Article(id=1154432888809444289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432887630844811, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1673884800000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167849017, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1726761600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167849017, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167849017, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167849017, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154432887630844811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='9', pageStart='1137', pageEnd='1278', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167848737, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694558733, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642069524369942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432887630844811, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642069524369943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432887630844811, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1152, endPage=1160, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154432889312760789, articleId=1154432888809444289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Enhancement of co-digestion of cow manure and corn straw through zero-valent iron addition and thermal pretreatment, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issues of restricted hydrolysis rate and low methane production in the anaerobic digestion of agricultural waste, zerovalent iron(ZVI) with different doses(4,8,12 mg/L) and particle size(microscale, nanoscale) was added during digestion after thermal pretreatment to investigate its enhancement of the codigestion of cow manure and corn straw. The research indicated that the appropriate addition of ZVI promoted both the hydrolysis acidification and methane production processes. The maximum cumulative methane yield was achieved with the addition of 8 g/L microscale ZVI or 4 g/L nanoscale ZVI, which increased by 20.7% and 29.5%, respectively compared with the control group. Microscale and nanoscale ZVI facilitated the release of dissolved organic compounds and the conversion of propionic acid to acetic acid. Nanoscale ZVI exhibited a stronger enhancement effect on hydrolysis and acidification than micronscale ZVI. However, excessive doses (8,12 g/L) of nanoscale ZVI had an adverse effect on methane production. ZVI promoted the enrichment of hydrolytic acidogenic bacteria and acetotrophic methanogens, such as Romboutsia, Saccharofermentans and Methanothrix, which enhanced the processes of hydrolysisacidification and methanogenesis.

