Article(id=1154432889723802588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432887630844811, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1684944000000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167849236, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1726761600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167849236, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167849236, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167849236, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154432887630844811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='9', pageStart='1137', pageEnd='1278', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167848737, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694558733, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642069524369942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432887630844811, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642069524369943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432887630844811, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1137, endPage=1144, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154432890319393775, articleId=1154432889723802588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Research progress of titanium bipolar plate in proton exchange membrane fuel cell, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The bipolar plate is a crucial component of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), with their performance playing a key role in the structural stability, long term durability, efficiency, and power density. Metal bipolar plates have attracted much attention due to their low cost, outstanding mechanical properties, and effective electrical and thermal conductivity. Among these materials, titanium possesses low density, excellent airtightness, high tensile strength, and exceptional corrosion resistance in acidic environments, which makes them highly promising for use in PEMFCs. However, the corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, hydrophobicity, and heat and mass transfer properties of titanium bipolar plates are significantly influenced by the coating materials and forming methods. Therefore, this paper first introduce the functions and requirements of bipolar plates in PEMFC. It then reviews the main research findings from recent years regarding the coating materials and forming methods of titanium bipolar plates, and concludes with a discussion of future research directions.

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双极板是质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)中的重要组成部件,其性能对 PEMFC 的结构稳定性、耐久性、效率和功率密度等起关键作用。金属双极板由于成本较低、力学性能优异以及导电导热性能良好等优点而备受关注。其中,钛金属具有密度低、气密性好、抗拉强度高等特性,且在酸性环境下具有优异的耐蚀性,在PEMFC 中有很高的应用价值。钛双极板的耐蚀、导电、疏水、传热、传质等性能受到涂层材料和成形方法的显著影响。因此,文章首先介绍了双极板在PEMFC中的功能及相关要求,然后综述了近年来在PEMFC 钛双极板涂层材料和成形方法两个方面的主要研究成果,并对其未来的研究方向进行了展望。

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杨代军(1973-),男,博士,副研究员,博士生导师,研究方向为氢能与燃料电池技术。E-mail:
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companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 常州大学 联合化学反应工程研究所常大分所 江苏 常州 213164)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1154432921118167314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889723802588, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Schematic diagram of the structural principle of PEMFC, figureFileSmall=OQ4uqxd2P/7kNPVeFOcjWQ==, figureFileBig=GLQYM+71ib0VCbWR/s/e7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432921210442004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889723802588, language=CN, label=图 1, caption=PEMFC 的结构原理示意图, figureFileSmall=OQ4uqxd2P/7kNPVeFOcjWQ==, figureFileBig=GLQYM+71ib0VCbWR/s/e7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432921269162262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889723802588, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=MEA degradation mechanism, figureFileSmall=sjzTKSCC986+boHiwIAjQQ==, figureFileBig=xfUQI8aF8X56rcicacd9xQ==, tableContent=null), 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指标 数值
成本/$·kW ${}^{-1}$ 2
板重/kg·kW ${}^{-1}$ 0.18
${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 渗透系数 $/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{3} \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-2} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ $2 \times {10}^{-6}$
阳极腐蚀电流密度/ $\mu \mathrm{A} \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-2}$ <1,且无活化峰
阴极腐蚀电流密度 $/\mu \mathrm{A} \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-2}$ <1
电导率/S·cm ${}^{-1}$
100
界面接触电阻 $/\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ <0.01
弯曲强度/MPa
40
延伸率1% 40
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指标 数值
成本/$·kW ${}^{-1}$ 2
板重/kg·kW ${}^{-1}$ 0.18
${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 渗透系数 $/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{3} \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-2} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ $2 \times {10}^{-6}$
阳极腐蚀电流密度/ $\mu \mathrm{A} \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-2}$ <1,且无活化峰
