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This study aims to address the challenges of phosphorus recovery and solid waste treatment by preparing biochar composites(OSCS) using a copyrolysis method with cotton straw stalk and oil shale as raw materials. The physicochemical properties of the biochar were analyzed using SEMEDS, BET and FTIR tests. The influence of pyrolysis temperature, adsorbent dosage, and solution pH on phosphate adsorption was investigated, and both the adsorption kinetics and isotherm models were studied. The results indicated that the structural properties and surface morphology of the biochar were significantly enhanced through oil shale modification, leading to a notable improvement in phosphate adsorption capacity. At an injection level of 4.0 g/L and pH5.0, the maximum adsorption capacity reached 7.01 mg/g, which was 2.47 times higher than that of cotton straw biochar and 3.52 times higher than that of oil shale char. The adsorption process followed the proposed secondary kinetics and Langmuir isothermal adsorption model, and the mechanisms involved surface precipitation, ligand exchange, and electrostatic attraction. This approach of oil shale modified biochar composites provides a novel strategy for both phosphorus removal and solid waste resource utilization.

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为解决磷回收困难和固体废弃物难处理的问题,文章以棉秆和油页岩为原料,采用共热解法制备了油页岩改性生物炭(OSCS),利用SEMEDS, BET, FTIR 等测试手段对其进行了理化特性分析,考察了热解温度、吸附剂用量、溶液pH值等因素对 OS−CS 的磷酸盐吸附性能的影响,并研究了 OSCS 的吸附动力学和吸附等温线模型。研究结果表明:进过改性后,OSCS 的结构性能和表面形貌有较大改善,对磷酸盐的吸附能力有明显的提高;在投加量为 4.0 g/L、溶液pH值为5.0时,OSCS 的磷酸盐最大吸附量为7.01 mg/g,是棉秆炭的2.47倍,油页岩半焦的3.52倍。OSCS 吸附磷酸盐过程主要以拟二级动力学和 Langmuir 等温吸附模型进行描述,吸附机理主要包括表面沉淀、配体交换和静电吸引。油页岩改性生物炭复合材料为磷酸盐的去除和固体废弃物的资源化利用提供了新思路。

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亚力昆江·吐尔逊(1984-),男,维吾尔族,博士,副教授,主要从事生物质和煤热化学转化的研究。E-mail:
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注:CS-OS700-P 为吸附磷酸盐后的改性生物炭。

, figureFileSmall=6dTPL9WnyTUTeaEPYgVk6g==, figureFileBig=hzPIZMEnczCgQNDxVzGMGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432891648987143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432831989207290, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Effect of OS, CS and OS-CS on phosphate adsorption capacity under different pyrolysis temperature preparation, figureFileSmall=vlU7zaENptVqMjtsRcLCQg==, figureFileBig=XzVyQ8c08yRByiby/vsaoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432891695124489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432831989207290, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=不同热解温度下制备的 $\mathrm{{OS}},\mathrm{{CS}}$ 和 $\mathrm{{OS}}- \mathrm{{CS}}$ 对磷酸盐吸附容量的影响, figureFileSmall=vlU7zaENptVqMjtsRcLCQg==, figureFileBig=XzVyQ8c08yRByiby/vsaoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432891749650443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432831989207290, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Influence of OS-CS700 dosage on adsorption capacity and removal rate, figureFileSmall=HtHzLnTPhfOu+7HgoUDY0Q==, figureFileBig=Bi+Dv/RvNZo10IE+lUCYwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432891825147917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432831989207290, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=OS-CS700 投加量对磷酸盐吸附容量和去除率的影响, figureFileSmall=HtHzLnTPhfOu+7HgoUDY0Q==, figureFileBig=Bi+Dv/RvNZo10IE+lUCYwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432891888062479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432831989207290, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Effect of $\mathrm{{pH}}$ value on the phosphate adsorption capacity of biochar, figureFileSmall=fJ9Vhqj3/3rGIZh3A6Gryw==, figureFileBig=D6GSWHhDgU4HClgB00sqQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432891934199825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432831989207290, language=CN, label=图 6, caption=$\mathbf{{pH}}$ 值对生物炭的磷酸盐吸附容量的影响, figureFileSmall=fJ9Vhqj3/3rGIZh3A6Gryw==, figureFileBig=D6GSWHhDgU4HClgB00sqQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432891980337171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432831989207290, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Determination of the zero electric point $\left({p{H}_{pzc}}\right)$ of OS-CS700, figureFileSmall=6KlW0mmh57dZA2mY5HSdzA==, figureFileBig=tGUkGRKiAVhfPCAIM6QFWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432892022280213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432831989207290, language=CN, label=图 7, caption=OS-CS700 零电点 $\left({p{H}_{pzc}}\right)$ 的测定, figureFileSmall=6KlW0mmh57dZA2mY5HSdzA==, figureFileBig=tGUkGRKiAVhfPCAIM6QFWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432892068417559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432831989207290, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Adsorption kinetic curve of phosphate adsorption onto OS700, CS700 and OS-CS700, 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原料 元素分析 工业分析/%
