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This study addresses challenges associated with conventional parabolic trough solar power systems, including limited operating temperature and excessive thermal stress caused by uneven energy flux density distribution on the vacuum absorber tube's surface. Rather than altering the parabolic trough collector's structure, we introduce an innovative vacuum absorber tube design. This design involves reducing the diameter of the inner metal tube, shifting it downward, and adding a hyperbolic secondary concentrator above it to enhance solar energy concentration and improve energy flux distribution on the inner metal tube's surface. Simulation results for the new vacuum absorber tube yield promising outcomes. Optically, this novel design increases the concentration ratio from 62 to 71 and improves the uniformity of energy flux distribution by 55.05%. Importantly, these improvements come at the cost of only a 1.88% reduction in optical efficiency compared to traditional vacuum absorber tubes. Consequently, these modifications offer a substantial boost to the overall performance of the parabolic trough collector.

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针对传统槽式太阳能集热系统工质运行温度受限,以及真空吸热管表面能流密度分布不均而引起的热应力过大等问题,文章在不改变聚光器结构的条件下,提出了一种新型的槽式太阳能真空吸热管的设计方法,通过减小金属内管直径、下移金属内管位置以及在金属内管上方加装双曲线型二次聚光器来提高太阳能聚光比,改善了金属吸热管表面能流密度分布。利用仿真计算方法研究了新型槽式太阳能真空吸热管的光学性能,结果表明:和传统槽式太阳能真空吸热管相比,该新型结构在仅损失1.88%光学效率的情况下将聚光比从62 kW/m²提升至71kW/m²;能流密度分布均匀度改善了55.05%,提升了聚光吸热系统的整体性能。

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余强(1984-),男,工学博士,教授,主要从事太阳能热发电站系统中高效聚光-吸热—传热方面的研究。E-mail:

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余强(1984-),男,工学博士,教授,主要从事太阳能热发电站系统中高效聚光-吸热—传热方面的研究。E-mail:

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余强(1984-),男,工学博士,教授,主要从事太阳能热发电站系统中高效聚光-吸热—传热方面的研究。E-mail:

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trough collector, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
槽口宽度 $W/\mathrm{m}$ 5.760
长度 $L/\mathrm{m}$ 4.000
真空吸热管玻璃管直径 ${d}_{1}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.125
真空吸热管金属管直径 ${d}_{2}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.070
焦距 $f/\mathrm{m}$ 1.710
玻璃管穿透率 ${n}_{1}/\%$ 95
聚光器反射率 ${n}_{2}/\%$ 95
金属管吸收率 ${n}_{3}/\%$ 96
), ArticleFig(id=1154432900155040621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432832844849197, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=北京延庆槽式太阳能集热器主要参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
槽口宽度 $W/\mathrm{m}$ 5.760
长度 $L/\mathrm{m}$ 4.000
真空吸热管玻璃管直径 ${d}_{1}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.125
真空吸热管金属管直径 ${d}_{2}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.070
焦距 $f/\mathrm{m}$ 1.710
玻璃管穿透率 ${n}_{1}/\%$ 95
聚光器反射率 ${n}_{2}/\%$ 95
金属管吸收率 ${n}_{3}/\%$ 96
), ArticleFig(id=1154432900213760878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432832844849197, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Parameters of the new vacuum absorber tube, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
真空吸热管玻璃管直径/m 0.125
真空吸热管金属管直径/m 0.040
玻璃管圆心纵坐标/m 1.710
金属管圆心纵坐标/m 1.696
玻璃管穿透率1% 95
二次聚光器反射率1% 95
金属管吸收率1% 96
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参数 数值
真空吸热管玻璃管直径/m 0.125
真空吸热管金属管直径/m 0.040
玻璃管圆心纵坐标/m 1.710
金属管圆心纵坐标/m 1.696
玻璃管穿透率1% 95
二次聚光器反射率1% 95
金属管吸收率1% 96
), ArticleFig(id=1154432900318618480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432832844849197, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Comparison of the optical performance between conventional and new vacuum absorber tube, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 传统 新型 绝对差值
