Article(id=1154432833230721279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432826603720940, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1676304000000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167835767, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1705680000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167835767, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167835767, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167835767, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154432826603720940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167834186, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694645959, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642435372540826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432826603720940, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642435372540827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432826603720940, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=16, endPage=21, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154432833666928896, articleId=1154432833230721279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Analysis of temperature correction influence on performance ratio of photovoltaic system, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

At this stage, the power generation performance of photovoltaic power plant is usually evaluated by performance ratio (PR). In the field test of short term, the PR of whole photovoltaic system will be affected by the temperature, leading to an obvious deviation of PR, which causes interference for the power generation evaluation of plant. Based on the system PR correction calculation method in IEC 617241 2016 standard, this paper analyzes and studies the modules temperature calculation method and temperature correction calculation method. Through the comparative analysis of examples, the system PR temperature correction method with higher accuracy is summarized and given, which brings convenience for the rapid system measurement and calculation, and increases the reliability and accuracy of the system PR evaluation. The analysis results show that the method of weighted average temperature of the module which considers the temperature and irradiation weight is more accurate than the method of module average temperature correction; the system PR can be evaluated much more accurately by the method that is corrected to the annual weighted average temperature of the module.

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现阶段光伏电站通过系统性能比(Performance Ratio,PR)对其发电性能进行评价。在实际测试中,短期测试时受温度影响,系统PR存在明显的偏差,对评价造成干扰。文章基于IEC 617241 2016标准中系统 PR 修正计算方法,分析、研究了组件温度的计算方式和修正计算方法。通过实例对比、分析、总结给出准确性较高的系统 PR 温度修正方式,为快速进行系统测量及计算带来便利,并增加系统 PR评价可靠性及准确性。分析结果表明:考虑温度、辐照度权重的组件加权平均温度比组件平均温度修正计算系统 PR 准确性更高;修正到组件年加权平均温度下的系统PR更能准确评价系统运行性能。

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杨磊(1987-),男,硕士,研究方向为光伏组件与系统检测技术。E-mail:

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杨磊(1987-),男,硕士,研究方向为光伏组件与系统检测技术。E-mail:

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杨磊(1987-),男,硕士,研究方向为光伏组件与系统检测技术。E-mail:

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温度修正对光伏发电系统性能比影响分析
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杨磊 1 , 周凯旋 1 , 贺凯 1 , 刘海涛 1
可再生能源 | 2024,42(1): 16-21
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(1): 16-21
温度修正对光伏发电系统性能比影响分析
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杨磊1 , 周凯旋1, 贺凯1, 刘海涛1
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院电工研究所 北京 100190
  • 杨磊(1987-),男,硕士,研究方向为光伏组件与系统检测技术。E-mail:

Analysis of temperature correction influence on performance ratio of photovoltaic system
Lei Yang1 , Kaixuan Zhou1, Kai He1, Haitao Liu1
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
出版时间: 2024-01-20
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现阶段光伏电站通过系统性能比(Performance Ratio,PR)对其发电性能进行评价。在实际测试中,短期测试时受温度影响,系统PR存在明显的偏差,对评价造成干扰。文章基于IEC 617241 2016标准中系统 PR 修正计算方法,分析、研究了组件温度的计算方式和修正计算方法。通过实例对比、分析、总结给出准确性较高的系统 PR 温度修正方式,为快速进行系统测量及计算带来便利,并增加系统 PR评价可靠性及准确性。分析结果表明:考虑温度、辐照度权重的组件加权平均温度比组件平均温度修正计算系统 PR 准确性更高;修正到组件年加权平均温度下的系统PR更能准确评价系统运行性能。

光伏电站  /  系统性能比(PR)  /  温度修正

At this stage, the power generation performance of photovoltaic power plant is usually evaluated by performance ratio (PR). In the field test of short term, the PR of whole photovoltaic system will be affected by the temperature, leading to an obvious deviation of PR, which causes interference for the power generation evaluation of plant. Based on the system PR correction calculation method in IEC 617241 2016 standard, this paper analyzes and studies the modules temperature calculation method and temperature correction calculation method. Through the comparative analysis of examples, the system PR temperature correction method with higher accuracy is summarized and given, which brings convenience for the rapid system measurement and calculation, and increases the reliability and accuracy of the system PR evaluation. The analysis results show that the method of weighted average temperature of the module which considers the temperature and irradiation weight is more accurate than the method of module average temperature correction; the system PR can be evaluated much more accurately by the method that is corrected to the annual weighted average temperature of the module.

