Article(id=1154432889304376055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432887630844811, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703606400000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167849136, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1726761600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167849136, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167849136, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167849136, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154432887630844811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='9', pageStart='1137', pageEnd='1278', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167848737, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694558733, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642069524369942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432887630844811, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642069524369943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432887630844811, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1145, endPage=1151, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154432889858024193, articleId=1154432889304376055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Preparation and performance study of fuel cells based on wood biomass pyrolysis products, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Biomass pyrolysis can produce pyrolysis carbon and pyrolysis oil, of which the pyrolysis carbon is rich in surface functional groups and pore structures, while the pyrolysis oil contains a variety of components that can undergo redox reactions, which can be used for the preparation of fuel cell electrode materials and fuels, respectively. In this article, the working conditions of using wood pyrolysis oil as alkaline fuel cell fuel were optimized, and wood activated carbon (AC) and three types of wood pyrolysis carbon composite electrodes (AC/Fe, AC/Mn and AC/Fe/Mn) were prepared from wood pyrolysis carbon with K2CO3 activation and metal loading, furthermore the electrodes were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical workstation. The microstructure, surface properties and electrochemical activity of the materials were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and an electrochemical workstation. The results indicated that the optimal wood pyrolysis oil mass fraction and environmental temperature were 30% and 60 °C, respectively, when AC was used as the cathode electrode, at this point the current reached 3.10 mA; under the optimized conditions, the currents for AC/Fe, AC/Mn and AC/Fe/Mn were 8.02, 12.57, 15.25 mA, which were 159%, 305% and 392% higher than that of AC, respectively; under the optimized conditions, when AC/Fe/Mn was used as the cathode electrode and 12 mL of wood pyrolysis oil was added as the fuel, the fuel cell constructed from wood pyrolysis products could work continuously for 408.6 min with a total discharge capacity of 40.61 mAh.