光学效率1% 85.90 84.02 1.88
能流密度分布均匀度 $/\%$ 4.32 59.37 55.05
能流密度峰值 $/\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-2}$ 62.11 71.43 9.32
聚光比峰值 62 71 9
), ArticleFig(id=1154432900368950129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432832844849197, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=传统与新型槽式太阳能集热器光学性能对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 传统 新型 绝对差值
光学效率1% 85.90 84.02 1.88
能流密度分布均匀度 $/\%$ 4.32 59.37 55.05
能流密度峰值 $/\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-2}$ 62.11 71.43 9.32
聚光比峰值 62 71 9
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新型槽式太阳能真空吸热管设计方法及其光学性能研究
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余强 , 单文玺 1 , 李自豪 1 , 雷东强 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(1): 30-37
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(1): 30-37
新型槽式太阳能真空吸热管设计方法及其光学性能研究
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余强 , 单文玺1, 李自豪1, 雷东强2
作者信息
  • 1 中国农业大学 信息与电气工程学院 北京 100083
  • 2 中国科学院 电工研究所 北京 100190
  • 余强(1984-),男,工学博士,教授,主要从事太阳能热发电站系统中高效聚光-吸热—传热方面的研究。E-mail:

Design method and optical performance research of a new vacuum absorber tube of parabolic trough collector
Qiang Yu , Wenxi Shan1, Zihao Li1, Dongqiang Lei2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Information and Electrical Engineering China Agricultural University Beijing 100083 China
  • 2 Institute of Electrical Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
出版时间: 2024-01-20
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针对传统槽式太阳能集热系统工质运行温度受限,以及真空吸热管表面能流密度分布不均而引起的热应力过大等问题,文章在不改变聚光器结构的条件下,提出了一种新型的槽式太阳能真空吸热管的设计方法,通过减小金属内管直径、下移金属内管位置以及在金属内管上方加装双曲线型二次聚光器来提高太阳能聚光比,改善了金属吸热管表面能流密度分布。利用仿真计算方法研究了新型槽式太阳能真空吸热管的光学性能,结果表明:和传统槽式太阳能真空吸热管相比,该新型结构在仅损失1.88%光学效率的情况下将聚光比从62 kW/m²提升至71kW/m²;能流密度分布均匀度改善了55.05%,提升了聚光吸热系统的整体性能。

槽式太阳能集热器  /  真空吸热管  /  聚光比  /  能流密度分布  /  光学效率

This study addresses challenges associated with conventional parabolic trough solar power systems, including limited operating temperature and excessive thermal stress caused by uneven energy flux density distribution on the vacuum absorber tube's surface. Rather than altering the parabolic trough collector's structure, we introduce an innovative vacuum absorber tube design. This design involves reducing the diameter of the inner metal tube, shifting it downward, and adding a hyperbolic secondary concentrator above it to enhance solar energy concentration and improve energy flux distribution on the inner metal tube's surface. Simulation results for the new vacuum absorber tube yield promising outcomes. Optically, this novel design increases the concentration ratio from 62 to 71 and improves the uniformity of energy flux distribution by 55.05%. Importantly, these improvements come at the cost of only a 1.88% reduction in optical efficiency compared to traditional vacuum absorber tubes. Consequently, these modifications offer a substantial boost to the overall performance of the parabolic trough collector.

parabolic trough collector  /  vacuum absorber tube  /  concentration ratio  /  solar flux distribution  /  optical efficiency
余强, 单文玺, 李自豪, 雷东强. 新型槽式太阳能真空吸热管设计方法及其光学性能研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (1) : 30 -37 .
Qiang Yu, Wenxi Shan, Zihao Li, Dongqiang Lei. Design method and optical performance research of a new vacuum absorber tube of parabolic trough collector[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (1) : 30 -37 .
