Article(id=1154432888373240556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432887630844811, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1659888000000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167848914, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1726761600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167848914, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167848914, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167848914, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154432887630844811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='9', pageStart='1137', pageEnd='1278', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167848737, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694558733, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642069524369942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432887630844811, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642069524369943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432887630844811, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1271, endPage=1278, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154432888754922221, articleId=1154432888373240556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Study on the influence of draft on hydrodynamic performance of oscillating water column wave power buoy, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The energy conversion efficiency of wave energy buoys is determined by their hydrodynamic performance. From design experience, it is known that the hydrodynamic performance of buoys is greatly affected by the draft depth. The article takes wave energy buoys as the research object and conducts a study on the hydrodynamic performance of buoy draft depth. Firstly, introduce the structure and working principle of the buoy; Secondly, establish simulation models of the buoy under five different draft depth conditions, conduct numerical simulation calculations, and obtain the hydrodynamic parameters and energy conversion efficiency of the buoy under design conditions; Finally, physical model experiments were conducted to study the capture width ratio (Rcw) of buoys under six different draft conditions, and compared and analyzed with simulation results. The results show that when the draft depth is 75 mm, the maximum Rcw of the model is 56.8%; the draft depth has a significant impact on the peak distribution of buoy Rcw; under specific aerodynamic damping, the simulation results fit well with the physical model test results, with an error of less than 5%.

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波浪能浮标的能量转换效率由其水动力学性能决定。由设计经验可知,浮标的水动力学性能受吃水深度的影响较大。文章以波浪能浮标为研究对象,开展对浮标吃水深度的水动力学性能研究。首先介绍浮标的结构及工作原理;其次建立浮标在5种吃水深度工况下的仿真模型,进行数值模拟计算,获得浮标在设计工况下的水动力学参数及能量转换效率;最后进行物理模型试验,研究了6种吃水深度工况下浮标的俘获宽度比(Rcw),并与仿真结果进行对比分析。结果表明:当吃水深度为75mm时,模型Rcw最大为56.8%;吃水深度对浮标Rcw峰值分布影响较大;在特定的气动阻尼下,仿真模拟结果与物理模型试验结果拟合度较高,误差小于5%。

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张亚群(1981-),女,博士,副研究员,主要从事海洋波浪能转换方面的研究。E-mail:
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Keyword(id=1154432944165871799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432888373240556, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=俘获宽度比), Keyword(id=1154432944224592059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432888373240556, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=数值模拟), Keyword(id=1154432944287506621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432888373240556, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=吃水深度)], refs=[Reference(id=1154432947265462544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432888373240556, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=16, pageStart=219, pageEnd=220, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=东川, journalName=中国科技博览, refType=null, unstructuredReference=东川. 能源发展史及前景展望[J]. 中国科技博览, 2014(16): 219-220., articleTitle=能源发展史及前景展望, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154432947336765715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ between simulation model and physical model, figureFileSmall=DRq3AkbcEb6D0wI9yqNudA==, figureFileBig=YpvhdwTo3oytxB+t5g6YdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432946363687160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432888373240556, language=CN, label=图 10, caption=仿真模型与物理模型的 ${\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 对比, figureFileSmall=DRq3AkbcEb6D0wI9yqNudA==, figureFileBig=YpvhdwTo3oytxB+t5g6YdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432946447573242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432888373240556, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Different buoy draft parameters of buoys models, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 标 浮筒吃 水深度 总吃水 深度 排水 质量 垂荡临 界阻尼 轴回 转半径 轴回 转半径 重 心
m m $\mathrm{{kg}}$ rad/s m m m
