Article(id=1154432828168200229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432826603720940, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1650297600000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167834559, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1705680000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167834559, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167834559, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167834559, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154432826603720940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167834186, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694645959, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642435372540826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432826603720940, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642435372540827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432826603720940, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=136, endPage=142, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154432828562464806, articleId=1154432828168200229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Design and experiment of a series connection floating two-body direct-drive wave energy generation system, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Considering the inconvenient installation and the poor ability to capture wave energy in the traditional directdrive wave energy converter (DDWEC), a series connection floating twobody DDWEC is proposed in this paper. Two rectangular bodies of the WEC float horizontally in the waves bodies and both capture the wave energy. The primary and secondary of the Halbach array permanent magnet linear generator(HPMLG) are respectively installed on the lateral surface between the two floating bodies. Because both floating bodies capture wave energy, the ability of the WEC to capture wave energy is improved, and the structure of the WEC is simple and easy to manufacture and maintain. Then, the prototype of the twobody DDWEC is manufactured and tested in the wave tank in this paper. The experimental results show that in the case with the wave height of 16 cm and the draft of 16 cm, the average generated power of the prototype reaches the maximum value of 6.54 W at the wave period of 1.8 s, when the wave period ranges from 1.2 s to 2.4 s. Finally, the twobody DDWEC prototype is compared with the singlebody DDWEC prototype. The results show that the average power output of the twobody DDWEC prototype is always higher than that of the singlebody DDWEC prototype in a large range of wave period.

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针对传统的直驱式波浪发电系统安装不便以及俘获波浪能能力弱的问题,文章提出了一种漂浮串联式双浮体直驱式波浪发电系统。该系统的两个浮体水平漂浮在波浪中,Halbach 永磁直线发电机的初级与次级分别安装在两个浮体之间的侧面,两个浮体均可俘获波浪能,提升了系统的波浪能俘获能力。该系统还具有结构简单、易于制造与维护的优点。文章利用制作的原型样机在波浪水槽中进行了试验。试验结果表明,在波高为16cm,浮体吃水为16cm,在波浪周期从1.2s增大到2.4s的波况下,原型样机的平均发电功率在1.8s处取得最大值 6.54 W。比较双浮体原型样机与单浮体样机后发现,在波浪周期较大的范围内,双浮体原型样机输出的平均发电功率一直高于单浮体样机。

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刘川(1993-),男,博士,研究方向为直驱式波浪能发电和可穿戴设备。E-mail:

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刘川(1993-),男,博士,研究方向为直驱式波浪能发电和可穿戴设备。E-mail:

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刘川(1993-),男,博士,研究方向为直驱式波浪能发电和可穿戴设备。E-mail:

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label=Table 1, caption=Design parameters of the Halbach array permanent magnet linear generator, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
永磁体材料 NdFeB35
初级铁芯和背铁材料 硅钢片 D23
线圈槽的线圈匝数 $N$ 200
极距 ${\tau }_{\mathrm{p}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 26
主磁体长度 ${\tau }_{\mathrm{m}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 19
过渡磁体长度 ${\tau }_{\mathrm{t}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 7
永磁体的厚度 ${H}_{\mathrm{{pm}}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 3.5
背铁厚度 ${H}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 6
气隙 ${g}_{\text{air }}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 4
槽的宽度 ${b}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 9.5