C H 0 S M A V FC
棉秆 43.38 6.35 37.20 1.87 0.25 6.47 11.20 71.03 11.30
油页岩 61.04 6.35 21.88 7.87 2.86 3.47 73.67 18.89 3.97
), ArticleFig(id=1154432892714340388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432831989207290, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=原料的元素分析和工业分析, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料 元素分析 工业分析/%
C H 0 S M A V FC
棉秆 43.38 6.35 37.20 1.87 0.25 6.47 11.20 71.03 11.30
油页岩 61.04 6.35 21.88 7.87 2.86 3.47 73.67 18.89 3.97
), ArticleFig(id=1154432892831780901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432831989207290, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Oil shale char heavy metal content, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重金属种类 油页岩 土壤环境质量标准(一级)/mg·kg
铅(Pb) 6.88 $\leq {35}$
镉(Cd) 0.09 ≤0.2
砷(As) 14.36 $\leq {15}$
汞(Hg) 0.01 $\leq {0.15}$
铜(Cu) 37.96 $\leq {35}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154432892924055590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432831989207290, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=油页岩半焦的重金属含量, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重金属种类 油页岩 土壤环境质量标准(一级)/mg·kg
铅(Pb) 6.88 $\leq {35}$
镉(Cd) 0.09 ≤0.2
砷(As) 14.36 $\leq {15}$
汞(Hg) 0.01 $\leq {0.15}$
铜(Cu) 37.96 $\leq {35}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154432892982775847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432831989207290, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=The physicochemical characteristics of biochar, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物炭 产率 pH 值 电导率 比表面积 孔体积cm 元素组成/% 原子比 灰分 挥发分
C H S H/C C/N % %
OS500 88.36 8.87 620 2.23 0.00 112 8.66 1.09 6.97 2.68 1.51 1.45 70.52 10.80
OS600 85.44 9.04 713 4.85 0.009 23 7.39 1.11 6.88 3.54 1.80 1.25 71.21 9.34
OS700 81.09 9.36 688 13.65 0.038 94 6.72 0.24 6.32 1.24 0.43 1.24 72.68 7.85
CS500 33.92 10.38 4 340 5.11 0.051 19 65.1 2.25 5.09 0.34 0.41 14.9 11.84 72.69
CS600 31.66 11.25 5018 20.39 0.196 30 69.3 1.87 6.68 0.62 0.32 12.1 12.99 73.44
CS700 29.10 11.06 5 370 8.78 0.105 43 73.8 0.88 6.55 0.07 0.14 13.2 13.50 72.76
OS-CS500 51.16 10.17 785 44.21 0.013 58 47.9 1.71 6.53 2.03 0.43 8.56 33.25 43.25
OS-CS600 46.68 11.15 850 64.44 0.040 19 45.4 0.94 6.57 1.84 0.25 8.06 37.14 44.14
OS-CS700 45.49 11.69 1033 114.24 0.082 32 43.9 0.89 6.18 1.53 0.24 8.28 40.16 39.16
), ArticleFig(id=1154432893058273321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432831989207290, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=生物炭的理化性质, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物炭 产率 pH 值 电导率 比表面积 孔体积cm 元素组成/% 原子比 灰分 挥发分
C H S H/C C/N % %
OS500 88.36 8.87 620 2.23 0.00 112 8.66 1.09 6.97 2.68 1.51 1.45 70.52 10.80
OS600 85.44 9.04 713 4.85 0.009 23 7.39 1.11 6.88 3.54 1.80 1.25 71.21 9.34
OS700 81.09 9.36 688 13.65 0.038 94 6.72 0.24 6.32 1.24 0.43 1.24 72.68 7.85
CS500 33.92 10.38 4 340 5.11 0.051 19 65.1 2.25 5.09 0.34 0.41 14.9 11.84 72.69
CS600 31.66 11.25 5018 20.39 0.196 30 69.3 1.87 6.68 0.62 0.32 12.1 12.99 73.44
CS700 29.10 11.06 5 370 8.78 0.105 43 73.8 0.88 6.55 0.07 0.14 13.2 13.50 72.76
OS-CS500 51.16 10.17 785 44.21 0.013 58 47.9 1.71 6.53 2.03 0.43 8.56 33.25 43.25
OS-CS600 46.68 11.15 850 64.44 0.040 19 45.4 0.94 6.57 1.84 0.25 8.06 37.14 44.14
OS-CS700 45.49 11.69 1033 114.24 0.082 32 43.9 0.89 6.18 1.53 0.24 8.28 40.16 39.16
), ArticleFig(id=1154432893129576490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432831989207290, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Adsorption kinetic parameters of phosphate onto OS700, CS700 and OS-CS700, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 准一级动力学模型 准二级动力学模型 颗粒内扩散模型
OS700 0.402 9 1.830 0.974 0.2677 2.055 0.976 0.084 8 -0.166 3 0.869
