Article(id=1154432827132203245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432826603720940, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1672070400000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167834312, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1705680000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167834312, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167834312, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167834312, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154432826603720940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167834186, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694645959, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642435372540826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432826603720940, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642435372540827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154432826603720940, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=71, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154432827547439342, articleId=1154432827132203245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Research on the influence of heat storage operation strategies on the performance of integrat-ed energy system based on the solar energy storage and heating, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The solar heating system coupled with seasonal thermal storage is a promising solution to solve the seasonal mismatch between the solar energy supply and heating demand. The thermal performance of the system in the heat storage season has a significant impact on the system's annual operation performance, and has a direct impact on the discharging process of the seasonal storage in the heating season. Therefore, based on the solar heating system coupled with seasonal thermal storage in Fanshan Town, Zhangjiakou, a dynamic simulation platform is built. The influence of different operation strategies on the performance of the system is analyzed by experiment and simulation methods. Results showed that the control strategies were significant for improving the heat collection performance of solar receiver and the exergy efficiency of the UWPS. The stratification of the seasonal storage has an impact on the collection efficiency of the receiver, especially at the end of the nonheating season. In addition, at the end of the nonheating season in typical year, the monthly solar collection efficiency could be increased by 4.8% in variable flow control compared to the temperature difference control.

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太阳能跨季节储热技术可以有效解决太阳能与供热负荷季节性不匹配的问题,该技术在储热季的热性能对系统全年运行性能有重大影响,且对跨季节储热水体在供热季的放热能力有直接影响。文章基于张家口某太阳能储/供热综合能源实验系统搭建了 TRNSYS模拟平台,采用实验和模拟相结合的方法,分析了跨季节储热供热系统在储热季不同运行策略对系统性能的影响特性。结果表明:储热季运行策略对提高系统集热性能及跨季节储热水体烟效率具有重要作用,跨季节储热水体温度分层对系统集热性能影响较大,尤其是在储热季末期;另外,与温差控制相比,集热侧采用变流量定温控制策略月平均吸热器热效率最大可提高4.8%以上。

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李振(1986-),男,博士,研究方向为综合能源与储能系统集成与调试运维。E-mail:
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项目 模块名称 主要参数
气象数据 Type 15-3 张家口怀来典型年气象数据
定日镜场 Type 394 定日镜数:66 面,单面定日镜面积:11.2 m²
吸热器 Type 155 吸热器高: ${1.7}\mathrm{m}$ ,吸热器宽: ${2.8}\mathrm{\;m}$
循环泵 Type 750 额定流量:2.22 kg/s,电机效率:0.85
跨季节储热水体 Type 207 高度: ${5.7}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,直径: ${14}\mathrm{\;m}$
温控器 Type 2b 温差: ${10}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$
控制模块 Equation 集热侧运行策略的编译
吸热器出口管路 Type 709 直径:50 mm(内径),60 mm(外径)
), ArticleFig(id=1154432878202049184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432827132203245, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=太阳能跨季节储/供热系统 TRNSYS 仿真平台主要模块及参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 模块名称 主要参数
气象数据 Type 15-3 张家口怀来典型年气象数据
定日镜场 Type 394 定日镜数:66 面,单面定日镜面积:11.2 m²
吸热器 Type 155 吸热器高: ${1.7}\mathrm{m}$ ,吸热器宽: ${2.8}\mathrm{\;m}$
循环泵 Type 750 额定流量:2.22 kg/s,电机效率:0.85
跨季节储热水体 Type 207 高度: ${5.7}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,直径: ${14}\mathrm{\;m}$
温控器 Type 2b 温差: ${10}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$
控制模块 Equation 集热侧运行策略的编译