阴极腐蚀电流密度 $/\mu \mathrm{A} \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-2}$ <1
电导率/S·cm ${}^{-1}$
100
界面接触电阻 $/\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ <0.01
弯曲强度/MPa
40
延伸率1% 40
), ArticleFig(id=1154432921894113581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889723802588, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Properties and testing methods for uncoated titanium metal materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 腐蚀电流密度 界面接触电阻 文献
测试 结果 测试压力 结果
条件
Ti(99.9 %) ${0.05}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C 10.15 ${}^{a}$ ${11.55}^{c}$ 140 ${113.5}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ ${323.47}^{\mathrm{a} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ ${395.31}^{\mathrm{c} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ [ 12 ]
TA1 ${0.05}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C ${1.235}^{a}$ ${1.084}^{c}$ 140 98.1 ${}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ ${205.4}^{\mathrm{a} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ ${176.9}^{\mathrm{c} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ [ 13 ]
TA2 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $5\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{NaF}}$ 70 °C 0.677 150 69.9 [ 14 ]
TC4 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ 5 mg/L HF 70 °C 10.52 140 $\sim {71}^{\text{pre }}$ $\sim {102}^{\text{post}}$ [ 15 ]
), ArticleFig(id=1154432921948639535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889723802588, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=无涂层钛金属材料的性能及其测试条件, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 腐蚀电流密度 界面接触电阻 文献
测试 结果 测试压力 结果
条件
Ti(99.9 %) ${0.05}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C 10.15 ${}^{a}$ ${11.55}^{c}$ 140 ${113.5}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ ${323.47}^{\mathrm{a} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ ${395.31}^{\mathrm{c} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ [ 12 ]
TA1 ${0.05}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C ${1.235}^{a}$ ${1.084}^{c}$ 140 98.1 ${}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ ${205.4}^{\mathrm{a} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ ${176.9}^{\mathrm{c} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ [ 13 ]
TA2 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $5\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{NaF}}$ 70 °C 0.677 150 69.9 [ 14 ]
TC4 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ 5 mg/L HF 70 °C 10.52 140 $\sim {71}^{\text{pre }}$ $\sim {102}^{\text{post}}$ [ 15 ]
), ArticleFig(id=1154432922024137010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889723802588, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Properties and testing methods of coated titanium metal materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基体 涂层材料及 涂层技术 腐蚀电流密度 界面接触电阻 文献
材料 测试条件 结果 压力/N 结果
Ti (99.9 %) ZrC ${0.05}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ ${0.234}^{a}$ ${0.776}^{c}$ 140 ${7.70}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ [ 12 ]
等离子体表面 $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ ${11.15}^{\mathrm{a} - \mathrm{{post}}}$
改性技术 ${70}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ${11.27}^{\mathrm{c} - \mathrm{{post}}}$
TA1 TiC ${0.05}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ ${0.157}^{a}$ ${0.137}^{\mathrm{c}}$ 140 ${7.5}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ [ 13 ]
等离子体表面 $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ ${18.9}^{\mathrm{a} - \mathrm{{post}}}$
改性技术 70 °C ${16.9}^{\mathrm{c} - \mathrm{{post}}}$
TC4 TiN ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ 0.570 140 $\sim {6}^{\text{pre }}$ [ 15 ]
液相等离子体电 $5\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ $\sim {10}^{\text{post }}$
解氮化技术 ${70}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$
Ti (99.99 %) TiN 多弧离子镀 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C 0.470 140 3.0 [ 17 ]
TA2 $\alpha - \mathrm{C}$ 膜 直流磁控溅射 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{NaF}}$ 0.051 150 6.52 [ 14 ]
TA1 石墨烯层 电泳沉积 0.05 mol/L ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C ${0.755}^{a}$ ${0.752}^{c}$ 180 3.98 [ 16 ]
TC4 ZrCN 双阴极辉光 放电技术 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ 6 mg/L HF 70 °C ${0.094}{1}^{\mathrm{a}}$ ${0.985}^{ \circ }$ 140 ${11.2}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ 17.1 ${}^{\text{post }}$ [ 18 ]
TC4 TiSiN 双阴极辉光 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ 6 mg/L HF ${0.041}\;{3}^{a}$ 140 ${14.7}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ [ 19 ]
放电技术 70 °C ${0.0978}^{c}$ ${18.3}^{\text{post }}$
TA1 $\mathrm{{Nb}} - \mathrm{{Cr}} - \mathrm{C}$ 电弧离子镀 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $5\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 80 °C ${0.022}^{\mathrm{a}}$ $- {0.051}^{\mathrm{c}}$ 150 ${1.15}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ ${2.03}^{\mathrm{a} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ ${1.68}^{\mathrm{c} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ [ 20 ]
TA2 Ni-P/TiN/PTFE 化学镀 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C 0.48 160 5.2 [ 21 ]