齿的宽度 ${b}_{1}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 8
槽的高度 ${h}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 40
轭的高度 ${Y}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 20
电机行程 ${L}_{\mathrm{f}}/\mathrm{{cm}}$ 22
), ArticleFig(id=1154432873009504613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432828168200229, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=Halbach 永磁直线发电机的参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
永磁体材料 NdFeB35
初级铁芯和背铁材料 硅钢片 D23
线圈槽的线圈匝数 $N$ 200
极距 ${\tau }_{\mathrm{p}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 26
主磁体长度 ${\tau }_{\mathrm{m}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 19
过渡磁体长度 ${\tau }_{\mathrm{t}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 7
永磁体的厚度 ${H}_{\mathrm{{pm}}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 3.5
背铁厚度 ${H}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 6
气隙 ${g}_{\text{air }}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 4
槽的宽度 ${b}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 9.5
齿的宽度 ${b}_{1}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 8
槽的高度 ${h}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 40
轭的高度 ${Y}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 20
电机行程 ${L}_{\mathrm{f}}/\mathrm{{cm}}$ 22
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一种串联式双浮体直驱式波浪发电系统的设计与试验研究
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刘川 1 , 王杰 1 , 李雪峰 2 , 陈仁文 2 , 刘世龙 1 , 苗伟根 1
可再生能源 | 2024,42(1): 136-142
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(1): 136-142
一种串联式双浮体直驱式波浪发电系统的设计与试验研究
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刘川1 , 王杰1, 李雪峰2, 陈仁文2, 刘世龙1, 苗伟根1
作者信息
  • 1 中国电子科技集团公司 第三十二研究所 上海 201808
  • 2 南京航空航天大学 航空学院 江苏 南京 210016
  • 刘川(1993-),男,博士,研究方向为直驱式波浪能发电和可穿戴设备。E-mail:

Design and experiment of a series connection floating two-body direct-drive wave energy generation system
Chuan Liu1 , Jie Wang1, Xuefeng Li2, Renwen Chen2, Shilong Liu1, Weigen Miao1
Affiliations
  • 1 The 32nd Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Co. Ltd. Shanghai 201808 China
  • 2 College of Aerospace Engineering Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 210016 China
出版时间: 2024-01-20
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针对传统的直驱式波浪发电系统安装不便以及俘获波浪能能力弱的问题,文章提出了一种漂浮串联式双浮体直驱式波浪发电系统。该系统的两个浮体水平漂浮在波浪中,Halbach 永磁直线发电机的初级与次级分别安装在两个浮体之间的侧面,两个浮体均可俘获波浪能,提升了系统的波浪能俘获能力。该系统还具有结构简单、易于制造与维护的优点。文章利用制作的原型样机在波浪水槽中进行了试验。试验结果表明,在波高为16cm,浮体吃水为16cm,在波浪周期从1.2s增大到2.4s的波况下,原型样机的平均发电功率在1.8s处取得最大值 6.54 W。比较双浮体原型样机与单浮体样机后发现,在波浪周期较大的范围内,双浮体原型样机输出的平均发电功率一直高于单浮体样机。

双浮体  /  直驱式波浪发电系统  /  Halbach 永磁直线发电机  /  波浪俘获  /  平均发电功率

Considering the inconvenient installation and the poor ability to capture wave energy in the traditional directdrive wave energy converter (DDWEC), a series connection floating twobody DDWEC is proposed in this paper. Two rectangular bodies of the WEC float horizontally in the waves bodies and both capture the wave energy. The primary and secondary of the Halbach array permanent magnet linear generator(HPMLG) are respectively installed on the lateral surface between the two floating bodies. Because both floating bodies capture wave energy, the ability of the WEC to capture wave energy is improved, and the structure of the WEC is simple and easy to manufacture and maintain. Then, the prototype of the twobody DDWEC is manufactured and tested in the wave tank in this paper. The experimental results show that in the case with the wave height of 16 cm and the draft of 16 cm, the average generated power of the prototype reaches the maximum value of 6.54 W at the wave period of 1.8 s, when the wave period ranges from 1.2 s to 2.4 s. Finally, the twobody DDWEC prototype is compared with the singlebody DDWEC prototype. The results show that the average power output of the twobody DDWEC prototype is always higher than that of the singlebody DDWEC prototype in a large range of wave period.

two-body  /  DD-WEC  /  HPMLG  /  wave energy capture  /  average generated power
刘川, 王杰, 李雪峰, 陈仁文, 刘世龙, 苗伟根. 一种串联式双浮体直驱式波浪发电系统的设计与试验研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (1) : 136 -142 .
