM+71ib0VCbWR/s/e7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432921269162262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889723802588, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=
MEA degradation mechanism, figureFileSmall=sjzTKSCC986+boHiwIAjQQ==, figureFileBig=xfUQI8aF8X56rcicacd9xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432921332076824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889723802588, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=
MEA 降解机制, figureFileSmall=sjzTKSCC986+boHiwIAjQQ==, figureFileBig=xfUQI8aF8X56rcicacd9xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432921390797082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889723802588, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=
Schematic diagram of the multistage forming process, figureFileSmall=C5lduNFvBhJUjmfFcwFdOw==, figureFileBig=mtk/4ombuRLaLr7B5beNFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432921445323037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889723802588, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=
多级冲压成形工艺示意图, figureFileSmall=C5lduNFvBhJUjmfFcwFdOw==, figureFileBig=mtk/4ombuRLaLr7B5beNFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432921525014815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889723802588, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=
Schematic diagram of the hot stamping process, figureFileSmall=ssmTc9g3e8gl2juuCf7G9Q==, figureFileBig=At0VinPQExhR/rS8Jp6vTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432921583735073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889723802588, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=
热冲压工艺示意图, figureFileSmall=ssmTc9g3e8gl2juuCf7G9Q==, figureFileBig=At0VinPQExhR/rS8Jp6vTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432921638261027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889723802588, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=
Schematic diagram of the electromagnetic forming process, figureFileSmall=c6ohqr4jG+XtuZvaobnCXw==, figureFileBig=Hkk3/pC7GUQTkDLpyqDqDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432921684398373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889723802588, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=
电磁成形工艺示意图, figureFileSmall=c6ohqr4jG+XtuZvaobnCXw==, figureFileBig=Hkk3/pC7GUQTkDLpyqDqDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432921743118631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889723802588, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Technical targets for bipolar plates, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 指标 | 数值 |
| 成本/$·kW ${}^{-1}$ | 2 |
| 板重/kg·kW ${}^{-1}$ | 0.18 |
| ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 渗透系数 $/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{3} \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-2} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ | $2 \times {10}^{-6}$ |
| 阳极腐蚀电流密度/ $\mu \mathrm{A} \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-2}$ | <1,且无活化峰 |
| 阴极腐蚀电流密度 $/\mu \mathrm{A} \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-2}$ | <1 |
| 电导率/S·cm ${}^{-1}$ | 100 |
| 界面接触电阻 $/\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ | <0.01 |
| 弯曲强度/MPa | 40 |
| 延伸率1% | 40 |
), ArticleFig(id=1154432921835393322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889723802588, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=
双极板技术指标, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 指标 | 数值 |
| 成本/$·kW ${}^{-1}$ | 2 |
| 板重/kg·kW ${}^{-1}$ | 0.18 |
| ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 渗透系数 $/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{3} \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-2} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ | $2 \times {10}^{-6}$ |
| 阳极腐蚀电流密度/ $\mu \mathrm{A} \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-2}$ | <1,且无活化峰 |
| 阴极腐蚀电流密度 $/\mu \mathrm{A} \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-2}$ | <1 |
| 电导率/S·cm ${}^{-1}$ | 100 |
| 界面接触电阻 $/\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ | <0.01 |
| 弯曲强度/MPa | 40 |
| 延伸率1% | 40 |
), ArticleFig(id=1154432921894113581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889723802588, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Properties and testing methods for uncoated titanium metal materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 材料 | 腐蚀电流密度 | 界面接触电阻 | 文献 |