TA2 C/PTFE/GS 水热浸渍法 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C 0.49 140 8.9 [ 22 ]
), ArticleFig(id=1154432922095440183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889723802588, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=有涂层钛金属材料的性能及其测试条件, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基体 涂层材料及 涂层技术 腐蚀电流密度 界面接触电阻 文献
材料 测试条件 结果 压力/N 结果
Ti (99.9 %) ZrC ${0.05}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ ${0.234}^{a}$ ${0.776}^{c}$ 140 ${7.70}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ [ 12 ]
等离子体表面 $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ ${11.15}^{\mathrm{a} - \mathrm{{post}}}$
改性技术 ${70}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ${11.27}^{\mathrm{c} - \mathrm{{post}}}$
TA1 TiC ${0.05}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ ${0.157}^{a}$ ${0.137}^{\mathrm{c}}$ 140 ${7.5}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ [ 13 ]
等离子体表面 $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ ${18.9}^{\mathrm{a} - \mathrm{{post}}}$
改性技术 70 °C ${16.9}^{\mathrm{c} - \mathrm{{post}}}$
TC4 TiN ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ 0.570 140 $\sim {6}^{\text{pre }}$ [ 15 ]
液相等离子体电 $5\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ $\sim {10}^{\text{post }}$
解氮化技术 ${70}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$
Ti (99.99 %) TiN 多弧离子镀 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C 0.470 140 3.0 [ 17 ]
TA2 $\alpha - \mathrm{C}$ 膜 直流磁控溅射 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{NaF}}$ 0.051 150 6.52 [ 14 ]
TA1 石墨烯层 电泳沉积 0.05 mol/L ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C ${0.755}^{a}$ ${0.752}^{c}$ 180 3.98 [ 16 ]
TC4 ZrCN 双阴极辉光 放电技术 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ 6 mg/L HF 70 °C ${0.094}{1}^{\mathrm{a}}$ ${0.985}^{ \circ }$ 140 ${11.2}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ 17.1 ${}^{\text{post }}$ [ 18 ]
TC4 TiSiN 双阴极辉光 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ 6 mg/L HF ${0.041}\;{3}^{a}$ 140 ${14.7}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ [ 19 ]
放电技术 70 °C ${0.0978}^{c}$ ${18.3}^{\text{post }}$
TA1 $\mathrm{{Nb}} - \mathrm{{Cr}} - \mathrm{C}$ 电弧离子镀 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $5\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 80 °C ${0.022}^{\mathrm{a}}$ $- {0.051}^{\mathrm{c}}$ 150 ${1.15}^{\mathrm{{pre}}}$ ${2.03}^{\mathrm{a} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ ${1.68}^{\mathrm{c} - \mathrm{{post}}}$ [ 20 ]
TA2 Ni-P/TiN/PTFE 化学镀 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C 0.48 160 5.2 [ 21 ]
TA2 C/PTFE/GS 水热浸渍法 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}}$ 70 °C 0.49 140 8.9 [ 22 ]
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质子交换膜燃料电池钛双极板研究进展
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贾林瀚 1 , 明平文 1 , 卢奕睿 1 , 冷宇 2 , 杨代军 1
可再生能源 | 2024,42(9): 1137-1144
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(9): 1137-1144
质子交换膜燃料电池钛双极板研究进展
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贾林瀚1, 明平文1, 卢奕睿1, 冷宇2, 杨代军1
作者信息
  • 1 同济大学 汽车学院 上海 201804
  • 2 常州大学 联合化学反应工程研究所常大分所 江苏 常州 213164

通讯作者:

杨代军(1973-),男,博士,副研究员,博士生导师,研究方向为氢能与燃料电池技术。E-mail:
Research progress of titanium bipolar plate in proton exchange membrane fuel cell
Linhan Jia1, Pingwen Ming1, Yirui Lu1, Yu Leng2, Daijun Yang1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Automotive Studies Tongji University Shanghai 201804 China
  • 2 United Chemical Reaction Engineering Research Institute, Changzhou University Branch Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
出版时间: 2024-09-20
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双极板是质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)中的重要组成部件,其性能对 PEMFC 的结构稳定性、耐久性、效率和功率密度等起关键作用。金属双极板由于成本较低、力学性能优异以及导电导热性能良好等优点而备受关注。其中,钛金属具有密度低、气密性好、抗拉强度高等特性,且在酸性环境下具有优异的耐蚀性,在PEMFC 中有很高的应用价值。钛双极板的耐蚀、导电、疏水、传热、传质等性能受到涂层材料和成形方法的显著影响。因此,文章首先介绍了双极板在PEMFC中的功能及相关要求,然后综述了近年来在PEMFC 钛双极板涂层材料和成形方法两个方面的主要研究成果,并对其未来的研究方向进行了展望。

质子交换膜燃料电池  /  钛双极板  /  涂层材料  /  成形方法

The bipolar plate is a crucial component of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), with their performance playing a key role in the structural stability, long term durability, efficiency, and power density. Metal bipolar plates have attracted much attention due to their low cost, outstanding mechanical properties, and effective electrical and thermal conductivity. Among these materials, titanium possesses low density, excellent airtightness, high tensile strength, and exceptional corrosion resistance in acidic environments, which makes them highly promising for use in PEMFCs. However, the corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, hydrophobicity, and heat and mass transfer properties of titanium bipolar plates are significantly influenced by the coating materials and forming methods. Therefore, this paper first introduce the functions and requirements of bipolar plates in PEMFC. It then reviews the main research findings from recent years regarding the coating materials and forming methods of titanium bipolar plates, and concludes with a discussion of future research directions.