1 0.375 3.250 1 297 4.055 1.389 0.710 2.78
2 0.500 3.375 1730 3.530 1.425 0.710 2.77
3 0.625 3.500 2163 3.183 1.398 0.710 2.71
4 0.750 3.625 2596 2.837 1.398 0.710 2.77
5 0.875 3.750 3028 2.735 1.400 0.710 2.96
), ArticleFig(id=1154432946548236540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432888373240556, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=不同浮标吃水模型的参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 标 浮筒吃 水深度 总吃水 深度 排水 质量 垂荡临 界阻尼 轴回 转半径 轴回 转半径 重 心
m m $\mathrm{{kg}}$ rad/s m m m
1 0.375 3.250 1 297 4.055 1.389 0.710 2.78
2 0.500 3.375 1730 3.530 1.425 0.710 2.77
3 0.625 3.500 2163 3.183 1.398 0.710 2.71
4 0.750 3.625 2596 2.837 1.398 0.710 2.77
5 0.875 3.750 3028 2.735 1.400 0.710 2.96
), ArticleFig(id=1154432946665677054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432888373240556, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Parameters of conical central tube in experimental model, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 标号 波高 mm 排水质量 总吃水 深度/mm 浮筒吃水 深度/mm 锥形尾管 高度/mm
1 75 10.4 650 75 355
2 75 13.8 675 100 355
3 75 17.3 700 125 355
4 75 20.7 725 150 355
5 75 24.5 750 175 355
6 75 27.7 775 200 355
), ArticleFig(id=1154432946745368832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432888373240556, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=物理模型参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 标号 波高 mm 排水质量 总吃水 深度/mm 浮筒吃水 深度/mm 锥形尾管 高度/mm
1 75 10.4 650 75 355
2 75 13.8 675 100 355
3 75 17.3 700 125 355
4 75 20.7 725 150 355
5 75 24.5 750 175 355
6 75 27.7 775 200 355
), ArticleFig(id=1154432946799894786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432888373240556, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Comparison of simulation model and physical model parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 对比 波高 mm 浮筒直 径/mm 中心管 内径/mm 总吃水 深度/mm 浮筒吃水 深度/mm 锥形尾管 高度/mm
物理模型 75 360 144 650 75 355
仿真模型 375 1800 720 3 250 375 1775
), ArticleFig(id=1154432946892169476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432888373240556, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=仿真模型与物理模型参数对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 对比 波高 mm 浮筒直 径/mm 中心管 内径/mm 总吃水 深度/mm 浮筒吃水 深度/mm 锥形尾管 高度/mm
物理模型 75 360 144 650 75 355
仿真模型 375 1800 720 3 250 375 1775
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吃水深度对振荡水柱式波浪能发电浮标水动力学性能的影响
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周逸伦 1 , 张亚群 2, 3 , 刘天骄 1 , 蒋鹏 1 , 盛松伟 2, 3
可再生能源 | 2024,42(9): 1271-1278
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(9): 1271-1278
吃水深度对振荡水柱式波浪能发电浮标水动力学性能的影响
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周逸伦1, 张亚群2, 3 , 刘天骄1, 蒋鹏1, 盛松伟2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 昆明船舶设备研究试验中心 云南 昆明 650051
  • 2 中国科学院广州能源研究所 广东 广州 510640
  • 3 中国科学院可再生能源重点实验室 广东 广州 510640

通讯作者:

张亚群(1981-),女,博士,副研究员,主要从事海洋波浪能转换方面的研究。E-mail:
Study on the influence of draft on hydrodynamic performance of oscillating water column wave power buoy
Yilun Zhou1, Yaqun Zhang2, 3 , Tianjiao Liu1, Peng Jiang1, Songwei Sheng2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Kunming Shipborne Equipment Research & Test Center Kunming 650051 China
  • 2 Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion Guangzhou 510640 China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy Guangzhou 510640 China
出版时间: 2024-09-20
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波浪能浮标的能量转换效率由其水动力学性能决定。由设计经验可知,浮标的水动力学性能受吃水深度的影响较大。文章以波浪能浮标为研究对象,开展对浮标吃水深度的水动力学性能研究。首先介绍浮标的结构及工作原理;其次建立浮标在5种吃水深度工况下的仿真模型,进行数值模拟计算,获得浮标在设计工况下的水动力学参数及能量转换效率;最后进行物理模型试验,研究了6种吃水深度工况下浮标的俘获宽度比(Rcw),并与仿真结果进行对比分析。结果表明:当吃水深度为75mm时,模型Rcw最大为56.8%;吃水深度对浮标Rcw峰值分布影响较大;在特定的气动阻尼下,仿真模拟结果与物理模型试验结果拟合度较高,误差小于5%。

波浪能  /  振荡水柱  /  俘获宽度比  /  数值模拟  /  吃水深度

The energy conversion efficiency of wave energy buoys is determined by their hydrodynamic performance. From design experience, it is known that the hydrodynamic performance of buoys is greatly affected by the draft depth. The article takes wave energy buoys as the research object and conducts a study on the hydrodynamic performance of buoy draft depth. Firstly, introduce the structure and working principle of the buoy; Secondly, establish simulation models of the buoy under five different draft depth conditions, conduct numerical simulation calculations, and obtain the hydrodynamic parameters and energy conversion efficiency of the buoy under design conditions; Finally, physical model experiments were conducted to study the capture width ratio (Rcw) of buoys under six different draft conditions, and compared and analyzed with simulation results. The results show that when the draft depth is 75 mm, the maximum Rcw of the model is 56.8%; the draft depth has a significant impact on the peak distribution of buoy Rcw; under specific aerodynamic damping, the simulation results fit well with the physical model test results, with an error of less than 5%.