photovoltaic power plant  /  system performance ratio (PR)  /  temperature correction
杨磊, 周凯旋, 贺凯, 刘海涛. 温度修正对光伏发电系统性能比影响分析. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (1) : 16 -21 .
Lei Yang, Kaixuan Zhou, Kai He, Haitao Liu. Analysis of temperature correction influence on performance ratio of photovoltaic system[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (1) : 16 -21 .
近年来, 在全球降碳、减排的大背景下, 光伏发电作为可再生、清洁能源得到迅猛发展。虽然光伏技术的革新促使光伏发电成本降低, 但光伏发电由补贴上网转变为平价上网, 因此降低度电成本, 提高收益成为当前关注重点。光伏电站发电量关系着度电成本, 影响最终收益。光伏系统性能比(Performance Ratio, PR)客观反映了整个电站的发电效能, 是目前国内外评价光伏系统发电性能的关键综合性指标 [ 1 , 2 ]
由于光伏电站现场限电、检测周期限定等情况, 检测单位通常现场安装辐射表等气象采集装置和逆变器输出采集装置,通过短时间段 $(3\mathrm{\;d},7$ d 等)的方阵发电量或未限电条件下电站总发电量计算系统 PR 来衡量光伏系统发电性能。这些测试时间短、不同月份环境温度差异等情况造成不同时期测试结果存在明显差异。主要是由于不同环境温度下组件运行温度存在明显差异,而组件温度明显影响组件光电转换效率 [ 3 , 4 ] ,产生不同程度的温升损失,影响光伏系统 $\mathrm{{PR}}$ ,最终影响系统发电量输出 [ 5 ]
目前, IEC 61724-1 2016 年版本中提出标准测试条件下 (STC) 性能比和年度温度等效性能比,对实际测试 PR 进行温度修正,尽量减少温度对光伏系统 PR 评价的影响, 但其组件温度采用平均值进行计算, 未充分考虑辐照度权重影响。 NREL 与 SunPower 公司基于 Sandia 模型提出系统 PR 气象修正方法, 以修正季节性偏差, 进一步提升系统 PR 测量结果的准确度。NREL 又根据美国气候环境条件, 提出美国测试条件 (PTC: 1000 W $\left.{/{\mathrm{m}}^{2},{20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 下参考温度,通过此参考温度对光伏系统 $\mathrm{{PR}}$ 进行修正 [ 6 , 7 ] ,提高系统 $\mathrm{{PR}}$ 测量评价准确性。国内检测机构主要采用标称测试条件下温度修正系统性能比,组件温度也主要采用平均值。
本文基于 IEC 61724-1 2016 中 STC 下性能比和年度温度性能比修正方法的基础上, 通过实例数据验证分析, 比较采用不同组件温度计算方法和修正至不同温度的方法, 总结出准确度较高的光伏系统 PR 温度修正方法。
IEC 61724-1 2016 中定义: 性能比是系统等价发电时 ${Y}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 与标准等价辐照时 ${Y}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 比值 [ 8 ] 。表示系统由于方阵温度、辐照度的不完全利用、系统部件失效或故障、系统平衡部件引起方阵的额定输出损失而造成的综合影响。计算式 [ 8 ]
$\mathrm{{PR}}= \frac{{Y}_{\mathrm{f}}}{{Y}_{\mathrm{r}}}= \left(\frac{{E}_{\text{out }}}{{P}_{0}}\right)/\left(\frac{{H}_{\mathrm{i}}}{{G}_{\mathrm{i},\text{ ref }}}\right)$
式中: ${E}_{\text{out }}$ 为系统输出发电量; ${P}_{0}$ 为额定功率; ${H}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为总辐射量; ${G}_{\mathrm{i},\text{ ref }}$ 为参考辐照度,定义为额定功率 ${P}_{0}$ 测试条件下辐照度,若 ${P}_{0}$ 是组件标称功率下总容量,则 ${G}_{\mathrm{i},\text{ ref }}$${1000}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$