proton exchange membrane fuel cell  /  titanium bipolar plate  /  coating materials  /  forming methods
贾林瀚, 明平文, 卢奕睿, 冷宇, 杨代军. 质子交换膜燃料电池钛双极板研究进展. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (9) : 1137 -1144 .
Linhan Jia, Pingwen Ming, Yirui Lu, Yu Leng, Daijun Yang. Research progress of titanium bipolar plate in proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (9) : 1137 -1144 .
为了更好地应对能源安全问题并实现 “碳中和”目标, 世界正经历从化石燃料向可再生能源的重大转变,太阳能、风能、水能、氢能、核能等绿色能源在这一转变过程中得到大量研究和发展。其中, 氢能作为一种来源广泛、终端零排放的二次能源, 可以有效推动能源可持续发展, 从而减少对化石燃料的依赖,是未来的理想能源之一 [ 1 ] 。质子交换膜燃料电池 (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, PEMFC)因其高效环保、运行安静等优点而受到广泛研究, 但由于制造成本较高、功率密度较低和寿命不足等问题,其大规模商业化应用受到限制 [ 2 ] 。PEMFC 的结构原理如 图 1 所示。PEMFC 中发生的电化学反应如下:
阳极: ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\rightarrow 2{\mathrm{H}}^{+ }+ 2{\mathrm{e}}^{- }$
阴极 : $1/2{\mathrm{O}}_{2}+ 2{\mathrm{H}}^{+ }+ 2{\mathrm{e}}^{- }\rightarrow {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$
总反应: $1/2{\mathrm{O}}_{2}+ {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\rightarrow {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$
在电化学反应过程中, PEMFC 产生唯一副产物 (水) 并不断向外输出直流电, 将化学能转变成电能。双极板是 PEMFC 的关键部件之一,具有特定的流场流道结构, 负责提供电堆所需的机械支撑、输送气体和水以及导电导热。双极板占整个 PEMFC 电堆成本的 20%以上, 质量的 50%以上, 体积的 ${60}\%$ 以上 [ 3 ] 。双极板的高成本主要来自材料和加工制造, 其中材料必须具有特定的性能, 如高导电性、高导热性、高机械强度、高耐蚀性等; 加工制造需要满足复杂精细的流道设计等条件才能应对 PEMFC 复杂的运行环境 [ 4 , 5 ] 。根据美国能源部(DOE)标准,双极板的各项技术指标见表 1 [ 6 ]
根据所用材料的不同, 双极板主要分为石墨双极板、复合材料双极板和金属双极板 [ 7 ] 。早期 PEMFC 使用石墨双极板, 但由于其机械性能差、 重量和体积大、可加工性差,不适于大规模生产。 复合材料双极板的机械强度差, 尤其是导电率低, 导致其在 PEMFC 中应用较少。金属材料成本相对较低、拥有较好的机械性能和导电、导热性能, 适合批量生产轻薄的双极板。常见的金属双极板材料包括不锈钢、钛、铝、镍、铜等及其合金 [ 8 ] 。但是, 在 PEMFC 运行过程中, 金属会发生腐蚀溶解,释放出的Al ${}^{3 +},{\mathrm{{Fe}}}^{3 +},{\mathrm{{Fe}}}^{2 +}$ 等金属离子会充当催化剂,催化 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 分解形成羟基自由基 $\mathrm{{HO}}\cdot$ ,促进膜电极(Membrane Electrode Assembly, MEA)降解, 而 MEA 降解产生的 HF 又会加剧金属的腐蚀 [ 9 ] 。 MEA 降解机制如 图 2 所示 [ 10 ]
在自然状态下, 钛金属表面会生成一层致密稳定的氧化膜,即使被破坏也容易重新生成,且被腐蚀溶解出的钛离子也不会如Al ${}^{3 +},{\mathrm{{Fe}}}^{3 +},{\mathrm{{Fe}}}^{2 +}$ 一样污染MEA [ 10 ] 。此外,钛金属耐蚀性相对较高、抗拉强度高、密度低并且气密性好 [ 11 ] ,是未来的理想材料之一。在实际制造过程中, 钛双极板的涂层材料和成形方法对其耐蚀、导电、疏水、传热、传质等性能影响显著, 本文主要从这两方面总结了近年来 PEMFC 用钛双极板的主要研究成果, 同时对其未来研究方向进行展望。
钛金属表面的氧化膜具有半导体性质,且钛金属在腐蚀后会进一步增加双极板与气体扩散层 (Gas Diffusion Layer, GDL) 之间的界面接触电阻 (Interface Contact Resistance,记为 ${R}_{\mathrm{{IC}}}$ ),导致 PEMFC 输出功率和寿命下降。通常利用腐蚀电流密度 ${I}_{\text{corr }}$${R}_{\mathrm{{IC}}}$ 值对双极板材料的电化学性能进行评估, 前者可在一定程度上反映材料的耐蚀性, 后者则描述其导电性。近年来,研究应用最多的钛金属材料有 TA1, TA2 和 TC4 [ 12 - 15 ] 表 2 总结了上述材料的性能及其测试条件。结合 表 1 ,2 可知, 常用钛金属(Ti)的电化学性能难以达到 DOE 指标,特别是其 ${R}_{\mathrm{{IC}}}$ 值在腐蚀后显著增加。