wave energy  /  oscillating water column  /  capture width ratio  /  numerical simulation  /  buoy draft
周逸伦, 张亚群, 刘天骄, 蒋鹏, 盛松伟. 吃水深度对振荡水柱式波浪能发电浮标水动力学性能的影响. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (9) : 1271 -1278 .
Yilun Zhou, Yaqun Zhang, Tianjiao Liu, Peng Jiang, Songwei Sheng. Study on the influence of draft on hydrodynamic performance of oscillating water column wave power buoy[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (9) : 1271 -1278 .
海洋中蕴藏着丰富的能源, 人类对海洋的探索和开发离不开浮标提供重要的水文环境信息 [ 1 ] 。 目前, 海洋浮标的能源供应主要依赖于蓄电池, 而蓄电池无法支撑浮标上大功率传感器的长期能耗。波浪能是一种全天候、高品阶的绿色清洁能源, 利用波浪能为浮标供电, 可为海洋浮标的能源供应问题提供解决之道 [ 2 ]
振荡水柱式波浪能浮标具有结构简单、可靠性强的优点 [ 3 , 4 ] ,但其能量转换效率会受多个因素的影响,如海洋环境、外形结构、气-电转换结构、 锚泊系统等。为此, 国内外学者对影响浮标能量转换效率的不同因素进行了大量研究。Yeung R W [ 5 ] 利用特征函数法研究了有限深度下圆柱形浮体的附加质量和阻尼系数。Whittaker ${\mathrm{T}}^{\left( 6\right)}$ 计算了两自由度下浮标的能量转换效率,当管/浮体直径比为 0.75 时,其俘获波浪能效果最佳。Comes R [ 7 ] 利用 WAMIT 水动力学软件研究了浮标吃水深度与能量周期之间的关系,在能量周期小的海域,浮标更适宜吃水深度较浅的状态。李猛 [ 8 ] 研究了不同尾管模型对浮标能量转换效率的影响, 当尾管模型为加长喇叭口型时,其俘获宽度比(浮子平均输出功率与浮子宽度内波浪输入功率之比, 是评价波浪能装置吸收转化波浪能最常用的指标, Capture Width Ratio,记为 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ ) 达到 ${40.15}\%$ 。肖雷 [ 9 ] 发现, 当锚系位置选择在浮筒与锥形尾管交接处时, 浮标 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 较高。吴明东 [ 10 ] 将振荡浮子技术与振荡水柱技术结合起来, 研发了一种新型浮标。
目前,浮标吃水深度对其水动力学性能和能量转换效率影响规律尚不明确。因此,本文研究了不同吃水深度下波浪能浮标的水动力学性能和能量转换效率,旨在掌握浮标水动力学性能及能量转换效率随其吃水深度变化的规律, 获得浮标在最佳 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 时所对应的吃水深度。结合数值模拟和物理模型试验的结果, 证明该吃水深度下浮标具有良好的水动力学特性和能量转换效率。
图 1 为浮标结构图。浮标由标体、中心管、 气一电能量转换系统、数控系统、储能系统、锚系等组成。标体的外形经过特殊设计, 为轴对称结构,从上至下分别为主浮筒、锥形尾管和直尾管。
浮标的工作原理:在波浪的周期性作用下,浮标整体随着波浪做耦合运动, 将波浪能转换为标体的动能(由于浮标在做垂荡运动时,波浪能转换为标体动能的效果最佳, 故本文仅以浮标垂荡方向的运动为研究对象);标体的垂荡运动使中心管内的水柱相对标体做上下运动, 从而压缩其内部的空气,将浮标运动的动能转换为压缩空气能;中心管内被压缩的空气驱动气-电能量转换系统内的空气透平做旋转运动, 将压缩空气能转换为电能。能量转换过程如 图 2 所示。
基于势流理论和线性波理论, 假定浮标所受外力仅为波浪力, 浮标能量转换系统简化为线形阻尼, 将浮标简化为仅做垂荡运动的单个圆柱浮体。综上所述,浮标的水上运动可视为一个有阻尼的强迫振动,其强迫力来源于波浪激励力。为简化模型,可忽略作用于浮标上的粘性力和系泊力 [ 11 - 13 ] 。 根据牛顿第二定律和流体力学理论, 浮标的运动控制方程为 [ 14 ]
$\mathrm{m}\ddot{z}= {F}_{\mathrm{{ez}}}+ {F}_{\mathrm{{rz}}}+ {F}_{\mathrm{s}}+ {F}_{\mathrm{e}}+ {F}_{\mathrm{k}}$
其中:
$\ddot{z}= \operatorname{Re}\left\lbrack {-{\omega }^{2}{A}_{\mathrm{r}}\exp \left({-{i\omega t}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
${F}_{\mathrm{{ez}}}= {Re}\left\lbrack {\exp \left({-{i\omega t}}\right){\rho \omega i}{\int }_{{\mathrm{S}}_{0}}\left({{\phi }_{\mathrm{I}}+ {\phi }_{\mathrm{D}}}\right){\mathbf{n}}_{Z}\mathrm{\;d}s}\right\rbrack $
${F}_{\mathrm{{rx}}}= {A}_{\mathrm{r}}\left\lbrack {{\omega }^{2}m{M}_{11}+ {i\omega }{N}_{11}}\right\rbrack \exp \left({-{i\omega t}}\right)$
