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With the construction and promotion of greener grid, the old electricity marketing process is facing new challenges. Therefore, in order to suit the new requirements of electricity marketing, this paper proposes an electricity pricing method based on the careful consideration of regional carbon emissions. Firstly, consider the economic compensation of carbon emission reduction incentive and controllable load participating in peak regulation response, a load mobilization cost model considering carbon emission and peak regulation cost is established. Then, based on the idea of game theory, the demandside controllable load and energy storage device are used as schedulable resources to construct a 1K Stackelberg masterslave game decision model. Finally, the inverse induction method is attached to solve the model. We can see from the results that the proposed electricity pricing method of new energy power grid considering regional carbon emissions can promote the optimal operation of power system and realize the double improvement of efficiency and benefit of new distribution network.

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随着“双碳”目标的持续推进,传统的电力交易体系面临新的挑战。为促进实现碳交易与电力交易市场的衔接,文章在考虑区域碳排放的基础上提出了一种基于电网需求侧响应的电能定价方法。首先,考虑碳减排激励及可控负荷参与调峰响应的经济补偿,建立考虑碳排放及调峰成本的负荷调动成本模型;然后,基于博弈思想,将需求侧储能装置及可控负荷作为灵活性资源,制定了需求侧参与的电能定价体系,并构建了1K型Stackelberg 主从博弈决策模型;最后,针对定价问题的非线性特点,采用遗传算法的逆向归纳法对模型进行求解,并进行了实例验证。仿真结果表明,文章提出的考虑区域碳排放的新能源电网电能定价方法能够促进电力系统的最优运营,可实现新型配电网效率、效益双提升。

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关艳(1974-),女,高级工程师,研究方向为电力营销。E-mail:

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最大充放电功率/kW 充放电效率 运行维护成本/元
50 0.9 30
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最大充放电功率/kW 充放电效率 运行维护成本/元
50 0.9 30
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考虑碳排放的新能源电网电力交易动态定价方法
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关艳 1 , 高曦莹 1 , 陆心怡 1 , 蔡亦浓 1 , 韩昕檀 1 , 宋轩宇 1 , 滕云 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(1): 112-118
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(1): 112-118
考虑碳排放的新能源电网电力交易动态定价方法
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关艳1 , 高曦莹1, 陆心怡1, 蔡亦浓1, 韩昕檀1, 宋轩宇1, 滕云2
作者信息
  • 1 国网辽宁省电力有限公司 营销服务中心 辽宁 沈阳 110170
  • 2 沈阳工业大学 辽宁 沈阳 110870
  • 关艳(1974-),女,高级工程师,研究方向为电力营销。E-mail:

A dynamic pricing method for power trading of new energy power grid considering carbon emission reduction
Yan Guan1 , Xiying Gao1, Xinyi Lu1, Yinong Cai1, Xintan Han1, Xuanyu Song1, Yun Teng2
Affiliations
  • 1 Marketing Service Center State Grid Liaoning Electric Power Supply Co., Ltd. Shenyang 110170 China
  • 2 Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang 110870 China
出版时间: 2024-01-20
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随着“双碳”目标的持续推进,传统的电力交易体系面临新的挑战。为促进实现碳交易与电力交易市场的衔接,文章在考虑区域碳排放的基础上提出了一种基于电网需求侧响应的电能定价方法。首先,考虑碳减排激励及可控负荷参与调峰响应的经济补偿,建立考虑碳排放及调峰成本的负荷调动成本模型;然后,基于博弈思想,将需求侧储能装置及可控负荷作为灵活性资源,制定了需求侧参与的电能定价体系,并构建了1K型Stackelberg 主从博弈决策模型;最后,针对定价问题的非线性特点,采用遗传算法的逆向归纳法对模型进行求解,并进行了实例验证。仿真结果表明,文章提出的考虑区域碳排放的新能源电网电能定价方法能够促进电力系统的最优运营,可实现新型配电网效率、效益双提升。

电能定价方法  /  碳价需求侧响应  /  主从博弈模型  /  综合能源服务商

With the construction and promotion of greener grid, the old electricity marketing process is facing new challenges. Therefore, in order to suit the new requirements of electricity marketing, this paper proposes an electricity pricing method based on the careful consideration of regional carbon emissions. Firstly, consider the economic compensation of carbon emission reduction incentive and controllable load participating in peak regulation response, a load mobilization cost model considering carbon emission and peak regulation cost is established. Then, based on the idea of game theory, the demandside controllable load and energy storage device are used as schedulable resources to construct a 1K Stackelberg masterslave game decision model. Finally, the inverse induction method is attached to solve the model. We can see from the results that the proposed electricity pricing method of new energy power grid considering regional carbon emissions can promote the optimal operation of power system and realize the double improvement of efficiency and benefit of new distribution network.