目前,主要通过在钛金属表面增加高耐蚀、高导电的涂层材料以延长其使用寿命和降低 ${R}_{\mathrm{{IC}}\circ }$ 涂层材料的选择对钛金属的性能有很大影响,涂层材料主要分为两类,一类是碳基涂层 [ 14 , 16 ] ,包括石墨、类金刚石膜和无定型碳膜等;一类是金属基涂层,包括贵金属、过渡金属氮化物和碳化物涂层,以及金属基三元涂层和多层复合涂层等新型涂层 [ 12 , 13 , 15 , 17 , 18 - 22 ] 表 3 总结了部分有涂层钛金属材料的性能及其测试条件。
碳基涂层通常拥有良好的耐蚀性、导电性和疏水性,其中无定型碳有较大的SP ${}^{2}$ (类石墨)/SP ${}^{3}$ (类金刚石) 比值,SP ${}^{2}$ 和SP ${}^{3}$ 碳杂化分别可以提高材料的导电性和耐蚀性 [ 23 ] 。Li W [ 14 ] 采用直流磁控溅射法在 TA2 上制备了无定型碳 $\left({\alpha -\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 薄膜,在腐蚀测试条件 $\left({{0.05}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4},2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}}\right.$ ${\mathrm{{NaF}}}_{6}{70}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ )下,有涂层钛金属耐蚀性优异,腐蚀电流密度仅为 ${0.051\mu }\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ,即使在 ${1.4}\mathrm{\;V}$ (vs. SHE)高电位下腐蚀 $1\mathrm{\;h}$ 后,耐蚀性依旧保持较高水平; 在 ${150}\mathrm{\;N}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 的压力作用下,钛金属的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{IC}}}$ 值从无涂层的 ${69.9}\mathrm{\;m}\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 降至有涂层的 6.52 $\mathrm{{m\Omega }}\cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 。二维石墨烯具有较高的化学稳定性、机械强度、电导率和热导率 [ 16 ] ,是一种优异的新型涂层材料。Liu Y [ 16 ] 提出了一种在 TA1 上电泳沉积石墨烯层的方法,在腐蚀测试条件 ( ${0.05}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}$ ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4},2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}},{70}^{\circ }\mathrm{C})$ 下,有涂层钛金属的阳极和阴极腐蚀电流密度分别为 ${0.755\mu }\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$${0.752\mu }\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ,比无涂层钛金属低一个数量级 $\left({{9.78\mu }\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}}\right)$ ; 有涂层钛金属在 ${180}\mathrm{\;N}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 的压力作用下的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{IC}}}$ 值低至 ${3.98}\mathrm{\;m}\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ,约为无涂层钛金属的 $1/{40}\left({{173.62}\mathrm{\;m}\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}}\right)$ 。碳基涂层可以为钛金属提供有效的保护,且由于SP ${}^{2}$ 和SP ${}^{3}$ 碳杂化的特性, 使碳基涂层的性质易于调控, 是具有发展前景的钛金属涂层。
贵金属(如 Au, Pt 等)涂层耐蚀性优异 [ 24 , 25 ] ,但由于贵金属成本高昂, 并不是理想的涂层材料。Jung H Y [ 24 ] 在钛金属 $\left({{98.9}\%}\right)$ 上涂覆了 ${1\mu }\mathrm{m}$ 的金涂层, 可有效防止钛金属氧化,使其在 PEMFC 中具有稳定的性能。过渡金属氮化物和碳化物通常具备高硬度、高耐蚀性和高温稳定性,在钛金属涂层中研究应用较多。ZrC 是一种难熔金属碳化物, 具有高熔点、高导热系数、良好的化学稳定性和导电性等优点 [ 26 ] 。