${F}_{\mathrm{s}}= -\operatorname{Re}\left\lbrack {{\rho g}{A}_{\mathrm{r}}{S}_{\mathrm{r}}\exp \left({-{i\omega t}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
${F}_{\mathrm{e}}= \operatorname{Re}\left\lbrack {{iC\omega }{A}_{\mathrm{r}}\exp \left({-{i\omega t}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
${F}_{\mathrm{k}}= \operatorname{Re}\left\lbrack {-{K}_{\mathrm{f}}{A}_{\mathrm{r}}\exp \left({-{i\omega t}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
式中: $m$ 为浮标质量, $\mathrm{{kg}};\ddot{z}$ 为加速度, $\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2};{F}_{\mathrm{{ez}}}$ 为波浪激励力, $\mathrm{N};{F}_{\mathrm{{rz}}}$ 为波浪辐射力, $\mathrm{N};{F}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为静水回复力, $\mathrm{N};{F}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 为阻尼力, $\mathrm{N};{F}_{\mathrm{k}}$ 为弹性力, $\mathrm{N};{Re}$ 为雷诺数; ${A}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为垂荡运动幅度; $i$ 为虚数单位; $t$ 为时间, $\mathrm{s};\omega$ 为波浪角频率, $\mathrm{{rad}}/\mathrm{s};\rho$ 为液体密度, $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{S}_{0}$ 为物体湿表面; ${n}_{\mathrm{Z}}$$Z$ 方向上的广义法向量; ${\phi }_{\mathrm{I}}$ 为波浪入射势; ${\phi }_{\mathrm{D}}$ 为波浪绕射势; ${M}_{11}$ 为附加质量, $\mathrm{{kg}};{N}_{11}$ 为阻尼系数, $\mathrm{N}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right);g$ 为重力加速度, $\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2};{S}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为水线面面积, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2};C$ 为能量转换系统的气室阻尼, $\mathrm{N}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right);{K}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为弹性力的弹性系数。
将式(2) $\sim$ (7)代入式(1),得到浮标的 ${A}_{\mathrm{r}}$
${A}_{\mathrm{r}}= \frac{{F}_{\mathrm{{ez}}}}{-\left({M +{M}_{11}}\right){\omega }^{2}- {i\omega }\left({C +{N}_{11}}\right)+ {\rho g}{S}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {K}_{\mathrm{f}}}$
式中: $M$ 为固有质量, $\mathrm{{kg}}$
浮标固有频率 ${\omega }_{\mathrm{n}}$ 和阻尼系数 ${\beta }_{\mathrm{n}}$ 分别为
${\omega }_{\mathrm{n}}= \sqrt{\frac{{\rho g}{S}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {K}_{\mathrm{f}}}{M +{M}_{11}}}$
${\beta }_{\mathrm{n}}= \frac{C +{N}_{11}}{2\left({M +{M}_{11}}\right)} $
浮标俘获的波浪能均转换为能量转换系统的阻尼做功,即浮标的功率 $P$ 可以表示为
$ P =\frac{1}{2}\left({-{i\omega C}{A}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right)\cdot \left(\overline{-{i\omega C}{A}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right)$
将式(8)~(10)代入式(11)得:
$ P =\frac{C{F}_{\mathrm{{ez}}}^{2}}{2\left({M +{M}_{11}}\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{4{\beta }_{\mathrm{n}}^{2}+ \frac{\left({\omega }^{2}- {\omega }_{\mathrm{n}}^{2}\right)}{{\omega }^{2}}}$