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生物质热解可产生热解炭和热解油,其中热解炭存在丰富的表面官能团和孔隙结构,热解油中含有多种可以发生氧化还原的组分,其可分别用于制备燃料电池电极材料和燃料。文章优化了林木热解油作为碱性燃料电池燃料的工作条件,并以林木热解炭为原料,采用K2CO₃ 活化和金属负载的方法制备了林木活性炭(AC)和3种林木热解炭复合电极(AC/Fe, AC/Mn, AC/Fe/Mn),通过傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜和电化学工作站分析了电极材料的微观结构、表面性质和电化学活性。结果表明:在以AC为阴极电极时,较优的林木热解油质量分数和环境温度分别为30%和60℃,此时电流为3.10mA;在优化条件下,AC/Fe, AC/Mn和AC/Fe/Mn的电流分别为8.02,12.57,15.25 mA,较 AC 分别提升 159%,305%,392%;在优化条件下,以 AC/Fe/Mn 为阴极电极,加入12 mL 林木热解油作为燃料时,基于林木热解产物的燃料电池可持续工作408.6 min,总放电量为40.61 mAh。

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任学勇(1987-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为生物质能源与碳材料。E-mail:
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figureFileSmall=SfpzwW3pEfChCieHTKVQ/Q==, figureFileBig=gouIx3ppcE3Afg65BcUWPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432931054477354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889304376055, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=AC, AC/Fe, AC/Mn 和 AC/Fe/Mn 的 SEM 图, figureFileSmall=SfpzwW3pEfChCieHTKVQ/Q==, figureFileBig=gouIx3ppcE3Afg65BcUWPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432931109003307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889304376055, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Fourier transform infrared spectrum of $\mathrm{{AC}},\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Fe}},\mathrm{{AC}}/$ $\mathrm{{Mn}}$ and $\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$, figureFileSmall=v54+8reL/oU4PEDoZr4uQw==, figureFileBig=Wy/cOQMpYBfDFu+UBJRFFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432931171917868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889304376055, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=AC, AC/Fe, 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$\mathrm{{AC}},\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Fe}},\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$ and $\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$ electrodes in fuel cells based on wood biomass pyrolysis products, figureFileSmall=H4XCeYiofkuZJg8ZU/7kKg==, figureFileBig=nnN54GMFTVi32psFWE9Bbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432931373244464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889304376055, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=AC, AC/Fe, AC/Mn 和 AC/Fe/Mn 电极在基于林木热解产物燃料电池中的电流, figureFileSmall=H4XCeYiofkuZJg8ZU/7kKg==, figureFileBig=nnN54GMFTVi32psFWE9Bbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432931436159025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889304376055, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=The electrochemical curves of $\mathrm{{AC}},\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Fe}},\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$ and $\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$ electrodes, figureFileSmall=mLMJRDK1GEn5fwhEN74bcg==, figureFileBig=IsjaKSUwztmZJ1/LsuqCMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432931515850802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889304376055, language=CN, label=图 6, caption=AC, AC/Fe, AC/Mn 