electricity pricing method  /  carbon-oriented demand response  /  master-slave game decision-making model  /  comprehensive energy service providers
关艳, 高曦莹, 陆心怡, 蔡亦浓, 韩昕檀, 宋轩宇, 滕云. 考虑碳排放的新能源电网电力交易动态定价方法. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (1) : 112 -118 .
Yan Guan, Xiying Gao, Xinyi Lu, Yinong Cai, Xintan Han, Xuanyu Song, Yun Teng. A dynamic pricing method for power trading of new energy power grid considering carbon emission reduction[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (1) : 112 -118 .
目前,电力行业的碳排放已经接近全国碳排放的一半, 碳排放交易也已经率先覆盖到了电力市场, 在实现 “双碳” 目标的前提下, 发展计及碳交易的成熟电力市场是电力行业完成绿色转型的必经之路 [ 1 ] 。但在电力市场中,碳排放成本究竟由哪一方来承担也一直是一个存在争议的问题, 碳排放的主要来源在发电侧, 但缺少需求侧的配合,电力市场中的碳交易推进也存在一定困难。 因此, 如何将碳交易引入现有的电力市场, 完成二者之间的衔接, 对于目前的电力行业碳减排来说具有重要意义。
研究人员基于需求侧资源管理对电力市场进行了大量研究, 但整体来讲, 还未能充分发挥需求侧的碳减排潜力。文献[ 2 ]提出了基于改进引力搜索算法的电力市场环境下可再生能源竞标消纳优化模型,并针对交易过程中的不确定概率进行了分析。文献[ 3 ]研究能源市场和电力市场的耦合关系, 并针对含有可响应分布式电源的配网多目标优化调度进行研究。文献[ 4 ]分析了可再生能源接入配网对节点边际的影响, 并在此基础上提出了一种考虑需求响应和有功损耗的节点边际电价模型。文献[ 5 ]对园区多能源系统进行了研究, 并以系统运行成本最小化为目标, 设计了电力市场和碳交易市场价格传导机制及园区多能源系统综合需求侧响应策略。文献[ 6 ]对电动汽车用户出行规律进行分析, 并在此基础上提出了一种计及电动汽车用户满意度的动态分时充电电价制定策略。
与此同时, 许多研究注重源-荷侧共同参与, 提出了一系列促进碳市场与电力市场衔接的定价策略。文献[ 7 ]为解决现有用户侧营销决策支持模型受到营销策略单一性的影响, 收益率较低, 经济可行性较差的问题, 提出一种计及综合能源服务模式的用户侧营销决策的能源定价机制。文献[ 8 ] 为促进新能源消纳, 提出了基于改进引力搜索算法的电力市场环境下可再生能源竞标消纳优化模型。文献[ 9 ]为合理分配电力市场中各主体的利益, 提出基于主从博弈的氢储能和碳捕集协同优化的定价策略。
综上所述, 针对电网需求侧参与电价制定的研究已有一定积累, 但对于需求侧如何参与到碳- 电市场的衔接环节中的研究还有待开展。现有的电能定价机制不能完全适用于未来电力交易市场的发展方向,因此,在考虑区域碳排放的基础上, 研究一种基于电网需求侧响应的电能定价方法具有重要的现实意义。
为促进需求侧可控负荷对于碳减排的响应, 本文采用碳排放流理论, 通过节点碳势将碳排放折算到用户侧, 并通过减碳激励对用户用电行为进行引导。
节点碳势计算式如下 [ 10 ] :
${e}_{n}= \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{l = L}}{P}_{l, n}{\rho }_{l, n}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{x = X}}{P}_{x, n}{e}_{x, n}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{l = L}}{P}_{l, n}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{x = X}}{P}_{x, n}}$
式中: ${e}_{n}$ 为节点 $n$ 碳势; ${P}_{l, n}$ 为从第 $l$ 条支路流入节点 $n$ 的功率; ${\rho }_{l, n}$ 为节点 $n$ 相连支路 $l$ 的碳流密度; ${P}_{x, n}$ 为节点 $n$ 相连机组 $x$ 的输出功率; ${e}_{x, n}$ 为节点 $n$ 相连机组 $x$ 的碳排放强度。