浮标入射波功率 ${P}_{\text{wave }}$
${P}_{\text{wave }}= \frac{1}{8}{\rho g}{h}^{2}c\left({1 +\frac{2kd}{\sin {h2kd}}}\right) B $
式中: $k$ 为波数, $k =\frac{2\pi }{\lambda },\lambda$ 为波长; $c$ 为波速, $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ ; $h$ 为波高, $\mathrm{m};d$ 为水深, $\mathrm{m};B$ 为浮标迎波宽度, $\mathrm{m}$
浮标的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$
${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}= \frac{P}{{P}_{\text{wave }}}\times {100}\%$
数值仿真模型是按照实况海试装置(简称装置)的尺寸来设计的, 而物理模型试验往往采用缩尺比模型,所以需要根据相似理论对仿真模型与物理模型进行相似换算。
在波浪能发电浮标的水动力试验中, 研究浮标在波浪作用下的运动和受力,主要考虑重力和惯性力对浮标的影响。因此, 模型试验须满足弗劳德(Frounde)相似定律, 即模型与装置之间的弗劳德数相同。此外,物体在波浪上的运动与受力带有周期性变化的性质, 要保证模型与装置之间的斯特劳哈尔(Strouhal)数相同。
根据几何相似原则, 装置与等比例模型的特征长度之比 $\chi$
$\chi =\frac{{L}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{L}_{\mathrm{m}}}$
Frounde 数相同, 即:
$\frac{{U}_{\mathrm{m}}}{\sqrt{g{L}_{\mathrm{m}}}}= \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{s}}}{\sqrt{g{L}_{\mathrm{s}}}}$
Strouhal 数相同, 即:
$\frac{{U}_{\mathrm{m}}{T}_{\mathrm{m}}}{{L}_{\mathrm{m}}}= \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{s}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{L}_{\mathrm{s}}}$
式中: 下脚标 $\mathrm{m},\mathrm{s}$ 分别代表模型和装置; $L$ 为特征长度; $U$ 为速度, $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};{T}_{\mathrm{m}},{T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 分别为实验室水池入射波平均周期和实况海试波浪平均周期, $\mathrm{s}$
在不考虑空气可压缩性的情况下,由式 (15) $\sim$ (17)可得 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 是不随模型尺寸变化的无因次量, 可以直接通过实海况入射波功率乘以模型试验测得的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 求解装置的气动功率。
$\frac{{q}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{q}_{\mathrm{m}}}= {\chi }^{\frac{5}{2}}$
$\frac{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{T}_{\mathrm{m}}}= {\chi }^{\frac{1}{2}}$
$\frac{\Delta {p}_{\mathrm{s}}}{\Delta {p}_{\mathrm{m}}}= \chi $
$\frac{{t}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{t}_{\mathrm{m}}}= {\chi }^{\frac{1}{2}}$
$\frac{{P}_{a\mathrm{\;s}}}{{P}_{a\mathrm{\;m}}}= {\chi }^{\frac{7}{2}}$
$\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{{CWs}}}}{{R}_{\mathrm{{CWm}}}}= 1 $
式中: $q$ 为气流量, ${\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{s};{\Delta P}$ 为气室与大气气压的压差, $\mathrm{{Pa}};t$ 为工作时间, $\mathrm{s};{P}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为气动功率, $\mathrm{W}$