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针对农业废弃物厌氧消化水解限速、产甲烷量低等问题,文章以牛粪和玉米秸秆为原料,经热预处理后在消化过程中投加不同剂量(4,8,12mg/L)和不同粒径(微米级,纳米级)的零价铁(ZVI),探究其对农业废弃物共消化的强化作用。研究结果表明:投加适量的 ZVI 会对水解酸化和产甲烷过程产生促进作用,当投加 8 g/L 微米级 ZVI或4 g/L 纳米级 ZVI时,可获得最高累积产甲烷量,分别比空白组提高了20.7%和29.5%;微米级 ZVI 和纳米级 ZVI均可促进溶解性有机物的释放和丙酸向乙酸的转化;纳米级 ZVI 对水解酸化的促进作用强于微米级 ZVI,但投加较多(8~12 g/L)纳米级 ZVI 会对产甲烷起负面作用;ZVI 可促进 Romboutsia, Saccharofermentans 等水解酸化细菌和耗乙酸产甲烷菌 Methanothrix 的富集,对水解产酸和产甲烷过程起强化作用。

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刘长青(1973-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为污水生物脱氮除磷及固废资源化处理处置。E-mail:
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实验原料 TS/% VS/% C/% N/% C/N pH
牛粪 ${18.67} \pm {0.01}$ ${13.84} \pm {0.07}$ ${29.66} \pm {0.08}$ ${2.03} \pm {0.06}$ 14.61 7.90
玉米秸秆 94.97±0.09 69.74±0.17 ${28.78} \pm {0.12}$ ${1.19} \pm {0.07}$ 24.18
接种污泥 ${8.04} \pm {0.08}$ ${5.16} \pm {0.11}$ ${18.81} \pm {0.06}$ ${2.68} \pm {0.04}$ 7.01 7.34
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实验原料 TS/% VS/% C/% N/% C/N pH
牛粪 ${18.67} \pm {0.01}$ ${13.84} \pm {0.07}$ ${29.66} \pm {0.08}$ ${2.03} \pm {0.06}$ 14.61 7.90
玉米秸秆 94.97±0.09 69.74±0.17 ${28.78} \pm {0.12}$ ${1.19} \pm {0.07}$ 24.18
接种污泥 ${8.04} \pm {0.08}$ ${5.16} \pm {0.11}$ ${18.81} \pm {0.06}$ ${2.68} \pm {0.04}$ 7.01 7.34
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参数 组别
CK TP M1 M2 M3 N1 N2 N3
是否热预处理
微米级 ZVI 投加量 $/\mathrm{g} \cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}$ 0 0 4 8 12 0 0 0
纳米级 ZVI 投加量 $/\mathrm{g} \cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}$ 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 12
), ArticleFig(id=1154432924515553656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432888809444289, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=厌氧消化批次实验操作条件, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 组别
CK TP M1 M2 M3 N1 N2 N3
是否热预处理
微米级 ZVI 投加量 $/\mathrm{g} \cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}$ 0 0 4 8 12 0 0 0
纳米级 ZVI 投加量 $/\mathrm{g} \cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}$ 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 12
), ArticleFig(id=1154432924582662522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432888809444289, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Modified Gompertz model fitting parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验组
CK ${1632.10} \pm {8.71}$ ${106.91} \pm {1.50}$ ${4.06} \pm {0.10}$ 0.999 2
TP 1 964.47±21.83 ${102.80} \pm {2.12}$ ${3.22} \pm {0.17}$ 0.9980