Chuan Liu, Jie Wang, Xuefeng Li, Renwen Chen, Shilong Liu, Weigen Miao. Design and experiment of a series connection floating two-body direct-drive wave energy generation system[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (1) : 136 -142 .
在所有可用的可再生能源中, 海洋波浪能因其高可用性、可预测性、持久性和功率密度高等优点,得到了广泛的关注。波浪能是发电量最高的可再生能源之一,每年的发电量可达到 8000~80000 TW· ${\mathrm{h}}$ [ 1 , 2 ] 。波浪能发电技术就是将波浪能俘获并通过能量输出(Power Take-Off, PTO)系统转化为可利用的电能, 而俘获波浪能的系统被称为波浪能转换系统或波浪能发电系统 (Wave Energy Converter, WEC) [ 3 ] 。根据 WEC 的原理,可将其分为振荡水柱式 (Oscillating Water Column, OWC)、 越浪式 (Overtopping) 和振荡浮体式(Oscillating Bodies, OB) [ 4 ] 。然而,大部分的 WEC 在 PTO 系统中采用复杂的机械接口(如液压和气动系统、涡轮传输、齿轮箱等)来驱动传统的旋转发电机, 增加了系统的复杂性, 导致整个系统维修困难、效率低、可靠性差。直驱式波浪能发电系统(Direct-Drive Wave Energy Converter, DD-WEC) [ 5 , 6 ] 是将波浪能直接转化为电能,无需任何复杂机械接口,从而避免了其他能量输出系统中发生的能量损失, 降低了维护成本, 提高了可靠性。
最简单的 DD-WEC 是单浮体 DD-WEC, 该系统由一个浮体和一台直线发电机组成。在波浪力的作用下, 浮体驱动与其相连的直线发电机, 从而将波浪能转换为电能。由 Teamwork Technology B V 公司发明的 Archimedes Wave Swing(AWS)是最早的单浮体式 DD-WEC [ 7 - 9 ] ,该公司于 2004 年下半年在葡萄牙北海岸部署和测试了一台额定功率为 $2\mathrm{{MW}}$$\mathrm{{AWS}}$ 全比例原型样机 [ 10 ] 。2011 年, 广州能源研究所研制了中国第一台 DD-WEC-“哪吒一号”,并在珠海万山岛完成现场投放,该系统的额定功率为 ${20}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 。2013 年,经优化研制的 “哪吒二号”直驱式波浪发电站在海上开始测试, 累计发电 ${205}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,最大输出功率为 ${11.47}\mathrm{\;k}{\mathrm{\;W}}$ [ 11 ]
但是, 单浮体 DD-WEC 也存在一些问题, 如浮体与能量输出系统之间距离过远、维修和安装要求高等。为了解决单浮体 DD-WEC 所存在的问题, 双浮体 DD-WEC 的概念被提出来。该系统由两个浮体和一台直线发电机组成, 当波浪驱动浮体运动时, 漂浮在水面上的浮体对水下浮体产生反作用力, 使得两个浮体的振幅和相位不同, 波浪能是通过两个浮体间的相对运动提取的 [ 12 ] 。Ocean Power Technologies (OPT) 公司于 2016 年开发了额定功率可达 ${150}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 的 PowerBuoy3 系统 [ 13 ] 。余海涛团队 [ 14 , 15 ] 改良了上述双浮体 DD-WEC,将圆筒永磁直线发电机的磁阵列固定在外部浮体, 而线圈固定在内部浮体, 大大提高了永磁直线发电机的功率密度。该团队在 2015 年将一台额定功率为 $5\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 的双浮体 DD-WEC 样机投放在江苏连云港秦山岛周边海域内进行测试, 系统的瞬时功率达到 ${1.5}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$
在传统的双浮体 DD-WEC 中,整个能量输出系统全部嵌在两个浮体内部, 不利于发电装置的制造、安装与维护, 且只利用外部浮体捕获波浪能, 内部浮体受电磁力作用而进行自由振荡, 俘获波浪能的能力和单浮体装置一样弱。针对以上问题, 本文提出了一种漂浮串联式双浮体直驱式波浪能发电系统。该系统中的两个浮体均能俘获波浪能,提升了波浪能俘获能力,并且结构简单,易于制造与维护。
