Article(id=1154432828549878001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432826603720940, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689609600000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167834651, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1705680000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167834651, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167834651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167834651, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154432826603720940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167834186, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694645959, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642435372540826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432826603720940, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642435372540827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432826603720940, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=104, endPage=111, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154432829082554610, articleId=1154432828549878001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Research on dynamic optimal dispatching strategy of electric heating load in distribution network considering the bearing capacity of new energy, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the increasing penetration rate of new energy in the distribution network, the bearing capacity of new energy in the distribution network is facing challenges; The electric heating load has a certain degree of adjustability and has the potential to participate in the load dispatch of the distribution network. How to improve the new energy bearing capacity of the distribution network through load dispatch has important practical significance. The article proposes a dynamic optimization scheduling strategy for electric heating loads in distribution networks that considers the bearing capacity of new energy. Firstly, a regulation model for the load of thermal storage electric heating was constructed; Then, with the goal of bearing capacity of new energy in the distribution network substation area, and with the constraints of smoothing load fluctuations, stable and safe operation of the distribution network, and user comfort of the heating load, a dynamic optimization scheduling model for the heating load of the distribution network was established, and a solution strategy based on quantum genetic algorithm was proposed. The Latin hypercube sampling method is used to generate typical application scenarios for the applicability analysis of dispatching strategies for the new energy bearing capacity of distribution networks. The calculation results show that the proposed method can fully consider the potential for regulating the electric heating load and improve the application level of new energy in the distribution network.

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随着配电网中新能源渗透率的增加,配电网新能源承载能力受到挑战。电采暖负荷有一定的可调节性,具有参与配电网负荷调度的潜力,如何通过负荷调度提升配电网新能源承载能力具有重要现实意义。文章提出一种考虑新能源承载能力的配电网电采暖负荷动态优化调度策略。首先,构建了蓄热式电采暖负荷的调控模型;然后,以配电网台区新能源承载能力为目标,以配电网负荷波动平抑、配电网稳态安全运行和电采暖负荷用户舒适性为约束,建立了配电网电采暖负荷动态优化调度模型,并提出基于量子遗传算法的求解策略。采用拉丁超立方抽样法生成典型应用场景,进行配电网新能源承载能力调度策略的适用性分析。算例结果表明,所提方法能够充分考虑电采暖负荷的调控潜力,提高配电网新能源的应用水平。

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王欢(1982-),女,辽宁沈阳人,博士,讲师,研究方向为新能源运行与控制技术。E-mail:

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王欢(1982-),女,辽宁沈阳人,博士,讲师,研究方向为新能源运行与控制技术。E-mail:

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王欢(1982-),女,辽宁沈阳人,博士,讲师,研究方向为新能源运行与控制技术。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=N/0Ka3UEhFTlmfuTT3SByA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432897797836914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432828549878001, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=典型场景 1 电采暖负荷曲线, figureFileSmall=uWYFhPpKRQBvGMnlwi5oCw==, figureFileBig=N/0Ka3UEhFTlmfuTT3SByA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432897860751475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432828549878001, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Optimal load curve in the second random scenario, figureFileSmall=zrL0YKfyPkCK1V7NxPS8LA==, figureFileBig=aqnKWKQtpFrKX8uCG11HQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432897919471732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432828549878001, language=CN, label=图 6, caption=典型场景 2 电采暖负荷曲线, figureFileSmall=zrL0YKfyPkCK1V7NxPS8LA==, figureFileBig=aqnKWKQtpFrKX8uCG11HQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154432898032717941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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参数 数值