CS700 0.1285 2.403 0.960 0.140 6 2.783 0.977 0.075 2 0.0485 0.982
OS-CS700 0.481 8 5.897 0.982 0.068 3 7.090 0.993 0.232 9 0.114 9 0.925
), ArticleFig(id=1154432893205073965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432831989207290, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=OS700, CS700 和 OS-CS700 对磷酸盐的吸附动力学模型的拟合参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 准一级动力学模型 准二级动力学模型 颗粒内扩散模型
OS700 0.402 9 1.830 0.974 0.2677 2.055 0.976 0.084 8 -0.166 3 0.869
CS700 0.1285 2.403 0.960 0.140 6 2.783 0.977 0.075 2 0.0485 0.982
OS-CS700 0.481 8 5.897 0.982 0.068 3 7.090 0.993 0.232 9 0.114 9 0.925
), ArticleFig(id=1154432893263794224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432831989207290, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Adsorption isotherm parameters of phosphate onto OS700, CS700 and OS-CS700, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 Langmuir 吸附模型 Freundlich 吸附模型
OS700 4.033 0.007 9 0.960 0.214 0.493 0.949
CS700 7.094 0.079 0 0.948 0.461 0.429 0.915
OS-CS700 15.88 0.021 3 0.987 1.247 0.455 0.931
), ArticleFig(id=1154432893372846134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432831989207290, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=OS700, CS700 和 OS-CS700 对磷酸盐的吸附等温线拟合参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 Langmuir 吸附模型 Freundlich 吸附模型
OS700 4.033 0.007 9 0.960 0.214 0.493 0.949
CS700 7.094 0.079 0 0.948 0.461 0.429 0.915
OS-CS700 15.88 0.021 3 0.987 1.247 0.455 0.931
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油页岩改性生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附特性
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周术林 1 , 亚力昆江·吐尔逊 1 , 阿衣克力木·哈山 1 , 王洪生 2 , 阿依谢姆古丽·阿布都热依木 1 , 艾热提·阿不都艾尼 1 , 张宸 1
可再生能源 | 2024,42(1): 1-8
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(1): 1-8
油页岩改性生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附特性
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周术林1, 亚力昆江·吐尔逊1 , 阿衣克力木·哈山1, 王洪生2, 阿依谢姆古丽·阿布都热依木1, 艾热提·阿不都艾尼1, 张宸1
作者信息
  • 1 新疆大学 化工学院 新疆煤炭清洁转化与化工过程实验室 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830046
  • 2 新疆宝明矿业有限公司 新疆 昌吉 831700

通讯作者:

亚力昆江·吐尔逊(1984-),男,维吾尔族,博士,副教授,主要从事生物质和煤热化学转化的研究。E-mail:
Phosphate adsorption characteristics of oil shale modified biochar
Shulin Zhou1, Tursun Yalkunjan1 , Hashan Ayikelimu1, Hongsheng Wang2, Abduryim Ayxamgul1, Abuduhani Hairat1, Chen Zhang1
Affiliations
  • 1 Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion & Chemical Engineering Process, College of Chemical Engineering Xinjiang University Urumqi 830046 China
  • 2 Xinjiang Baoming Mining Limited Company Changji 831700 China
出版时间: 2024-01-20
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为解决磷回收困难和固体废弃物难处理的问题,文章以棉秆和油页岩为原料,采用共热解法制备了油页岩改性生物炭(OSCS),利用SEMEDS, BET, FTIR 等测试手段对其进行了理化特性分析,考察了热解温度、吸附剂用量、溶液pH值等因素对 OS−CS 的磷酸盐吸附性能的影响,并研究了 OSCS 的吸附动力学和吸附等温线模型。研究结果表明:进过改性后,OSCS 的结构性能和表面形貌有较大改善,对磷酸盐的吸附能力有明显的提高;在投加量为 4.0 g/L、溶液pH值为5.0时,OSCS 的磷酸盐最大吸附量为7.01 mg/g,是棉秆炭的2.47倍,油页岩半焦的3.52倍。OSCS 吸附磷酸盐过程主要以拟二级动力学和 Langmuir 等温吸附模型进行描述,吸附机理主要包括表面沉淀、配体交换和静电吸引。油页岩改性生物炭复合材料为磷酸盐的去除和固体废弃物的资源化利用提供了新思路。

生物炭  /  改性  /  油页岩  /  磷酸盐  /  吸附

This study aims to address the challenges of phosphorus recovery and solid waste treatment by preparing biochar composites(OSCS) using a copyrolysis method with cotton straw stalk and oil shale as raw materials. The physicochemical properties of the biochar were analyzed using SEMEDS, BET and FTIR tests. The influence of pyrolysis temperature, adsorbent dosage, and solution pH on phosphate adsorption was investigated, and both the adsorption kinetics and isotherm models were studied. The results indicated that the structural properties and surface morphology of the biochar were significantly enhanced through oil shale modification, leading to a notable improvement in phosphate adsorption capacity. At an injection level of 4.0 g/L and pH5.0, the maximum adsorption capacity reached 7.01 mg/g, which was 2.47 times higher than that of cotton straw biochar and 3.52 times higher than that of oil shale char. The adsorption process followed the proposed secondary kinetics and Langmuir isothermal adsorption model, and the mechanisms involved surface precipitation, ligand exchange, and electrostatic attraction. This approach of oil shale modified biochar composites provides a novel strategy for both phosphorus removal and solid waste resource utilization.