太阳能作为一种典型的绿色清洁能源, 近几十年来备受人们关注。太阳能热发电技术是太阳能利用的重要方式之一, 其技术形式有塔式、槽式、碟式和线性菲涅尔式 4 种 [ 1 ] ,其中,槽式太阳能热发电技术最为成熟, 其装机容量远高于其它 3 种技术形式 [ 2 ] 。聚光集热子系统作为槽式太阳能热发电系统的核心,主要由许多槽式太阳能集热单元组成 [ 3 ] ,而槽式太阳能真空吸热管是子系统最关键的设备, 对其结构作出的优化和改进均可以提高系统的能量输出 [ 4 ] 。现阶段大多槽式太阳能热发电站运行温度不超过 ${400}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,其热电转换效率因运行温度限制无法得到进一步提高 [ 5 ] 。对此可通过提高槽式太阳能集热器的聚光比(能流密度值与太阳辐照强度的比值) 来提高槽式集热器的集热温度, 该方法较其它方法相对简单、成本可控, 成为了目前提高槽式太阳能集热温度的主要发展方向。国内外许多学者针对槽式集热器进行了大量研究。郑宏飞 [ 6 ] 提出了一种新型的多曲面复合槽式太阳能集热器方案, 其在高温段效率有所提升。Rao B N [ 7 ] 基于有限元及蒙特卡洛法对各种情况下的一次聚光器的结构进行优化从而提升其性能。还有学者通过在真空吸热管外加装二次聚光器来提高槽式太阳能集热器性能,如 Tang X Y [ 8 ] 和 Shajan S [ 9 ] 在真空吸热管上方设计并加入二次聚光器从而改善真空吸热管表面能流密度分布不均匀的问题。Bellos E [ 10 ] 在槽式集热器的末端添加一种垂直式的二次聚光器来收集入射角不为 ${0}^{\circ }$ 时从末端逸出的光线,从而提高集热效率。还有专家学者对真空吸热管进行改进。Hou Y [ 11 ] 将真空吸热管替换成一种平板接收器并验证了其可行性。王志敏 [ 12 ] 将真空吸热管替换成倒梯形腔口接收器并进行热性能模拟研究。姚磐时提出一种含以圆弧为微元段的自适应设计方法, 设计出二次聚光器的新型槽式真空吸热管, 既可以提高聚光比,又可以改善能流密度分布,从而提升集热效率。
前人研究少有在保证光学效率的同时, 改善能流密度分布并提高聚光比的设计和措施。本文设计出一种新型的含双曲线型二次聚光器的真空吸热管, 通过以减小金属内管直径、下移并加装二次聚光器来达到提高聚光比、改善能流密度分布的效果, 并运用边界条件来完成双曲线型二次聚光器的设计, 保证新装置的光学效率, 最后搭建相应的聚光数学模型进行分析并与传统真空吸热管进行对比, 验证其性能的优越性。
槽式太阳能集热器主要由槽式聚光器、真空吸热管、以及跟踪系统等组成,如 图 1 所示。
提高吸热管表面的几何聚光比可有效提高集热温度从而提高效率。由前文可知,目前提高聚光比主要有两种方式:一种是对槽式聚光器的结构进行调整;另外一种是优化槽式真空吸热管的结构。本文选择第二种方式。槽式集热器光线传播路径如 图 2 所示。
相比于传统的槽式集热器, 通过减小金属内管直径可提高聚光比, 但同时会因此导致由一次聚光器反射出的部分光线从金属内管周围逸出, 为保证其光学效率及改善其能流密度分布的均匀程度, 可考虑将金属内管下移使得反射逸出的部分光线仅从金属内管上方逸出, 并在金属内管上方加装二次聚光器来收集逸出的光线,再将逸出的光线反射至金属内管上表面。
为验证减小金属内管直径可提高聚光比, 基于本文作者前期研究成果 [ 13 ] ,利用蒙特卡洛光线追迹法 (MCRT),以我国首个兆瓦级北京延庆槽式太阳能光热实验电站的传统槽式集热器为研究对象, 进行建模分析(其参数见 表 1 ), 具体的建模方法以及模型准确性的验证可参考文献[ 13 ],本文不再赘述。在建模过程中,选择 “东西跟踪,南北布置”的方式布置传统槽式集热器, 具体计算时间取 2022 年 6 月 21 日(夏至日)正午 12 点。本文用周向能流密度表示金属内管上的光线分布, 能流密度为单位面积收集到的太阳光能量, 计算能流密度需预设太阳辐射强度(Direct Normal Irradiance, DNI),为简化计算取 ${1000}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ,仿真得到的能流密度分布如 图 3 所示。
为分析金属内管直径大小对聚光性能的影响,针对北京延庆槽式太阳能集热器,在传统槽式太阳能真空吸热管布置以及其它参数保持不变的基础上, 分别对不同金属管直径表面的能流密度分布进行分析, 其结果如 图 4 所示。
图 4 可以看出, 金属管直径的减小可提高聚光比(能流密度值与太阳辐照强度的比值),峰值处可由 ${60}\mathrm{\;{kW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 提升至 ${103}\mathrm{\;{kW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 。且经计算能流密度分布均匀度可从 ${4.32}\%$ 提升至 ${13.3}\%$ , 在一定程度上改善了能流密度分布。
为分析金属管下移对聚光性能的影响, 以 4 $\mathrm{{mm}}$ 步长进行计算、分析,其结果如 图 5 所示。