经过式(1)计算后,系统 PR 最终可扩展为系统输出发电量 ${E}_{\text{out }}$ 与理想发电量 ${E}_{\text{ref }}$ 的比值,其表达式为
$\mathrm{{PR}}= \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{k}{P}_{\text{out }, k}\times {\tau }_{k}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{k}\frac{{P}_{0}\times {G}_{\mathrm{i}, k}\times {\tau }_{k}}{{G}_{\mathrm{i},\text{ref }}}}= \frac{{E}_{\text{out }}}{{E}_{\text{ref }}}$
式中: ${G}_{i, k}$ 为实时辐照度; ${\tau }_{k}$ 为测试数据记录间隔; $k$ 为记录间隔次数; ${E}_{\text{ref }}$ 为额定功率 ${P}_{0}$ (装机容量)与等价辐照时 ${Y}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 乘积。
通过式(2)可以看出,系统 PR 计算未考虑组件运行温度影响。在辐照度 ${G}_{\mathrm{i}, k}$ 相同时,系统时刻输出功率 ${P}_{\text{out }, k}$ 决定着系统 PR 的大小,而 ${P}_{\text{out }, k}$ 与组件转换效率有关, 组件温度越高, 转换效率越低 [ 9 , 10 ] ,进而系统功率输出也越低。实验室通过对组件温度、辐照度矩阵进行测试, 将数据通过 PVsyst 模拟后, 结果见 图 1
图 1 (a) 中可以明显看出, 当辐照度大于 ${200}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 后,不同温度下,组件最大功率点 ${P}_{\max }$ 转换效率随着辐照度的变化比较小,相同辐照度下, 组件温度越高,组件转换效率越低;从 图 1 (b) 可以看出, 在不同辐照度水平下, 随着组件温度升高,组件转换效率影响显著,主要呈线性下降。组件的转换效率的变化影响直接影响组件功率的输出, 最终影响系统 PR, 因此组件温度是影响 PR 的重要因素。
在光伏系统实际运行中,辐照度、环境温度、 风速、风向等因素最终通过组件温度变化来影响系统 ${\mathrm{{PR}}}_{\circ }$ 并且不同季节、每天不同时刻,组件运行温度 ${T}_{\mathrm{{mod}}, k}$ 存在明显差异,造成不同季节、不同天的系统 PR 可能存在明显差异。这种差异造成采用实际测量系统 PR 评定系统的性能的不准确性,为减少温度影响, IEC 61724-1 2016 中根据组件功率温度系数和功率温度修正关系, 给出额定功率温度补偿系数,计算标准测试条件下(简写 STC: ${1000}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2},{25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ )性能比 ${\mathrm{{PR}}}_{\mathrm{{STC}}}$ [ 8 ]
${\mathrm{{PR}}}_{\mathrm{{STC}}}= \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{k}{P}_{\text{out }, k}\times {\tau }_{k}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{k}\frac{\left({{C}_{k}\times {P}_{0}}\right)\times {G}_{\mathrm{i}, k}\times {\tau }_{k}}{{G}_{\mathrm{i},\text{ ref }}}}$
其中温度补偿系数 ${C}_{k}$ [ 8 ]
${C}_{k}= 1 +\gamma \times \left({{T}_{\mathrm{{mod}}, k}- {25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$
组件温度 ${T}_{\mathrm{{mod}}, k}$ 为测量周期内组件实际平均温度, 或者根据环境温度、风速、辐照进行计算得出。将式(4)代入式(3)进行分析推导,最终得到 STC 性能比与实测系统性能比之间的关系:
${\mathrm{{PR}}}_{\mathrm{{STC}}}= \frac{\mathrm{{PR}}}{{C}_{k}^{\prime }}$
式中: ${C}_{k}{}^{\prime }$ 为温度补偿系数,其表达式为