吸热器出口管路 Type 709 直径:50 mm(内径),60 mm(外径)
), ArticleFig(id=1154432878290129569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432827132203245, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=System performance comparison under different operation strategies in the heat storage season, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式 吸热器 热效率1% 跨季节储热水体 充热效率 跨季节储热水体 烟效率1%
CON I 80.7 63.5 53.20
CON II 78.8 64.9 56.31
CON III 81.2 65.5 58.02
), ArticleFig(id=1154432878348849826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154432827132203245, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=储热季不同运行策略下系统性能对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式 吸热器 热效率1% 跨季节储热水体 充热效率 跨季节储热水体 烟效率1%
CON I 80.7 63.5 53.20
CON II 78.8 64.9 56.31
CON III 81.2 65.5 58.02
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基于太阳能储/供热综合能源系统的运行策略
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周喜超 1 , 李晓霞 2, 3 , 李振 1 , 王楠 1 , 赵鹏翔 1 , 丛琳 1 , 仇虎生 3 , 徐涛 4
可再生能源 | 2024,42(1): 71-78
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(1): 71-78
基于太阳能储/供热综合能源系统的运行策略
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周喜超1, 李晓霞2, 3, 李振1 , 王楠1, 赵鹏翔1, 丛琳1, 仇虎生3, 徐涛4
作者信息
  • 1 国网综合能源服务集团有限公司 北京 100052
  • 2 中国科学院电工研究所 北京 100190
  • 3 兰州理工大学 能源与动力工程学院 甘肃 兰州 730050
  • 4 广州大学 土木工程学院 广东 广州 510006

通讯作者:

李振(1986-),男,博士,研究方向为综合能源与储能系统集成与调试运维。E-mail:
Research on the influence of heat storage operation strategies on the performance of integrat-ed energy system based on the solar energy storage and heating
Xichao Zhou1, Xiaoxia Li2, 3, Zhen Li1 , Nan Wang1, Pengxiang Zhao1, lin Cong1, Husheng Qiu3, Tao Xu4
Affiliations
  • 1 State Grid Integrated Energy Services Group Co., Ltd. Beijing 100052 China
  • 2 Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
  • 3 School of Energy and Power Engineering Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou 730050 China
  • 4 School of Civil Engineering Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 China
出版时间: 2024-01-20
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太阳能跨季节储热技术可以有效解决太阳能与供热负荷季节性不匹配的问题,该技术在储热季的热性能对系统全年运行性能有重大影响,且对跨季节储热水体在供热季的放热能力有直接影响。文章基于张家口某太阳能储/供热综合能源实验系统搭建了 TRNSYS模拟平台,采用实验和模拟相结合的方法,分析了跨季节储热供热系统在储热季不同运行策略对系统性能的影响特性。结果表明:储热季运行策略对提高系统集热性能及跨季节储热水体烟效率具有重要作用,跨季节储热水体温度分层对系统集热性能影响较大,尤其是在储热季末期;另外,与温差控制相比,集热侧采用变流量定温控制策略月平均吸热器热效率最大可提高4.8%以上。

太阳能  /  跨季节储热  /  运行策略  /  TRNSYS

The solar heating system coupled with seasonal thermal storage is a promising solution to solve the seasonal mismatch between the solar energy supply and heating demand. The thermal performance of the system in the heat storage season has a significant impact on the system's annual operation performance, and has a direct impact on the discharging process of the seasonal storage in the heating season. Therefore, based on the solar heating system coupled with seasonal thermal storage in Fanshan Town, Zhangjiakou, a dynamic simulation platform is built. The influence of different operation strategies on the performance of the system is analyzed by experiment and simulation methods. Results showed that the control strategies were significant for improving the heat collection performance of solar receiver and the exergy efficiency of the UWPS. The stratification of the seasonal storage has an impact on the collection efficiency of the receiver, especially at the end of the nonheating season. In addition, at the end of the nonheating season in typical year, the monthly solar collection efficiency could be increased by 4.8% in variable flow control compared to the temperature difference control.

solar heating  /  seasonal thermal energy storage  /  operational strategy  /  TRNSYS
周喜超, 李晓霞, 李振, 王楠, 赵鹏翔, 丛琳, 仇虎生, 徐涛. 基于太阳能储/供热综合能源系统的运行策略. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (1) : 71 -78 .
Xichao Zhou, Xiaoxia Li, Zhen Li, Nan Wang, Pengxiang Zhao, lin Cong, Husheng Qiu, Tao Xu. Research on the influence of heat storage operation strategies on the performance of integrat-ed energy system based on the solar energy storage and heating[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (1) : 71 -78 .