图 1 (a)为漂浮串联式双浮体直驱式波浪能发电系统的结构组成示意图。整个波浪发电系统主要由两个相同的矩形浮体、Halbach 永磁直线发电机和带有端部止动弹簧的直线滑轨构成。 图1 (b)为矩形浮体的结构示意图。浮体的长、宽、高分别为 ${L}_{1},{L}_{2}$${L}_{3}$图 1 (c) 为 Halbach 永磁直线发电机的三维结构示意图。装有线圈的部分为直线发电机的初级, 装有 Halbach 永磁体阵列的为次级, 直线发电机的初级与次级通过直线滑轨相配合。直线发电机的初级和直线滑轨安装在浮体 $\mathrm{A}$ 的侧面,次级和滑轮安装在浮体 $\mathrm{B}$ 的侧面,初级与次级正对安装。 图 1 (d)为 Halbach 永磁直线发电机的二维结构示意图。Halbach 永磁直线发电机采用的结构是长次级结构,初级绕组采用 8 极 12 槽结构,线圈的绕线形式为三相,分别为 $\mathrm{A}$ , $\mathrm{B},\mathrm{C}$图 1 (e)为双浮体直驱式波浪能发电系统的发电原理图。两个浮体均在海平面上水平漂浮, 漂浮着的两个矩形浮体沿滑轨做自由垂荡运动。当两个矩形浮体在波浪激励下做垂荡运动时, 浮体将俘获的波浪能转化为自身的动能, 由于浮体本身的长度小于波浪的波长, 使得两个矩形浮体的运动产生了相位差, 引起 Halbach 永磁直线发电机的初级与次级也产生相对位移, 从而导致通过初级线圈中的磁通量发生周期性变化,根据法拉第电磁感应定律, 线圈中产生感应电流。因此, 当浮体之间的相对速度越大, 所产生的电流也就越大。当波浪波高过大,使得浮体之间的相对位移超过直线滑轨行程时, 直线滑轨的端部止动弹簧可以保护机械结构免于碰撞与损坏。
不同于传统的双浮体直驱式发电系统,本文所提出的双浮体发电系统的两个矩形浮体均被波浪激励力所驱动, 同时俘获、提取波浪能, 提高了整个系统的波浪能俘获能力。此外, Halbach 永磁直线发电机安装在两个矩形浮筒的表面, 而不是浮筒内部, 使得整个系统的结构更加简单, 易于制造与维护。
基于线性波浪理论 [ 16 ] 对双浮体直驱式波浪能发电系统进行结构动力学建模, 从而获得发电系统中两个浮体的运动方程。为了简化建模过程, 假设两个矩形浮体在波浪中的运动仅考虑垂荡方向, 忽略机械阻力和浮体上的粘滞力作用, 同时忽略两个浮体的交叉力以及线性耦合项。基于以上假设, 根据线性波浪理论以及牛顿第二定律, 两个浮体在波浪中运动方程可以表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{m}_{\mathrm{A}}{\ddot{z}}_{\mathrm{A}}= {F}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{A}}+ {F}_{\mathrm{h},\mathrm{A}}+ {F}_{\mathrm{r},\mathrm{A}}+ {F}_{\mathrm{{em}},\mathrm{A}}\\{m}_{\mathrm{B}}{\ddot{z}}_{\mathrm{B}}= {F}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{B}}+ {F}_{\mathrm{h},\mathrm{B}}+ {F}_{\mathrm{r},\mathrm{B}}- {F}_{\mathrm{{em}},\mathrm{B}}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${m}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 为浮体 $\mathrm{A}$ 和 Halbach 永磁直线发电机初级的总质量; ${m}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 为浮体 $\mathrm{B}$ 和 Halbach 永磁直线发电机次级的总质量; ${\ddot{z}}_{\mathrm{A}}$${\ddot{z}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为浮体 $\mathrm{A}$ 和浮体 $\mathrm{B}$ 在垂荡方向的运动加速度; ${F}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{A}}$${F}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为作用在浮体 $\mathrm{A}$ 和浮体 $\mathrm{B}$ 上的波浪激励力; ${F}_{\mathrm{h},\mathrm{A}}$${F}_{\mathrm{h},\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为作用在浮体 $\mathrm{A}$ 和浮体 $\mathrm{B}$ 上的静水恢复力; ${F}_{\mathrm{r},\mathrm{A}}$${F}_{\mathrm{r},\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为作用在浮体 $\mathrm{A}$ 和浮体 $\mathrm{B}$ 上的辐射力; ${F}_{\mathrm{{em}},\mathrm{A}}$${F}_{\mathrm{{em}},\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为作用在浮体 $\mathrm{A}$ 和浮体 $\mathrm{B}$ 上的电磁力阻尼力, 其由 Halbach 永磁直线发电机产生, 这是一对大小相等, 方向相反的力, 即 ${F}_{\mathrm{{em}},\mathrm{A}}= -{F}_{\mathrm{{em}},\mathrm{B}\odot }$