${C}_{k}= 1 +\gamma \times \left({{\bar{T}}_{\mathrm{{mod}}, k}- {25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$
式中: ${\bar{T}}_{\mathrm{{mod}}, k}$ [ 11 ] 为加权平均温度,其表达式为
${\bar{T}}_{\mathrm{{mod}}, k}= \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{k}{T}_{\mathrm{{mod}}, k}\times {G}_{\mathrm{i}, k}\times {\tau }_{k}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{k}{G}_{\mathrm{i}, k}\times {\tau }_{k}}$
从式(7)可以看出,系统组件表面辐照度应作为对组件温度的影响权重来计算得到组件的加权平均温度。温度补偿系数 ${C}_{k}{}^{\prime }$ 可以看做是 $\mathrm{{PR}}$ 修正系数,此系数与组件温度、辐照相关。在实际应用中,通常直接将 ${\bar{T}}_{\mathrm{{mod}}, k}$ 作为平均温度进行计算。
利用实例电站记录的数据, 应用式(7)计算, 得到 $1\mathrm{a}$ 内光伏组件每天的加权平均温度、平均温度, 如 图 2 所示。
图 2 可看出, 由于加权平均温度考虑日不同时刻辐照度的权重,其值明显高于组件日平均温度值, 更符合辐照度高, 影响组件温度权重因子越高的规律 [ 12 ]
采用加权平均温度、平均温度, 分别计算系统 PR, 并与实例电站系统实时 PR 对比, 如 图 3 所示。
本文实例电站所在气候区为寒温气候区, 每日环境温度及电量记录时间为 6:00-21:00,功率温度系数取值为 $-{0.32}\%{/}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
图 2图 3 中平均温度和实测 PR 曲线趋势可看出,组件温度变化趋势与系统实测 $\mathrm{{PR}}$ 趋势明显相反,年中时期组件温度比年初和年末偏高, 而系统 PR 在年中时明显低于年初和年末。这种现象主要是由于组件温度影响组件效率, 最终影响系统能量输出所致。当进行全年不同时期短时间(3~7 d)系统 PR 测试时,此现象造成不同时期系统 PR 值不同,系统性能评价准确度不高。系统 $\mathrm{{PR}}$ 经两种计算温度修正后都呈现出年中高, 向年末、年初减小。与实测 PR 趋势明显相反,修正不同时期温度的影响, 测试评价结果更准确。同时由于考虑辐照权重的影响,更能反映系统性能。
当计算系统一个月度 PR 或者一个时期内 $\mathrm{{PR}}$ 时,也应考虑不同天辐照量、温度影响,以日占月度辐射量权重计算月度加权平均温度。系统 $\mathrm{{PR}}$ 虽能够反映系统故障等影响损失,但会影响对系统真实发电性能的计算和评价。在实际测试评价中计算日系统 PR 时, 通常不对有明显不合理日的系统 PR 进行剔除, 因为其可以充分体现当日系统运行状况,并且以日为单元的系统 $\mathrm{{PR}}$ 能够清晰甄别问题,不影响日系统 PR 评价。如 图 3 中实测系统 PR 在一段时间内某天明显偏高或偏低现象, 主要是由于阴雨天气下组件温度差异或故障、停电检修等情况引起系统输出的变化。但当计算一个月或者一段时期的 $\mathrm{{PR}}$ 时,如果不剔除明显不合理日(限电、设备故障等情况)的数据,会影响月度或者一段时期的系统真实 PR 评价。
图 4 为系统月度 PR, 图 4(a) 为未剔除不合理日的月度系统 PR,能够看出 8 月和 9 月的月度系统 PR 明显偏离真实值,数据可靠度明显降低。 图 4(b)为剔除不合理日数据后计算得到的系统 $\mathrm{{PR}}$ ,其值符合当地不同月的系统 $\mathrm{{PR}}$ 值变化值,数据准确度较高。
实测、平均温度修正、加权平均温度修正后系统 PR 整体趋势与日系统 PR 拟合趋势线比较一致, 都体现出实测 PR 年中偏低, 年初和年末偏高;温度修正后系统 $\mathrm{{PR}}$ 年中偏高,年初和年末偏低。也可以发现修正后 PR 趋势曲线与光伏组件入射角效应曲线形似, 因为光伏组件输出功率受入射角效应(IAM)影响 [ 13 , 14 ] ,存在 IAM 损失。由于地球公转造成正午太阳高度角变化,相对于组件正表面法向方向的入射角度在年中时最小,年末入射角度最大,从而影响组件输出效率,最终影响系统 $\mathrm{{PR}}$