我国太阳能资源较为丰富 [ 1 ] ,太阳能在供热方面具有明显的资源优势和区位优势。将跨季节储热技术应用于大型太阳能集中供热系统中,可以有效地解决能源季节性供需不匹配的问题, 还可以显著提高太阳能供热系统的稳定性和利用率。
运行策略设计是完成太阳能储/供热综合能源系统内部子系统间以及组件间高效集成及耦合动态运行的关键,也是实现系统经济、可靠稳定运行的重要因素。研究表明,较差的调控策略会导致系统性能降低 ${10}\%\sim {15}\%$ [ 2 ] 。近年来,国内外研究人员针对运行策略对太阳能储/供热综合能源系统性能的影响开展了大量的研究工作。文献[ 3 ]基于模型预测方法(MPC)提出集热侧、供热侧和地埋管充、放热的控制策略, 通过 TRNSYS 模型对系统的运行性能进行研究, 在气象数据和热负荷准确预测前提下, 通过改进控制策略, 系统一次能源消耗率可降低 5%。文献[ 4 ]模拟研究了集热和储热运行策略对太阳能跨季节储热供热系统性能影响,储热启动温度平均每升高 ${1}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,集热效率和储热效率分别平均下降 0.7% 和 0.3%。文献[ 5 ]采用动态模拟方法分析了高纬度寒冷区域集中和半分散社区的太阳能区域供暖系统中, 集热侧循环泵控制方式, 短期储热水箱串、并联模式切换策略, 系统集成方式等对系统性能和经济性的影响。文献[ 6 ]分析了小型跨季节储/供热系统集热器类型、 配置和控制方式对系统一次能源节约率、太阳能保证率、跨季节储热水体储热效率、二氧化碳减排量和运行成本的影响。文献[ 7 ]研究指出, 将缓冲水箱中的温度分层混合为均匀温度对系统性能影响最大,系统集热效率下降明显,且电耗增加 23%~35%。文献[ 8 ]分析了直流供暖加水源热泵联合取热和板式换热加水源热泵联合取热形式、取热效率对系统性能的影响。文献[ 9 ]实验测试了不同运行模式对太阳能跨季节蓄热温室热环境影响特性。文献[ 10 ]在设定的运行策略下,分析了集热器面积、储热体积等参数对系统性能及经济性参数的影响, 分析表明, 能源及环境参数主要受集热器面积影响, 而储热体积对经济性参数影响较大。 文献[ 11 ]提出了多套太阳能跨季节储/供热系统集成方式, 通过合理设计集热系统和跨季节储热水体进出口位置, 尽可能避免跨季节储热水体内的冷热水掺混,最大程度提高系统太阳能供热保证率。文献[ 12 ]以大连某太阳能供热项目为例,对跨季节储/供热系统的供热调节方法进行探讨, 提出了供热系统采用直连混水、直接供暖及水源热泵供暖 3 种形式结合的供热模式。
国内外相关研究主要针对运行策略对系统长周期性能开展影响分析, 然而集热侧运行策略对太阳能跨季节储/供热综合能源系统在储热季的性能影响分析还未涉及, 尤其是对于系统内不同设备的性能影响机理分析还显不足。本文基于张家口某 ${3000}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ 太阳能储/供热综合能源实验系统,搭建系统动态仿真模拟平台,并开展储热季集热侧运行策略对系统性能影响分析, 皆在为太阳能储供热综合能源系统的推广应用及运行调控提供重要理论指导。
本文跨季节储热的塔式太阳能聚光吸热供热系统建设于 ${40}^{\circ }{13}^{\prime }{18}^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{N},{115}^{\circ }{26}^{\prime }{6}^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{E}$ ,如 图 1 所示。 图 2 为系统工作原理。
图 2 可知, 太阳能储/供热综合能源系统主要由 4 个部分组成: 太阳能塔式聚光吸热系统、跨季节储热系统、供热系统和用户。系统工作原理: 在储热季, 聚光吸热系统循环泵 P1 从跨季节储热水体底部抽水, 经吸热器将太阳能高效转化为热能,并将热水充入跨季节储热水体上部,进行长期存储; 在供热季, 太阳能塔式聚光吸热系统通过供热系统的板式换热器加热缓冲水箱中的水, 再使用缓冲水箱内的热水向用户供热。当源(太阳辐照较低) 荷(供热负荷较大)不匹配导致缓冲水箱供热温度低于供热温度设定值时, 采用跨季节储热水体进行联合供热。利用储热水体内部的热水通过板式换热器向缓冲水箱充热, 并实现向建筑供暖或供热,满足节能建筑集中供热需求,解决传统太阳能集中供热系统中太阳能利用率低及夏季与冬季热量供需不平衡等问题。
本文基于 TRNSYS 仿真软件搭建以实验系统为原型的太阳能储/供热综合能源系统动态仿真平台,并通过实验对模型进行验证。
①系统模型
储热季,塔式聚光吸热系统向跨季节储热水体充热, 主要体现在储热水体内部储存能量的变化。