biochar  /  modification  /  oil shale  /  phosphate  /  adsorption
周术林, 亚力昆江·吐尔逊, 阿衣克力木·哈山, 王洪生, 阿依谢姆古丽·阿布都热依木, 艾热提·阿不都艾尼, 张宸. 油页岩改性生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附特性. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (1) : 1 -8 .
Shulin Zhou, Tursun Yalkunjan, Hashan Ayikelimu, Hongsheng Wang, Abduryim Ayxamgul, Abuduhani Hairat, Chen Zhang. Phosphate adsorption characteristics of oil shale modified biochar[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (1) : 1 -8 .
磷是导致水体富营养化的主要因素之一。过量的磷随着城市污水和工业废水排入水体,导致水体自净能力降低, 富营养化加重, 对生物系统和人类健康造成严重威胁 [ 1 ] ,因此,去除水体中的磷酸盐已迫在眉睫。目前,水体除磷的方法主要有吸附法、化学沉淀法、膜过滤法和生物膜法。潜在的二次污染、严格的反应条件和高成本等因素限制了化学和生物方法的应用 [ 2 ] 。吸附法因工艺简单、 成本低等优点而倍受关注。常用的吸附材料, 如树脂、分子筛等,有着难以分离的缺点 [ 3 ] 。作为一种具有大比表面积的多孔碳质固体材料, 生物炭在吸附磷酸盐方面具有广阔的应用前景, 且生物炭还具有提高土壤肥力的潜力。但是,常规热解的生物炭由于电负性, 导致其对阴离子的吸附能力有 [ 4 ] 。因此,为了提高生物炭的吸附性能,对生物炭进行改性是必然趋势。研究表明, 使用含有Mg ${}^{2 +},{\mathrm{{Si}}}^{4 +},{\mathrm{{Ca}}}^{2 +},{\mathrm{{Al}}}^{3 +},{\mathrm{{Fe}}}^{2 +}/{\mathrm{{Fe}}}^{3 +}$ 等阳离子的矿物或固体废弃物对生物炭进行改性, 可有效提高其吸附性能,且所含的营养成分可增加土壤肥力 [ 5 , 6 ] 。马曰娜 [ 7 ] 研究发现,煤矸石改性油菜秸秆生物炭对水溶液中磷酸盐的吸附量为 ${7.09}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$ ,是未改性生物炭的 4.6 倍。Deng Y [ 8 ] 研究发现,负载阳离子的生物炭,如 $\mathrm{{Al}}$ 改性生物炭、 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 改性生物炭和 $\mathrm{{Bi}}$ 改性生物炭, 对磷酸盐的去除率高达 84.65%~ 99.3%。虽然改性生物炭具有良好的吸附效果,但控制成本也是需要重点考虑的问题, 因此, 寻求低成本的改性材料十分必要。
我国拥有丰富的油页岩资源, 油页岩是富含有机质、高灰分的沉积岩,其主要成分为 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ , ${\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3},\mathrm{{MgO}}$ 和CaO [ 9 ] 。目前,关于油页岩的开发利用主要在提炼页岩油、石油化工和燃烧发电等方面,其热解产生的固体废弃物未被妥善处理,不仅侵占了大面积的土地,而且易造成环境污染 [ 10 ] 。因此, 有效利用油页岩有助于解决环境污染问题。王盛华 [ 11 ] 研究发现, $\mathrm{{MgO}}$ 改性的莲蓬壳生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附量可以达到 ${283.26}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$ ,是未改性生物炭的 14 倍。作为一种含有金属氧化物的沉积岩,油页岩与生物质共热解会促进纤维素的断裂, 生物质中的表面官能团会与金属发生催化裂化反应, 造成挥发分的大量脱除, 有利于产生孔隙度高的固体半焦, 且产物的表面电荷性质和官能团也会发生变化 [ 12 ] ,由此推断,油页岩会影响固体半焦对磷酸盐的吸附性能。
本文通过棉秆和油页岩共热解制备了改性生物炭材料,并对其进行了物理化学分析;同时,探究了油页岩改性生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附性能及机理,旨在开发一种廉价而高效的磷酸盐吸附材料。
棉秆(CS)选自新疆喀什市泽普县农田,将其粉碎、洗净、干燥并过 80 目筛后备用; 油页岩 (OS)来自新疆昌吉州吉木萨尔县,将油页岩用破碎机粉碎成小碎块, 用研磨钵磨成粉末状并过 200 目筛,105 °C烘干后密封保存。原料的元素分析和工业分析见 表 1
油页岩半焦的重金属含量如 所示。由 可知, 除铜之外, 油页岩半焦中的铅、镉、砷、汞等重金属含量均满足国标(GB15618-1995)中的一级土壤环境质量标准要求。
图 1 为生物炭制备装置示意图。棉秆和油页岩以 2:1 的质量比混合,然后加入等体积的去离子水并均匀搅拌,并在 ${80}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的烘箱中干燥备用。
采用共热解法制备改性生物炭, 具体热解步骤 [ 13 ] : 首先,将混合的原料放入刚玉反应舟 (100 $\mathrm{{mm}}\times {40}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {20}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ )中,并置于管式炉反应器的低温入口处,在反应开始之前,利用流量为 ${150}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/$ $\min$ 的氮气对反应器吹扫 ${10}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ;然后,待反应器温度达到预设目标温度 $\left({{500},{600},{700}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 时,迅速用推杆将反应舟推到反应器中间的恒温区;最后,待热解反应达到 ${30}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 后,迅速将反应舟拉至管式炉反应器的入口处, 自然冷却至室温后取出称重。热解过程中保持氮气流速为 ${150}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{{min}}$ , 以隔绝氧气。棉秆和油页岩也在上述热解条件进行热解,不同热解温度 $\left({{500},{600},{700}\mathrm{{}^{\circ }C}}\right)$ 下制备的棉秆炭分别记为 CS500, CS600, CS700, 油页岩半焦分别记为 OS500, OS600, OS700, 油页岩改性生物炭分别记为 OS-CS500, OS-CS600, OS-CS700。 所有试验均设置 3 次重复,结果取平均值。