M1 ${2148.60} \pm {18.16}$ ${138.48} \pm {3.27}$ ${2.53} \pm {0.18}$ 0.9973
M2 ${2242.80} \pm {29.82}$ 137.58±5.01 ${1.57} \pm {0.28}$ 0.9935
M3 ${2008.18} \pm {27.82}$ ${129.77} \pm {5.21}$ ${1.99} \pm {0.30}$ 0.992 1
$\mathrm{N}1$ ${2424.38} \pm {33.27}$ 140.86±4.96 ${1.23} \pm {0.29}$ 0.993 7
N2 ${1770.15} \pm {37.92}$ 102.14±5.30 ${1.93} \pm {0.42}$ 0.986 2
N3 1 741.57±36.95 ${89.44} \pm {3.70}$ ${2.05} \pm {0.36}$ 0.990 7
), ArticleFig(id=1154432924645577083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432888809444289, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=Modified Gompertz 模型拟合参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验组
CK ${1632.10} \pm {8.71}$ ${106.91} \pm {1.50}$ ${4.06} \pm {0.10}$ 0.999 2
TP 1 964.47±21.83 ${102.80} \pm {2.12}$ ${3.22} \pm {0.17}$ 0.9980
M1 ${2148.60} \pm {18.16}$ ${138.48} \pm {3.27}$ ${2.53} \pm {0.18}$ 0.9973
M2 ${2242.80} \pm {29.82}$ 137.58±5.01 ${1.57} \pm {0.28}$ 0.9935
M3 ${2008.18} \pm {27.82}$ ${129.77} \pm {5.21}$ ${1.99} \pm {0.30}$ 0.992 1
$\mathrm{N}1$ ${2424.38} \pm {33.27}$ 140.86±4.96 ${1.23} \pm {0.29}$ 0.993 7
N2 ${1770.15} \pm {37.92}$ 102.14±5.30 ${1.93} \pm {0.42}$ 0.986 2
N3 1 741.57±36.95 ${89.44} \pm {3.70}$ ${2.05} \pm {0.36}$ 0.990 7
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添加零价铁联合热预处理强化牛粪与玉米秸秆共消化过程研究
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常昊 , 尹志轩 , 杨晨 , 许玉星 , 刘长青 , 张文
可再生能源 | 2024,42(9): 1152-1160
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(9): 1152-1160
添加零价铁联合热预处理强化牛粪与玉米秸秆共消化过程研究
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常昊, 尹志轩, 杨晨, 许玉星, 刘长青 , 张文
作者信息
  • 1 青岛理工大学 环境与市政工程学院 山东 青岛 266520

通讯作者:

刘长青(1973-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为污水生物脱氮除磷及固废资源化处理处置。E-mail:
Enhancement of co-digestion of cow manure and corn straw through zero-valent iron addition and thermal pretreatment
Hao Chang, Zhixuan Yin, Chen Yang, Yuxing Xu, Changqing Liu , Wen Zhang
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering Qingdao University of Technology Qingdao 266520 China
出版时间: 2024-09-20
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针对农业废弃物厌氧消化水解限速、产甲烷量低等问题,文章以牛粪和玉米秸秆为原料,经热预处理后在消化过程中投加不同剂量(4,8,12mg/L)和不同粒径(微米级,纳米级)的零价铁(ZVI),探究其对农业废弃物共消化的强化作用。研究结果表明:投加适量的 ZVI 会对水解酸化和产甲烷过程产生促进作用,当投加 8 g/L 微米级 ZVI或4 g/L 纳米级 ZVI时,可获得最高累积产甲烷量,分别比空白组提高了20.7%和29.5%;微米级 ZVI 和纳米级 ZVI均可促进溶解性有机物的释放和丙酸向乙酸的转化;纳米级 ZVI 对水解酸化的促进作用强于微米级 ZVI,但投加较多(8~12 g/L)纳米级 ZVI 会对产甲烷起负面作用;ZVI 可促进 Romboutsia, Saccharofermentans 等水解酸化细菌和耗乙酸产甲烷菌 Methanothrix 的富集,对水解产酸和产甲烷过程起强化作用。

零价铁  /  热预处理  /  农业废弃物  /  牛粪  /  玉米秸秆  /  共消化