作用在浮体 $\mathrm{A}$ 和浮体 $\mathrm{B}$ 上的波浪激励力 [ 17 ] 可以表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{F}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{A}}= {F}_{0}\cos {\omega t}\\{F}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{B}}= {F}_{0}\cos \left({{\omega t}- \phi }\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${F}_{0}$ 为波浪力的幅值; $\phi$ 为浮体 $\mathrm{A}$ 和浮体 $\mathrm{B}$ 之间的位移相位差, $\phi ={2\pi }{L}_{1}/\lambda ,\lambda$ 为波长; $\omega$ 为波浪角频率; $t$ 为时间变量。
作用在浮体 $\mathrm{A}$ 和浮体 $\mathrm{B}$ 上的静水恢复力 [ 18 ] 可以通过下式进行计算:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{F}_{\mathrm{h},\mathrm{A}}= -{\rho g}{S}_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{A}}{z}_{\mathrm{A}}\\{F}_{\mathrm{h},\mathrm{B}}= -{\rho g}{S}_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{B}}{z}_{\mathrm{B}}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${S}_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{A}}$${S}_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为浮体 $\mathrm{A}$ 和浮体 $\mathrm{B}$ 的水线面积; ${z}_{\mathrm{A}}$${z}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为浮体 $\mathrm{A}$ 和浮体 $\mathrm{B}$ 在垂荡方向的运动位移。
作用在浮体 $\mathrm{A}$ 和浮体 $\mathrm{B}$ 上的波浪辐射力 [ 19 ] 可以表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{F}_{\mathrm{r},\mathrm{A}}= -{R}_{\mathrm{A}}{\dot{z}}_{\mathrm{A}}- {m}_{\mathrm{a},\mathrm{A}}{\ddot{z}}_{\mathrm{A}}\\{F}_{\mathrm{r},\mathrm{B}}= -{R}_{\mathrm{B}}{\dot{z}}_{\mathrm{B}}- {m}_{\mathrm{a},\mathrm{B}}{\ddot{z}}_{\mathrm{B}}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${R}_{\mathrm{A}}$${R}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为辐射阻尼系数; ${z}_{\mathrm{A}}$${z}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为浮体 $\mathrm{A}$ 和浮体 $\mathrm{B}$ 在垂荡方向的运动速度; ${m}_{\mathrm{a},\mathrm{A}}$${m}_{\mathrm{a},\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为浮体 $\mathrm{A}$ 和浮体 $\mathrm{B}$ 的附加质量, ${m}_{\mathrm{a},\mathrm{A}}=$ ${m}_{\mathrm{a},\mathrm{B}\circ }$