根据(GB/T212-2008)测定样品中水分、灰分和挥发分的含量;采用 PerkinElmer NexION 300X 型电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测量样品的重金属含量;采用 S210-K 型梅特勒-托利多酸度计测量样品的 值; 采用滴定法测定样品的 Zeta 电位 ;使用 Vario EL cube 型有机元素分析仪对样品进行元素分析;采用 ASAP2460 型孔径与比表面积分析仪通过 BET 方法测定样品的比表面积和孔容;采用 LEO 1430VP 型扫描电子显微镜观察样品的表面形貌并分析元素成分;采用 VERTEX 70 型傅里叶红外光谱分析仪对样品进行 FT-IR 分析。
向一系列 ${50}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 具塞比色管中加入 ${0.40}\mathrm{\;g}$ 生物炭样品与 ${40}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 浓度为 ${100}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$${\mathrm{{KH}}}_{2}{\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}$ 溶液 $\left({\mathrm{{pH}}= 5}\right)$ ,常温下放入转速为 ${200}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 的摇床中震荡 ${24}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,用 ${0.20}\sim {0.25\mu }\mathrm{m}$ 过滤器过滤样品, 根据钼酸铵分光光度法(GB11893-89)测定磷的浓度 [ 3 ] ,计算出吸附容量。在其他条件均相同的情况下,将生物炭质量取为 ${0.05}\sim {1.60}\mathrm{\;g}$ ,考察生物炭投加量对磷酸盐吸附的影响; 将 ${\mathrm{{KH}}}_{2}{\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}$ 溶液的 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值调整为 $2 \sim {11}$ ,考察 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值对磷酸盐吸附的影响。每组试验均重复 3 次,试验结果取平均值。
基于上述操作不变, 在不同的吸附时间 (5, ${15},{30},{60},{120},{240},{480},{960},{1440}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ) 进行过滤, 测定生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附量, 分析其吸附动力学。采用准一级[式(1)]、准二级[式(2)]及颗粒内扩散[式(3)]吸附动力学模型对试验数据进行动力学分析拟合。
${q}_{t}= {q}_{\mathrm{e}}\left({1 -{\exp }^{-{k}_{1}t}}\right)$
${q}_{t}= {k}_{2}{q}_{\mathrm{e}}^{2}/\left({1 +{k}_{2}{q}_{\mathrm{e}}t}\right)$
${q}_{t}= {k}_{\mathrm{{di}}}{t}^{1/2}+ {c}_{\mathrm{i}}$
式中: ${q}_{t}$${q}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 分别为 $t$ 时刻及吸附平衡时的磷酸盐吸附量, $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g};{k}_{1}\left({\mathrm{\;{min}}}^{-1}\right),{k}_{2}\left\lbrack {\mathrm{\;g}/\left({\mathrm{{mg}}\cdot \mathrm{{min}}}\right)}\right\rbrack$${k}_{\mathrm{{di}}}$ $\left\lbrack {\mathrm{g}/\left({\mathrm{{mg}}\cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{1/2}}\right)}\right\rbrack$ 分别为准一级、准二级及颗粒内扩散模型的速率常数, $;{c}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为颗粒内扩散模型的常数, mg/g。
通过改变 ${\mathrm{{KH}}}_{2}{\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}$ 溶液浓度 $({10},{50},{100},{200}$ , ${300},{400},{500}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ )测定生物炭的吸附等温线,吸附等温线采用 Langmuir 和 Freundlich 吸附等温模型进行拟合。
${Q}_{\mathrm{e}}= {k}_{\mathrm{L}}{Q}_{0}{c}_{\mathrm{e}}/\left({1 +{k}_{\mathrm{L}}{c}_{\mathrm{e}}}\right)$
${Q}_{\mathrm{e}}= {k}_{\mathrm{F}}{c}_{\mathrm{e}}^{1/n}$