系统能量平衡方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\rho }_{\mathrm{w}}{c}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{w}}{V}_{\mathrm{s}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{T}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{s}}}{\mathrm{d}\tau }= {Q}_{\mathrm{{in}},\mathrm{s}}\left(\tau \right)- {Q}_{\mathrm{{loss}},\mathrm{s}}\left(\tau \right)\\{Q}_{\mathrm{{in}},\mathrm{s}}\left(\tau \right)= {Q}_{\mathrm{{rec}},\mathrm{{abs}}}\left(\tau \right)= {Q}_{\mathrm{{inc}}}\left(\tau \right)- {Q}_{\mathrm{{rec}},\mathrm{{loss}}}\left(\tau \right)\\{Q}_{\mathrm{{inc}}}\left(\tau \right)= {Q}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{{olar}}}\left(\tau \right)- {Q}_{\mathrm{h},\mathrm{{loss}}}\left(\tau \right)\\{Q}_{\mathrm{{inc}}}\left(\tau \right)= {Q}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{{inc}}}\left(\tau \right)\cdot {\eta }_{\mathrm{i}}= {N}_{\mathrm{i}}\cdot {A}_{\mathrm{i}}\cdot {I}_{\mathrm{{put}}}\cdot {\eta }_{\mathrm{h}}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${T}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{s}}$ 为跨季节储热水体平均水温, $\mathrm{C};{Q}_{\mathrm{{in}},\mathrm{s}}\left(\tau \right)$ 为跨季节储热水体充热量, $\mathrm{W};{Q}_{\mathrm{{loss}},\mathrm{s}}\left(\tau \right)$ 为跨季节储热水体热损, 主要为与土壤耦合传热所散失热量,受气象参数和土壤温度非稳态边界条件作用, $\mathrm{W};{Q}_{\mathrm{{rec}},\mathrm{{abs}}}\left(\tau \right)$ 为吸热器有效吸收热量,如忽略吸热器本身内部能量变化, 等于向跨季节储热水体充热量, $\mathrm{W};{Q}_{\text{inc }}\left(\tau \right)$ 为入射到吸热器表面能量, $\mathrm{W}$ ; ${Q}_{\mathrm{{rec}},\mathrm{{loss}}}\left(\tau \right)$ 为吸热器总热损量, $\mathrm{W};{Q}_{\mathrm{{solar}}}\left(\tau \right)$ 为塔式聚光吸热系统的总输入太阳能, $\mathrm{W};{Q}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ loss }}\left(\tau \right)$ 为定日镜场的能量损失, $\mathrm{W};{\eta }_{\mathrm{h}}$ 为镜场总体效率值; ${N}_{\mathrm{h}}$ 为定日镜总数; ${A}_{\mathrm{h}}$ 为单个定日镜采光面积, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2};{I}_{\mathrm{{DNI}}}$ 为法向直射辐照度, $\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$
②定日镜场模型
定日镜场的运行性能可用镜场总体效率来表征, 主要受到因入射太阳直射辐射光线与定日镜面法线非平行而引起的余弦损失; 由于相邻或前后定日镜阴影、遮挡引起的阴影及挡光损失;由于镜面反射率及清洁状况而引起的镜面反射损失; 由于大气对光线的耗散而引起的大气透过损失; 由于吸热器开口与镜场聚光光斑面积差异而引起的能流截断等参数的影响。其数学关系式为
${\mathbf{\eta }}_{\mathrm{h}}= {\mathbf{\eta }}_{\text{cos }}\cdot {\mathbf{\eta }}_{\text{sh&b }}\cdot {\mathbf{\eta }}_{\text{refl }}\cdot {\mathbf{\eta }}_{\text{atten }}\cdot {\mathbf{\eta }}_{\text{spill }}$
式中: ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{cos}}}$ 为余弦效率; ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{shkb}}}$ 为阴影及挡光效率; ${\eta }_{\text{refl }}$ 为镜面反射效率; ${\eta }_{\text{atten }}$ 为大气透过效率; ${\eta }_{\text{spill }}$ 为截断效率。
③吸热器模型
本系统中吸热器为以水为传热工质的塔式腔体式吸热器。基于能量平衡方法, 忽略导热热损, 于 MATLAB 中搭建一维非稳态传热模型 [ 13 , 14 ] , ${Q}_{\text{rec, abs }}$