供暖季室内标准温度区间/℃ [ 18 , 23 ]
风力发电总装机容量/kW 150
光伏发电总装机容量/kW 230
), ArticleFig(id=1154432898921910404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432828549878001, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=算例参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
供暖季室内标准温度区间/℃ [ 18 , 23 ]
风力发电总装机容量/kW 150
光伏发电总装机容量/kW 230
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基于新能源承载能力的配电网电采暖负荷动态优化调度策略研究
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王欢 1 , 刘盛琳 2 , 冯忠楠 2 , 喻明明 2 , 李振嘉 1
可再生能源 | 2024,42(1): 104-111
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(1): 104-111
基于新能源承载能力的配电网电采暖负荷动态优化调度策略研究
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王欢1 , 刘盛琳2, 冯忠楠2, 喻明明2, 李振嘉1
作者信息
  • 1 沈阳工程学院 电力学院 辽宁 沈阳 110136
  • 2 国网辽阳供电公司 辽阳 111000
  • 王欢(1982-),女,辽宁沈阳人,博士,讲师,研究方向为新能源运行与控制技术。E-mail:

Research on dynamic optimal dispatching strategy of electric heating load in distribution network considering the bearing capacity of new energy
Huan Wang1 , Shenglin Liu2, Zhongnan Feng2, Mingming Yu2, Zhenjia Li1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electric Power, Shenyang Institute of Engineering Shenyang 110136 China
  • 2 Liaoyang Power Supply Company, State Grid Liaoning Electric Power Co., Ltd. Liaoyang 111000 China
出版时间: 2024-01-20
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随着配电网中新能源渗透率的增加,配电网新能源承载能力受到挑战。电采暖负荷有一定的可调节性,具有参与配电网负荷调度的潜力,如何通过负荷调度提升配电网新能源承载能力具有重要现实意义。文章提出一种考虑新能源承载能力的配电网电采暖负荷动态优化调度策略。首先,构建了蓄热式电采暖负荷的调控模型;然后,以配电网台区新能源承载能力为目标,以配电网负荷波动平抑、配电网稳态安全运行和电采暖负荷用户舒适性为约束,建立了配电网电采暖负荷动态优化调度模型,并提出基于量子遗传算法的求解策略。采用拉丁超立方抽样法生成典型应用场景,进行配电网新能源承载能力调度策略的适用性分析。算例结果表明,所提方法能够充分考虑电采暖负荷的调控潜力,提高配电网新能源的应用水平。

新能源  /  承载能力  /  配电网  /  电采暖负荷  /  量子遗传算法

With the increasing penetration rate of new energy in the distribution network, the bearing capacity of new energy in the distribution network is facing challenges; The electric heating load has a certain degree of adjustability and has the potential to participate in the load dispatch of the distribution network. How to improve the new energy bearing capacity of the distribution network through load dispatch has important practical significance. The article proposes a dynamic optimization scheduling strategy for electric heating loads in distribution networks that considers the bearing capacity of new energy. Firstly, a regulation model for the load of thermal storage electric heating was constructed; Then, with the goal of bearing capacity of new energy in the distribution network substation area, and with the constraints of smoothing load fluctuations, stable and safe operation of the distribution network, and user comfort of the heating load, a dynamic optimization scheduling model for the heating load of the distribution network was established, and a solution strategy based on quantum genetic algorithm was proposed. The Latin hypercube sampling method is used to generate typical application scenarios for the applicability analysis of dispatching strategies for the new energy bearing capacity of distribution networks. The calculation results show that the proposed method can fully consider the potential for regulating the electric heating load and improve the application level of new energy in the distribution network.

new energy  /  bearing capacity  /  distribution network  /  electric heating load  /  quantum genetic algorithm
王欢, 刘盛琳, 冯忠楠, 喻明明, 李振嘉. 基于新能源承载能力的配电网电采暖负荷动态优化调度策略研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (1) : 104 -111 .
Huan Wang, Shenglin Liu, Zhongnan Feng, Mingming Yu, Zhenjia Li. Research on dynamic optimal dispatching strategy of electric heating load in distribution network considering the bearing capacity of new energy[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (1) : 104 -111 .