图 5 可以看出, 由于金属管布置位置下移, 能流密度峰值向金属内管正下方的两侧(-180 ° 及 ${0}^{\circ }$ )移动,且金属内管上方可收集到更多的光线,较好地改善能流密度分布均匀度,经计算提升至 35.66%;然而聚光比会相应地降低,峰值处由 ${62}\mathrm{\;{kW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 降至 ${49}\mathrm{\;{kW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 。综合衡量减小管径和下移布置对提高聚光比是可行的, 但金属管下移会削弱金属管径减小带来的能量收益,因此,有必要在此基础上进行进一步优化。
考虑市场实际情况, 本文在管径方面不作优化,实际选取市场已有的 ${40}{\mathrm{\;{mm}}}$ [ 14 ] 作为减小后的金属内管。
金属管位置的确定过程如 图 6 所示。
在确定金属管位置时, 需先求解一次聚光器边界处入射光线反射与竖直方向的最大夹角 $\varphi$ 。 以一次聚光器的中心点为原点建立平面坐标系, 计算出边界处太阳光锥边界光线与竖直方向的夹角 ${\varphi }_{1}$ ,考虑到槽式太阳能集热器的误差,换算成与竖直方向的夹角 ${\varphi }_{\mathrm{s}}$${0.4}^{\circ}$ [ 15 ] ,计算式为
${\varphi }_{1}= \frac{\theta }{2}+ {\varphi }_{\mathrm{s}}$
式中: $\theta$ 为太阳光锥角。
然后计算出边界处垂直入射的光线经一次聚光器反射后与竖直方向的夹角 ${\varphi }_{2}$ ,计算式为
${\varphi }_{2}= 2 \times \left\lbrack {{90}+ {\tan }^{-1}\left(\frac{-{4f}}{W}\right)}\right\rbrack $
式中: $f$ 为一次聚光器(槽式抛物面)的焦距; $W$ 为槽口宽度。
边界光线经一次聚光器反射后与竖直方向的夹角 $\varphi$ 的计算式为
$\varphi ={\varphi }_{1}+ {\varphi }_{2}$
根据边缘光线理论, 考虑一次聚光器边界处光线反射后的路径与金属管下方相切时, 保证垂直于槽式太阳能集热器入射的全部光线不会从金属管下方逸出, 只会射入金属管或从金属管上方逸出, 即可得到金属管的具体位置的计算式为
${y}_{\mathrm{m}}= \frac{{r}_{\mathrm{m}}}{\sin \varphi }+ \frac{W}{2\tan \varphi }+ {y}_{\mathrm{b}}$
式中:金属管圆心坐标为 $\left({0,{y}_{\mathrm{m}}}\right);{r}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为金属内管半径; ${y}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为一次聚光器边缘点的纵坐标。
最后得到金属内管的参数: 当金属管直径为 ${0.04}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,即 ${r}_{\mathrm{m}}= {0.02}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,计算得出金属管圆心位置为 (0,1.6958),下移 ${0.0142}\mathrm{\;m}$
为了能够回收从金属管上方逸出的光线, 本文设计了一种双曲线型的二次聚光器, 见 图 7
①在一次抛物面槽式聚光器的边界点处取金属内管上表面切线, 在切线上取二次聚光器的边界点 $\left({{x}_{\mathrm{b}},{y}_{\mathrm{b}}}\right)$ ,可确保所有在经过一次聚光器反射后未被金属管吸收的光线可被二次聚光器收集。
②本文中光学效率为金属内管吸收的总辐射能量与垂直入射到槽式太阳能集热器采光口面积上的太阳直射辐射能之比。为提高光学效率,即减少二次聚光器对二次聚光器上方垂直入射光线的遮挡, 且考虑对称性以及防止反射光线被二次聚光器遮挡, 取两条距金属管圆心最远处切线中与 ①中切线相交得到的较高点为二次聚光器的边界点 $\left({{x}_{\mathrm{{srb}}},{y}_{\mathrm{{srb}}}}\right)$
③为确保二次聚光器反射光线能够入射至金属内管上, 焦点越远离金属内管中心处, 二次聚光器的聚光效果越好, 根据双曲线的性质, 双曲线的焦点 $\left({{x}_{\mathrm{f}},{y}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right)$ 取至与边界点同一水平位置处。
由上述步骤即可计算出二次聚光器的双曲线方程。
过边界点作金属内管上表面的切线的斜率 ${k}_{\mathrm{b}}$ (以右侧为例),则 ${k}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 表达式为