${Q}_{\text{rec, abs }}= \alpha {Q}_{\text{inc }}- {Q}_{\text{conv }}- {Q}_{\text{rad }}$
式中: $\alpha$ 为吸热器吸收率; ${Q}_{\mathrm{{rad}}},{Q}_{\mathrm{{conv}}}$ 分别为辐射热损和对流热损, $\mathrm{W}$
④跨季节储热水体模型
跨季节储热水体模型包括一维“多节点”储热水体模型且水体上部有空气层, 周围土壤和水体混凝土壁面的二维模型[ 15 ]。
${\rho }_{\mathrm{w}}{c}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{w}}{V}_{\mathrm{k}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{T}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{k}}}{\mathrm{d}\tau }= \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{k}- 1}- {T}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{k}}}{\frac{\Delta H}{{\lambda }_{\mathrm{w}}{A}_{\mathrm{p}}}}+ \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{k}+ 1}- {T}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{k}}}{\frac{\Delta H}{{\lambda }_{\mathrm{w}}{A}_{\mathrm{p}}}}+ \\\frac{{T}_{\text{side },\mathrm{k}}- {T}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{k}}}{\frac{1}{{h}_{\text{side },\mathrm{k}}{A}_{\text{side },\mathrm{k}}}+ \frac{\Delta {r}_{0}}{2{\lambda }_{\text{con }}{A}_{\text{side },\mathrm{k}}}}+ \\{c}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{w}}\left({{T}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{k}- 1}- {T}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{k}}}\right){m}_{\mathrm{k}- 1}+ {c}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{w}}\left({{T}_{\mathrm{{in}},\mathrm{k}}- {T}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{k}}}\right){m}_{\mathrm{{in}},\mathrm{k}}$
式中: ${T}_{\mathrm{{in}},\mathrm{k}}$ 为向储热水体充热的流体温度, $\mathrm{C};{T}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{k}}$ , ${T}_{\text{side,}\mathrm{k}}$ 分别为储热水体流体温度和侧壁温度, ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ; ${m}_{\mathrm{{in}},\mathrm{k}}$ 为热源端流入储热水体的质量流量, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s};{\Delta H}$ 为水体节点高度, $\mathrm{m};{\lambda }_{\mathrm{w}}$${\lambda }_{\mathrm{{con}}}$ 分别为水和混凝土壁面导热系数, $\mathrm{W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {}^{\mathrm{o}}\mathrm{C}}\right);{A}_{\text{side },\mathrm{k}}$${A}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 分别为水体节点侧壁面积及横截面积, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2};\Delta {r}_{0}$ 为混凝土壁面厚度, m。
基于前文所述各部件模型及 MATLAB 中搭建吸热器模型,以各部件能流传递关系为核心,结合系统的运行策略将各模块连接组合起来, 搭建而成 TRNSYS 太阳能跨季节储/供热系统仿真试验平台, 系统模型界面如 图 3 所示。
TRNSYS 动态仿真试验平台中, 主要单元设备模块的信息如 表 1 所示。