加快推进能源结构转型以及全社会电能替代是实现“碳达峰、碳中和”目标的重要途径 [ 1 ] 。在电源侧, 须要提高电网的新能源承载能力, 提升电网新能源的渗透率。同时,国家提出电能替代供能战略并积极开展电采暖工程建设,使得电制热技术被广泛应用,电采暖负荷增长迅速,楼宇集中式供暖和用户分散式供暖是目前电采暖供热的主要方式 [ 2 ] 。充分利用电采暖负荷群的调节能力, 提高电网新能源的应用水平, 可以带来更高的社会效益和经济收益,具有重要的现实意义 [ 3 ]
相关文献对分散式电采暖负荷群调节能力和调控模型进行了深入研究。文献[ 4 , 5 ]详细分析了电采暖负荷, 建立了等效热参数模型。文献[ 6 ] 基于遗传算法优化模型, 提出了自适应修正模型。文献[ 7 ]分析了北方不同地区的气候特性,通过计及气候特性建立了空调负荷聚合模型, 并对其可调节潜力进行了研究。
近年来, 学者们广泛研究了蓄热式电采暖负荷优化调控策略。文献[ 8 ]以家庭采暖的经济性为目标,提出了一种含有地源热泵和空气源热泵的家庭电采暖负荷群调控策略,并采用混合整数线性规划算法进行优化。文献[ 9 ]同样基于电采暖用户的经济性, 提出了一种考虑停电时段的蓄热式电采暖日内优化控制方法, 该方法能实现用户最小的热需求。文献[ 10 ]从楼宇的经济运行角度出发,充分考虑楼宇内暖通空调设备的可调节性和楼宇配电系统的运行特性, 提出了楼宇电采暖系统经济管理策略。文献[ 11 ]提出了一种异构温控负荷联合调控策略, 以联合调控为主对建筑内全部温控负荷进行次序调度, 进而提升建筑群体对各类能源的消纳能力。
上述文献关于电采暖调控策略的研究更多地集中在用户侧,随着电采暖负荷的增加,调控策略如何兼顾电采暖用户和电网的运行, 是未来研究的主要方向。文献[ 12 ]提出了一种空调负荷群的调度控制策略,解决了负荷曲线扰动问题,重点讨论了空调负荷控制造成的空调负荷群多样性缺失问题以及负荷反高峰问题。文献[ 13 ]提出了一种分布式电采暖负荷参与电力系统的经济调度策略, 基于多智能体技术, 实现分布式电采暖负荷参与电力系统调度, 综合考虑了系统发电成本和电采暖负荷效益。
综上所述, 随着配电网中新能源渗透率的增加, 配电网等值负荷波动性更大, 蓄热式电采暖具有一定的可调节性, 具有参与配电网负荷调度的潜力。如何在配电网运行中综合考虑用户的采暖需求和电网的负荷特性需求, 还未见有文章进行深入研究。本文提出一种考虑新能源承载能力的配电网电采暖负荷动态优化调度策略。首先,构建了蓄热式电采暖负荷的调控模型; 然后, 以配电网台区新能源承载能力为目标, 以配电网负荷波动平抑、配电网稳态安全运行和电采暖负荷用户舒适性为约束, 建立了配电网电采暖负荷动态优化调度模型,并提出基于量子遗传算法的求解策略。采用拉丁超立方抽样法生成典型应用场景, 进行配电网新能源承载能力调度策略的适用性分析。算例结果表明,所提方法能够充分考虑电采暖负荷的调控潜力, 提高配电网新能源的应用水平。
在典型的蓄热式电采暖工作原理的基础上, 为了响应用户需求, 蓄热式电采暖采取了相应的运行策略:在用电谷段,直热设备制热,为用户供暖, 同时以预设功率制热后存储至蓄热体; 在用电峰段, 由蓄热体释放热量为用户供暖, 若蓄热体储热无法维持室温时开启直热设备辅助供热。
基于房间温度、房间热力学参数、电采暖设备构建房间温度变化与采暖设备功率之间的电热耦合模型,如 图 1 所示。
房间空气与温度的热平衡时变关系式可表述为
${T}_{\text{out }}+ {T}_{\text{heat }}- {T}_{\text{wall }}= C\frac{\mathrm{d}{T}_{\text{in }}}{\mathrm{d}t}$
式中: ${T}_{\text{in }},{T}_{\text{out }},{T}_{\text{wall }}$ 分别为室内、太阳辐射升温和墙体温度; ${T}_{\text{heat }}$ 为采暖设备的温度; $C$ 为空气热容。
采用等效热参数模型能够反映房屋温度-供暖功率变化特性。北方地区某类用户室内采暖模型如 图 2 所示。
图 2 中: ${R}_{1},{R}_{2}$ 分别为室内、室外空气与蓄热体的等效热阻; ${C}_{1},{C}_{2}$ 分别为室内空气热容和蓄热体等效热容; ${P}_{\text{heat }}$ 为采暖设备的电功率。