和 AC/Fe/Mn 电极的电化学曲线图, figureFileSmall=mLMJRDK1GEn5fwhEN74bcg==, figureFileBig=IsjaKSUwztmZJ1/LsuqCMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432931574571059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889304376055, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Durability testing of fuel cells based on wood biomass pyrolysis products, figureFileSmall=9tAuUmlE73q+ITkURYee0Q==, figureFileBig=hZazN7HTfRnF/uqQHh0Zgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432931620708404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889304376055, language=CN, label=图 7, caption=基于林木热解产物的燃料电池耐久性测试, figureFileSmall=9tAuUmlE73q+ITkURYee0Q==, figureFileBig=hZazN7HTfRnF/uqQHh0Zgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432931666845749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889304376055, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=A tomic percentages of $\mathrm{{AC}},\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Fe}},\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$ and $\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 原子百分比/%
AC AC/Fe AC/Mn
C 87.94 82.72 83.36 91.72
0 6.38 10.33 7.15 3.40
F 5.20 3.07 6.03 1.64
$\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 0.00 3.54 0.00 1.64
Mn 0.00 0.00 3.43 1.41
), ArticleFig(id=1154432931717177398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432889304376055, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=AC, AC/Fe, AC/Mn 和 AC/Fe/Mn 的原子百分比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 原子百分比/%
AC AC/Fe AC/Mn
C 87.94 82.72 83.36 91.72
0 6.38 10.33 7.15 3.40
F 5.20 3.07 6.03 1.64
$\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 0.00 3.54 0.00 1.64
Mn 0.00 0.00 3.43 1.41
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基于林木热解产物的燃料电池制备与性能研究
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王博伟 , 任学勇 , 董江川 , 刘学磊 , 樊永明
可再生能源 | 2024,42(9): 1145-1151
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(9): 1145-1151
基于林木热解产物的燃料电池制备与性能研究
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王博伟, 任学勇 , 董江川, 刘学磊, 樊永明
作者信息
  • 1 北京林业大学 材料科学与技术学院,国家林业草原木质材料循环利用工程技术研究中心 北京 100083

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任学勇(1987-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为生物质能源与碳材料。E-mail:
Preparation and performance study of fuel cells based on wood biomass pyrolysis products
Bowei Wang, Xueyong Ren , Jiangchuan Dong, Xuelei Liu, Yongming Fan
Affiliations
  • 1 National Forestry Grassland Wood Material Recycling Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Technology Beijing Forestry University Beijing 100083 China
出版时间: 2024-09-20
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生物质热解可产生热解炭和热解油,其中热解炭存在丰富的表面官能团和孔隙结构,热解油中含有多种可以发生氧化还原的组分,其可分别用于制备燃料电池电极材料和燃料。文章优化了林木热解油作为碱性燃料电池燃料的工作条件,并以林木热解炭为原料,采用K2CO₃ 活化和金属负载的方法制备了林木活性炭(AC)和3种林木热解炭复合电极(AC/Fe, AC/Mn, AC/Fe/Mn),通过傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜和电化学工作站分析了电极材料的微观结构、表面性质和电化学活性。结果表明:在以AC为阴极电极时,较优的林木热解油质量分数和环境温度分别为30%和60℃,此时电流为3.10mA;在优化条件下,AC/Fe, AC/Mn和AC/Fe/Mn的电流分别为8.02,12.57,15.25 mA,较 AC 分别提升 159%,305%,392%;在优化条件下,以 AC/Fe/Mn 为阴极电极,加入12 mL 林木热解油作为燃料时,基于林木热解产物的燃料电池可持续工作408.6 min,总放电量为40.61 mAh。