${k}_{\mathrm{b}}= \tan \left\lbrack {{180}- {\tan }^{-1}\left(\frac{{y}_{\mathrm{r}}- {y}_{\mathrm{b}}}{{x}_{\mathrm{b}}}\right)- {\sin }^{-1}\left(\frac{{r}_{\mathrm{m}}}{\sqrt{{\left({y}_{\mathrm{r}}- {y}_{\mathrm{b}}\right)}^{2}+ {y}_{\mathrm{b}}^{2}}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
式中: ${y}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为金属管圆心位于所建立的二维平面的 $y$ 值; $\left({{x}_{\mathrm{b}},{y}_{\mathrm{b}}}\right)$ 为边界点的坐标值。
二次聚光器边界点可表示为
${y}_{\mathrm{{srb}}}= {k}_{\mathrm{b}}\left({-{r}_{\mathrm{m}}- {x}_{\mathrm{b}}}\right)+ {y}_{\mathrm{b}}$
由此可计算出 ${y}_{\mathrm{{srb}}}= {1.7196}$
假设双曲线型二次聚光器顶点坐标为 $\left({x}_{\text{top }}\right.$ , $\left.{y}_{\text{top }}\right)$ ,焦点坐标为 $\left({{x}_{\mathrm{f}},{y}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right)$ ,可设该二次聚光器的方程为
$\frac{{\left( y -{y}_{\mathrm{f}}- c\right)}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}- \frac{{x}^{2}}{{b}^{2}}= 1 $
式中: $a, b, c$ 为求解双曲线方程时预设的未知数。
推导出顶点与焦点二者关系为
${y}_{\text{top }}= {y}_{\mathrm{f}}+ c - a $
由双曲线的性质可知:
${c}^{2}= {a}^{2}+ {b}^{2}$
由式 (7),(8) 和 (9) 联合求解, 可以计算出式 (7)中的参数分别为 $a ={0.99}, b ={0.1408}, c = 1$ ,带入式(7),(8),计算出顶点 $\left({{x}_{\text{top }},{y}_{\text{top }}}\right)$ 为(0,1.7296), 同时可计算得到双曲线方程(取下半支),即:
$ y =- \sqrt{\left(\frac{{0.99}^{2}}{{0.1408}^{2}}\right)\times \left({{x}^{2}+ {0.1408}^{2}}\right)} +{2.7196}$
经前文计算,可得到新型槽式太阳能真空吸热管结构,如 图 8 ,9 所示。具体参数见表 2 [ 5 ]
为研究新型真空吸热管槽式集热器的聚光性能, 本文利用经过验证的传统槽式集热器的建模方法, 建立含二次聚光器的真空吸热管新型槽式太阳能集热器的光学仿真模型, 建模流程图如 图 10 所示。
除在光线从金属管上方垂直入射至二次聚光器上时被遮挡光线不予统计外, 入射至二次聚光器前的光线传播路径与传统槽式太阳能集热器的光线传播路径基本一致,如 图 11 所示,具体数学计算过程如下。
用一次聚光器反射后的光线方程和二次聚光器方程联立后计算出交点 $\left({{x}_{\mathrm{p}3},{y}_{\mathrm{p}3}}\right)$ ,计算式如下:
$\left\{{\begin{array}{l} y =- \sqrt{\left(\frac{{0.99}^{2}}{{0.1408}^{2}}\right)} \times \left({{x}^{2}+ {0.1408}^{2}}\right)+ {2.7196}\\ y ={k}_{1}\left({x -{x}_{0}}\right)+ {y}_{0}\end{array}({11}}\right.$
式中: $\left({{x}_{0},{y}_{0}}\right)$ 为入射光线入射至一次聚光器上的具体位置; ${k}_{1}$ 为经一次聚光器反射后光线的斜率。
不是所有的入射光线都能被槽式聚光器吸收, 判断到达二次聚光器光线是否会因光线入射角逸出平面的方法如 图 12 所示。
用式(12)判断是否因为入射角过大而导致光线逸出新型槽式集热器。
$\frac{\left|\frac{L}{2}- {z}_{0}\right|}{\left|\tan \left(\alpha \right)\right|} >{y}_{\mathrm{p}3}- {y}_{0}$
式中: $L$ 为一次聚光器长度; $\alpha$ 为太阳光线入射角。
若光线不逸出, 则计算光线经双曲线型二次聚光器的反射光线。以入射至左半边的光线为例, 计算过程如下。