式中: ${k}_{\mathrm{L}}\left({\mathrm{L}/\mathrm{{mg}}}\right)$${k}_{\mathrm{F}}\left({{\mathrm{{mg}}}^{1 - n}/\mathrm{{mg}}}\right)$ 分别为 Langmuir 和 Freundlich 吸附等温线的速率常数; ${Q}_{0}$ 为最大的磷酸盐吸附量, $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g};{Q}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 为吸附平衡时的磷酸盐吸附量, $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g};{c}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 为吸附平衡时溶液中的磷酸盐浓度, $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L};n$ 为 Freundlich 吸附等温线的线性常数。
生物炭的理化性质如 表 3 所示。由 表 3 可知: OS, CS, OS-CS 均呈碱性,其中, OS-CS700 的 pH 值最高(11.69), OS500 的 pH 值最低(9.04); 生物炭的 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值随着热解温度的升高而增大。由于油页岩中存在 ${\mathrm{K}}^{+ },{\mathrm{{Al}}}^{3 +},{\mathrm{{Ca}}}^{2 +},{\mathrm{{Mg}}}^{2 +},{\mathrm{{Na}}}^{+ }$ 等金属离子,因此,油页岩热解得到的半焦呈碱性 [ 10 ] 。CS700 的电导率最高 $\left({{5370\mu }\mathrm{s}/\mathrm{{cm}}}\right),\mathrm{{OS}}{500}$ 的电导率最低 $\left({{620\mu }\mathrm{s}/\mathrm{{cm}}}\right)$ ,生物炭的电导率远高于油页岩半焦, 说明电导率与吸附材料种类有很大关系。改性后生物炭的电导率下降,有利于吸附磷酸盐。OS-CS700 的比表面积为 ${144.24}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}/\mathrm{g}$ ,而 CS700 的比表面积为 ${8.78}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}/\mathrm{g}$ ,改性后生物炭的比表面积增大了 16.43 倍,说明改性后生物炭有利于磷酸盐的物理吸附。与 CS 相比,改性后生物炭的元素组成、比表面积和孔隙率等发生了明显的变化,说明在 OS 和 CS 共热解过程中,油页岩直接影响了生物炭的元素组成、比表面积和孔隙率等 [ 12 ] 。综上可知, 改性后生物炭的比表面积和孔容结构得到了极大改善。
图 2 为不同生物炭的的 SEM 图。从 图 2 可以看出:不同生物炭呈现出不同的形态和孔隙结构, CS700 的孔隙结构明显, 孔内无附着物; 在 OS-CS700 中, 油页岩的絮凝颗粒附着在生物炭的表面或嵌在生物炭的孔隙中, 使吸附活性位点充分暴露,这有利于增加磷酸盐的吸附。比较 图 2(c)~(e) 可以发现, 随着热解温度升高, 油页岩改性生物炭的表面粗糙度增加,孔隙率逐渐增多。
图 3 为不同生物炭的 FT-IR 谱图。从 图 3 可以看出: 相较于 $\mathrm{{CS}}{700},\mathrm{{OS}}- \mathrm{{CS}}$$-{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{2}$ 振动峰 $\left({{1438}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}}\right)$$\mathrm{{Al}}- \mathrm{O}$ 振动峰 $\left({{777}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 明显增强; 在 ${468}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$ 处, OS-CS 中出现了 $\mathrm{{Si}}- \mathrm{O}- \mathrm{{Mg}}$ 的弯曲振动峰,说明 $\mathrm{{Mg}},\mathrm{{Al}}$ 金属被嵌入到生物炭表面。 有研究表明 [ 4 , 7 , 8 , 11 ] ,改性生物炭表面的金属氧化物是磷酸盐吸附的活性位点,由此说明 OS-CS 对磷酸盐的吸附性能优于 CS。随着热解温度的升高, $\mathrm{{OS}}- \mathrm{{CS}}$${3226}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$ 处的 $-\mathrm{{OH}}$ 拉伸振动峰的强度逐渐降低,在 ${1438}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$ 处的 $-{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{2}$ 振动峰强度逐渐降低, 这说明热解温度的升高增加了生物炭的芳香化程度。相较于 CS-OS700, 吸附磷酸盐后的 CS-OS700-P 在 ${3420}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$ 处的峰强度明显增大, 说明有利于磷酸盐与生物炭吸附的 $-\mathrm{{OH}}$ 基团发生了离子交换。此外, CS-OS700-P 的 P-O 波峰 ( ${1.075}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$ ) [ 15 ] 明显增强,表明改性后生物炭对磷酸盐具有较高的吸附能力 [ 16 ]
不同热解温度下制备的生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附容量如 图 4 所示。从 图 4 可以看出:在低热解温度 $\left({{500}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 下, CS 对磷酸盐的吸附容量为 2.47 $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$ ,但 OS 反而释放出磷酸盐,使溶液中的磷酸盐含量增加,其释放量为 ${0.20}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$ ,这可能是由于油页岩本身的含磷量较高;当热解温度为 700 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时, OS-CS 对磷酸盐的吸附容量最大,为 7.01 $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$ ,远超过 CS 的 ${2.84}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$ 和 OS 的 ${1.99}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$ , 是相同条件下制备的 OS 的 3.52 倍, CS 的 2.47 倍。整体来看,随着热解温度的升高,生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附能力也随之增加。此外,高热解温度有利于改性生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附, 这主要是因为油页岩中的金属离子在高热解温度下更容易与生物炭表面的官能团发生反应,使其孔隙更发达,比表面积更大。OS-CS 对磷酸盐的吸附容量是 OS 和 CS 单独热解后混合物 (OS 和 CS 的质量比为 1:2)的 3.05 倍。这进一步说明了棉秆与油页岩在共热解过程中发生了协同作用, 主要是二者的自由基相互碰撞发生了反应, 且油页岩中的碱金属促进了棉秆中纤维素的断裂, 在热解过程中存在大量的官能团被催化裂化,从而产生更多的挥发分,有利于形成孔隙发达的固体半焦 [ 12 ] 。因此,改性的生物炭更有利于吸附溶液中的磷酸盐。