| 测试 | 结果 | 测试压力 | 结果 |
| 条件 | | | |
| Ti(99.9 %) | ${0.05}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C | 10.15 ${}^{a}$ ${11.55}^{c}$ | 140 | ${113.5}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ ${323.47}^{\mathrm{a} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ ${395.31}^{\mathrm{c} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ | [ 12 ] |
| TA1 | ${0.05}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C | ${1.235}^{a}$ ${1.084}^{c}$ | 140 | 98.1 ${}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ ${205.4}^{\mathrm{a} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ ${176.9}^{\mathrm{c} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ | [ 13 ] |
| TA2 | ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $5\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{NaF}}$ 70 °C | 0.677 | 150 | 69.9 | [ 14 ] |
| TC4 | ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ 5 mg/L HF 70 °C | 10.52 | 140 | $\sim {71}^{\text{pre }}$ $\sim {102}^{\text{post}}$ | [ 15 ] |
), ArticleFig(id=1154432921948639535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889723802588, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=
无涂层钛金属材料的性能及其测试条件, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 材料 | 腐蚀电流密度 | 界面接触电阻 | 文献 |
| 测试 | 结果 | 测试压力 | 结果 |
| 条件 | | | |
| Ti(99.9 %) | ${0.05}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C | 10.15 ${}^{a}$ ${11.55}^{c}$ | 140 | ${113.5}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ ${323.47}^{\mathrm{a} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ ${395.31}^{\mathrm{c} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ | [ 12 ] |
| TA1 | ${0.05}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C | ${1.235}^{a}$ ${1.084}^{c}$ | 140 | 98.1 ${}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ ${205.4}^{\mathrm{a} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ ${176.9}^{\mathrm{c} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ | [ 13 ] |
| TA2 | ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $5\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{NaF}}$ 70 °C | 0.677 | 150 | 69.9 | [ 14 ] |
| TC4 | ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ 5 mg/L HF 70 °C | 10.52 | 140 | $\sim {71}^{\text{pre }}$ $\sim {102}^{\text{post}}$ | [ 15 ] |
), ArticleFig(id=1154432922024137010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889723802588, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Properties and testing methods of coated titanium metal materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 基体 | 涂层材料及 涂层技术 | 腐蚀电流密度 | 界面接触电阻 | 文献 |
| 材料 | 测试条件 | 结果 | 压力/N | 结果 |
| Ti (99.9 %) | ZrC | ${0.05}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ | ${0.234}^{a}$ ${0.776}^{c}$ | 140 | ${7.70}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ | [ 12 ] |
| 等离子体表面 | $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ | ${11.15}^{\mathrm{a} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ |
| 改性技术 | ${70}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ | ${11.27}^{\mathrm{c} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ |
| TA1 | TiC | ${0.05}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ | ${0.157}^{a}$ ${0.137}^{\mathrm{c}}$ | 140 | ${7.5}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ | [ 13 ] |
| 等离子体表面 | $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ | ${18.9}^{\mathrm{a} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ |
| 改性技术 | 70 °C | ${16.9}^{\mathrm{c} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ |
| TC4 | TiN | ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ | 0.570 | 140 | $\sim {6}^{\text{pre }}$ | [ 15 ] |
| 液相等离子体电 | $5\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ | $\sim {10}^{\text{post }}$ |
| 解氮化技术 | ${70}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ | |
| Ti (99.99 %) | TiN 多弧离子镀 | ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C | 0.470 | 140 | 3.0 | [ 17 ] |
| TA2 | $\alpha - \mathrm{C}$ 膜 直流磁控溅射 | ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{NaF}}$ | 0.051 | 150 | 6.52 | [ 14 ] |
| TA1 | 石墨烯层 电泳沉积 | 0.05 mol/L ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C | ${0.755}^{a}$ ${0.752}^{c}$ | 180 | 3.98 | [ 16 ] |