碱性燃料电池  /  林木热解产物  /  电化学性能  /  电极材料

Biomass pyrolysis can produce pyrolysis carbon and pyrolysis oil, of which the pyrolysis carbon is rich in surface functional groups and pore structures, while the pyrolysis oil contains a variety of components that can undergo redox reactions, which can be used for the preparation of fuel cell electrode materials and fuels, respectively. In this article, the working conditions of using wood pyrolysis oil as alkaline fuel cell fuel were optimized, and wood activated carbon (AC) and three types of wood pyrolysis carbon composite electrodes (AC/Fe, AC/Mn and AC/Fe/Mn) were prepared from wood pyrolysis carbon with K2CO3 activation and metal loading, furthermore the electrodes were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical workstation. The microstructure, surface properties and electrochemical activity of the materials were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and an electrochemical workstation. The results indicated that the optimal wood pyrolysis oil mass fraction and environmental temperature were 30% and 60 °C, respectively, when AC was used as the cathode electrode, at this point the current reached 3.10 mA; under the optimized conditions, the currents for AC/Fe, AC/Mn and AC/Fe/Mn were 8.02, 12.57, 15.25 mA, which were 159%, 305% and 392% higher than that of AC, respectively; under the optimized conditions, when AC/Fe/Mn was used as the cathode electrode and 12 mL of wood pyrolysis oil was added as the fuel, the fuel cell constructed from wood pyrolysis products could work continuously for 408.6 min with a total discharge capacity of 40.61 mAh.

alkaline fuel cells  /  wood biomass pyrolysis products  /  electrochemical performance  /  electrode material
王博伟, 任学勇, 董江川, 刘学磊, 樊永明. 基于林木热解产物的燃料电池制备与性能研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (9) : 1145 -1151 .
Bowei Wang, Xueyong Ren, Jiangchuan Dong, Xuelei Liu, Yongming Fan. Preparation and performance study of fuel cells based on wood biomass pyrolysis products[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (9) : 1145 -1151 .
燃料电池是一种通过电化学反应将燃料的化学能转化为电能的能量转化装置, 具有转化效率高、环境污染小等特点 [ 1 ] 。我国的经济林等林木资源丰富, 每年产生的剪枝剩余物数量庞大, 通常这些剪枝剩余物采用焚烧、填埋等方式 [ 2 ] 进行处理, 污染环境的同时也会造成资源的大量浪费。采用生物质热解技术可以将剪枝剩余物通过高温、限氧的方式转化成便于储存运输、能量密度高的热解炭和热解油等高附加值产品, 通过对产品的进一步加工可将其应用于燃料电池中。
生物质热解炭具有比表面积大、孔隙结构丰富、表面富含官能团等特点,因此,其导电性能和循环稳定性都较好, 在制备燃料电池电极材料上具有非常大的潜力。胡安福 [ 3 ] 以烟草水热炭为原料, 通过低温活化制备出了高性能的电极材料, 该电极材料在三电极体系下实现了优异的电化学活性。Borghei M [ 4 ] 以椰壳渣为原料,制备出了应用于碱性燃料电池的 $\mathrm{N}- \mathrm{P}$ 掺杂多孔炭阴极催化剂,该催化剂利用多种元素掺杂的协同效应, 显著提升了多孔炭的电催化活性和长期稳定性。宋蕾 [ 5 ] 将柱状活性炭颗粒和 ${\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}$ 粉末均匀混合后涂覆在以发泡镍为基体的电极表面, 作为双室微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cell, MFC)的电极。生物质热解油富含糖类、酚类等多种可以发生氧化还原的组分, 在代替化石燃料制备燃料电池所需燃料方面具有良好前景。Benipal N [ 6 ] 的研究表明,未精制快速热解生物油在低温下可以直接作为阴离子交换膜燃料电池的燃料。Chen K [ 7 ] 研究了生物油作为固体氧化物燃料电池(Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, SOFC)燃料时的性能与稳定性,发现在 800 ℃条件下,燃料电池的峰值功率密度接近纯氢气下产生的峰值功率密度, 证明了直接利用生物油在 SOFC 中进行现场发电的可行性。