因为冬季太阳辐射产生的热量远低于室内蓄热式电采暖设备产生的热量, 所以可以忽略太阳辐射的影响。描述房间温度和采暖设备功率间的动态模型如式(2)所示。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{C}_{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{T}_{\text{in }}}{\mathrm{d}t}= \frac{{T}_{\text{heat }}- {T}_{\text{in }}}{{R}_{1}}- \frac{{T}_{\text{in }}- {T}_{\text{out }}}{{R}_{1}+ {R}_{2}}\\{C}_{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{T}_{\text{heat }}}{\mathrm{d}t}= {P}_{\text{heat }}- \frac{{T}_{\text{heat }}- {T}_{\text{in }}}{{R}_{1}}\end{array}\right.$
室内空气传热过程的关系式可表述为
${P}_{\text{heat }}= \frac{{T}_{\text{heat }}- {T}_{\text{in }}}{{R}_{1}}$
根据式 (2),(3),可得 $t$ 时刻蓄热式电采暖的输出功率 ${P}_{\text{heat }}\left( t\right)$
${P}_{\text{heat }}\left( t\right)= {C}_{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{T}_{\text{in }}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ \frac{{T}_{\text{in }}\left( t\right)- {T}_{\text{out }}\left( t\right)}{{R}_{1}+ {R}_{2}}$
式(4)表明蓄热设备的输出功率与室内外温度和房间温度参数的变化密切相关。
在实际应用中往往针对一类具有相同需求或用能特性相近的用户在同一个规律下进行调节。 在某类用户室内采暖模型基础上, 将各类用户按照需求和特性聚合成负荷群后的调节规律相同, 上述公式同样适用, 且调节作用更大。
综合考虑配电网运行与电采暖用户需求, 包括配电台区负荷波动、天气预测的随机性、配电网新能源承载能力需求等, 构建综合考量各项因素的优化调度模型, 本文提出的蓄热式电采暖负荷的优化调度模型步骤如下。
①结合电热耦合模型,计算用户各时段热负荷功率需求。
②以提高配电网新能源接纳能力和减小配电网峰谷差, 平抑配电网负荷波动为目标, 综合考虑电网运行和用户供暖需求为约束条件, 得到电采暖负荷动态优化调度模型。
③采用量子遗传算法对动态优化模型进行求解;采用拉丁超立方抽样法进行随机模拟,生成典型应用场景。
在满足用户于不同时间段内设定的平均温度和热量需求的条件下, 通过调整蓄热设备和直热设备的输入功率来实现最佳的运行效果, 最大限度地提高能源利用效率和供热系统性能。通过动态地优化输入功率分配, 确保在不同时间段内, 系统能够以最优的方式进行供热, 提供舒适的室内温度, 并且最大化地实现新能源应用, 同时优化配电网负荷特性, 实现供热系统与电力系统的高效协同运行。构建的综合考量配电网运行需求和采暖负荷用户舒适性的动态优化调度模型如下。
目标函数 1 : 配电网新能源承载能力最大。
$\min {f}_{1}= -\left({\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{w}}}\left\lbrack {{P}_{\mathrm{w}i}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{v}}}{P}_{\mathrm{v}i}}\right\rbrack }\right.$
式中: ${f}_{1}$ 为配电网承载能力函数; ${P}_{\mathrm{w}i}$ 为配电网中某节点上的风力发电功率; ${N}_{\mathrm{w}}$ 为风力发电母线的数目; ${P}_{\mathrm{v}i}$ 为配电网中某母线上的光伏发电功率; ${N}_{\mathrm{v}}$ 为光伏发电母线的数目。
目标函数 2 : 配电网负荷波动最小。
为了使配电网台区总负荷曲线更加平稳,减少峰谷差, 使用曲线的方差作为衡量曲线平坦程度的指标, 并将其作为目标函数。
$\min {f}_{2}= \frac{1}{T}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{T}{\left\lbrack {P}_{\mathrm{z}}\left( t\right)- {P}_{\mathrm{z}}^{\prime }\left( t\right)\right\rbrack }^{2}$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{z}}\left( t\right)$ 为配电网台区总负荷; ${P}_{\mathrm{z}}\left( t\right)$ 为配电网台区总负荷平均值; $T$ 为时间段总数。
