Article(id=1154432834535153714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432826603720940, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1668960000000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167836077, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1705680000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167836077, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167836077, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167836077, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154432826603720940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167834186, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694645959, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642435372540826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432826603720940, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642435372540827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432826603720940, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=57, endPage=63, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154432835080413236, articleId=1154432834535153714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Influence of TMD control on dynamic responses of a 15 MW monopile offshore wind turbine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Offshore wind turbines installed close to earthquakeprone zones are not only affected by wind and wave loadings, but also threatened by earthquakes. In order to reduce the earthquake impacts on the structural vibration and load of largescale wind turbines, a seismic coupled analysis and structural control architecture has been developed by improving FAST based on the modal acceleration method and the Tuned Mass Damper (TMD). The control effects of TMD on tower vibration and load reduction of the IEA 15 MW monopile wind turbine due to different ground motions are investigated. The results show that the TMD can significantly reduce the towertop displacement and towerbase load for each examined ground motion. The best effect on alleviating towertop vibration is achieved when the tuning frequency ratio of the TMD is 0.9, reducing the tower top displacement by 89.8%. The fluctuation amplitude of towerbase bending moment following the earthquake event is significantly reduced by the TMD with a tuning frequency ratio of 0.8 that is capable of reducing the standard deviation by up to 99%.

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地震带附近的海上风力机不仅受到风浪载荷的影响,还面临地震灾害威胁。为降低地震对大型风力机结构振动及载荷的影响,文章通过对开源软件 FAST 进行二次开发,基于模态加速度法和调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)编写了海上风力机地震动力学仿真及结构控制程序,以 IEA 15 MW 单桩风力机为对象,研究了不同自然地震动作用下 TMD 控制频率对塔架抑振降载效果的影响。结果表明:对于选定地震动,TMD均可大幅降低风力机塔顶位移与塔基载荷;当调谐频率比为0.9时,TMD对塔顶位移控制效果最佳,可降低塔顶位移89.8%;当调谐频率比为0.8时,TMD可显著降低地震后的塔基载荷波动幅度,标准差最高可降低99%。

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余洁(1990-),女,工程师,研究方向为海上风力发电技术。E-mail:

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余洁(1990-),女,工程师,研究方向为海上风力发电技术。E-mail:

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余洁(1990-),女,工程师,研究方向为海上风力发电技术。E-mail:

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参数 数值 参数 数值
额定功率/MW 15 风轮仰角/( ${}^{ \circ }$ ) 6
额定风速 $/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 10.59 叶片质量/kg 6500
额定转速 $/\mathrm{r} \cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}$ 7.56 塔顶质量/t 1017
设计水深/m 30 塔架高度/m 144.495
风轮直径/m 240 塔架质量/t 860
轮毂直径/m 7.94 单桩直径/m 10
轮毂高度/m 150 单桩质量/t 1318
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参数 数值 参数 数值
额定功率/MW 15 风轮仰角/( ${}^{ \circ }$ ) 6
额定风速 $/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 10.59 叶片质量/kg 6500
额定转速 $/\mathrm{r} \cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}$ 7.56 塔顶质量/t 1017
设计水深/m 30 塔架高度/m 144.495
风轮直径/m 240 塔架质量/t 860
轮毂直径/m 7.94 单桩直径/m 10
轮毂高度/m 150 单桩质量/t 1318
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地震-发生地 年份 监测基站 里氏震级
Kobe-日本 1995 KJMA 6.90
El Centro-美国 1940 E.C. 6.90
Chi-Chi-中国 1999 TCU102 7.62
Northrige-美国 1994 P.D.d. 6.69
Imperial Valley-美国 1979 E.C. #3 6.53
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地震-发生地 年份 监测基站 里氏震级
Kobe-日本 1995 KJMA 6.90
El Centro-美国 1940 E.C. 6.90
Chi-Chi-中国 1999 TCU102 7.62
Northrige-美国 1994 P.D.d. 6.69
Imperial Valley-美国 1979 E.C. #3 6.53
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TMD 控制对15MW单桩风力机地震动力响应的影响
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余洁 , 秦志豪 , 杨阳
可再生能源 | 2024,42(1): 57-63
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(1): 57-63
TMD 控制对15MW单桩风力机地震动力响应的影响
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余洁 , 秦志豪, 杨阳
作者信息
  • 1 宁波大学 海运学院 浙江 宁波 315211
  • 余洁(1990-),女,工程师,研究方向为海上风力发电技术。E-mail:

Influence of TMD control on dynamic responses of a 15 MW monopile offshore wind turbine
Jie Yu , Zhihao Qin, Yang Yang
Affiliations
  • 1 Faculty of Maritime and Transportation Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 China
出版时间: 2024-01-20
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地震带附近的海上风力机不仅受到风浪载荷的影响,还面临地震灾害威胁。为降低地震对大型风力机结构振动及载荷的影响,文章通过对开源软件 FAST 进行二次开发,基于模态加速度法和调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)编写了海上风力机地震动力学仿真及结构控制程序,以 IEA 15 MW 单桩风力机为对象,研究了不同自然地震动作用下 TMD 控制频率对塔架抑振降载效果的影响。结果表明:对于选定地震动,TMD均可大幅降低风力机塔顶位移与塔基载荷;当调谐频率比为0.9时,TMD对塔顶位移控制效果最佳,可降低塔顶位移89.8%;当调谐频率比为0.8时,TMD可显著降低地震后的塔基载荷波动幅度,标准差最高可降低99%。

海上风力机  /  动力学响应  /  地震载荷  /  结构控制

Offshore wind turbines installed close to earthquakeprone zones are not only affected by wind and wave loadings, but also threatened by earthquakes. In order to reduce the earthquake impacts on the structural vibration and load of largescale wind turbines, a seismic coupled analysis and structural control architecture has been developed by improving FAST based on the modal acceleration method and the Tuned Mass Damper (TMD). The control effects of TMD on tower vibration and load reduction of the IEA 15 MW monopile wind turbine due to different ground motions are investigated. The results show that the TMD can significantly reduce the towertop displacement and towerbase load for each examined ground motion. The best effect on alleviating towertop vibration is achieved when the tuning frequency ratio of the TMD is 0.9, reducing the tower top displacement by 89.8%. The fluctuation amplitude of towerbase bending moment following the earthquake event is significantly reduced by the TMD with a tuning frequency ratio of 0.8 that is capable of reducing the standard deviation by up to 99%.