目前,生物质热解产物在燃料电池领域应用的研究主要关注于生物质电极材料的电化学性能或生物油作为燃料电池燃料的可行性, 而将生物基热解炭与热解油结合起来制备热解产物基燃料电池的研究鲜见报道。本研究首先探究了林木热解油作为燃料电池燃料的最优工作条件, 然后将活化后的林木热解炭与非贵金属进行掺杂后制得的林木热解炭复合电极材料作为碱性燃料电池的阴极电极, 以林木热解油为阳极燃料, KOH 溶液为电解质, 组装了碱性燃料电池, 并研究其电化学性能, 探究了基于林木热解产物的燃料电池的发展潜力,以期实现林木废弃物的高值化利用。
本研究选取了桃木剪枝废弃物为原料, 在 ${600}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下热解获得热解炭,对热解炭进行预处理, 去除热解炭中的灰分和焦油,经粉碎、筛选后得到纯净的炭粉。热解炭粉经 ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{3}$ 活化后得到林木活性炭(AC),用于制备林木热解炭复合电极材料。 使用实验室自制的林木热解油作为燃料来源, 原油主要组分为呋喃酮、苯酚、糠醛、愈创木酚和乙酸 [ 8 ] 等化合物。为精制林木热解油,使用乙酸乙酯对其进行萃取和旋蒸处理, 精制后的林木热解油中含有多种可以发生氧化还原的组分, 如以邻苯二酚为主的酚类, 以 1,6-脱水吡喃葡萄糖为主的糖类等。将精制后的林木热解油作为燃料电池的燃料进行实验研究
将制备的林木活性炭(AC)和金属盐(四水合氯化亚铁、四水合硝酸锰以及四水合氯化亚铁与四水合硝酸锰的混合物) 按照一定比例均匀混合, 将所得混合物放入管式炉中,通入 ${200}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 的氮气作携带气和保护气,升温至 450 ℃后煅烧 2 h,待自然冷却至室温后取出,即可制得金属掺杂的林木热解炭复合电极材料(分别记为 $\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Fe}}$ , $\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$$\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$ )。将林木热解炭复合电极材料、乙炔黑和聚四氟乙烯分散液(PTFE)按照 4:1:1 的质量比混合均匀后,涂抹在泡沫镍集流体上,经过压缩成型得到片状电极材料。本实验的变量为金属种类, 实验过程中控制浸渍的金属盐物质的量相同,每 $4\mathrm{\;g}$ 炭粉中会加入 ${0.01}\mathrm{\;{mol}}$ 的金属盐。
通过 XL-30-ESEM-FEG 型场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析林木热解炭复合电极材料的微观形貌,加速电压为 $7\mathrm{{kV}}$ ; 采用 $\mathrm{{XMax}}- {80}$ 型能谱仪分析材料微区的元素种类与含量;采用 Equinox 55型傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)分析碳材料的官能团,红外频率为 ${500}\sim {4000}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$ ,分辨率为 $4{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$
采用浓度为 $3\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}$$\mathrm{{KOH}}$ 溶液作为电解质,阳极室注入林木热解油和 $\mathrm{{KOH}}$ 溶液,阴极室注入 $\mathrm{{KOH}}$ 溶液。碱性燃料电池模型和实物见 图 1 。 阳极室与阴极室分别注入配置好的溶液,OH ${}^{- }$ 可以透过阴离子交换膜,将对电极插入阳极室,工作电极和参比电极(汞/氧化汞)插入阴极室,将与氧气瓶相连的橡胶管通入阴极室的进气孔,打开排气孔使内外气压平衡。将燃料电池置于恒温水浴锅中,调节温度,打开氧气瓶气阀,待阴极室液面有气泡产生且通入稳定后,开始用 RIGOL DM3051 型数字万用表测试电流, 测试 3 次, 结果取平均值。然后更换工作电极,测量电流。
本实验探究了林木热解油质量分数和环境温度对燃料电池性能的影响。为确定林木热解油的最优质量分数,将林木热解油质量分数分别设为 ${10}\%,{20}\%,{30}\%,{40}\%,{50}\%,{60}\%$${70}\%$ ,在室温下进行实验。为确定最适环境温度, 通过恒温水浴锅对燃料电池的环境温度进行控制, 将环境温度分别设为 ${20},{30},{40},{50},{60}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
在 CHI660E 型电化学工作站上对 4 种林木热解炭复合电极进行循环伏安(CV)测试(测试电压为 ${0.1}\sim {0.5}\mathrm{\;V}$ )和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测试(实验测试电位为工作电极的开路电压,频率为 ${100}\mathrm{{kHz}}\sim$ ${0.1}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ ),研究铁、锰的掺入对林木热解炭复合电极电化学性能的影响。选出电流最大的林木热解炭复合电极作为阴极,以石墨棒电极为阳极,采用优化后的林木热解油质量分数与环境温度, 在此条件下组装碱性燃料电池, 测量此林木热解炭复合电极作为燃料电池阴极的稳定性并计算放电量, 用数字电流表记录燃料电池电流的变化情况, 时间间隔为 $5\mathrm{\;{min}}$
图 2 为 4 种电极材料分别放大 10000 倍和 30 000 倍后的 SEM 图。
图 2 可以看出, 经过金属掺杂的林木热解炭电极材料具有更加丰富且致密的孔隙结构, 这些孔隙结构可以增大热解炭比表面积, 提高炭材料吸附能力, 同时也有利于缩短离子传输路径, 提高离子转移效率 [ 3 ] 。金属化合物掺入炭结构中,可以提高炭材料的层间距,产生更多的活性电位,消除电解液离子扩散的动力学限制 [ 9 ] ,有效提高电极材料的电化学活性, 同时也可阻碍金属化合物的团聚,从而提高电极的氧还原反应催化活性及稳定性。
表 1 为 4 种电极材料的能谱仪分析结果。由 表 1 可知, 通过金属掺杂, AC 电极中成功引入了 Fe, Mn 元素。
图 3 为 4 种电极材料的 FT-IR 图。