首先使用 SolidWork 软件建立浮标三维模型, 获得模型的固有参数, 再利用法国船级社的 HydroStar 水动力学分析软件对建立的浮标模型进行水动力学分析, 该软件基于势流理论, 能够完整的求解在有限水深和无限水深下, 三维模型在时域或者频域内的水动力学系数和所受波浪载荷。最后利用编程软件计算仿真模型的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 。在 HydroStar 软件中,设置海水密度为 ${1025}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ , 水深为 ${4.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,入射波为规则波,周期为 ${0.5}\sim {4.0}\mathrm{\;s}$ , 波高为 ${0.375}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,入射角度为 ${0}^{\circ }$
数值模拟首先需要进行网格无关性验证, 因为网格的密度会直接影响仿真的精度和计算时间。网格密度越大,计算精度就越高,计算量也越大,需要的计算时间越长。为保证计算精度和计算效率, 应选择合适的网格密度。本文选择附加质量和阻尼系数两种参数进行比较, 设置了 3 种网格密度(0.05,0.1,0.2m)进行计算验证,结果如 图 3 所示。
图 3 可以看出:在 3 种网格密度下,附加质量和阻尼系数的变化趋势均类似; 当网格密度为 ${0.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,在周期为 ${4.0}\mathrm{\;s}$${5.4}\mathrm{\;s}$ 处出现了数值突变点,故 ${0.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 不适合作为标准网格密度。网格密度为 ${0.05}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时在 $0 \sim 1\mathrm{\;s}$ 出现的突变以及网格密度为 ${0.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时出现的突变次数较多的原因,与边界元法的计算原理有关。应用边界元方程求解时,一般采用 Green 函数法, 该方法可能对一些离散的频率失效,即在这些频率及邻近频率内无法得到合适的数值解。同时,网格密度过大也会导致这种离散频率点增加。为提升计算效率,选择 ${0.1}\mathrm{m}$ 的网格作为计算网格。
基于设计经验,取浮筒下圆台角度为 ${45}^{\circ }$ ,尾管锥角为 ${11}^{\circ }$ ,中心管内径为 ${0.72}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,浮筒直径为 ${1.8}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,在此基础上建立了 5 种浮标吃水模型,研究不同吃水深度下浮标的水动力学性能。吃水模型参数见 表 1 。不同浮标吃水模型如 图4 所示。
3.3 数值模拟结果及分析
5 种浮标吃水模型在设计工况下的附加质量、阻尼系数,以及垂荡运动下所受的波浪激励力和运动响应(RAO)如 图 5 所示。
图 5(a)可知:随着周期的增加, 5 种模型的附加质量先略微降低后升高, 在附加质量下降阶段, 模型 1 的附加质量小于其他 4 种模型; 在周期为 $2\mathrm{\;s}$ 处,附加质量跳跃式下降后回升,因为在该周期下, 软件无法将中心管内的液面视为封闭腔内的自由液面,由此产生数值计算发散;当周期大于 $2\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,模型附加质量由大到小依次为模型 1>模型 2>模型 3>模型 4>模型 5 ;在相同周期内, 浮筒吃水深度越浅, 附加质量的变化幅度越大。
图 5(b)可知:忽略图形突变值后,模型的阻尼系数呈开口向下的抛物线; 模型 1 的阻尼系数明显大于其他 4 种模型,其峰值为 ${2426}\mathrm{\;N}\cdot \mathrm{s}/\mathrm{m}$ , 模型 5 的阻尼系数峰值最小,为 ${662}\mathrm{\;N}\cdot \mathrm{s}/\mathrm{m}$ ;增大浮筒吃水深度会导致阻尼系数减小。
图 5(c)可知:5 种模型垂荡运动下所受的波浪激励力均随着周期的增大而增加,波浪激励力由大到小依次为模型 1>模型 2>模型 3>模型 4>模型 5 ;增加浮筒吃水深度,模型水平截面的湿表面面积不变,因波浪激励力为表面力,其湿表面距离水面越远, 垂荡运动下所受的波浪激励力就越小。
图 5(d)可知:随着波浪周期的增加,5 种模型的垂荡 RAO 均呈开口向下的抛物线变化;增大浮筒吃水深度会导致模型的垂荡 $\mathrm{{RAO}}$ 峰值上升, 模型 5 的峰值最大(19),模型 1 的峰值最小(3); 随着浮筒吃水深度的增加,垂荡 $\mathrm{{RAO}}$ 峰值对应的周期增大。
理想气动阻尼下浮筒吃水深度对浮标吃水模型 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 的影响如 图 6 所示。
结合 表 1图 6 可以看出:随着周期的增大, 浮标吃水模型的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 先上升后降低; 模型 1 的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 最大,为 ${697}\%$ ,当周期为 $2 \sim {2.8}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,其 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 超过 ${400}\%$ ; 模型 5 的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 峰值为 ${410}\%$ 。在理想状态中,浮标的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 具有较大的提升空间,可通过调整浮标所受气动阻尼来实现, 存在最佳气动阻尼使其 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 峰值最大。在一定范围内,浮标的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 峰值随着浮筒吃水深度的增加而降低, 浮筒吃水深度越浅,其 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 峰值越大。