To address the issues of restricted hydrolysis rate and low methane production in the anaerobic digestion of agricultural waste, zerovalent iron(ZVI) with different doses(4,8,12 mg/L) and particle size(microscale, nanoscale) was added during digestion after thermal pretreatment to investigate its enhancement of the codigestion of cow manure and corn straw. The research indicated that the appropriate addition of ZVI promoted both the hydrolysis acidification and methane production processes. The maximum cumulative methane yield was achieved with the addition of 8 g/L microscale ZVI or 4 g/L nanoscale ZVI, which increased by 20.7% and 29.5%, respectively compared with the control group. Microscale and nanoscale ZVI facilitated the release of dissolved organic compounds and the conversion of propionic acid to acetic acid. Nanoscale ZVI exhibited a stronger enhancement effect on hydrolysis and acidification than micronscale ZVI. However, excessive doses (8,12 g/L) of nanoscale ZVI had an adverse effect on methane production. ZVI promoted the enrichment of hydrolytic acidogenic bacteria and acetotrophic methanogens, such as Romboutsia, Saccharofermentans and Methanothrix, which enhanced the processes of hydrolysisacidification and methanogenesis.

zero-valent iron  /  thermal pretreatment  /  agricultural waste  /  cow manure  /  corn straw  /  co-digestion
常昊, 尹志轩, 杨晨, 许玉星, 刘长青, 张文. 添加零价铁联合热预处理强化牛粪与玉米秸秆共消化过程研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (9) : 1152 -1160 .
Hao Chang, Zhixuan Yin, Chen Yang, Yuxing Xu, Changqing Liu, Wen Zhang. Enhancement of co-digestion of cow manure and corn straw through zero-valent iron addition and thermal pretreatment[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (9) : 1152 -1160 .
中国是农业生产大国,农业快速发展的同时产生了大量的农业废弃物。据统计,我国畜禽粪污年产生量约为38亿 ${\mathrm{t}}$ [ 1 ] ,秸秆年产生量约为8亿 ${\mathrm{t}}$ [ 2 ] ,若不合理处置将严重危害生态环境。常规的农业废弃物处理方式包括土壤施用、堆肥、焚烧等, 这些方式易造成大气、土壤或水体的二次污染。厌氧消化是一种成熟的有机固体废物处理技术, 可以将农业废弃物中的生物质资源化利用, 生成清洁能源——甲烷 [ 3 ] 。然而,农业废弃物成分复杂,对厌氧消化来说,存在缓冲能力差、水解速率慢、产甲烷效率低等缺陷, 而通过共消化、预处理、投加添加剂等强化手段可以有效解决上述问题 [ 4 ]
农业废弃物的共消化可以调节底物成分和碳氮比等条件, 从而获得更高的甲烷产量。Zhang H [ 5 ] 将牛粪与玉米秸秆混合进行厌氧共消化,使甲烷产量提高了 2.37 倍。预处理技术可以进一步提高水解效率, 有利于后续厌氧反应进行, 其中热预处理技术不需添加化学药剂, 可避免设备腐蚀和二次污染。Mladenovska Z [ 6 ] 研究发现,牛粪与猪粪的混合物在 ${100}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 条件下预处理 ${20}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 后,改善了微生物群落, 可使甲烷产量提高 24.0%。Senol H [ 7 ] 将牛粪、青贮玉米饲料和甜菜浆以2:1:1的质量比混合后,在 ${100}\sim {180}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的温度下热预处理 60 min,可使沼气产量提高 41.5%~100.6%。