图 3 可以看出: ${1628}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$ 处的红外吸收峰代表 $\mathrm{C}= \mathrm{C}$ 的伸缩振动 [ 10 ] ,这说明对林木热解炭进行活化处理可以有效促进炭材料表面官能团的分解。在 $\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$$\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$ 红外光谱的 ${1260}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$ 处观察到 $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{N}$ 的伸缩振动峰,这是因为掺杂的是锰盐为四水合硝酸锰,硝酸根与 $\mathrm{{AC}}$ 会在高温下发生反应; 与 $\mathrm{{AC}}$$\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 的红外光谱相比, $\mathrm{{AC}}/$ $\mathrm{{Mn}}$$\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$ 的红外光谱的部分红外吸收峰强度较大、峰形更宽,这是因为铁离子和锰离子分别形成配位化合物后对吸收峰的强度有所影响, 但锰离子形成的配位化合物的影响大于铁离子, 所以 $\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$$\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$ 的红外吸收峰变化更明显。
${\mathrm{K}}_{2}{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{3}$ 活化处理后的 $\mathrm{{AC}}$ 作为阴极,林木热解油作为燃料, 研究林木热解油质量分数和环境温度对燃料电池电流的影响,结果如 图 4 所示。
图 4(a)可以看出:无论是在室温还是 60 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的环境温度下,随着林木热解油质量分数从 10%增加到 30%,电流逐渐增加,当林木热解油质量分数达到 ${30}\%$ 时,电流达到峰值, ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下的峰值电流为 ${3.10}\mathrm{\;{mA}}$ 。随着林木热解油质量分数从 30%增至 70%,电流逐渐减小,当林木热解油质量分数为 ${70}\%$ 时,室温下的电流仅为 ${0.49}\mathrm{\;{mA}}$ 。因此,林木热解油的最适质量分数为 ${30}\%$ ,此后林木热解油质量分数的增加会增大电解质的粘度, 降低电解质中OH ${}^{- }$ 的迁移率和导电率,降低阴离子交换膜的通透性。杨玉楼 [ 11 ] 研究葡萄糖碱性膜燃料电池时发现,随着葡萄糖质量分数的增加,燃料电池的最大功率密度先增后减。这与本实验所研究的林木热解油质量分数对燃料电池电流的影响相一致。
图 4(b)可以看出:随着环境温度的升高, 电流逐渐增加,当环境温度为 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,电流达到峰值 ${3.10}\mathrm{\;{mA}}$ ;随着环境温度的增高,电流增幅也越明显,这是因为温度升高会加快分子运动速度, 电池内部气体扩散速率也会增加,离子传导速度加快, 电导率增加, 同时产生的热量传递到电极, 为阴极和阳极上的氧化还原反应提供能量, 加快氧化还原反应速率。本实验采用低于 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的温度范围, 以确保阴离子交换膜在适宜的环境温度下工作,避免出现皱缩、破损等情况,从而保证燃料电池的续航能力。Gatto I [ 12 ] 研究发现,60°C是阴离子交换膜的最佳使用温度,超过 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 会对阴离子交换膜的性能造成负面影响, 增加燃料电池的欧姆电阻 $\left({R}_{\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 和电荷传递电阻 ${\left({R}_{\mathrm{{ct}}}\right)}_{0}$ 在本研究中,当林木热解油质量分数为 ${30}\%$ ,环境温度为 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时, 燃料电池达到最优工作状态。
在林木热解油质量分数为 30%, 环境温度为 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的条件下,4 种电极材料在基于林木热解产物的燃料电池中的电流如 图 5 所示。
图 5 可以看出, 掺杂金属元素的林木热解炭复合电极产生的电流明显大于生物质活性炭电极, 这是因为掺杂金属元素的林木热解炭复合电极具有较好的电化学活性, 且在燃料电池放电过程中, 金属元素可能也发生了化学反应, 使阴极反应更强,从而提高了电流。 $\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$ 电极产生的电流大于 $\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Fe}}$ ,这可能是因为 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 等过渡金属受芬顿效应会制约燃料电池的稳定性,而 $\mathrm{{Mn}}$ 因反应活性较弱受到芬顿效应的影响较小 [ 13 ] $\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$ 电极产生的电流大于 $\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$ ,说明多元素共同掺杂的协同作用可以较明显地提高电流, 提升燃料电池的电化学效率。
图 6 为 4 种电极的电化学曲线图。