${P}_{\mathrm{z}}\left( t\right)= {P}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( t\right)+ {P}_{\mathrm{h}}\left( t\right)+ {P}_{\mathrm{d}}\left( t\right)$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( t\right)$ 为配电网常规负荷; ${P}_{\mathrm{d}}\left( t\right)$ 为电采暖直热负荷; ${P}_{\mathrm{h}}\left( t\right)$ 为电采暖蓄热负荷。
最终目标函数为
$\min F ={f}_{1}+ \lambda {f}_{2}$
式中: $\lambda$ 为优化目标调节系数,根据优化需求来理性选取。
2.2.2.1 配电网运行约束条件
系统功率平衡约束条件如下:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{i, t}= {U}_{i, t}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{N}{U}_{j, t}\left({{G}_{ij}\cos {\theta }_{ij}+ {B}_{ij}\sin {\theta }_{ij}}\right)\\{Q}_{i, t}= {U}_{i, t}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{N}{U}_{j, t}\left({{G}_{ij}\cos {\theta }_{ij}- {B}_{ij}\sin {\theta }_{ij}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${U}_{i, t},{U}_{j, t}$ 分别为在 $t$ 时刻节点 $i, j$ 处的电压幅值; ${G}_{ij},{B}_{ij}$ 分别为支路 $i - j$ 的电导和电纳; ${\theta }_{ij}$ 为节点 $i, j$ 的电压相位差; $N$ 为配电网节点总数。
其中:
$\begin{array}{l}{P}_{i, t}= {P}_{\mathrm{w}i, t}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{vi}}, t}- {P}_{\mathrm{{zi}}, t}\\\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{w}i, t}^{\min }< {P}_{\mathrm{w}i, t}< {P}_{\mathrm{w}i, t}^{\max }\\{P}_{\mathrm{v}i, t}^{\min }< {P}_{\mathrm{v}i, t}< {P}_{\mathrm{v}, t}^{\max }\\{U}_{i, t}^{\min }< {U}_{i, t}< {U}_{i, t}^{\max }\\{P}_{\mathrm{w}i, t}^{\min }< {P}_{\mathrm{w}i, t}< {P}_{\mathrm{w}i, t}^{\max }\end{array}\right.\end{array}$
式(9)中分别为风电发电功率约束、光伏发电功率约束、系统母线电压约束、线路功率约束。
2.2.2.2 电采暖负荷用户群热平衡约束
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t \in {t}_{X}\cup {t}_{F}\cup {t}_{Z}}}{P}_{\mathrm{d}, t}{\eta }_{\mathrm{d}}{\Delta t}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t \in {t}_{X}}}{P}_{\mathrm{h}, t}{\eta }_{\mathrm{h},\text{ out }}{\Delta t}\geq {Q}_{\text{all }, t}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{Q}_{p, t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t ={t}_{p,0}}}^{{t}_{p}}\frac{{T}_{\mathrm{{set}}}- {T}_{y, t}}{{R}_{1}+ {R}_{2}}{\Delta t}\\{Q}_{v, t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t ={t}_{p,0}}}^{{t}_{v}}\frac{{T}_{\mathrm{{set}}}- {T}_{y, t}}{{R}_{1}+ {R}_{2}}{\Delta t}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{d}, t}$$t$ 时段直热设备的电功率; ${\eta }_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为直热设备的电热转换效率; ${Q}_{\mathrm{{all}}, t}$$t$ 时段用户热量总需求; ${T}_{\text{set }}$ 为平均期望温度; ${T}_{y, t}$ 为当地室外天气预报温度。