应用于厌氧消化反应的添加剂包括金属元素添加剂、碳基添加剂、生物添加剂和碱添加剂等 [ 8 ] 。 其中,零价铁(Zero-valent iron, ZVI)成本较低,可以降低氧化还原电位 (Oxidation-Reduction Potential, ORP)、提升水解酸化酶活性、优化微生物群落结构, 可有效强化农业废弃物的厌氧消化性能 [ 9 ] ,具有较好的应用前景。Antwi P [ 10 ] 在食物垃圾渗滤液厌氧消化过程中投加 ${10}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{L}$ 的微米级 ZVI,使水解酸化效率和产甲烷潜势(Biochemical Methane Potential, BMP)分别提升了 19% 和 39%。 然而, ZVI 的引入能否进一步提高农业废弃物厌氧消化效果有待研究,且 ZVI 的粒径和投加量对农业废弃物厌氧产甲烷效果的影响机理还鲜有报道。因此, 本文以牛粪和玉米秸秆作为共消化基质,研究了微米级和纳米级 ZVI 联合热预处理对共消化基质的厌氧消化产甲烷效率、溶解性有机物释放和微生物群落结构优化的促进效果, 分析了 ZVI 粒径及其投加量对共消化基质厌氧消化过程中物质转化过程的影响, 为零价铁联合热预处理强化农业废弃物共消化技术的应用提供了理论依据。
本文以牛粪和玉米秸秆作为研究对象。牛粪取自临沂市某养殖场,玉米秸秆取自青岛市某农场。厌氧消化实验的接种污泥取自青岛市某城镇污水处理厂的中温厌氧消化罐。实验原料的主要性质如 表 1 所示。
厌氧消化实验过程中采用的微米级 ZVI 和纳米级 ZVI 的粒径分别为 ${150\mu }\mathrm{m}$${100}\mathrm{\;{nm}}$ ,均购自 Aladdin 试剂有限公司。
玉米秸秆经自然风干后粉碎,过 28 目筛后与牛粪以 4:6 的 VS 质量比混合均匀。用蒸馏水将混合基质稀释至含固率为 10% 左右, 将其置入 LDZX-50KBS 型立式压力蒸汽灭菌器中进行热预处理,工作压力为 ${0.15}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,温度为 ${100}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,处理时间为 ${60}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 。预处理后的混合基质经自然冷却后用于厌氧消化批次实验。
厌氧消化批次实验采用 Bioprocess Control AMPTS II 型系统,实验装置如 图 1 所示。
反应器为 8 个有效容积为 ${400}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 的血清瓶。在反应器中投加厌氧消化基质和接种污泥 (VS 质量比为 $2 : 1$ )后,分别加入一定量的微米级或纳米级 ZVI( 表 2 )。
向反应器内通入 $3\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 氮气后迅速密封以保持厌氧环境。反应器通过硅胶管与装有浓度为 2 $\mathrm{{mol}}/\mathrm{L}$$\mathrm{{NaOH}}$ 溶液的碱液瓶连接,用于吸收沼气中的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{\;S}$ ,甲烷通过碱液瓶后进入气袋。反应器采用水浴加热(温度为 ${35}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ),并设置电动搅拌(转速为 ${140}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ )。每日测定产甲烷量,并收集反应器内混合样品进行检测分析, ${31}\mathrm{\;d}$ 厌氧消化后进行微生物群落结构检测。
原料的 TS, VS 含量采用重量法进行测定, C, N 元素含量通过 Unicube Elementar 型元素分析仪进行测定。将混合样品在 ${5000}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 下离心 5 $\min$ 后,经 ${45\mu }\mathrm{m}$ 滤膜过滤得到上清液,用于测定溶解性指标。溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)采用重铬酸钾法进行测定,溶解性蛋白质浓度通过 Solarbio PC0020 型 BCA 试剂盒进行测定, 溶解性多糖浓度采用蒽酮-硫酸法进行测定。挥发性脂肪酸 (VFAs)浓度采用配有 FID 检测器和 19095N-123 色谱柱的 Agilent GC-7820A 型气相色谱仪进行测定,进样口与检测器温度分别设为 ${260}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${280}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。测定的溶解性有机物均换算为化学需氧量(COD)当量用于数据分析。
为进一步分析厌氧消化产甲烷潜力, 采用 Modified Gompertz 动力学模型对累积产甲烷量进行拟合。
$ P\left( t\right)= {P}_{\mathrm{m}}\exp \left\{{-\exp \left\lbrack {{R}_{\mathrm{m}}\mathrm{e}/{P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left({T - t}\right)+ 1}\right\rbrack }\right\}$
式中: $P\left( t\right)$$t$ 时刻的累积产甲烷量, $\mathrm{{mL}};{P}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为最大产甲烷潜势, $\mathrm{{mL}};{R}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为最大产甲烷速率, $\mathrm{{mL}}/\mathrm{d}$ ; $T$ 为厌氧消化停滞期, $\mathrm{d};t$ 为反应时间, $\mathrm{d};\mathrm{e}$ 取 2.718 3。