在节点碳势的基础上, 建立包括可控负荷及储能装置的用户减碳激励:
${U}_{c}= {P}_{c}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{N}\left({\Delta {S}_{n}^{- }- \Delta {S}_{n}^{+ }}\right){e}_{n}$
式中: ${P}_{c}$ 为单位碳减排激励价格; $\Delta {S}_{n}$ 为节点 $n$ 响应减碳的负荷减少量; $\Delta {S}_{n}^{+ }$ 为节点 $n$ 响应减碳的负荷增加量。
在负荷侧,包括储能装置在内的可控负荷根据其自身的负荷增减意愿在电网的引导下有序安排充电时间 [ 11 ] 。因此,须根据可控负荷的配合程度设计其经济补偿计算模型。
在为可控负荷的增减功率提供经济补偿时, 根据负荷增减功率的大小,将补偿程度分为 $m$ 个阶段。在每个不同的补偿阶段, 设计不同的补偿电价, 可控负荷对电网调峰的配合程度越深, 则获得的经济补偿越多。可控负荷的经济补偿计算方法式下:
${U}_{{cl}, l}^{\pm }= \left\{\begin{matrix}\Delta {P}_{cl}^{\pm }{p}_{1, t}^{c \pm },& 0 \leq \Delta {P}_{cl}^{\pm }\leq \Delta {P}_{{cl},1}^{\pm }\\\Delta {P}_{cl}^{\pm }{p}_{2, t}^{c \pm },& \Delta {P}_{{cl},1}^{\pm }\leq \Delta {P}_{cl}^{\pm }\leq \Delta {P}_{{cl},2}^{\pm }\\\vdots &\vdots \\\Delta {P}_{cl}^{\pm }{p}_{L, t}^{c \pm },& \Delta {P}_{{cl}, N - 1}^{\pm }\leq \Delta {P}_{{cl}, N}^{\pm }\leq \Delta {P}_{{cl}, N}^{\pm }\end{matrix}\right.$
式中: $\Delta {P}_{cl}^{\pm }$ 为包括储能装置在内的可控负荷的增减功率, 按照增减功率的绝对值大小依次将可控负荷增减功率划分成 $m$ 个阶段,即 $\Delta {P}_{{cl},1}^{\pm },\cdots ,\Delta {P}_{{cl}, m}^{\pm }$ ; ${p}_{1, t}^{c \pm },\cdots ,{p}_{m, t}^{c \pm }$$m$ 个阶段分别对应的经济补偿电价系数。
${p}_{i, t}^{c \pm }= {p}_{t, l}{\delta }_{i}$
式中: ${p}_{t, l}$ 为可控负荷做出调整时段的交易电价; ${\delta }_{i}$ 为不同补偿阶段下的可控负荷电价补偿率, 其中 $i =\{ 1,2,\cdots , m\}$
在本文建立的电力市场交易结构中, 由电力服务商参与市场交易 [ 12 ] 。在需求侧,包括储能装置、不可控负荷与可控负荷在内的需求侧资源由电力服务商进行统一安排规划, 并参与到交易市场中来。源荷两侧参与市场交易结构如 图 1 所示。
图 1 描述了电力服务商参与的电力市场交易形式, 在源侧, 各发电商直接将发电数据报至交易中心, 由交易中心对各发电商的发电量进行调度安排。在负荷侧,存在不可控负荷、可控负荷及储能装置, 这三者通过电力服务商进行统一交易, 由电力服务商对各负荷的用电时间进行安排, 并对配合电网调峰的用户进行经济补偿。
在上文提到的电力市场交易结构下,本文建立一个考虑电网碳排放的新能源电网电能交易定价机制, 流程如 图 2 所示。
① 各发电商及电力服务商在交易前一日向电力交易中心提交下一日的电源发电预测数据及负荷预测数据, 电力交易中心结合预测数据制定减碳计划。
②发电商根据交易中心发布的数据,结合自身发电量, 制定每个交易时段的报价及最高发电量等申报信息。
③电力服务商根据管辖范围内的可调度资源特性制定各时段的购电量与报价,电力交易中心依照电网各时段需求对各发电商与电力服务商进行集中撮合交易, 并统一确定各交易时段从各电站购买的电量,进行出清结算,电价的结算在每个时段采用统一出清电价。
④考虑需求侧响应对各参与者所产生的收益影响, 根据出清结果, 交易中心询问是否有发电商须要更改报价及电量信息,电力服务商确认储能及可控负荷是否更改供用电时间, 若有则返回步骤③, 直至参与交易的各方均不再改变申报信息, 该交易日的现货交易完成。