offshore wind turbine  /  dynamic response  /  earthquake loading  /  structural control
余洁, 秦志豪, 杨阳. TMD 控制对15MW单桩风力机地震动力响应的影响. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (1) : 57 -63 .
Jie Yu, Zhihao Qin, Yang Yang. Influence of TMD control on dynamic responses of a 15 MW monopile offshore wind turbine[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (1) : 57 -63 .
我国东部沿海地区经济发达, 电力需求旺盛, 但由于目前国内仍以火力发电为主,传统化石能源的短缺已成为制约其发展的障碍。在此背景下, 海上风电逐渐成为当地电力资源的重要组成部分。海上风力机仍以单桩、三角架和导管架等固定式基础为主,其中单桩以其技术最为成熟和安装简便等优点, 成为近海风力机应用最为广泛的基础形式 [ 1 ] 。出于经济性的考虑,单桩式风力机正朝着大型化的方向发展,由此导致其结构柔性增强, 同时也更易受地震激励影响 [ 2 ]
对于地震作用下的风力机动力响应,国内外学者开展了大量研究。Yang Y [ 3 ] 基于 FAST 开发并验证了一种地震耦合分析和结构控制程序 SCASCA, 研究了 10 MW 单桩式风力机在风波-地震耦合下的结构响应。Dai Kaoshan [ 4 ] 研究了考虑土-构耦合效应(SSI)时调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)对重力式风力机塔架所受地震载荷的影响。闫阳天 [ 5 ] 通过 Winkler 土-构耦合模型研究了桁架式及单桩式 5 MW 风力机在正常运行和停机两种工况下的地震动力响应。席仁强 [ 6 ] 采用气动-伺服-水动- 弹性耦合方法, 通过 Seismic 程序研究了海上风力机在停机、运行和紧急停机 3 种工况下的地震动力响应。刘中胜 [ 7 ] 以 NREL 5 MW 风力机为研究对象, 通过 Wolf 方法建立土-构耦合模型对地震作用下的风力机塔架进行结构控制。邹锦华 [ 8 ] 以 50 $\mathrm{{kW}},{1.5}\mathrm{{MW}}$ 和 5 MW 3 种不同容量风力机为研究对象, 基于开源软件 FAST, 通过自编程建立风- 地震耦合仿真模型, 研究了不同强度地震和湍流风联合作用下的风力机动力学响应。
已有研究以 5 MW 和 10 MW 风力机为主,出于经济因素考虑, 海上风力发电为了降低运营成本,必须增大风力机功率,提高单机容量,因此,15 MW 超大容量风力机将成为未来风电发展的主要方向之一。文献[ 9, 10 ] 研究了风-浪-地震联合作用效应以及土-构耦合效应对 ${15}\mathrm{{MW}}$ 海上风力机地震动力响应的影响特性,结果表明,地震显著增强了 ${15}\mathrm{{MW}}$ 风力机的塔顶振动和塔基载荷,需要对其进行抗震控制,以降低结构振动幅度和载荷。
本文通过对开源软件 FAST 进行二次开发, 基于 TMD 控制方法, 建立了地震条件下通用的海上风力机动力学分析及控制模型, 以 IEA 15 MW 单桩式风力机为研究对象,研究了 TMD 控制参数对不同地震作用下的风力机减载抑振效果。
在国际能源署的资助下, 美国可再生能源实验室与丹麦科技大学联合设计了一台专门用于海上风电研究的 15 MW 单桩风力机, 即 IEA 15 MW 风力机 [ 11 ] (图 1) 。
IEA 15MW 风力机的单桩直径为 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,叶片长度为 ${117}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,是目前公开用于学术研究的最大尺寸的风力机。其额定风速和转速分别为 10.59 $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$${7.56}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ,对应的设计尖速比为 9 ,最大叶尖速度为 ${95}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 。其主要设计参数如 表 1 所示。
为了解决大质量法的局限性, 本文通过修改 FAST 中风力机动力学方程, 实现了土木工程中广泛应用的通用模态加速度地震载荷计算方法, 从而考虑地震载荷与其他环境载荷的联合作用, 分析流程如 图 2 所示。
在 FAST 中, 单桩基础和塔架被视为一个整体支撑结构, 采用线性模态法对其进行结构动力学建模。在风-浪-震联合作用下第 $i$ 阶模态自由度的动力方程为
${\omega }_{i}^{2}{q}_{i}+ 2{\xi }_{i}{\omega }_{i}{q}_{i}+ {q}_{i}= \left({{a}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}{\gamma }_{i}+ {F}_{\text{aero.}i}+ {F}_{\text{hydro.}i}}\right)/{m}_{i}$
式中: ${q}_{i},{q}_{i},{q}_{i}$ 分别为第 $i$ 阶模态的模态位移、速度和加速度; ${\omega }_{i},{\xi }_{i}$ 分别为第 $i$ 阶模态的角频率和阻尼比; ${a}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 为输入地震加速度; ${F}_{\text{aero.}i},{F}_{\text{hydro.}i}$ 分别为第 $i$ 阶模态对应的广义气动力和水动力; ${m}_{i}$ 为与第 $i$ 阶模态相关的模态质量; ${\gamma }_{i}$ 为与第 $i$ 阶模态相关的地震参与系数。
${\gamma }_{i}= {\int }_{0}^{H}\rho \left( h\right)\cdot {\phi }_{i}\left( h\right)\cdot \mathrm{d}h $