微生物群落结构委托生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行检测。利用 E.Z.N.ATM Mag-Bind Soil DNA Kit 试剂盒 (M5635-02, OMEGA) 提取 DNA, 样本经质检后进行聚合酶链式反应 (PCR) 扩增,细菌扩增引物为 341F(CCTACGGGN GGCWGCAG) 和 805 (GACTACHVGGGTATCTAA TCC),古菌扩增引物为349F(GYGCASCAGKCGM GAAW) 和 806R(GGACTACVSGGGTATCTAAT), 扩增产物经质控后于 Illumina Miseq 平台测序。
各反应器的产甲烷情况如 图 2 所示。
图 2(a),(b)可以看出: CK 组的日产甲烷量于第 10 天达到峰值(148mL),与之相比,消化基质经过热预处理后 (TP 组),日产甲烷量的峰值 (164mL)提前至第 8 天,表明热预处理可以提升厌氧消化的产甲烷速率;随着微米级或纳米级 ZVI 的投加, 日产甲烷量达峰时间进一步缩短至 $5 \sim 7\mathrm{\;d}$ ,且产甲烷峰值显著提高。Zhang Y B [ 11 ] 的研究发现, ZVI 可以增强热预处理或碱预处理后污泥的产甲烷活性,并使停滞期明显缩短。在本研究中, 不同粒径 ZVI 的投加量对产甲烷峰值的影响规律有所不同:在给定的投加量 $\left({4,8,{12}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$ 下, 投加了微米级 ZVI 的系统的日产甲烷量峰值相差不大,均为 ${215}\sim {230}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ ; 而投加了纳米级 ZVI 的系统的日产甲烷量峰值却随着投加量的增加而降低。当纳米级 ZVI 的投加量为 $4\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ 时, 日产甲烷量峰值为 ${242}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ ,而当投加量提高至 12 $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ 时,日产甲烷量峰值却降低了 29.8%,且峰值出现的时间延后了 $2\mathrm{\;d}$
图 2(c),(d)可以看出: 与 CK 组相比, TP 组的累积产甲烷量提高了 17.0%; 在厌氧反应过程中投加适量 ZVI 可进一步提升累积产甲烷量, 对微米级 ZVI 来说,当投加量为 $8\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}$ 时,累积产甲烷量最高,较 TP 组提高了 20.7%。这是由于铁元素是参与产甲烷菌生长代谢的重要微量元素, 且 ZVI 析氢作用产生的 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 为耗氢产甲烷菌和同型产乙酸菌提供了底物 [ 4 ] 。然而,当微米级 ZVI 的投加量提高至 ${12}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{L}$ 时,产甲烷量却略有下降,这可能是由于过量 $\mathrm{{ZVI}}$ 产生的 ${Fe}^{2 +}$ 与硫酸根、磷酸根等离子反应生成沉淀, 从而限制了微生物对铁元素的利用效率。对于纳米级 ZVI 来说, 当投加量为 $4\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{L}$ 时,累积产甲烷量较 TP 组提高了 29.5%, 较相同投加量的微米级 ZVI 提高了 12.8%。这是因为纳米级 ZVI 具有更大的比表面积和反应活性,可通过破坏细胞结构促进水解 [ 12 ] ,为产甲烷菌提供底物。当纳米级 ZVI 投加量增加至 $8\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{L}$ 以上时,产甲烷效果反而低于 TP 组,这可能是由于过量纳米级 ZVI 会对微生物产生毒害作用,抑制产甲烷菌的活性, 对厌氧消化系统产生不可逆影响 [ 13 ] 。因此,不论是微米级 ZVI 还是纳米级 ZVI, 其对产甲烷过程的影响都可能存在一个激发浓度阈值与抑制浓度阈值,当投加适量 ZVI 时,对产甲烷有促进效果, 而当 ZVI 的投加量超过抑制浓度阈值时, 反而对产甲烷有抑制效应; 与微米级 ZVI 相比,纳米级 ZVI 对产甲烷的激发作用或抑制作用都更为显著。
各反应器累积产甲烷量的 Modified Gompertz 模型拟合结果如 表 3 所示。
表 3 可知: Modified Gompertz 模型可以很好地拟合各反应器的产甲烷效果 $\left({R}^{2}\right.$ 均大于 0.98 ), 热预处理使厌氧消化产甲烷潜势提高了 19.6%, 但对产甲烷速率和停滞期影响较小; 投加适量 ZVI 可以提高系统产甲烷潜势和最大产甲烷速率,并缩短停滞期。投加微米级 ZVI 均优化了产甲烷性能,当投加 $8\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}$ 的微米级 $\mathrm{{ZVI}}$ 时,与 TP 组相比,产甲烷潜势提高了 14.2%,最大产甲烷速率提高了 33.8%, 停滞期缩短了 61.3%。而不同投加量的纳米级 ZVI 对产甲烷性能有着不同的影响,当投加 $4\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{L}$ 的纳米级 ZVI 时,产甲烷效果最好,与 TP 组相比,产甲烷潜势提高了 23.4%, 最大产甲烷速率提高了 37.0%,停滞期缩短了 61.8%;随着纳米级 ZVI 投加量的增加,产甲烷性能反而下降。