运行过程中须满足电采暖直热设备运行约束:
$ 0 \leq {P}_{\mathrm{d}, t}\leq {P}_{\mathrm{d},\max }$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{d},\max }$ 为直热器电功率上限值。
电采暖蓄热设备运行约束:
${S}_{t + 1}= \left({{P}_{\mathrm{h}, t}{\eta }_{\mathrm{h},\mathrm{{in}}}- \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{h}, t}}{{\eta }_{\mathrm{h},\text{ out }}}}\right){\Delta t}+ \left({1 -\omega }\right){S}_{t}$
$ 0 \leq {P}_{\mathrm{h}, t}\leq {P}_{\mathrm{h},\max }$
${S}_{\min }\leq {S}_{t}\leq {S}_{\max }$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{h}, t}$$t$ 时段蓄热设备的电功率; ${S}_{t}$ 为蓄热设备在 $t$ 时段储存的能量; ${\eta }_{\mathrm{h},\mathrm{{in}}}$ 为蓄热设备的蓄能效率; ${\eta }_{\mathrm{h},\text{ out }}$ 为蓄热设备的放能效率; $\omega$ 为蓄能量系数; ${P}_{\mathrm{h},\max }$ 为蓄热器电功率上限; ${S}_{\min },{S}_{\max }$ 分别为荷热状态的下限和上限。
上述模型适用于多时段动态优化问题, 优化变量是用户各个时段的电采暖负荷功率, 控制目标是各风、光等新能源发电功率最大及配电网负荷特性。
考虑新能源接纳能力的配电网电采暖负荷动态优化调度是一个多目标多时段的非线性调度问题, 故考虑采用遗传算法对本文所构建模型进行求解。为了提高遗传算法的性能, 将量子计算方法引入遗传算法, 以改进其编码和更新方式, 使量子遗传算法在最优解的获取速度与并行性方面优于传统遗传算法。
本文所建模型中, 适应度函数是以新能源承载能力与负荷波动为因变量, 以新能源发电功率及配电网负荷特性为自变量的非线性函数, 采用量子比特与量子逻辑门更新染色体对控制目标变量进行编码与更新。基于量子遗传算法的模型求解流程如 图 3 所示, 具体求解方法如下。
步骤 1: 算法初始化。设置当前种群进化次数 $t = 0$ ,并给出种群最大迭代次数 $T$ ,随机生成个体为 $M$ 的初始种群,即确定一天内各时段的初始电采暖负荷变量状态集合。
步骤 2:初始染色体编码。采用量子比特概率幅表示染色体的编码, 且一个量子比特会同时处于多个幅度和为 1 的量子叠加态中, 进而能够增加染色体的取值变化。数学表达如下:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left|{\varphi \rangle =\alpha }\right| 0\rangle +\beta |1\rangle \\{\left|\alpha \right|}^{2}+ {\left|\beta \right|}^{2}= 1 \end{array}\right.$
本文所建立的优化调度模型中待优化控制变量数量较多,不仅与电采暖负荷的调控群体数目有关, 还与一天内动态优化的时间段多少有关, 故将电采暖负荷群分成若干个子部分, 各子部分表示各染色体所构成的个体基因即目标变量的取值。对于某一电采暖负荷群体, 优化变量包括各时段的电采暖直热负荷和电采暖蓄热负荷, 若将一天划分为 24 个时段,优化变量集合可表述为 $\left\lbrack {{P}_{\mathrm{d}}\left( 1\right)}\right.$ , $\left.{{P}_{\mathrm{d}}\left( 2\right),\cdots ,{P}_{\mathrm{d}}\left({24}\right);{P}_{\mathrm{h}}\left( 1\right),{P}_{\mathrm{h}}\left( 2\right),\cdots ,{P}_{\mathrm{h}}\left({24}\right)}\right\rbrack$