本文选用 2018 年 10 月 1-7 日的实测值对仿真模型进行验证。模拟中使用的气象参数为实测值, 通过写入 TMY 文件供程序调用, 系统循环泵启停控制按照实验设置。实际运行中,吸热器集热后向储热水体充热,运行于储热模式,因此本文将对吸热器进出口温度及储热水体内部温度分布进行实验与模拟的对比。 图 4 显示储热模式时,吸热器进出口温度变化的实验结果与模拟值的对比。
图 4 可知, 吸热器出口温度实测值与模拟值对比较为接近,结果基本吻合,只有在循环泵启停瞬时, 仿真结果与实验值存在一定出入, 主要原因是仿真模型中未考虑循环泵启停时, 吸热管内的振荡流造成的换热。但仿真模型整体较好的反映了吸热器在不同天气情况下动态运行性能。而吸热器进口温度模拟值稍低于实测值, 主要原因为在实际系统中储热水体至热源的出口管段不是完全布置在底部, 而模拟中则设为吸热器循环泵从储热水体底部抽水。
图 5 为储热水体内部不同高度处水温变化的实验结果与模拟值的对比。具体温度测点布置如文献[ 15 ]中所述。
图 5 可知, 仿真结果与实验值吻合较好, 最上层两个测点仿真值和实验值存在一定误差, 主要原因可能因上层土壤含水率受环境温度和湿度影响, 对水体与土壤换热造成一定影响, 而本文模型中未考虑土壤含水率的影响。结果表明,跨季节储热水体各层水温实验值与模拟值最大误差不超过 ${1.0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,塔式聚光吸热系统进出口温度最大误差不超过 3 ℃。
图 4 ,5 可知,太阳能跨季节储/供热系统仿真试验平台的模拟值与实测值较为吻合, 能够较为准确的反映出实际系统的动态运行特性及变化趋势,基本满足研究需要。
为研究储热季集热侧不同运行策略对跨季节储热供热系统的性能影响, 本文采用以下指标对系统性能进行分析及评价。
①塔式聚光吸热系统有效得热量
${Q}_{\mathrm{{rec}},\mathrm{{abs}}}= {\int }_{{\tau }_{1}}^{{\tau }_{2}}{c}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{w}}\cdot m \cdot \left({{T}_{\mathrm{{rec}},\mathrm{{out}}}- {T}_{\mathrm{{rec}},\mathrm{{in}}}}\right){d\tau }$
式中: $m$ 为水的质量流量, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s};{T}_{\mathrm{{rec}},\mathrm{{in}}},{T}_{\mathrm{{rec}},\mathrm{{out}}}$ 分别为吸热器进、出口水温,℃。
②吸热器热效率
${\eta }_{\mathrm{r}}= \frac{{Q}_{\mathrm{{rec}},\mathrm{{abs}}}}{{Q}_{\mathrm{{inc}}}}$
③跨季节储热水体储热效率
${\eta }_{\mathrm{c}}= \frac{{Q}_{\mathrm{{st}}}}{{Q}_{\mathrm{{in}},\mathrm{s}}}$
式中: ${Q}_{\mathrm{{st}}}$ 为跨季节储热水体内部能量变化, $\mathrm{W}$
④储热水体烟输入
$ E{x}_{\mathrm{c}}= {m}_{\mathrm{c}}\left\lbrack {\left({{h}_{\mathrm{{in}},\mathrm{s}}- {h}_{\mathrm{{out}},\mathrm{s}}}\right)- {T}_{0}\left({{s}_{\mathrm{{in}},\mathrm{s}}- {s}_{\mathrm{{out}},\mathrm{s}}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
式中: $E{x}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为储热水体拥输入, $\mathrm{{kJ}};{h}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$ 为储热水体入口水的比焓, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}};{h}_{\text{out }}$ 为储热水体出口水的比焓, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}};{s}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$ 为储热水体 $\lambda$ 口水的比熵, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot }\right.$ $\mathrm{K});{s}_{\text{out }}$ 为储热水体出口水的比熵, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{m}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为充热阶段充入水的质量, $\mathrm{{kg}}$
⑤储热水体烟累积