| TC4 | ZrCN 双阴极辉光 放电技术 | ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ 6 mg/L HF 70 °C | ${0.094}{1}^{\mathrm{a}}$ ${0.985}^{ \circ }$ | 140 | ${11.2}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ 17.1 ${}^{\text{post }}$ | [ 18 ] |
| TC4 | TiSiN 双阴极辉光 | ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ 6 mg/L HF | ${0.041}\;{3}^{a}$ | 140 | ${14.7}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ | [ 19 ] |
| 放电技术 | 70 °C | ${0.0978}^{c}$ | | ${18.3}^{\text{post }}$ |
| TA1 | $\mathrm{{Nb}} - \mathrm{{Cr}} - \mathrm{C}$ 电弧离子镀 | ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $5\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 80 °C | ${0.022}^{\mathrm{a}}$ $- {0.051}^{\mathrm{c}}$ | 150 | ${1.15}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ ${2.03}^{\mathrm{a} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ ${1.68}^{\mathrm{c} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ | [ 20 ] |
| TA2 | Ni-P/TiN/PTFE 化学镀 | ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C | 0.48 | 160 | 5.2 | [ 21 ] |
| TA2 | C/PTFE/GS 水热浸渍法 | ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C | 0.49 | 140 | 8.9 | [ 22 ] |
), ArticleFig(id=1154432922095440183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889723802588, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=
有涂层钛金属材料的性能及其测试条件, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 基体 | 涂层材料及 涂层技术 | 腐蚀电流密度 | 界面接触电阻 | 文献 |
| 材料 | 测试条件 | 结果 | 压力/N | 结果 |
| Ti (99.9 %) | ZrC | ${0.05}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ | ${0.234}^{a}$ ${0.776}^{c}$ | 140 | ${7.70}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ | [ 12 ] |
| 等离子体表面 | $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ | ${11.15}^{\mathrm{a} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ |
| 改性技术 | ${70}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ | ${11.27}^{\mathrm{c} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ |
| TA1 | TiC | ${0.05}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ | ${0.157}^{a}$ ${0.137}^{\mathrm{c}}$ | 140 | ${7.5}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ | [ 13 ] |
| 等离子体表面 | $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ | ${18.9}^{\mathrm{a} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ |
| 改性技术 | 70 °C | ${16.9}^{\mathrm{c} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ |
| TC4 | TiN | ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ | 0.570 | 140 | $\sim {6}^{\text{pre }}$ | [ 15 ] |
| 液相等离子体电 | $5\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ | $\sim {10}^{\text{post }}$ |
| 解氮化技术 | ${70}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ | |
| Ti (99.99 %) | TiN 多弧离子镀 | ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C | 0.470 | 140 | 3.0 | [ 17 ] |
| TA2 | $\alpha - \mathrm{C}$ 膜 直流磁控溅射 | ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{NaF}}$ | 0.051 | 150 | 6.52 | [ 14 ] |
| TA1 | 石墨烯层 电泳沉积 | 0.05 mol/L ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C | ${0.755}^{a}$ ${0.752}^{c}$ | 180 | 3.98 | [ 16 ] |
| TC4 | ZrCN 双阴极辉光 放电技术 | ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ 6 mg/L HF 70 °C | ${0.094}{1}^{\mathrm{a}}$ ${0.985}^{ \circ }$ | 140 | ${11.2}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ 17.1 ${}^{\text{post }}$ | [ 18 ] |
| TC4 | TiSiN 双阴极辉光 | ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ 6 mg/L HF | ${0.041}\;{3}^{a}$ | 140 | ${14.7}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ | [ 19 ] |
| 放电技术 | 70 °C | ${0.0978}^{c}$ | | ${18.3}^{\text{post }}$ |
| TA1 | $\mathrm{{Nb}} - \mathrm{{Cr}} - \mathrm{C}$ 电弧离子镀 | ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $5\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 80 °C | ${0.022}^{\mathrm{a}}$ $- {0.051}^{\mathrm{c}}$ | 150 | ${1.15}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ ${2.03}^{\mathrm{a} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ ${1.68}^{\mathrm{c} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ | [ 20 ] |
| TA2 | Ni-P/TiN/PTFE 化学镀 | ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C | 0.48 | 160 | 5.2 | [ 21 ] |
| TA2 | C/PTFE/GS 水热浸渍法 | ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C | 0.49 | 140 | 8.9 | [ 22 ] |
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