式中: $H$ 为支撑结构的长度; $\rho \left( h\right)$ 为支撑结构的质量密度; ${\phi }_{i}\left( h\right)$ 为支撑结构第 $i$ 阶归一化模态振型。
在地震荷载计算中, 风轮和机舱被简化为支撑结构顶端质量 ${m}_{\mathrm{{RNA}}}$ ,其相应的地震荷载 ${F}_{\mathrm{{eq}}.\mathrm{{RNA}}}$
${F}_{\text{eq.RNA }}= {a}_{\text{eq }}\cdot {m}_{\mathrm{{RNA}}}$
为了减缓海上风力机在地震荷载作用下的动态响应,本文基于 TMD 方法开发了被动结构控制模块。TMD 的基本思想是通过在适当位置放置的阻尼器来吸收外部激励能量。本文将两个独立的 TMD 放置在塔顶, 以减轻由于地震荷载引起的支撑结构的纵向和侧向运动响应。
通过修改 FAST 中的风力机运动学和动力学计算部分的源代码, 实现多荷载作用下的 TMD 控制。将 TMD 运动产生的力加入到广义力中,即式 (1)中的右边项。每个方向上的 TMD 力 $\left({F}_{\mathrm{{TMD}}}\right)$ 推导如下:
${F}_{\mathrm{{TMD}}}= -{k}_{\mathrm{T}}\cdot {x}_{\mathrm{{TMD}}}- {c}_{\mathrm{T}}\cdot {x}_{\mathrm{{TMD}}}$
式中: ${x}_{\mathrm{{TMD}}},{x}_{\mathrm{{TMD}}}$ 分别为 $\mathrm{{TMD}}$ 的位移和速度; ${k}_{\mathrm{T}},{c}_{\mathrm{T}}$ 分别为TMD 的刚度和阻尼。
TMD 运动受到机舱运动的影响, 其加速度 ${x}_{\mathrm{{TMD}}}$ 可表示为
${x}_{\mathrm{{TMD}}}= -{x}_{\mathrm{N}}- {\omega }_{\mathrm{N}}\times \left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{N}}\times {x}_{\mathrm{{TMD}}}}\right)- {\alpha }_{\mathrm{N}}\times {x}_{\mathrm{{TMD}}}- 2{\omega }_{\mathrm{N}}\times {x}_{\mathrm{{TMD}}}- {F}_{\mathrm{{TMD}}}/{m}_{\mathrm{T}}$
式中: ${m}_{\mathrm{T}}$$\mathrm{{TMD}}$ 的质量; ${\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{N}}$ 为机舱加速度; ${\omega }_{\mathrm{N}}$ , ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{N}}$ 分别为机舱的角速度和周向角速度; ${\omega }_{\mathrm{N}}\times {x}_{\mathrm{{TMD}}}$ 为离心力项; ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{N}}\times {x}_{\mathrm{{TMD}}}$ 为欧拉力项; $2{\omega }_{\mathrm{N}}\times {x}_{\mathrm{{TMD}}}$ 为科氏力项。
本文共选取了 5 种不同的地震工况 [ 12 ] , 表 2 给出了这些地震发生的时间、地点和震级等信息, 图 3 为 El Centro 地震加速度。
本文选取质量比为 $3\%$ ,阻尼比为 ${10}\%$ 的 TMD 置于塔顶,针对 表 2 中的 5 种地震工况,分别计算了调谐频率比为0.80,0.85,0.90,0.95和 1.00 5 种情况下的塔顶振动和塔基载荷, 并与无 TMD 控制时的结果进行比较, 从而分析 TMD 的控制效果。共 30 个算例,每个算例仿真时长为 ${300}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,时间步长为 0.005 s,在第 100 秒时加入地震激励。
在停机工况下, 地震载荷是塔顶振动的主要激励, 塔顶位移(尤其是侧向位移) 主要受地震载荷影响 [ 13 ] 图 4 为 IEA 15 MW 风力机在 Chi-Chi 与 El Centro 两种地震作用下的塔顶位移时域变化。
图 4 可知:地震发生后,无 TMD 控制时,塔顶位移(特别是侧向位移)急剧增大,在地震结束后 $\left({ >{150}\mathrm{\;s}}\right)$ ,塔顶位移无明显降低的趋势;采用 TMD 控制后, 阻尼器运动有效地降低了塔顶振动幅度,风力机塔顶侧向位移曲线开始趋于 0 ,风力机纵向位移趋于 $-{0.6}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,这主要是由于风轮重心偏离于塔架中心线, 从而造成了一定程度的自然弯曲;相比于调谐频率比为 0.90 时的结果,当调谐频率比为 1.00 时, 塔顶振幅明显更大, 这主要是因为加上 TMD 后, 整个系统的质量增大, 造成风力机一阶频率降低, 因此低频率比的 TMD 控制效果更佳。
通过对 图 4 结果进行快速傅里叶变换, 得到了塔顶位移频域响应( 图 5 )。
图 5 可知, 加入 TMD 后, 塔架纵向及侧向一阶固有频率(0.16Hz)处峰值均显著降低,且调谐频率比为 0.90 时峰值更低, 说明 TMD 在减弱塔顶振动方面具有显著效果。较之于无 TMD 控制的工况, 响应峰值对应的频率均有所降低。
由于地震属于高频激励, 不同地震具有不同频域特性。为了避免地震随机性导致的偏差, 本文计算了 表 2 中 5 组地震作用时不同调谐频率比及 TMD 控制下的塔顶位移峰值及其降低比例,结果如 图 6 所示。
图 6(a)可知:不同地震作用下,塔顶位移峰值不同, Chi-Chi 和 IV (Imperial Valley) 地震的地面加速度峰值相对较小, 所以塔顶位移峰值均较小;TMD 可以显著降低 El (El Centro) 和 NR (Northridge)地震作用下的塔顶位移。