OS-CS700 投加量对磷酸盐吸附容量和去除率的影响如 图 5 所示。从 图 5 可以看出:随着投加量的增加, OS-CS700 对磷酸盐的吸附能力逐渐降低, 而磷酸盐去除率却不断升高; 当投加量为 0.05~0.20 g时, OS-CS700 对磷酸盐的吸附量明显下降; 当投加量为 ${0.20}\sim {0.40}\mathrm{\;g}$ 时, OS-CS700 对磷酸盐的吸附容量缓慢下降,而磷酸盐去除率迅速增加,达到 70%左右;当投加量继续增加时, OS-CS700 对磷酸盐的吸附容量不断减少,而磷酸盐去除率呈缓慢上升趋势。这是因为在低投加量下, OS-CS700 对磷酸盐的吸附很容易达到饱和, 但由于没有足够的吸附位点来吸附溶液中的磷酸盐, 所以磷酸盐的去除率不高。经过综合考虑,选择 ${0.40}\mathrm{\;g}$ 作为最佳投加量。
$\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值对生物炭的磷酸盐吸附容量的影响如 图 6 所示。
图 6 可以看出: $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值对 $\mathrm{{OS}}{700}$$\mathrm{{CS}}{700}$ 的磷酸盐吸附容量影响不大;pH 值对 OS-CS700 的磷酸盐吸附容量有明显影响,当 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值为 2 时, OS-CS700 对磷酸盐的吸附容量最大,为 8.31 $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$ ,随着 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值的逐渐增大, $\mathrm{{OS}}- \mathrm{{CS}}{700}$ 对磷酸盐的吸附容量逐渐减少。这是因为, 在酸性条件下,磷酸盐主要以 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}{}^{- }$${\mathrm{{HPO}}}_{4}{}^{2 -}$ 的形式存在,易于被生物炭吸附;在碱性条件下,磷酸盐主要以 ${\mathrm{{HPO}}}_{4}{}^{2 -}$${\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}{}^{3 -}$ 的形式存在 [ 5 , 7 , 8 ] ,不易被生物炭吸附。
OS-CS700 的零电点测定结果如 图 7 所示。 由 图 7 可知, OS-CS700 的零电点为 7.8 , 故 pH< 7.8 时, 带正电荷的 OS-CS700 易于与溶液中的磷酸盐发生静电吸附;当 $\mathrm{{pH}}> {7.8}$ 时,带负电荷的 OS-CS700 对溶液中的 ${\mathrm{{HPO}}}_{4}{}^{2 -},{\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}{}^{3 -}$ 产生静电斥力,不利于磷酸盐的吸附 [ 1 ]
图 8 为 OS700, CS700 和 OS-CS700 的吸附动力学拟合曲线。
图 8 可以看出, OS700, CS700 和 OS-CS700 的的吸附动力学曲线大体一致。以 OS-CS700 为例,前 $4\mathrm{\;h}$ 内,其对磷酸盐的吸附容量迅速增加,吸附容量从 ${0.11}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$ 增加到了 4.84 $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$ ,这是由于在吸附初始阶段, OS-CS700 表面存在大量的磷酸盐吸附位点; 在 8~16 h,吸附速率逐渐减缓,吸附容量从 ${5.58}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$ 增加到了 6.29 $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$ ,表明大部分吸附位点已被占用; 在 16~24 $\mathrm{h}$ ,吸附容量的增加趋势平稳,这 $8\mathrm{\;h}$ 内吸附容量从 ${6.29}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$ 增加到了 ${7.01}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$ ,说明 $\mathrm{{OS}}- \mathrm{{CS}}{700}$ 对磷酸盐的吸附趋于饱和。
为了进一步探究吸附机理, 采用准一级和准二级动力学模型以及颗粒内扩散模型对 OS700, CS700 和 OS-CS700 吸附磷酸盐的过程进行拟合, 模型参数见 表 4 。由 表 4 可以看出, 样品的准二级动力学模型拟合相关系数 $\left({R}^{2}\right)$ 高于准一级动力学模型, 且由准二级动力学模型拟合出的吸附量与试验结果更为接近。因此, 油页岩改性生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附过程由准二级动力学模型能更好地描述。同时, 在颗粒内扩散模型中, OS-CS700 的 ${R}^{2}$ 达到了 0.925,且拟合曲线未经过原点,说明改性生物炭的吸附反应受多个过程(液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散)控制[ 8 ]。
OS700, CS700 和 OS-CS700 的等温吸附模型如 图 9 所示。