${k}_{\mathrm{s}}= {\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)}^{2}\times \sqrt{\frac{{x}_{\mathrm{p}3}^{2}}{{x}_{\mathrm{p}3}^{2}+ {b}^{2}}}$
${\theta }_{\mathrm{{sv}}}= {\tan }^{-1}\left(\frac{-1}{{k}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)$
${\theta }_{2}= 2 \times {\theta }_{\mathrm{{sv}}}- {\tan }^{-1}\left({k}_{1}\right)$
${k}_{2}= \tan \left({\theta }_{2}\right)$
式中: ${k}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为交点处二次聚光器方程切线的斜率; ${\theta }_{\mathrm{{sv}}}$ 为过交点作切线的垂线与 $x$ 轴正方向的夹角; ${\theta }_{2}$ 为经二次聚光器反射后的光线与 $x$ 轴正方向的夹角; ${k}_{2}$ 为经二次聚光器反射后光线方程的斜率。
最后可计算出经二次聚光器反射后的光线方程:
$ y ={k}_{2}\left({x -{x}_{\mathrm{p}3}}\right)+ {y}_{\mathrm{p}3}$
判断反射光线是否与金属管相交,若相交可计算其交点, 表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} y ={k}_{2}\left({x -{x}_{\mathrm{p}3}}\right)+ {y}_{\mathrm{p}3}\\{\left( y -{y}_{\mathrm{m}}\right)}^{2}+ {\left( x -{x}_{\mathrm{m}}\right)}^{2}= {\left({r}_{\mathrm{m}}\right)}^{2}\end{array}\right.$
计算得到交点 $\left({{x}_{\mathrm{p}4},{y}_{\mathrm{p}4}}\right)$ ,利用交点判断光线是否会因为光线入射角过大而逸出槽式太阳能集热器,其表达式为
$\frac{\left|\frac{L}{2}- {z}_{\mathrm{p}3}\right|}{\left|\tan \left(\alpha \right)\right|} >{y}_{\mathrm{p}3}- {y}_{\mathrm{p}4}$
若式 (19) 成立, 则不会逸出, 即可统计光线的位置,并用以下公式计算出有关光学性能指标。
根据光线位置统计金属管周向的能流密度, 每 5 °为一间隔进行统计得到光线数量 $p$ ,并根据能流密度定义推导出金属管周向能流密度值 ${I}_{\sigma }$ :
${I}_{\sigma }= \left(\frac{{S}_{\mathrm{c}}\times \mathrm{{DNI}}\times p}{5 \times {p}_{\mathrm{t}}}\right)/\left(\frac{{S}_{\mathrm{m}}}{{360}/5}\right)$
式中: ${S}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为槽式太阳能聚光器的弧面面积; ${S}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为圆柱形金属内管的侧面积; ${p}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 生成的随机点总数。
槽式太阳能集热的光学效率为真空吸热管吸收的总能量与垂直入射至槽式太阳能集热器上的太阳辐射能量之比 [ 17 ] ,表达式为
$\eta =\frac{{Q}_{\mathrm{c}}}{\mathrm{{DNI}}\times S \times \cos \left(\omega \right)} \times {100}\%$
式中: ${Q}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为真空吸热管吸收的总能量; $S$ 为槽式太阳能集热器的采光口面积; $\omega$ 为二维平面内直射太阳光线与聚光器采光平面法向间的夹角。
能流密度分布均匀度 ${\Delta I}$ 体现能流密度分布的均匀程度,由定义可推导出。
${\Delta I}= \left({1 -\frac{{\int }_{0}^{2\pi }\left|{{I}_{\sigma }- {I}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right|\mathrm{d}\sigma }{{360}{I}_{\mathrm{a}}}}\right)\times {100}\%$