在本文建立的电力交易机制中, 各发电商及电力服务商将报价信息申报至电力交易中心,最终的出清电价与购电量由电力交易中心确定。在电力服务商的报价过程中, 服务商的利润受可控负荷用户及储能装置功率调整的影响。用户及储能装置改变供用电行为, 须根据服务商的要求, 做出响应决策。因此,本文建立 1 个电力服务商与 $k$ 个可控负荷用户及储能装置的博弈模型, 构建一个 1-K 型 Stackelberg 主从博弈模型 [ 13 - 15 ]
电力服务商在制定申报电价的过程中主要考虑两个决策变量,即储能充放电决策与可控负荷增减功率补偿,因此本文将储能充放电调用成本合并在可控负荷调用成本中, 以电力服务商经济收益最大为目标函数, 建立电力服务商在主从博弈中的定价模型。
①电力服务商电价优化目标函数
在建立优化目标函数之前, 首先引入电力服务商交易日实际偏差电量的概念:
$\Delta {Q}_{r}= {\eta }_{\omega }{Q}_{b}$
式中: $\Delta {Q}_{r}$ 为交易日的实际偏差电量; ${\eta }_{\omega }$ 为电量偏差系数; ${Q}_{b}$ 为日前竞标电量。
电力服务商经济收益由 3 部分组成: 购电成本 ${\Pi }_{1}$ ,由电力服务商供电量和市场出清电价决定;调用可控负荷响应成本 ${\Pi }_{2}$ ,由负荷减碳激励与经济补偿决定; 售电收益 ${\Pi }_{3}$ ,由售电量及终端售电价格决定, 本文采用蒙特卡罗抽样生成场景, 目标函数为所有场景下的电力服务商经济收益最大。
$\max {E}_{\mathrm{{ES}}}= {\Pi }_{3}- {\Pi }_{1}- {\Pi }_{2}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\Pi }_{1}= \sum {p}_{\omega }\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left({{Q}_{b}\pm \Delta {Q}_{r,\omega }^{\pm }}\right){p}_{t, s}{\Delta t}\\{\Pi }_{2}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left({{U}_{{cl}, t}^{\pm }+ {U}_{c}}\right){\Delta t}\\{\Pi }_{3}= \sum {p}_{\omega }\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left({{Q}_{b}\pm \Delta {Q}_{r,\omega }^{\pm }}\right){p}_{t, l}{\Delta t}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${p}_{\omega }$ 为场景 $\omega$ 发生的概率; $\Delta {Q}_{r,\omega }^{\pm }$ 为场景 $\omega$ 下的交易日实际偏差电量; ${\Delta t}$ 为电力服务商调度时间间隔; ${p}_{t, s}$ 为调度时段内的电力市场出清电价; ${p}_{t, l}$ 为面向终端用户的售电价。
②电力服务商电价优化约束条件
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{Q}_{\omega , t}^{- }= \sum \left({\Delta {P}_{cl}^{+ }- \Delta {P}_{cl}^{- }}\right)+ {Q}_{b}{\eta }_{\omega }\\{Q}_{\omega , t}^{+ }= \sum \left({\Delta {P}_{cl}^{- }- \Delta {P}_{cl}^{+ }}\right)- {Q}_{b}{\eta }_{\omega }\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${Q}_{\omega , t}^{+ },{Q}_{\omega , t}^{- }$ 分别为电力服务商在场景 $\omega$$t$ 时段的正、负偏差电量。
制定可控负荷优化目标时, 本文主要考虑使可控负荷通过配合电网进行功率增减来获得更多的收益,因此,将可控负荷响应效益最大作为目标函数:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\max {E}_{cl}= \left\{{{U}_{cl}^{\pm }- {C}_{cl}^{\pm }}\right\}\\{C}_{cl}^{\pm }= \Delta {P}_{cl}^{\pm }\left({{p}_{t, l}^{s}- {p}_{t, l}^{e}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${C}_{cl}^{\pm }$ 为可控负荷增减功率成本,具体表示为可控负荷响应的功率转移前后价格差,若 ${C}_{cl}^{\pm }$ 为正, 则表示可控负荷响应带来收益, 反之带来损失; ${p}_{t, l}^{s},{p}_{t, l}^{e}$ 分别为功率转移前及转移后的终端电价。