Zhang P C [ 12 ] 采用等离子体表面改性技术在钛金属 (99.9%) 上制备了 ZrC 涂层,在腐蚀测试条件 $\left({{0.05}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4},2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}},{70}\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 下, 与无涂层钛金属在阳极和阴极的腐蚀电流密度 (阳极为 ${10.15\mu }\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ,阴极为 ${11.55\mu }\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ) 相比,有涂层钛金属在阳极和阴极的腐蚀电流密度 (阳极为 ${0.234\mu }\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ,阴极为 ${0.776\mu }\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ) 约下降了两个数量级;在 ${140}\mathrm{\;N}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 的压力作用下, 钛金属的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{IC}}}$ 值由无涂层时的 ${113.5}\mathrm{\;m}\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 下降至有涂层时的 ${7.70}\mathrm{\;m}\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ; 此外,增加涂层后,双极板表面与液态水之间的接触角从 76 °增大至 ${105}^{\circ }$ ,表明其疏水性得到提升。TiN 是一种具有高硬度、高热稳定性、低电阻率、高耐磨性和优异耐蚀性能的金属氮化物 [ 27 ] 。Li T [ 17 ] 采用多弧离子镀技术在钛金属(99.99%)上制备了 TiN 涂层, 实验中偏置电压分别为 $-{80},- {90},- {100},- {110}\mathrm{\;V}$ ; 当偏置电压为 $-{100}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时,有涂层钛金属表现出最好的耐蚀性和导电性,在腐蚀测试条件( ${0.05}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/$ L ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4},2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}},{70}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ )下,腐蚀电流密度仅为 ${0.47\mu }\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ,在 ${140}\mathrm{\;N}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 的压力作用下, ${R}_{\mathrm{{IC}}}$ 值为 $3\mathrm{\;m}\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ,均满足 DOE 指标。过渡金属氮化物和碳化物涂层可以显著提升钛金属的耐蚀性和导电性, 且成本较低, 制作工艺简单, 但在涂层的沉积过程中, 金属通常会产生柱状结构, 使得腐蚀介质能够渗透到膜中并与基体接触,造成局部腐蚀 [ 23 ]
近年来, 金属基三元涂层和多层复合涂层得到了广泛研究, 其可以有效降低涂层内部的晶界和缺陷密度、提高涂层的耐腐蚀性能 [ 18 - 22 ] 。Gou Y [ 20 ] 采用电弧离子镀的方法在 TA1 上制备了一种具有良好导电性和耐蚀性的 $\mathrm{{Nb}}- \mathrm{{Cr}}- \mathrm{C}$ 薄膜。经形貌和结构表征发现, 薄膜致密均匀, 没有明显的裂纹和气孔,可有效防止腐蚀介质渗透到薄膜和钛金属基体之间的界面。与无涂层钛金属相比, 涂覆 $\mathrm{{Nb}}- \mathrm{{Cr}}- \mathrm{C}$ 涂层的钛金属在 ${10}\mathrm{\;h}$ 恒电位[阳极和阴极电位分别为 ${0.6},- {0.1}\mathrm{\;V}\left({\mathrm{{vs}}\text{. SCE)}}\right)$ 测试后,表现出良好的耐蚀性和导电性; 在腐蚀测试条件(0.5 $\mathrm{{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4},5\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{HF}},{80}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ )下,阳极和阴极的腐蚀电流密度分别为 ${0.022\mu }\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$$-{0.051\mu }\mathrm{A}/$ cm ${}^{2}$ ; 在 ${150}\mathrm{\;N}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 的压力作用下,极化测试前 ${R}_{\mathrm{{IC}}}$ 值为 ${1.15}\mathrm{\;m}\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ,经过 ${10}\mathrm{\;h}$ 恒电位极化测试后, 阳极和阴极的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{IC}}}$ 值分别为 ${2.03}\mathrm{\;m}\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 和 1.68 $\mathrm{{m\Omega }}\cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ,虽有小幅度提高,但仍满足 DOE 指标。 