$ E{x}_{\mathrm{{st}}}= M \cdot \left\lbrack {\left({{u}_{\mathrm{f}}- {u}_{\mathrm{i}}}\right)- {T}_{0}\cdot \left({{s}_{\mathrm{f}}- {s}_{\mathrm{i}}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
式中: $E{x}_{\mathrm{{st}}}$ 为储热水体拥累积, $\mathrm{{kJ}};{u}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为储热水体最终状态水的比内能, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}};{u}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为储热水体初始状态水的比内能, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}};{T}_{0}$ 为选取参考温度,此处取室外环境空气温度, ${}^{o}\mathrm{C};{s}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为储热水体最终状态水的比熵, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$${s}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为储热水体初始状态水的比熵, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$$M$ 为储热水体内水的质量, $\mathrm{{kg}}$
⑥储热水体充热阶段烟效率
${\psi }_{\mathrm{c}}= \frac{E{x}_{\mathrm{{st}}}}{E{x}_{\mathrm{c}}}$
⑦温度分层系数
温度分层系数主要用于评价水体内水的温度分层梯度, 定义为每时刻平均温度梯度与初始时刻温度梯度的比值 [ 16 ] ,即:
$\text{ Str }= \frac{\overline{{\left(\partial T/\partial z\right)}_{t}}}{\overline{{\left(\partial T/\partial z\right)}_{t = 0}}}$
太阳能供热系统集热侧常采用的运行策略包括定流量连续运行、温控运行和变流量定温运行 3 种。本文主要分析以上 3 种运行策略对太阳能跨季节储/供热系统储热季运行性能的影响, 包括其对太阳能集热性能、跨季节储热水体温度分层、 储热效率的影响等。3 种模式具体控制策略如下。
①定流量连续运行(CON I)。当(法向直射辐照度) DNI 达到最小启动值时 $\left({{200}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}}\right)$ ,集热侧循环泵启动,且以额定流量保持运行,直到跨季节储热水体顶层温度高于 ${90}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 或 DNI 小于最小启动值, 循环泵停止运行。
②温控运行(CON II)。传统温差启停控制运行过程中存在较大电耗 [ 5 ] ,为减少云遮工况下循环泵的频繁启动, 本文提出一种改进的温控运行, 当 DNI 达到最小启动值时,循环泵启动且以最小设定流量 (0.3 倍额定流量)运行,直到吸热器出口温度和跨季节储热水体顶部水温之间温差大于上限温差 $\left({{10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 时,循环泵以额定流量运行;当吸热器出口温度和跨季节储热水体顶部水温之间温差小于下限温差 $\left({{0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 时,循环泵转为最小设定流量(0.3 倍额定流量)运行,跨季节储热水体顶层温度高于 ${90}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$$\mathrm{{DNI}}$ 小于最小启动值,循环泵停止运行。
③变流量定温运行(CON III)。当 DNI 达到最小启动值时, 循环泵启动且以最小设定流量 (0.3 倍额定流量)运行, 通过调整流量使吸热器出口温度达到设定值, 本文设定为高于跨季节储热水体顶部水温 ${10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,考虑到管路阻力因素,循环泵流量最大为 1.1 倍额定流量。
图 6 ,7 显示了不同控制策略下吸热器的运行状态和每小时集热量的对比。本文选取 6 月份一典型阴天的实测气象数据进行分析。(跨季节储热水体顶部水温) ${T}_{\text{top },\mathrm{s}}$ 和 (吸热器入口水温) ${T}_{\text{in }}$ 分别设置为 ${80},{60}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