①负荷是否参与响应约束
在可控负荷中, 负荷增减功率的成本存在变化, 若负荷的增减功率成本大于参与响应获得的经济补偿,此时,负荷不会选择参与需求侧响应, 约束条件可表示为
${U}_{cl}^{\pm }- {C}_{cl}^{\pm }> 0 $
②可控负荷功率调整范围约束
$ 0 \leq \left|{\Delta {P}_{cl}^{\pm }}\right|\leq \left|{\Delta {P}_{{cl},\max }^{\pm }}\right|$
式中: $\left|{\Delta {P}_{{cl},\max }^{\pm }}\right|$ 为可控负荷功率增减量的最大允许值。
③可控负荷功率增减状态约束
${v}_{cl}^{+ }+ {v}_{cl}^{- }\leq 1 $
式中: ${\mathbf{v}}_{cl}^{+ },{\mathbf{v}}_{cl}^{- }$ 分别为可控负荷的功率增加状态和减少状态, 上式表示可控负荷只能处在增减状态中的一种状态下。
④可控负荷功率调整频次约束
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{{T - 1}}\left({{v}_{{cl}, t + 1}^{\pm }- {v}_{{cl}, t}^{\pm }}\right)\leq {T}_{\max }^{\pm }$
式中: ${T}_{\max }^{\pm }$ 为可控负荷的功率增减状态的最大改变频次。
储能电站在参与响应的过程中, 根据电力服务商给出的充放电计划, 制定自身的分时电价, 使其自身收益达到最大化,目标函数可表示为
$\max {E}_{s}= {p}_{t, l}{P}_{s,\text{ out }}- {p}_{t, l}{P}_{s,\text{ in }}- {E}_{\text{in }}- {E}_{\text{op }}$
式中: ${p}_{t, l}$ 为面向终端用户的售电价; ${P}_{s,\mathrm{{in}}}$ 为储能装置充电功率; ${P}_{s,\text{ out }}$ 为储能装置放电功率; ${E}_{\text{op }}$ 为储能装置的运维成本; ${E}_{\text{in }}$ 为储能的投资成本。
①储能设备充放电功率约束
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} 0 \leq {P}_{s,\text{ out }}\leq u{P}_{s,\text{ out, max }}\\ 0 \leq {P}_{s,\text{ in }}\leq \left({1 - u}\right){P}_{s,\text{ in, max }}\end{array}\right.$
式中: $u$ 为布尔电量,表示储能装置状态,本文利用布尔电量对储能装置充放电状态进行了限制, 使储能不能同时处在充电状态和放电状态。
②储能设备荷电状态约束
$ 0 \leq {S}_{t}\leq 1 $
式中: ${S}_{t}$ 为储能设备的荷电量。
在本文建立的主从博弈模型中, 主导者与随从者优化问题均为非线性问题, 因此选择适用于非线性问题迭代求解的遗传算法逆向归纳方法进行求解。如 图 3 所示, 模型的求解算法主要通过对主导者及随从者的目标函数进行循环迭代, 最终达到主导者与随从者之间的均衡状态, 并输出最终的博弈结果, 即前文提到的电力服务商全天分时报价。
为验证本文提出的电力服务商参与的新能源电网电价制定方法的有效性及优越性, 本文建立电力服务商运营仿真系统, 对提出的电能定价方法进行仿真验证。电网的原始交易电价及峰、平、 谷时段的电价如 图 4 所示, 电网中的风电、光伏出力及负荷需求功率日前预测值如 图 5 所示, 系统中接入的储能设备参数见 表 1
为验证本文提出的电能定价方法的优越性, 设置 2 个仿真场景 $\mathrm{S}1,\mathrm{\;S}2$ 进行对比分析,在 $\mathrm{S}1$ 场景中采用本文提出的方法对电能进行定价, 在 S2 场景中采用 图 4 中的原始分时电价进行仿真。
在 S1 场景下,在仿真系统中配置容量为 20 $\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ 的储能设备,并采用本文提出的新能源电网电能定价方法与求解算法对电价进行求解, 得到优化后的分时电价如 图 6 所示。在此电价下的系统各类电源出力预测曲线如 图 7 所示。