作用在浮体 $\mathrm{A}$ 和浮体 $\mathrm{B}$ 上电磁阻尼力 [ 20 ] 可以分别表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{F}_{\mathrm{{em}},\mathrm{A}}= -{C}_{\mathrm{d}}{\dot{z}}_{\mathrm{r},\mathrm{d}}\\{F}_{\mathrm{{em}},\mathrm{B}}= -{C}_{\mathrm{d}}\left({-{\dot{z}}_{\mathrm{r},\mathrm{d}}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${C}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为 Halbach 永磁直线发电机的电磁阻尼系数; ${z}_{\mathrm{r},\mathrm{d}}$ 为浮体 $\mathrm{A}$ 和浮体 $\mathrm{B}$ 的相对运动速度, ${z}_{\mathrm{r},\mathrm{d}}=$ ${z}_{\mathrm{A}}- {z}_{\mathrm{B}}$
将式(2) $\sim$ (5)代入式(1),两个矩形浮体运动的动态方程可以表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left({{m}_{\mathrm{A}}+ {m}_{\mathrm{a},\mathrm{A}}}\right){\ddot{z}}_{\mathrm{A}}+ {\rho g}{S}_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{A}}{z}_{\mathrm{A}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{A}}{\dot{z}}_{\mathrm{A}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{d}}{\dot{z}}_{\mathrm{r},\mathrm{d}}= {F}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{A}}\\\left({{m}_{\mathrm{B}}+ {m}_{\mathrm{a},\mathrm{B}}}\right){\ddot{z}}_{\mathrm{B}}+ {\rho g}{S}_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{B}}{z}_{\mathrm{B}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{B}}{\dot{z}}_{\mathrm{B}}- {C}_{\mathrm{d}}{\dot{z}}_{\mathrm{r},\mathrm{d}}= {F}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{B}}\end{array}\right.$
受波浪驱动的双浮体波浪能发电系统产生的平均电磁功率 ${\bar{P}}_{\mathrm{{em}},\mathrm{d}}$ 可用下式进行计算:
${\bar{P}}_{\mathrm{{em}},\mathrm{d}}= \frac{1}{T}{\int }_{0}^{T}\left({{C}_{\mathrm{d}}{\dot{z}}_{\mathrm{r},\mathrm{d}}^{2}}\right)\mathrm{d}t $
式中: $T$ 为波浪周期。
根据永磁直线发电机的发电理论 [ 20 ] ,电磁功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{{em}},\mathrm{d}}$ 可以表示为
${P}_{\mathrm{{em}},\mathrm{d}}= {P}_{\mathrm{{gen}}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{gen}},\mathrm{c}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{gen}},\mathrm{L}}$
式中: ${P}_{\text{gen }}$ 为永磁直线发电机中负载所产生的三相发电功率; ${P}_{\mathrm{{gen}},\mathrm{c}}$ 为线圈所消耗的功率; ${P}_{\mathrm{{gen}},\mathrm{L}}$ 为线圈同步电感所产生的无功功率。
永磁直线发电机中负载所产生的三相发电功率可以用下式进行计算:
${P}_{\text{gen }}= {u}_{\mathrm{a}}{i}_{\mathrm{a}}+ {u}_{\mathrm{b}}{i}_{\mathrm{b}}+ {u}_{\mathrm{c}}{i}_{\mathrm{c}}$
式中: ${u}_{\mathrm{a}},{u}_{\mathrm{b}},{u}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为 Halbach 永磁直线发电机中负载所产生的三相输出电压; ${i}_{\mathrm{a}},{i}_{\mathrm{b}},{i}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为 Halbach 永磁直线发电机中负载所产生的三相电流。
平均发电功率 ${\bar{P}}_{\text{gen }}$ 可以用下式进行计算:
${\bar{P}}_{\text{gen }}= \frac{1}{T}{\int }_{0}^{T}{P}_{\text{gen }}\mathrm{\;d}t $
根据 图 1 的结构示意图, 实验室加工制作了一台双浮体直驱式波浪能发电系统原型样机( 图2 )。 原型样机包括两个矩形浮体、两个直线滑轨和一台 Halbach 永磁直线发电机样机。矩形浮体的长、 宽、高分别设计为 ${0.84},{0.48},{0.48}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。浮体材料为超高分子量聚乙烯,浮体设计成中空,其顶部有个盖子, 可以通过自由添加重物达到改变浮体吃水的目的,浮体的起始吃水为 ${0.16}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。Halbach 永磁直线发电机样机和直线滑轨固定在两个矩形浮体之间, 初级与次级分别安装在两个矩形浮体之间的侧面, 三相线圈电缆通过水管穿过浮体并接电阻负载。Halbach 永磁直线发电机样机的表面被防水胶覆盖密封,以实现隔离海水,防止海水腐蚀的目的。直线滑轨由 316L 不锈钢材料制成,耐海水腐蚀性较强。Halbach 永磁直线发电机初级由初级铁芯和初级绕组组成[ 图 2 (b)],初级铁芯由硅钢片 D23 堆拼而成,该材料具有造价低、导磁性高的特点。线圈每槽共 200 匝, 3 种颜色的线圈分别代表 $\mathrm{A},\mathrm{B},\mathrm{C}$ 三相。Halbach 永磁直线发电机次级由次级背铁和次级 Halbach 永磁体阵列组成 [ 图 2 (c)]。次级背铁亦由硅钢片 D23 堆拼而成, Halbach 永磁体阵列材料为 NdFeB35, 剩磁为 1.17~1.18 T,具有高剩磁与矫顽力大的特点。永磁体阵列通过金属胶粘在一起,并固定在背铁上。 表 1 为 Halbach 永磁直线发电机的结构参数。
在双浮体直驱式波浪能发电系统原型样机制作完成后,在波浪水槽中进行试验( 图 3 )。水槽长 ${80}\mathrm{\;m}$ 、宽 $1\mathrm{\;m}$ 、高 ${1.8}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,试验水深 $d$${0.6}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,波周期 $T$${0.5}\sim {5.0}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,波高 $H$${0.02}\sim {0.40}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。当进行原型样机试验时, 水槽末端的造波机可以产生固定波浪周期和波高的规则波。两个矩形浮体漂浮在水面上,浮体无负重,吃水为 ${16}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ ,当波浪推动矩形浮体做升沉运动时,浮体的长度小于波长, 浮体之间错位运动, 导致固定在浮体之间的 Halbach 永磁直线发电机的次级与初级产生相对位移, 初级线圈由于电磁感应而产生电能。电能通过初级浮体的线圈电缆传输至 3 个恒定负载电阻,三相电阻的连接方式为星形,三相输出电压由示波器观测并记录。
在波高为 ${16}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ ,波浪周期为 ${2.0}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,负载为 ${20\Omega }$ ,浮体无负重的条件下,原型样机的三相输出随时间变化的波形如 图 4 所示。从 图 4 可以看出:三相输出电压的波形为正弦调制,其周期与波浪周期一致,峰值达到 ${14.6}\mathrm{\;V}$ ; 瞬时发电功率的波形为全波整流波形,其峰值可以达到 ${17.9}\mathrm{\;W}$ ,经计算,平均发电功率可以达到 ${5.59}\mathrm{\;W}$
波高、波浪周期以及浮体吃水均会影响双浮体波浪能发电系统的发电性能。双浮体原型样机在不同波况下产生的平均发电功率如 图 5 所示。 从 图 5(a) 可以看出, 在任意固定的波浪周期下, 波高越高, 原型样机输出的平均发电功率越大。这是由于波高越高,波浪力越大,浮体的运动也就越剧烈。当波高为 ${16}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ ,波浪周期为 ${2.0}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,双浮体原型样机可以产生 ${5.59}\mathrm{\;W}$ 的平均发电功率,而当波浪周期为 ${2.0}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,波高为 $8\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 时,双浮体原型样机只能产生 ${1.12}\mathrm{\;W}$ 的平均发电功率。