Gao P [ 21 ] 采用化学镀的方法在 TA2 上制备了 $\mathrm{{Ni}}- \mathrm{P}/$ TiN/PTFE(聚四氟乙烯)复合涂层,经形貌表征发现, Ni-P/TiN/PTFE 涂层表面形貌致密,复合粒子分布均匀。有涂层钛金属在腐蚀测试条件(0.05 $\mathrm{{mol}}/{\mathrm{{LH}}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4},2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{{LHF}},{70}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ )下的腐蚀电流密度为 ${0.48\mu }\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ,在 ${160}\mathrm{\;N}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 的压力作用下的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{IC}}}$ 值为 ${5.2}\mathrm{\;m}\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 。疏水性测试表明,涂层界面平整,接触角为 ${112.4}^{\circ }$ ,有涂层钛金属的耐蚀性、界面疏水性和导电性均得到改善,且均满足 DOE 指标。金属基三元涂层和多层复合涂层虽然提升了钛金属性能, 但生产成本较高, 不利于推进 PEMFC 的大规模商业化。
双极板流道的深宽比是影响 PEMFC 性能的一个重要因素, 增加流场的细密化程度, 采用大深宽比流道可以提高 PEMFC 流场分布的均匀性和疏水性能 [ 28 ] ,这有利于增强传热、传质效果,从而改善 PEMFC 的发电效率和性能。传统大批量生产金属双极板常采用冲压和液压成形工艺, 难以形成具有精细流道或大深宽比的双极板, 并且在生产过程中由于回弹等原因会产生尺寸和形状误差, 一些制造缺陷, 如起皱、断裂等是不可避免的, 微通道的肋部也容易产生裂纹 [ 8 ] 。此外,钛金属的抗拉强度可以满足加工要求, 但其延伸率较低并且具有各向异性,这同样为后续加工带来了挑战。 针对钛金属的特性和传统成形工艺存在的问题, 科研人员们研究了微冲压、多级冲压、热冲压 [ 29 - 31 ] 和电磁成形 [ 32 ] 等方法。
微冲压成形是一种通过微小冲击力和高精度控制对 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 甚至更薄的金属材料进行微小尺寸、高精度加工的成形方法, 所需设备较小, 生产效率较高 [ 33 ] 。Modanloo V [ 29 ] 采用模拟和实验相结合的方法, 对钛双极板的微冲压成形进行了研究。通过有限元模型仿真, 发现模具圆角半径对最大冲压力的影响大于拔模角和摩擦系数,同时,增大模具圆角半径、增大拔模角、减小摩擦系数均会降低厚度减薄率。在实验中, 钛双极板成形深度为 ${0.353}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,比利用软模成形工艺得到的钛双极板的最高成形深度(0.27mm)提高了 ${31}\%$ 。虽然微冲压成形方法提高了钛双极板成形深度, 但由于需要开发高精度设备,生产成本相对较高,且在实际生产中, 冲头制造与设计间的偏差以及冲头长期使用后的磨损均会对成形精度产生很大影响。
多级冲压成形是一种克服单级成形缺陷, 提高成形深度和精度, 逐渐满足成形要求的渐进式成形方法 [ 34 ] 。多级冲压成形工艺如 图 3 所示 [ 30 ]
Xu Z [ 30 ] 研究了三组冲头 (圆角半径逐渐减小) 的多级冲压工艺,在第一阶段,采用大半径冲头减小局部应变, 在第二、三阶段使用半径较小的冲头。通过多级冲压,可以在保证几何精度的前提下, 提高微通道的成形深度。实验结果表明, 试样的取向也是影响钛双极板成形性能的重要因素。 当采用单级成形时, 微通道在轧制方向的成形深宽比比横向方向提高了 12.67%。当采用三级成形时, 钛双极板的最终成形深度从单级成形的 438.1 $\mu \mathrm{m}$ 增加到 ${621.0\mu }\mathrm{m}$ ,成形深宽比从 0.46 增加到 0.67,微通道成形底角从 50 °增大到近 70 °。微通道成形底角的增大表明双极板与 GDL 的有效接触面积增大,从而可以进一步减小 ${R}_{\mathrm{{IC}}}$ 值,提高 PEMFC 整体性能 [ 35 ] 。多级冲压成形方法既提高了极限成形深度,又提高了成形精度。但是,多级冲压成形需要多个工序完成,每个工序需要相应的模具与冲头,导致了更高的生产成本,且对于复杂结构的适用性较差。
热冲压成形是一种利用金属材料在高温下塑性变形特点的成形方法, 可提高材料成形精度、有效降低热压件的回弹并提高生产效率 [ 36 ] 。热冲压成形按工艺可分为间接热冲压和直接热冲压 [ 8 ] , 如 图 4 所示。
在热冲压成形工艺中, 钛双极板的成形性与成形温度、速度有关。Modanloo V [ 31 ] ${30}\sim {200}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的温度下,以 ${0.6}\sim {4.8}\mathrm{\;{mm}}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 的成形速度通过热冲压成形方法制备钛双极板, 结果表明: 当温度为 ${100}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,成形速度为 ${0.6}\mathrm{\;{mm}}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 时,试样轧制方向的延伸率最高,达到了 45%,最大成形深度为 ${0.494}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,厚度减薄率为 ${10}\%$ ;当温度为 ${30}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,成形速度为 ${2.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 时,最大成形深度为 0.373 mm,厚度减薄率为 5%; 当温度分别为 30,200 °C 时,回弹量分别为 ${131.34}\%,{29.71}\%$ 。综上可知,适当升高成形温度, 可以提高成形深度和成形精度, 并且具有较小的厚度减薄率, 有利于 PEMFC 寿命的提高 [ 37 ] 。热冲压成形设备及工艺较为复杂,但可以对现有的冷冲压设备进行改造和升级以控制成本, 且热冲压成形设备磨损更小、生产效率更高, 在大规模批量生产时可以有效降低成本, 适用于高强度、拥有复杂流道形状的钛双极板的制造。