为验证数值模拟结果, 对浮标进行波-气能量转换的物理模型试验, 测试了浮标的垂荡方向加速度 ${a}_{\mathrm{z}}$${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ ,并将两种方法得出的结果进行对比分析。结合实验室水池的造波能力与水池尺寸,最终将缩尺比定为 $1 : 5$ ,即 $\chi = 5$
物理模型试验在中国科学院广州能源研究所海洋能试验室的造波水槽中进行。水槽尺寸为 50 $\mathrm{m}\times {1.2}\mathrm{\;m}\times {1.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ (长 $\times$$\times$ 高)。气室内水位和气压的相对变化分别通过 YWS100-AXX 型电容式波高仪和 PY301 型压差传感器进行测量,入射波的波高数据由 SDA1000 型电容式波高仪同步采样, 采样频率为 ${16}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 。试验过程中,水槽水深为 ${0.9}\mathrm{\;m}$ , 入射波为规则波,波高为 ${0.075}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,周期为 ${0.9}\sim {1.7}$ s,测试间隔为 ${0.1}\mathrm{s}$ 。试验布置如 图 7 所示。模型相关参数如 表 2 所示。
不同浮筒吃水深度下周期- ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 试验数据如 图 8 所示。
图 8 可以看出:随着周期的增大,6 种模型的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 均先增大后减小, ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 曲线出现了双峰;当周期为 ${1.1}\sim {1.5}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,模型的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 变化平缓。当周期为 ${1.1}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,模型 1 的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 获得最大值 ${56.8}\%$ ; 当周期为 ${1.3}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,模型 2 的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 获得最大值 ${48.7}\%$ ; 当周期为 ${1.4}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,模型 3 的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 获得最大值 ${48}\%$ ; 当周期为 ${1.4}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,模型 4 的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 获得最大值 ${44.6}\%$ ; 当周期为 ${1.5}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,模型5,6的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 分别获得最大值 43.8%和 38.8%。
当浮筒吃水深度增加时,模型的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 峰值下降,峰值对应的周期增大,不同 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 峰值相差最大接近 20%。当浮筒吃水深度较浅时,浮标运动更加灵敏,其 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 峰值对应的周期偏小,小周期下能够更好地吸收波浪能量,随着波周期增大, ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 下降较快。当浮筒吃水深度较深时,浮标 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 峰值对应的周期偏大,浮标运动相对平缓,小周期内的吸波能力较弱,大周期下的吸波能力较强。
当周期为 ${1.1}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,浮筒吃水深度对浮标 ${a}_{\mathrm{z}}$ 的影响如 图 9 所示。