在厌氧消化过程中, 溶解性有机物的浓度变化是非溶解性有机物的水解产生溶解性有机物以及产甲烷过程消耗溶解性有机物共同作用的结果。各反应器的溶解性有机物的浓度变化情况如 图 3 所示。
图 3(a),(b)可知:热预处理促进了消化基质中溶解性有机物的释放, 使初始 SCOD 浓度提升了 65%左右;在 CK 组和 TP 组厌氧反应初期 (0~6 d), SCOD 浓度持续上升, 说明此时水解发酵产生 SCOD 的量大于产甲烷消耗 SCOD 的量; 而在第 6 天以后, SCOD 浓度显著下降,说明随着反应的进行,水解酸化底物减少,此时产甲烷过程消耗 SCOD 的量相对更多。在不同种类的溶解性有机物中, VFAs 更容易被微生物利用 [ 14 ] , 因此被迅速消耗并处于相对较低浓度; 而结构较为复杂的蛋白质不易被微生物降解,从而出现明显的蛋白质积累现象。
不论是微米级还是纳米级, ZVI 的投加均可进一步提高厌氧消化初期 SCOD 的释放量,并且在第 2 天即出现了 VFAs 浓度峰值, 说明 ZVI 的存在可以促进水解产酸过程, 从而为产甲烷过程提供更多反应基质, 提高了反应前期的甲烷产量。 此外, 在相同投加量条件下, 纳米级 ZVI 对溶解性有机物释放的促进作用高于微米级 ZVI。赫俊国 [ 15 ] 发现, ZVI 的粒径越小,传质和导电效果越明显, 从而对水解酸化和产甲烷阶段的促进作用越强。Wang Y [ 12 ] 发现,纳米级 $\mathrm{{ZVI}}$ 的存在使活细菌/ 死细菌比率急剧下降,说明纳米级 ZVI 可以通过破坏细胞膜加速水解, 且溶解性有机物的溶出效应会随着纳米级 ZVI 投加量的增加而增大, 但投加微米级 ZVI 的影响却并不明显。本研究还发现, 微米级 ZVI 或少量纳米级 ZVI 均可提高 SCOD 降解率,当投加 $4\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{L}$ 的纳米级 ZVI 时, SCOD 降解率最高,为 62.5%,与其最高的甲烷产量相对应。但投加较多 $\left({8 \sim {12}\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$ 纳米级 ZVI 时, SCOD 残留量增加, 反映了厌氧消化反应后期溶解性有机物的消耗减缓,这与甲烷产量显著下降的结果相一致。因此,在本研究中,微米级 ZVI 和纳米级 ZVI 对消化基质的水解酸化均有促进作用,且纳米级 ZVI 的促进作用大于微米级 ZVI,但也需要考虑纳米级 ZVI 的过量投加对产甲烷的
负面影响。 从 图 4 可以看出,与 CK 组相比, 热处理可以
显著提高 VFAs 浓度, 但对 VFAs 的组成无显著影
各反应器的 VFAs 组分变化如 图 4 所示。 响, 而 ZVI 的投加可以进一步提高 VFAs 浓度, VFAs 的组成也随之发生变化。总的来说, 在各反应器的厌氧消化初期, 产酸菌利用小分子溶解性有机物生成 VFAs, 第 2 天时 VFAs 浓度达到峰值,此时丙酸浓度最高,占总 VFAs 的 35%左右, 而乙酸占比不及 30%, 说明此时以丙酸型发酵为主。产甲烷菌可直接利用乙酸生成甲烷,而丙酸等其它脂肪酸须分解为乙酸后才能被产甲烷菌利用,且丙酸的大量存在不利于甲烷的产生 [ 16 ] ,因此, 厌氧消化初期的日产甲烷量较低。在随后的 $2\mathrm{\;d}$$\left({2 \sim 4\mathrm{\;d}}\right),\mathrm{{CK}}$ 组和 $\mathrm{{TP}}$ 组的乙酸和丙酸浓度仍在持续增加, 而投加 ZVI 的实验组中丙酸浓度开始下降, 同时乙酸浓度在第 4 天达到峰值, 表明ZVI 可以促进丙酸分解, 且主要发酵类型由丙酸型转化为乙酸型。Yan W W [ 17 ] 研究发现, ZVI 可以提高丙酸分解相关酶的活性,促进乙酸型发酵产甲烷。 在本研究中, 投加 ZVI 组的乙酸浓度自第 4 天起呈下降趋势,较未投加组提前了 $2\mathrm{\;d}$ ,这与甲烷产生量的变化趋势一致 ( 图 2 ), 表明 ZVI 对厌氧产甲烷过程的促进作用在于加速了丙酸向乙酸的转化, 为产甲烷菌提供了更多的乙酸作为反应底物。
在厌氧消化后, 各反应器中细菌在门水平和属水平上的相对丰度如 图 5 所示。
图 5 可以看出:绿弯菌门 (Chloroflexi)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)为优势细菌菌种,三者总数占细菌总数量的 70%以上; Chloroflexi 和 Bacteroidetes 的相对丰度受热预处理和 ZVI 投加的影响不大,在各反应器中分别保持在 31%~38% 和 19%~24%; Chloroflexi 和 Bacteroidetes 中的某些产酸细菌菌属(如 Petrimonas, Macellibacteroides 等) 却受到 ZVI 投加的显著影响。投加微米级 ZVI 可促进产酸过程, 从而为产乙酸菌 Petrimonas 提供更多的有机酸底物,因此其相对丰度较 TP 组提升了 4.1%~ 8.4%,从而促进了乙酸的产生。适量纳米级 ZVI ( $4\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{L}$ ) 对 Petrimonas 的生长也有相似的促进效果,但高投加量的纳米级 ZVI $\left({8 \sim {12}\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$ 对 Petrimonas 有显著的抑制作用, 使其相对丰度降低了 5.8%~6.9%。Macellibacteroides 以糖类为底物, 但由于投加 ZVI 对多糖释放无明显促进作用, 因此降低了 Macellibacteroides 与其他水解酸化菌的竞争能力, 使 Macellibacteroides 的相对丰度在投加 ZVI 后呈下降趋势。