图 6(a)可以看出, $\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$ 电极的电化学活性明显大于 $\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$$\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 电极。从 图 6(b)可以看出,4 个电极的 ${R}_{\mathrm{s}}$${1.5}\sim {2.0\Omega },4$ 个电极的 $\mathrm{{Rs}}$ 存在微小差异的原因是 $\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Fe}},\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$$\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$ 电极中掺杂的过渡金属化合物本身具有一定的电阻。由 图 6(b) 拟合得出 $\mathrm{{AC}},\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Fe}}$ , $\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$$\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$ 电极的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{ct}}}$ 分别为18.24, ${11.96},{10.85},{9.98\Omega }$ ,与 $\mathrm{{AC}}$ 电极相比,经过金属负载的电极材料具有更小的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{cto}}}$ 图 6(b)中的线性部分反映了电活性物质的扩散, 斜率越高表示扩散电阻越低,与 $\mathrm{{AC}}$ 电极相比,经过金属负载的电极材料具有更快的扩散速度。这是因为经过活化和煅烧后的生物质热解炭孔隙结构发达, 比表面积大 [ 14 ] ,与电解液的接触面积也大,而铁、锰化合物的掺杂提供了更多的活性位点, 导致离子在电解液中的扩散阻力减少,导电率提高。
在林木热解油质量分数为 ${30}\%$ (加入 ${12}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 林木热解油),环境温度为 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的条件下,以 $\mathrm{{AC}}/$ $\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$ 电极为阴极,林木热解炭基燃料电池的耐久性测试结果如 图 7 所示。
图 7 可以看出, 在电池运行前期, 电流稳步上升并且在 ${30}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时达到最大电流值 ${15.21}\mathrm{\;{mA}}$ , 之后,该燃料电池的电流值逐渐下降且在 ${400}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时降低至 ${0.14}\mathrm{\;{mA}}$ ,总放电量为 ${40.52}\mathrm{\;{mAh}}$ ,经拟合得到在 ${408.6}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时电流为 0,计算得出放电量为 ${40.61}\mathrm{{mAh}}$ 。Hao M [ 15 ] 研究了以微晶纤维素、芦苇和红藻为燃料的碱性燃料电池, 其放电量分别为 ${41.22},{40.06},{24.43}\mathrm{\;{mAh}}$ ,而本研究中基于林木热解产物的燃料电池的放电量高于芦苇燃料电池和红藻燃料电池, 接近于微晶纤维素燃料电池。李加展 [ 16 ] 研究发现, Fe 和 $\mathrm{{Mn}}$ 双金属的协同效应不仅有利于提高 $\mathrm{{Fe}}- {\mathrm{N}}_{x}$ 活性中心的催化活性,而且有利于提高活性中心的稳定性。基于林木热解产物的燃料电池运行前期所测电流较大是因为随着时间的增加,电极与电解液及燃料接触更加充分。 随着电池燃料的消耗, 阳极电解质溶液中林木热解油浓度降低,产生的电流值也随之下降。此外, 燃料电池电流减小还可能是因为阴离子交换膜在 60°C环境温度下出现轻微皱缩和堵塞,导致导电率下降,从而使得电流减小。
本研究证实了林木剪枝剩余物经热解后制备林木热解产物燃料电池的可行性。金属掺杂的林木热解炭复合电极材料展现出了较优的电化学性能, 林木热解油作为碱性燃料电池燃料的最优质量分数和环境温度分别为 ${30}\%$${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。在优化条件下, 通过 CV 和 EIS 测试证实了金属掺杂可以明显提高林木热解炭复合电极的电催化活性,并且双金属掺杂 $\left({\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}}\right)$ 的电催化活性优于单金属掺杂(AC/Mn, AC/Fe)。在优化条件下,以 AC/ $\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{Mn}}$ 作阴极电极时,林木热解产物基燃料电池可以有效工作 ${408.6}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,放电量为 ${40.61}\mathrm{{mAh}}$
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2200904)
  • 中央财政林业科技推广项目(冀TG[2022]004)
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2024年第42卷第9期
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  • 接收时间:2023-12-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-27
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2200904)
中央财政林业科技推广项目(冀TG[2022]004)
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    1 北京林业大学 材料科学与技术学院,国家林业草原木质材料循环利用工程技术研究中心 北京 100083

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任学勇(1987-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为生物质能源与碳材料。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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