若有 3 个电采暖负荷群参与负荷调度, 采用量子比特编码后迭代 $k$ 次时的第 $i$ 个基因 ${Q}_{i}\left( k\right)$ 表示为
${Q}_{i}\left( k\right)= \left|\begin{array}{lll}{\alpha }_{i1}\left( k\right)& {\alpha }_{i2}\left( k\right)& {\alpha }_{i3}\left( k\right)\\{\beta }_{i1}\left( k\right)& {\beta }_{i2}\left( k\right)& {\beta }_{i3}\left( k\right)\end{array}\right|$
步骤 3: 个体适应度评价。对种群中 $M$ 个个体进行测量, 得到确定解的二进制编码, 求得种群个体适应度值, 得到对应的十进制数。
步骤 4: 设置进化目标。记录种群中最优个体及对应的适应度值, 以当前最优个体即当前最优新能源承载能力及负荷波动幅度为进化目标。
步骤 5: 采用量子旋转门更新染色体编码。通过改变种群中所有染色体量子比特的量子角度及旋转复数幅进行量子态干涉来更新染色体编码, 从而使染色体取值趋近于适应度较高的染色体。 量子旋转门如下:
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\alpha }_{ij}\left({k + 1}\right)\\{\beta }_{ij}\left({k + 1}\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack = U\left({\theta }_{i}\right)\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\alpha }_{ij}\left( k\right)\\{\beta }_{ij}\left( k\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}\cos \left({\theta }_{i}\right)- \sin \left({\theta }_{i}\right)\\\sin \left({\theta }_{i}\right)+ \cos \left({\theta }_{i}\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\alpha }_{ij}\left( k\right)\\{\beta }_{ij}\left( k\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack $
步骤 6: 下一代群体生成。基于量子旋转门更新染色体编码, 得到新的种群。
重复步骤 3~6,直至 $t = T$ 时终止迭代,并输出优化结果。
考虑天气和负荷具有随机性, 在研究电采暖负荷的调控策略时须要构建典型的应用场景。本文采用基于多维采样理论的拉丁超立方算法, 生成不同温度和配电台区负荷组合的典型应用场景。
设超立方体有 $s$ 个输入随机变量,因为本文中考虑到环境温度和负荷,因此输入 $s = 2$ ; 在该超立方体内生成 $M$ 个样本的步骤如下。
步骤 1: 抽样规模为 $M$ ,将随机变量的累计概率分布按照所对应的概率分为 $M$ 个时间段,然后在其中任意取一个值,满足:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{a}_{i1}< {a}_{i2}< {a}_{i3}< \cdots <{a}_{ik}< \cdots <{a}_{iM}\\ m =\frac{1}{M}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${a}_{i}$ 为采样值; ${a}_{ik}$ 为变量的第 $k$ 个采样值; $m$ 为区间宽度。
$ P\left\lbrack {{a}_{ik}< a <{a}_{i\left({k + 1}\right)}}\right\rbrack = m $
式中: $P$ 为随机事件出现的可能性大小。
步骤 2: 计算变量的第 $k$ 个采样值 ${a}_{ik}$ 对应的分布概率:
${F}_{ai}\left( k\right)= \frac{N}{M}+ \frac{k - 1}{M}$
式中: $N \sim M\left({0,1}\right), k = 1,2,\cdots , M$ ,服从均匀分布。