从 图 5 (b)可以看出, 在任意固定波高下, 随着波浪周期的增加, 双浮体原型样机输出的平均发电功率先增大后减小。当波高为 ${16}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 时,双浮体原型样机的平均发电功率在波浪周期为 ${1.8}\mathrm{\;s}$ 处取得 6.54 $\mathrm{W}$ 的峰值,而在波浪周期为 ${1.2}\mathrm{\;s}$ 处只能产生1.39 W 的平均发电功率。从 图 5(c)可以看出,浮体吃水对双浮体原型样机的发电性能有很大的影响, 浮体吃水越浅, 原型样机输出的平均发电功率就越大。当浮体吃水为 ${16}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 时,双浮体原型样机输出的平均发电功率在波浪周期为 ${1.8}\mathrm{\;s}$ 处取得 ${6.54}\mathrm{\;W}$ 的峰值,而当浮体吃水为 ${30}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 时,双浮体原型样机输出的平均发电功率峰值为 ${5.11}\mathrm{\;W}$
将双浮体发电系统样机中的一个浮体固定, 改造成单浮体发电系统样机, 并放入波浪水槽中进行试验。当波浪推动矩形浮体做升沉运动时,固定在浮体侧面的 Halbach 永磁直线发电机的次级永磁体与初级固定座一侧的初级线圈产生相对位移,初级线圈由于电磁感应而产生电能。
在波高为 ${16}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ ,浮体吃水为 ${16}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ ,负载为 ${20\Omega }$ 的条件下,单浮体和双浮体波浪能发电系统原型样机的平均发电功率随波浪周期的变化曲线如 图 6 所示。
图 6 可以看出,当波浪周期不超过 ${2.0}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时, 双浮体原型样机输出的平均发电功率一直高于单浮体原型样机,而当波浪周期大于 ${1.8}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时, 双浮体原型样机输出的平均发电功率开始降低, 并在波浪周期大于 ${2.0}\mathrm{\;s}$ 后,双浮体原型样机输出的平均发电功率低于单浮体原型样机。当波浪周期为 ${1.8}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,双浮体原型样机可以输出 ${6.54}\mathrm{\;W}$ 的平均发电功率,比单浮体原型样机的平均发电功率多 ${1.16}\mathrm{\;W}$ 。从试验结果来看,在较大范围的波浪周期内,双浮体发电装置产生的电能大于单浮体发电装置。本文所提出的双浮体发电系统中的两个浮体均俘获了波浪能, 的确提升了发电系统的波浪能俘获能力,从而增加了发电量。
针对传统的双浮体直驱式波浪能发电系统制造、安装不便,造价成本高以及波浪能俘获能力弱等问题, 本文提出了一种漂浮串联式双浮体直驱式波浪能发电系统,制作了双浮体波浪能发电系统的原型样机, 并在波浪水槽中进行了试验。试验结果表明:波高、波浪周期和浮体吃水均会影响双浮体波浪能发电系统的发电性能;当波高为 ${16}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ ,浮体吃水为 ${16}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ ,波浪周期为 ${1.8}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时, 双浮体原型样机的平均发电功率可以达到 ${6.54}\mathrm{\;W}$ ;在较大范围的波浪周期内,双浮体原型样机的波浪俘获能力均强于单浮体原型样机。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51675265)
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  • 接收时间:2022-04-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-19
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国家自然科学基金项目(51675265)
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    1 中国电子科技集团公司 第三十二研究所 上海 201808
    2 南京航空航天大学 航空学院 江苏 南京 210016
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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