图 9 可知: 生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附容量随着磷酸盐初始浓度的增加而增大; 在磷酸盐初始浓度较低时, 生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附容量迅速增加;随着磷酸盐初始浓度的增加, 生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附容量逐渐达到平衡。这是由于随着磷酸盐初始浓度的增加, 油页岩改性生物炭的表面活性位点逐渐被占据而达到饱和状态。
表 5 为 Langmuir 和 Freundlich 模型拟合生物炭吸附磷酸盐的模型参数。由 表 5 可知, Langmuir 模型拟合的相关系数 $\left({R}^{2}\right)$ 均高于 Freundlich 模型, 说明 Langmuir 吸附模型能更准确地描述生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附过程。OS-CS700 对磷酸盐的最大吸附量为 ${15.88}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$ ,是 CS700 的 2.24 倍。 改性后生物炭的 ${k}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 值明显高于原始生物炭,说明改性后生物炭结合磷酸盐的能力得到了提高。
有研究表明, 生物炭对磷酸盐的化学吸附机制主要有离子交换、配体交换、表面络合沉淀和静电吸引 [ 4 ] 。本文认为油页岩改性生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附主要有 3 种机制:表面络合沉淀、静电吸附和配体交换。 图 10 揭示了油页岩改性生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附机理。从 图 10 可知, 油页岩改性生物炭对磷酸盐的主要吸附机理是金属氧化物通过配体交换机制使磷酸盐和表面配位的水分子或羟基形成络合物 [ 8 ]
图 11 为 OS700, CS700 和 OS-CS700 的 EDS 图。从 图 11 可以看出,与 CS700 相比, OS-CS700 中的 $\mathrm{{Mg}},\mathrm{{Ca}},\mathrm{{Na}}$$\mathrm{{Si}}$ 的原子含量百分数和质量分数明显增加, 说明通过油页岩改性, 生物炭成功地负载了 $\mathrm{{Mg}},\mathrm{{Si}}$${\mathrm{{Ca}}}_{\circ }$ 改性生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附能力强的原因可能是改性生物炭中的金属离子Ca ${}^{2 +},{\mathrm{{Mg}}}^{2 +}$ 等浸出到磷酸盐溶液中,通过阳离子桥接和化学沉淀形成了 $\mathrm{{Ca}}\left(\mathrm{{Mg}}\right)- \mathrm{O}- \mathrm{P}$ 键,该键与改性生物炭表面发生了作用, 从而促进了磷酸盐的吸附 [ 4 , 8 ]
图 7 可知,当 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值为 ${2.0}\sim {7.8}$ 时,改性生物炭表面带正电荷, 改性生物炭与带负电荷的磷酸盐之间存在静电吸引。因此, 在酸性条件下, 磷酸盐的吸附机理包括配体交换和静电吸附。当 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值为 7.8 时,改性生物炭的电位为零。此时,改性生物炭与磷酸盐之间不存在静电效应。因此, 当 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值为 7.8 时,磷酸盐的吸附机制主要是配体交换。当 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值大于 7.8 时,改性生物炭的表面带负电荷, 会与带负电荷的磷酸盐发生静电排斥。因此, 在碱性条件下, 配体交换是改性生物炭吸附磷酸盐的主要机制。
棉秆和油页岩共热解制备的改性生物炭的比表面积和孔容结构得到了极大改善,磷酸盐吸附能力大幅度提高。随着热解温度升高,改性生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附性能逐渐增强。OS-CS700 对磷酸盐的最大吸附量为 ${7.01}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$ ,是相同条件下制备的 CS 的 2.47 倍, OS 的 3.52 倍, 且是单独热解的棉秆炭和油页岩半焦混合物的 3.05 倍,说明在棉秆与油页岩共热解过程中发生了协同作用, 有利于对磷酸盐的吸附。与准一级动力学吸附模型相比,准二级动力学吸附模型能更好地描述改性生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附过程。与 Freundlich 模型相比, Langmuir 吸附模型能更准确地描述改性生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附过程。改性生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附机制主要以静电吸附、配体交换和表面沉淀为主。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(22068036)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(21766037)
  • 大学生创新训练计划项目(202110755036)
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  • 接收时间:2022-02-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-02-18
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(22068036)
国家自然科学基金项目(21766037)
大学生创新训练计划项目(202110755036)
作者信息
    1 新疆大学 化工学院 新疆煤炭清洁转化与化工过程实验室 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830046
    2 新疆宝明矿业有限公司 新疆 昌吉 831700

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亚力昆江·吐尔逊(1984-),男,维吾尔族,博士,副教授,主要从事生物质和煤热化学转化的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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