各反应器中 Firmicutes 的相对丰度受热预处理和投加微米级 ZVI 的影响较小,却随着纳米级 ZVI 投加量的增加而显著下降。Firmicutes 的优势水解酸化菌属包括分泌纤维素酶、蛋白酶等水解酶的 Romboutsia, Saccharofermentans 和 Clostridi- ${um}\_ \mathrm{{III}}$ 等,可降解蛋白质、糖类和醇类等大分子有机物生成 VFAs。其中, Romboutsia 和 Saccharo-fermentans 的相对丰度在投加 ZVI 后均有提升, 从而促进水解酸化,尤其是投加纳米级 ZVI 后,两者成为优势菌群, 其数量占水解酸化菌群数量的 50%以上。在热预处理和投加微米级 ZVI 后, Clostridium_III 的相对丰度有所增加, 而投加纳米级 ZVI 后, Clostridium_III 对底物的竞争能力低于 Romboutsia 和 Saccharofermentans, 因此 Clostridi- ${um}$ _III 的相对丰度略有下降。
在厌氧消化后, 各反应器中古菌在门水平和属水平上的相对丰度如 图 6 所示。
图 6 可以看出:产甲烷菌所属的广古菌门 (Euryarchaeota) 在各反应器中占据绝对优势, 相对丰度均高于 96%;在各反应器中,甲烷丝菌属 (Methanothrix) 和甲烷杆菌属 (Methanobacterium) 为优势菌群, 其在产甲烷途径方面分别属于耗乙酸产甲烷菌和耗氢产甲烷菌,两者占古菌总数的 65%以上。其中, CK 组的 Methanothrix 的相对丰度为 50.2%,经热预处理后相对丰度降低至 35.3%, 而 Methanobacterium 的相对丰度由 17.9% 提高至 37.4%,说明反应器中的产甲烷途径由乙酸营养型向氢营养型转变。这是由于热预处理促进了复杂有机物的水解,水解产生的 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 为耗氢产甲烷菌提供了充足底物,有利于 Methanobacterium 的富集。与 TP 组相比, M1 组的古菌在属水平上的相对丰度无明显变化,随着微米级 ZVI 投加量的增加,优势古菌由 Methanobacterium 转变为 Methanothrix, 表明系统中的产甲烷类型由氢营养型转变为乙酸营养型; 而在投加了纳米级 ZVI 的厌氧系统中, Methan-othrix 的相对丰度也比 Methanobacterium 高。这说明 ZVI 的投加可以促进乙酸的产生, 为耗乙酸产甲烷菌 Methanothrix 提供了充足的营养基质, 从而使其逐渐成为优势菌属。此外, Methanothrix 可以作为电子受体参与直接种间电子传递 (DIET), 提升产甲烷效率 [ 18 ] $\mathrm{M}2$ 组和 $\mathrm{N}1$ 组的 Methanothrix 相对丰度最高(分别占古菌总数的 68.3% 和 67.0%),对应的产甲烷量也最高( 图 2 )。
本文研究了添加 ZVI 联合热预处理对牛粪和玉米秸秆共消化过程的影响规律, 揭示了其强化机理,得到如下结论。
①ZVI 联合热预处理提高了农业废弃物共消化的产甲烷效率。对于微米级 ZVI,投加 $8\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{L}$ 时累积产甲烷量最高,在热预处理效果的基础上提高了 20.7%;对于纳米级 ZVI,投加 $4\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{L}$ 时累积产甲烷量最高, 在热预处理效果的基础上提高了 29.5%。Modified Gompertz 模型拟合结果表明,投加适量 ZVI 提高了产甲烷潜势与最大产甲烷速率,并缩短了停滞期。
②微米级和纳米级 ZVI 均可促进溶解性有机物的释放, 且纳米级 ZVI 促进作用大于微米级 ZVI,但投加较多(8~12 g/L)纳米级 ZVI 时, SCOD 残留量增加,对产甲烷产生负面影响。ZVI 加速了丙酸向乙酸的转化, 促进了乙酸型发酵产甲烷过程。
③ZVI 提高了 Romboutsia 和 Saccharofermen-tans 等水解酸化细菌的相对丰度, 并使耗乙酸产甲烷菌Methanothrix替代耗氢产甲烷菌 Methanobacterium 成为优势古菌, 从而强化了水解产酸和产甲烷过程。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFD1100303)
  • 山东省省级环保产业研发项目(2060402)
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  • 接收时间:2023-01-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-17
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFD1100303)
山东省省级环保产业研发项目(2060402)
作者信息
    1 青岛理工大学 环境与市政工程学院 山东 青岛 266520

通讯作者:

刘长青(1973-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为污水生物脱氮除磷及固废资源化处理处置。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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