图 6 ,7 可以看出,采用本文提出的电能定价方法求解后, 新电价能够使电网通过电价引导各电源及负荷有序充放电, 进而起到削峰填谷的作用。在夜间电价较低时段,即 23:00-24:00 和 $0 :{00}- 5 :{00}$ ,储能设备处于充电状态,能够吸收一部分风电出力,减少弃风;在白天电价较高时段, 即 11:00-20:00, 储能装置处于放电状态, 在保证储能自身经济收益的同时, 一定程度上减轻电网的调峰压力。
图 6 所示的分时电价下, 全天各时段储能装置的荷电状态如 图 8 所示。由 图 8 可以看出, 储能装置在夜间电价较低时段,即 23:00-05:00 进行充电, 并且充电时一直维持较大功率, 直至荷电量达到较高的状态。在白天电价较高时段,即 11: 00-20:00,储能装置由电力服务商安排放电时间, 配合电网需求进行放电, 与 图 7 中给出的储能充放电时段相一致。
为了分析储能装置的容量配置对电价产生的影响, 在 S1 场景下的仿真系统中配置容量为 40 $\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ 的储能设备,同样采用本文提出的新能源电网电价求解方法进行求解, 得到的分时电价如 图 9 所示。
图 9 可以看出, 储能容量增大后, 电网的电价求解结果相对于 图 6 产生了一些变化。在白天用电高峰时段,即 11:00-20:00,电价先降低,而后保持不变。这是由于在用电高峰时段初期,大容量储能装置能够分担更多的供电压力, 此时电价会出现一定幅度的降低。但随着储能装置荷电量的降低, 其供电能力随之降低, 对电网的调峰压力的分担能力也随之降低,此时电价逐渐恢复原有水平。
为验证本文提出的电能定价方法对于电网碳减排的促进效果, 设置场景 S2 与场景 S1 进行对比。在 S2 场景下采用 图 4 所示的原始电价对系统中的多种类电源出力进行预测, 所得结果如 图 10 所示。S1 与 S2 场景下电源出力产生的碳排放结果如 图 11 所示。
图 10图 7 对比可知, S2 场景下的储能装置的充放电功率均小于 S1 场景, 说明与原始电价相比,本文提出的新能源电网电价求解方法更能够调动储能装置的充放电潜力。在夜间用电低谷时期, S1 场景下的储能装置的充电积极性较高, 充电功率更大, 在白天用电高峰时期, S1 场景下储能装置的放电量更大, 对于供电的支撑效果更加明显。由 图 11 可以看出, 在采用本文提出的电能定价方法的 S1 场景下, 系统的整体碳排放量更小, 尤其是在白天的用电高峰时段, 即 11:00- ${20}: {00},\mathrm{\;S}1$ 场景下的储能装置能够替代更多的传统机组出力,进而实现系统的碳减排。
本文基于博弈理论思想, 建立了需求侧参与的电能定价体系, 将可控负荷及储能系统作为灵活性资源, 在考虑区域碳排放的基础上提出了一种基于电网需求侧响应的电能定价方法。将碳排放作为负荷碳减排激励成本, 建立了考虑碳减排的负荷调动成本模型。在构建的需求侧参与电能定价体系基础上,设计了 1-K 型 Stackelberg 主从博弈决策模型, 由电力服务商及灵活性资源参与博弈定价, 并进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明, 基于主从博弈决策的新能源电网电能定价方法, 考虑了电力服务商和可控负荷自身的经济效益,能够根据电网各时段的不同用电需求制定分时电价,进而充分发挥储能系统的充放电潜力,减轻传统调峰机组的调峰压力, 促进新能源电网中的新能源消纳,实现碳减排的目标。
  • 国网辽宁电力有限公司科技项目(2022YF-93)
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  • 接收时间:2023-09-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-08
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国网辽宁电力有限公司科技项目(2022YF-93)
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    1 国网辽宁省电力有限公司 营销服务中心 辽宁 沈阳 110170
    2 沈阳工业大学 辽宁 沈阳 110870
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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