图 6(b)可知: 在 EI 和 NR 地震工况下,使用TMD可以分别降低塔顶位移峰值 40% 和 80% 以上, 说明 TMD 对风力机减振控制具有十分明显的效果;除 $\mathrm{{Chi}}$ - $\mathrm{{Chi}}$ 地震之外,采用不同调谐频率比的 TMD 控制效果较为接近, 其中调谐频率比为 0.90 的 TMD 在所有地震工况下均具有较好的控制效果,降低塔顶峰值比例均高于 30%,其在NR 地震工况下的减振比例可达 89.8%。
图 7 为 Chi-Chi 和 El Centro 地震工况下塔基弯矩的时序变化曲线。
图 7 可知:在地震发生后,塔基面内弯矩急剧增大,但地震对面外弯矩的影响相对较小;TMD 对塔基弯矩峰值的影响相对较小;在无 TMD 控制时, Chi-Chi 地震工况下的塔基面内弯矩峰值为 ${97.5}\mathrm{{MN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ ,而当调谐频率比为 0.90 和 1.00 时, 该值分别为 ${86.7}\mathrm{{MN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$${85.1}\mathrm{{MN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ ,分别降低了11.1%和12.7%。无 TMD 控制时, El Centro 地震工况下的面内弯矩峰值为 ${1473}\mathrm{{MN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ ,加入调谐频率比为 0.90 和 1.00 的 TMD 控制后, 塔基弯矩峰值略有降低,分别为 ${1084}\mathrm{{MN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$${1077}\mathrm{{MN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ , 降低幅度低于 30%。虽然 TMD 无法显著降低塔基弯矩峰值, 但可以显著降低地震后的塔基载荷。 以 Chi-Chi 地震结果为例, 加入调谐频率比为 0.90 的 TMD 控制后,在 ${150}\sim {300}\mathrm{\;s}$ 期间的面内弯矩标准差从 ${22.6}\mathrm{{MN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ 降低为 ${8.6}\mathrm{{MN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ ,面外弯矩标准差由 ${81.3}\mathrm{{MN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ 降低为 ${25.7}\mathrm{{MN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ ,降低幅度超过 60%。
通过对 图 7 中的时域结果进行快速傅里叶变换, 可以得到塔基弯矩频域响应 ( 图 8 )。
图 8 可知: TMD 显著降低了塔架一阶固有频率(0.16Hz)处的响应幅值,以 $\mathrm{{Chi}}- \mathrm{{Chi}}$ 地震为例, 当 TMD 调谐频率比为 0.90 时, 一阶固有频率处的面内弯矩幅值从 ${15.2}\mathrm{{MN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ 降低为 ${3.8}\mathrm{{MN}}\cdot$ m,降低幅度达 75%; 对面外弯矩的影响更大,一阶固有频率幅值降低了 80%。由于单个 TMD 只能降低地震对结构一阶模态的影响, 对塔架二阶模态(1.4Hz)处的响应没有任何影响。
图 9${150}\sim {300}\mathrm{\;s}$ 塔基载荷(面内弯矩)标准差降低比例。
图 9 可知:除 $\mathrm{{Chi}}- \mathrm{{Chi}}$$\mathrm{{El}}\left({\mathrm{{El}}\text{ Centro }}\right)$ 地震外,在其他 3 种地震工况下,当调谐频率比不同时, TMD 对塔基载荷降低幅度影响不大; 在 ChiChi 和 El 地震作用下, TMD 降载比例随调谐频率比的增大而减小,呈现出一定的线性关系;相比于调谐频率比为 0.9 的 TMD, 调谐频率比为 0.8 的 TMD 具有更好的降载效果, 在 5 种地震工况下的降载幅度分别为 ${70.6}\%,{92.2}\%,{86.1}\%,{67.7}\%$ 和 99.0%。
本文通过对开源软件 FAST 进行二次开发, 建立了海上风力机地震动力学仿真及控制程序。 研究了不同控制频率的 TMD 对 IEA 15MW 单桩风力机在多种自然地震作用下的塔顶振动和塔基弯矩的影响。结果表明, TMD 可以有效降低塔顶振动, 调谐频率比为 0.90 的 TMD 可降低塔顶侧向位移峰值达 89.8%。同时, TMD 也可有效降低塔基弯矩,特别是地震结束后的弯矩波动幅度,采用调谐频率比为 0.80 的 TMD 时, 面内弯矩的标准差最高可降低 92.2%,且塔架一阶固有频率处的弯矩幅值显著降低,最高降低比例可达 84.8%。
  • 浙江省自然科学基金探索青年类项目(LQ22E090001)
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  • 接收时间:2022-11-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-21
基金
浙江省自然科学基金探索青年类项目(LQ22E090001)
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    1 宁波大学 海运学院 浙江 宁波 315211
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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