式中: ${I}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为金属管周向能流密度平均值。
经计算, 可得到新型槽式太阳能集热器的金属管周向能流密度分布图、光学效率及能流密度均匀度等有关光学性能指标。
金属管周向能流密度分布如 图 13 所示。
图 13 可以看出, 在金属管的下半表面, 由于金属管直径减小,即使在金属管下移的影响下, 聚光比仍有提高,能流密度的峰值在金属管上表面,峰值所处位置从圆周的-42.5 °变为-17.5 °,能流密度峰值从 ${62.11}\mathrm{\;{kW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 提高至 ${71.43}\mathrm{\;{kW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 。 从金属管上表面来看, 双曲线型二次聚光器的聚光效果与一次聚光器类似, 其能流密度分布的曲线形状均为 “马鞍形”,同时下表面也产生两个峰值,分别在 ${30}^{\circ }$${147.5}^{\circ }$ 的位置,且能流密度分布均匀度从 4.32%提升至 59.37%,表明金属管周向的能量分布更加均匀, 这将会在保证其安全性的前提下减少金属管的热量损失。
传统与新型槽式太阳能集热器光学性能对比见 表 3
由于加入二次聚光器, 光学效率会有所下降, 其原因是:①二次聚光器遮挡住入射光线;②光线到达二次聚光器时会被部分吸收;③部分光线会由于二次聚光器反射出槽式集热器。光学效率的下降导致最终到达金属管表面的总能量会有所下降,但下降较少。
本文基于 MCRT, 利用 MATLAB 对装有传统真空吸热管的槽式集热器进行建模研究, 并在此基础上探究金属管下移和金属管直径减小对槽式太阳能集热器光学性能的影响。在保证光学效率的情况下,为了在提高聚光比的同时还能改善能流密度分布, 推导出计算双曲线型二次聚光器的方程, 设计出含双曲线型二次聚光器的真空吸热管,对装有新型真空吸热管的槽式太阳能集热器进行建模, 并与传统槽式集热器进行对比分析。得出如下结论。
①在传统槽式集热器中,金属内管直径由 70 $\mathrm{{mm}}$ 减小至 ${40}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,峰值处聚光比可由 ${60}\mathrm{\;{kW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 提升至 ${103}\mathrm{\;{kW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ,能流密度分布均匀度可从 4.32%提升至 13.3%。
②在传统槽式集热器中,金属内管由焦点处下移 ${16}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,可将能流密度分布均匀度提升至 35.66%,峰值处聚光比由 ${62}\mathrm{\;{kW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 下降至 49 $\mathrm{{kW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$
③对比传统槽式集热器, 本文设计的新型槽式集热器在光学效率仅下降 1.88% 的情况下, 聚光比峰值从 ${62}\mathrm{\;{kW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 提高到了 ${71}\mathrm{\;{kW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ,同时改善了 55.05%的能流密度分布均匀度。
  • 北京市自然科学基金面上项目(3222033)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52376219)
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  • 接收时间:2022-12-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-15
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北京市自然科学基金面上项目(3222033)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52376219)
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    1 中国农业大学 信息与电气工程学院 北京 100083
    2 中国科学院 电工研究所 北京 100190
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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