步骤 3: 计算累计分布函数的反函数 ${F}_{ai}^{-1}$ ,计算第 $k$ 个采样值 ${a}_{ik}$ :
${a}_{ik}= {F}_{ai}^{-1}\frac{N}{M}+ \frac{k - 1}{M}$
步骤 4: 将每个随机变量的采样值按列排成一个 $M \times k$ 的采样矩阵 $\mathbf{A}$
步骤 5: 采用 Gram-Schmidt 正交法进行排序,最小化各列变量之间的相关性。
针对配电网台区负荷与预测温度具有随机性和波动性的特点, 在提出的优化调度策略基础上, 采用以上拉丁超立方采样方法生成不同温度与负荷的典型应用场景,输入温度和负荷两个变量,超立方体维度为 2,继而生成 $M$ 个随机场景,并通过正交法进行排序, 为随机应用场景的选取提供样例。
本文以东北某地区供电网络为算例进行分析与验证,在配电网中共存在 23 个负荷节点、2 个 PV 节点和 1 个平衡节点, 网架结构如 图 4 所示。 网架中的重要参数如 表 1 所示。基于前文提到的蓄热式电采暖负荷优化调度模型, 使用量子遗传算法对算例进行求解。
负荷优化调度策略与配电网运行方式、天气等都有密切关系, 本文根据北方冬季供暖特点及室外温度情况,选取了冬季 4 个典型日天气场景, 对本文所述的策略进行分析。4 种典型场景下求得的电采暖负荷曲线如 图 5 ~8 所示。
场景 1 整体采暖负荷基本保持平稳。在白天时段 (7:00-18:00),随着室外温度的上升和光照强度的增加, 采暖负荷逐渐减少, 在 13 时左右采暖负荷的削减达到极值, 负荷功率下降至 770 kW,随后因下午温度降低日照减少,负荷水平恢复并在 17 时左右达到夜间采暖负荷的平均水平, 负荷曲线优化明显。场景 2 上午的实际温度低于场景 1, 因此采暖负荷增加了 3.92%, 须要进行提前制热;下午气温升高后采暖负荷减少了 2.89%, 但有部分用户须要补充制热。场景 3 比场景 1 的气温条件恶劣,因此采暖负荷增加了 9.79%,大量用户使用直热和蓄热设备保证自己的采暖需求; 下午气温升高时采暖负荷虽然减少了 5.36%,但是整体负荷曲线波动较为明显。
由于电采暖负荷的调节作用, 电网新能源承载能力变化明显,为了便于分析,对 4 个典型日各时段新能源承载能力的平均值进行统计, 并与未考虑电采暖负荷调节的情况进行对比。由对比结果可以看出, 在电采暖负荷的调节作用下, 各种场景的新能源承载能力都有所增加, 结果如 图 9 所示。
在本文场景和模型框架下, 考虑新能源接纳能力的配电网电采暖负荷动态优化调度是一个多目标多时段的非线性调度问题, 故考虑采用量子遗传算法对本文所构建模型进行求解。适应度函数是以新能源承载能力与负荷波动为因变量, 以新能源发电功率及配电网负荷特性为自变量的非线性函数, 采用量子比特与量子逻辑门对控制目标变量进行编码与更新, 得到 4 种典型场景下的结果,如 图 10 ~13 所示。
本文设置量子遗传算法的进化代数为 250 , 种群数为 50。从 图 10 ~13 中可以看出, 种群随着迭代次数的增加而发生的变化情况, 以及不同迭代次数下求得的最优目标函数值。迭代初期量子遗传算法迭代曲线斜率绝对值较大, 然后趋于平稳并收敛且具有较快的收敛速度。因此,在求解本文所建规划模型时, 量子遗传算法效率更高, 得到的结果也更好。
蓄热式电采暖具有一定的可调节性, 电采暖负荷参与电网优化调度是新型电力系统丞待解决的关键问题。本文提出了一种考虑新能源承载能力的配电网电采暖负荷动态优化调度策略。首先, 构建了蓄热式电采暖负荷的调控模型; 然后, 以配电网台区新能源承载能力为目标, 以配电网负荷波动平抑、配电网稳态安全运行和电采暖负荷用户舒适性为约束, 建立了配电网电采暖负荷动态优化调度模型, 并提出基于量子遗传算法的解算策略;最后,采用拉丁超立方抽样法生成典型应用场景, 进行配电网新能源承载能力的调度策略适用性分析。算例分析结果表明,本文所提方法能够充分考虑电采暖负荷的调控潜力, 提高配电网新能源的承载力。
  • 国网辽宁省电力有限公司管理科技项目(2022YF-108)
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  • 接收时间:2023-07-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-18
基金
国网辽宁省电力有限公司管理科技项目(2022YF-108)
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    1 沈阳工程学院 电力学院 辽宁 沈阳 110136
    2 国网辽阳供电公司 辽阳 111000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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