图 6 可知, 在变流量定温运行中, 吸热器出口温度 ${T}_{\text{out }}$ 基本稳定在 ${90}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,即高于跨季节储热水体顶部水温 10°C。同样,在温控运行中,出口温度在 ${80}\sim {90}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。在定流量连续运行中,吸热器的出口温度随太阳辐射的变化而变化,较其他两种运行策略下出口温度低,且有时低于跨季节储热水体的顶部水温。3 种模式下吸热器的全天热效率分别为 ${73.8}\%,{69.4}\%$${73.5}\%$ 。温控模式下,吸热器热效率较低的原因是当太阳辐照度较低时, 未达到转为额定流量的标准,使吸热器在最小流量下运行,效率较低且使热损失增加; 当太阳辐射较低且流量振荡波动时, 每小时集热量在不同控制策略下存在明显差异;同时,当吸热器的出口温度略高于或低于温差时,循环泵的流量(Flow-CON II)常在额定流量和最小流量之间振荡。变流量定温运行最大限度地减少了流量的振荡, 且系统运行较为稳定。考虑到热效率,与温控运行相比,连续运行和变流量定温运行下吸热器运行性能更优。
储能效率是评价跨季节储热水体储能性能的一个重要指标, 考虑到水体的放热性能, 储热水体内的温度分层也同样重要。良好的温度分层意味着水体内沿高度方向高温差和高温度梯度, 使储热水体具有更高的拥效率。在储热季结束后,跨季节储热水体的温度分层会对供热季放热过程产生决定性的影响。为了更好地分析集热侧运行策略对跨季节储热水体性能的影响, 本文由式 (11) 温度分层数对跨季节储热水体温度分层进行评价。 在连续运行中,当 DNI 高于 ${200}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 时,循环泵以恒定流量运行, 在某些情况下会导致吸热器的出口温度低于跨季节储热水体顶部水温,见 图 8
图 8 可知, 6 月 26 日较低温度的热水降低了跨季节储热水体顶部水温, 导致水体内部热水与充热流体发生掺混, 造成跨季节储热水体内可用能的减少和温度分层的破坏。同时,剧烈的混合增强了逆温层中的浮力以及各温度层间的热扩散, 因此, 连续运行下跨季节储热水体底部温升较快。基于以上综合讨论, 可以得出结论, 考虑到吸热器的集热性能和跨季节储热水体的温度分层, 变流量定温控制性能更优。
以典型年气象资料为基础, 模拟了储热季不同运行策略下系统运行特性,并分析吸热器的热效率和跨季节储热水体的储热能量和拥效率, 且以此作为系统性能的评价指标进行比较, 如 表 2 所示。对系统进行整个储热季的分析, 如 图 9 所示。
表 2 可知, 该系统在太阳能集热和跨季节储热方面均有较好的性能。在储热季,太阳能吸热器的平均热效率和跨季节储热水体的储热效率分别为 81.2%和 65.5%。储热季,吸热器热效率在储热季末期有一定程度的下降, 主要原因为吸热器运行温度较高导致热损增加。但在变流量定温运行下,储热末期(10月)热效率仍可达到 78.2%; 而在温控模式下, 10 月热效率降为 73.4%,随着吸热器工作温度的升高, 变流量定温模式和温控模式之间的吸热器热效率差异变大。而连续运行下,储热季末期吸热器热效率低于变流量定温模式, 主要原因为连续运行下, 充热流体温度随着太阳辐照变化,造成储热水体内温度分层的破坏,储热水体底部温度较高,导致吸热器热效率较低。整个储热季,3 种模式下,变流量定温模式较其他两种模式太阳能吸热器热效率和跨季节储热水体的能量效率和拥效率均有明显优势。在变流量定温模式下,跨季节储热水体的拥效率比连续运行下提高 4.8%。
为研究集热侧不同运行策略对储热季太阳能跨季节储/供热系统性能的影响, 本文基于系统的动态仿真模型, 开展了模拟仿真研究。同时, 采用一些定量指标对太阳能跨季节储/供热系统的性能进行评价。此外,还对跨季节储热水体进行了能量和烟效率评价,得出以下结论:① 储热季,太阳能跨季节储/供热系统的性能较好。太阳能吸热器的平均热效率和储热水体的储热效率分别为 81.2%和 65.5%;②在相同充热量情况下,跨季节储热水体的温度分层效果越好, 可为供热季提供更多可用能。而定流量连续运行下, 由于吸热器出口温度随太阳辐照波动, 会导致跨季节储热水体温度分层的下降。良好的运行策略可以有效地提高跨季节储热水体的拥效率, 变流量下跨季节储热水体的拥效率较定流量连续运行高 4.7%;③集热侧运行策略对吸热器的热效率有较大影响, 尤其是在储热季末期,变流量定温模式较温控模式, 月平均吸热器热效率最大可提高 4.8%以上。
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  • 接收时间:2022-12-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-27
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    1 国网综合能源服务集团有限公司 北京 100052
    2 中国科学院电工研究所 北京 100190
    3 兰州理工大学 能源与动力工程学院 甘肃 兰州 730050
    4 广州大学 土木工程学院 广东 广州 510006

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李振(1986-),男,博士,研究方向为综合能源与储能系统集成与调试运维。E-mail:
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