研究表明:温度修正系数统一修正到 ${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 可能造成较大的修正误差。因此本文需要考虑修正到不同温度对光伏系统 PR 的影响和该修正方法实际操作性, 以及是否能够建立统一的修正温度, 尽量减少温度对系统 PR 的评价影响。本文采用日加权平均温度修正至年加权平均温度、NMOT 工作温度与修正至 STC 温度的系统 PR 进行对比分析。
通过式(7)计算实例项目的组件年加权平均温度为 ${33.66}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,本文选取常规组件的工作温度 (Nominal Module Operating Temperature, NMOT) [ 15 ] ${45}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。在实际测试过程中,由于大部分电站系统未对组件运行温度实时监控, 难以获得全年组件每天不同时刻温度,无法计算得到年加权平均温度。借助 PVsyst 软件,模拟当地系统状况,得到以 $1\mathrm{\;h}$ 为一个点下的辐射度和组件温度模拟值, 计算年加权平均温度。根据 PVsyst 历史数据计算, 得到实例项目地(N36.18°, E100.58°,海拔 2904 m,组件倾角 37°) 模拟年加权平均温度为 36.34 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
分别用 ${33.66},{45},{36.34}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 替代式(5)中的 25 ℃后计算系统 PR,剔除明显异常数据后,结果如 图 5 所示。
图 5 可以看出:修正至 STC 温度、NMOT 温度、实测年加权平均温度、模拟年加权平均温度下的 4 种系统 PR 结果趋势一致; 但是, 修正至 NMOT 温度 PR 大部分明显在实测值下,偏离实际情况,不能准确评价系统 PR;修正至 STC 温度的系统 PR 结果大部分在实测值之上, 也存在偏离实际情况,不能准确评价系统 PR; 修正至两种年加权平均温度下,系统 $\mathrm{{PR}}$ 均能够修正组件运行温度过高或过低情况的 $\mathrm{{PR}}$ ,从而修正因不同月份温度高低差异造成的结果偏差性, 能够较准确地评价系统 PR,并且实测年加权平均温度、模拟加权平均温度两种温度之间差距较小,修正后 $\mathrm{{PR}}$ 结果也比较接近。所以本实例所在地或气候类型地区的系统 PR, 在无法得到组件运行全年加权平均温度的情况下, 可以采用 PVsyst 模拟的当地倾斜面下辐照度、组件运行平均温度计算的年加权平均温度来修正实测 PR。
本文针对光伏系统 PR 的温度修正方法, 通过实例验证分析,分析结果如下。
① 当辐照度 $\geq {200}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 时,组件温度变化对光伏系统 PR 影响较大,并且不同月份、不同天的环境差异影响组件温度不同,造成不同时间段所测试光伏电站系统 PR 存在明显差异, 影响系统性能评估准确性,特别是现阶段电站检测周期短, 以短时间 (如 3~7 d) 测量来评价电站全年整体 PR,存在较大偏差。
②由于辐照度对组件温度的影响,考虑不同时段温度、辐照度权重比的加权平均温度,减小了辐照度差异对温度的影响, 利用其修正计算的系统 $\mathrm{{PR}}$ 准确度高于平均温度计算的系统 $\mathrm{{PR}}$
③计算分析日系统 PR 时, 通过系统 PR 数据的明显异常偏差可以看出系统可能出现故障、限电等问题,但在计算多天、月等时段的 $\mathrm{{PR}}$ 时,需剔除明显异常偏差日PR数据,避免限电、故障等问题影响长时段的 PR 的分析评估准确性。
④通过修正至 STC 温度、NMOT 温度、实测年加权平均温度、模拟年加权平均温度的系统 $\mathrm{{PR}}$ 对比, 修正至年加权平均温度下的系统 PR 更能较准确的评价系统 ${\mathrm{{PR}}}_{\circ }$ 在无法获取实际组件运行温度、辐照度的情况下, 可以采用软件模拟的全年的每日时温度、辐照度计算年加权平均温度。
  • 国家重点研发计划资助(2021YFB1507204)
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  • 接收时间:2023-02-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-14
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    1 中国科学院电工研究所 北京 100190
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