电磁成形(EMF)是一种利用电磁相互作用向导电金属工件施加洛伦兹力, 实现非接触式高速成形的工艺,常用于加工金属板材薄件,具有较高的成形效率, 能够提高工件的成形极限并且减少工件的起皱和回弹现象 [ 38 ] 。电磁成形工艺如 图 5 所示 [ 32 ]
Dong P [ 32 ] 采用电磁成形的方法制备了钛双极板, 结果表明, 微通道深度与冲击速度成正比。通过仿真可知, 在试样轧制方向且冲击速度为 309 $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ 或试样横向方向且冲击速度为 ${272}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,可达到 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的通道深度,深宽比达到 0.67。实验中,试样的厚度减薄率显著降低 (小于 15.89%)。 但电磁成形所需设备较为复杂, 设备的耐久性和稳定性以及操作要求较高, 且可能对周围环境和操作人员造成一定电磁干扰,存在安全隐患,在实际应用中存在一定的局限性。
涂层材料和成形方法的选择对钛双极板的性能具有决定性作用,钛双极板的性能指标对 PEMFC 的稳定性、寿命、效率和功率密度的提升至关重要。在提升耐蚀性和导电性的同时, 涂层材料的研究还需要关注涂层的结合强度、耐刮擦性、 致密均匀性和经济性等指标。涂层的结合强度和耐刮擦性主要评估其与基体材料的粘附力以及抵抗刮擦和摩擦等外力的能力, 这直接影响其使用寿命和性能表现, 可以通过剥离实验和划痕实验等方法进行评估。涂层的致密均匀性决定其是否能够有效防止外界物质和环境对基体材料的侵蚀和破坏, 可以通过微观形貌表征技术和压痕测试等方法进行评估。在金属表面增加耐蚀导电涂层必然会提高成本,需要进行成本效益分析,通过对比涂层前后成本和效益之间的关系来确定其成本效益的优劣, 并选择性价比较高的涂层方案。对于上述性能指标的提升,可以从基体材料化学组成、 涂层材料设计开发以及涂层涂覆工艺等方面进行优化研究。
在成形工艺方面,需要进一步提升钛极板成形极限深度和深宽比并降低厚度减薄率。此外,钛极板成形表面质量,如平整度、光洁度、缺陷情况等方面也需格外关注, 这将直接影响着涂层的涂覆效果, 可以通过光学显微镜观察和表面粗糙度测试等方法进行评估。成形后的韧性、强度、耐磨和硬度等机械性能对提高钛双极板抵抗外力作用和延长使用寿命至关重要,可以通过拉伸、压缩、 冲击、磨损试验和硬度测试等方法进行评估。同时, 必须进一步提高生产效率, 降低生产成本, 以促进 PEMFC 的大规模商业化应用。上述性能指标的提升可以从控制材料组织结构、热处理、合金化、改进成形模具设计和加工技术等方面进行优化研究。
①无涂层钛金属的耐蚀性和导电性较难满足 DOE 指标,尤其是 ${R}_{\mathrm{{IC}}}$ 值,需要在金属表面增加耐蚀导电涂层, 涂层后的腐蚀电流密度较容易达到 DOE 指标,但腐蚀后的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{IC}}}$ 值会显著增大,需要进一步降低。碳基涂层性能较好、成本较低, 且由于SP ${}^{2}$ 和SP ${}^{3}$ 碳杂化的特性,使碳基涂层的性质易于调控,是具有应用前景的涂层选择。
②钛金属的低延伸率和各向异性为其成形带来了挑战, 传统的冲压和液压成形难以形成精细流道或大深宽比双极板, 不适合加工钛双极板。热冲压成形在提升成形精度和生产效率的同时, 设备磨损更小、成本投入较低,适用于高强度、拥有复杂流道形状的钛双极板的制造, 是较有前景的钛双极板成形方法。
③涂层材料的研究目标除了提升耐蚀性和导电性外,还需要评估并提升涂层的结合强度、耐刮擦性、致密均匀性和经济性等指标。成形工艺需要进一步提升成形极限深度和深宽比并降低厚度减薄率, 同时提升成形表面质量和机械性能, 提高生产效率, 降低生产成本以促进 PEMFC 的大规模商业化应用。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4003502)
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2024年第42卷第9期
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  • 接收时间:2023-05-25
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-25
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4003502)
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    1 同济大学 汽车学院 上海 201804
    2 常州大学 联合化学反应工程研究所常大分所 江苏 常州 213164

通讯作者:

杨代军(1973-),男,博士,副研究员,博士生导师,研究方向为氢能与燃料电池技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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