图 9 可以看出:当浮筒吃水深度较浅时,浮标的 ${a}_{\mathrm{z}}$ 峰值高于浮筒吃水深度较深时的 ${a}_{\mathrm{z}}$ 峰值; 当浮筒吃水深度变深时,浮标 ${a}_{\mathrm{z}}$ 变化周期小于波浪变化周期,浮标无法良好地跟随波浪运动,随波性变差。宏观观测到浮标上下运动速度变慢,气室功率降低, ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 峰值下降。
对比仿真试验结果和物理模型试验结果, 选取 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 峰值具有代表性的仿真模型与对应的等比例物理模型进行验证。仿真模型与物理模型的参数对比见 表 3
不同气动阻尼下仿真模型与物理模型的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 对比如 图 10 所示。
图 10 (a)可知: 当气动阻尼为 ${47}\mathrm{\;N}\cdot \mathrm{s}/\mathrm{m}$ 时, 仿真模型与物理模型的试验数据吻合较好; 当周期为 ${1.1}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,仿真模型的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 峰值为 ${58.5}\%$ ,物理模型的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 峰值为 ${56.8}\%$ ; 当周期 ${1.0}\sim {1.4}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时, 仿真模型与物理模型的数据误差小于 5%。
经过仿真计算可知, 浮标的最佳气动阻尼为 ${2100}\mathrm{\;N}\cdot \mathrm{s}/\mathrm{m}$ 。由 图 10 (b)可知,当气动阻尼为 2100 $\mathrm{N}\cdot \mathrm{s}/\mathrm{m}$ 时,仿真模型的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 峰值最大,可达物理模型 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 峰值的 10 倍以上。这可能是因为: ①理想状态的气动阻尼与实际的气动阻尼存在较大差距;②仿真软件计算具有局限性,仿真计算时只考虑了浮体与流体之间的固液耦合,未考虑空气、水波和浮体三者之间的耦合,因此无法确定具体的气动阻尼大小;③数学模型忽略了纵摇、纵荡等运动响应对浮标运动的影响, 真实水槽中的水域边界条件有很多限制,耗散了很多能量。
综上可知,仿真模型和物理模型的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 变化趋势相对一致, 在特定的气动阻尼下, 仿真模型与物理模型试验结果拟合度较好, 验证了仿真模型的有效性, 但不同气动阻尼对仿真模型的影响较大。
本文研究了吃水深度对浮标水动力学性能的影响。通过建立浮标的受迫振动数学模型, 对浮标进行了仿真模拟, 并将仿真模拟结果和物理模型试验结果进行了对比分析,得到如下结论。
①浮标的阻尼系数、附加质量以及垂荡运动下所受的波浪激励力均随着浮筒吃水深度的增大而减小,而浮标的垂荡 $\mathrm{{RAO}}$ 随着浮筒吃水深度的增大而增大。
②浮筒吃水深度对其 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 影响较大,减小浮筒吃水深度有利于增大浮标的 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 。浮筒吃水深度对 ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 峰值分布影响较大,当浮筒吃水深度越深时, ${R}_{\mathrm{{CW}}}$ 峰值对应的周期越大。
③运用数值仿真的方式能够定性地分析浮筒吃水深度对浮标水动力学和能量转换能力的影响, 在特定的气动阻尼下, 仿真模型模拟结果与物理模型试验结果拟合度较好, 验证了仿真模型的有效性。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2019YFB1504402)
  • 海洋可再生能源资金项目(GHME2017SF01, GHME2017YY02)
  • 2020年广东省海洋经济发展专项项目(粤自然资合[2020]022号)
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2024年第42卷第9期
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  • 接收时间:2022-08-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-08
基金
国家重点研发计划(2019YFB1504402)
海洋可再生能源资金项目(GHME2017SF01, GHME2017YY02)
2020年广东省海洋经济发展专项项目(粤自然资合[2020]022号)
作者信息
    1 昆明船舶设备研究试验中心 云南 昆明 650051
    2 中国科学院广州能源研究所 广东 广州 510640
    3 中国科学院可再生能源重点实验室 广东 广州 510640

通讯作者:

张亚群(1981-),女,博士,副研究员,主要从事海洋波浪能转换方面的研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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