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Deep borehole heat exchangers (DBHE) is currently recognized as the most environmentally friendly way to exploit geothermal energy. The deep Ushaped borehole heat exchanger is a new type of DBHE which is being explored. Heat extraction capacity and influence radius are the important problems in the process of popularizing this technology. Based on the measured parameters of ground temperature and thermophysical properties, the heat extraction capacity and influence radius of the 2 500 m deep Ushaped borehole heat exchanger are analyzed by the way of insitu test and numerical simulation in Caotan area of Xi'an. The results show that the sustainable heat extraction power of the heat exchanger in 30 years is closed to 750 kW, with an average linear meter of 144 W; The attenuation degree and range of wall rock temperature increase with the increase of heat extraction power; The influence radius of the deep Ushaped borehole heat exchanger are different at different depths, and the deep stratum is larger than the shallow stratum as a whole; The influence radius of the 2 500 m deep Ushaped borehole heat exchanger with the heat extraction rates of 750 kW can greater than 100 m after work for 30 years, and there is a certain degree of thermal interference between the inlet well and outlet well of the Deep Ushaped borehole exchanger.

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中深层地热能井下换热技术是一种环保的地热能开发利用技术,U型对接换热井为重要类型之一,取热能力和热影响半径是这一技术应用推广的关键问题。文章以西安某2500m深、水平段长200m的U型对接换热井为研究对象,基于实测地层温度和围岩热物性参数,通过原位测试及数值模拟技术,分析换热井的取热能力,探讨换热过程中围岩地层温度变化特征及范围。结果表明:目标换热井 30 a可持续取热功率达750 kW,平均换热功率为144 W/m;围岩地温衰减程度和范围随着取热功率增大而增大;换热井不同深度热影响半径不同,深部地层整体大于浅部,750 kW 取热功率下取热30a最大热影响半径超过 100 m,换热井进、出水井间存在一定程度的热干扰。

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韩元红(1988-),女,博士,高级工程师,主要从事地热资源开发利用相关研究。E-mail:

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韩元红(1988-),女,博士,高级工程师,主要从事地热资源开发利用相关研究。E-mail:

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韩元红(1988-),女,博士,高级工程师,主要从事地热资源开发利用相关研究。E-mail:

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地层 厚度/m 岩性 密度 导热系数 热扩散系数 比热容/J·
30 干黄土 1.60 0.63 0.35 1809.33
60 松散粉砂 1.80 1.41 0.85 1 669.50
540 粉砂岩 2.18 3.15 1.96 1 608.85
三门组 394 细砂岩 2.28 3.25 1.80 1 807.56
张家坡组 170 粉砂质泥岩 2.37 2.42 0.90 2 691.52
406 粉砂质泥岩 2.19 2.18 0.89 2 443.36
290 泥质粉砂岩 2.27 2.41 1.11 2 177.68
蓝田组 240 泥质粉砂岩 2.31 2.66 1.06 2509.03
210 粉砂岩 2.06 2.89 1.22 2 365.09
160 细砂岩 2.18 3.66 1.75 2095.78
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地层 厚度/m 岩性 密度 导热系数 热扩散系数 比热容/J·
30 干黄土 1.60 0.63 0.35 1809.33
60 松散粉砂 1.80 1.41 0.85 1 669.50
540 粉砂岩 2.18 3.15 1.96 1 608.85
三门组 394 细砂岩 2.28 3.25 1.80 1 807.56
张家坡组 170 粉砂质泥岩 2.37 2.42 0.90 2 691.52
406 粉砂质泥岩 2.19 2.18 0.89 2 443.36
290 泥质粉砂岩 2.27 2.41 1.11 2 177.68
蓝田组 240 泥质粉砂岩 2.31 2.66 1.06 2509.03
210 粉砂岩 2.06 2.89 1.22 2 365.09
160 细砂岩 2.18 3.66 1.75 2095.78
), ArticleFig(id=1154430700204839568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430656655380668, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Grid independence verification, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 套管 水泥 保温 岩土 总数
1 28 560 6720 10 080 20160 128 160 193 680
2 37536 8 832 13 248 26 496 168 816 254 928
3 57 120 13 440 20160 40 320 287 520 418 560
4 75888 17 856 26 784 53 568 407 040 581 136
5 114 240 26 880 40320 80 640 699 840 961 920
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方案 套管 水泥 保温 岩土 总数
1 28 560 6720 10 080 20160 128 160 193 680
2 37536 8 832 13 248 26 496 168 816 254 928
3 57 120 13 440 20160 40 320 287 520 418 560
4 75888 17 856 26 784 53 568 407 040 581 136
5 114 240 26 880 40320 80 640 699 840 961 920
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参数 密度 导热系数 比 比热容/J·(kg·K)
套管 7912.58 14.48 485.62
固井水泥 2100 1.34 1000
循环水 1000 0.62 4 200
保温管 5 685.19 0.02 22.00
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参数 密度 导热系数 比 比热容/J·(kg·K)
套管 7912.58 14.48 485.62
固井水泥 2100 1.34 1000
循环水 1000 0.62 4 200
保温管 5 685.19 0.02 22.00
), ArticleFig(id=1154430700464886428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430656655380668, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=The water temperature, flow rate and heat extraction capacity under heat extraction tests, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/h 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 72
进口温度 ${\rho }^{ * }\mathrm{C}$ 19.75 19.30 19.60 19.54 19.41 19.68 19.90 19.50
出口温度/℃ 41.50 37.20 35.70 34.70 34.40 34.10 33.50 32.80
流量/kg· ${\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 12.58 12.43 12.87 12.89 12.91 13.08 13.194 13.11
取热强度/MW 1.149 0.934 0.870 0.821 0.813 0.792 0.754 0.732
), ArticleFig(id=1154430700523606685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430656655380668, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=取热试验测试结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/h 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 72
进口温度 ${\rho }^{ * }\mathrm{C}$ 19.75 19.30 19.60 19.54 19.41 19.68 19.90 19.50
出口温度/℃ 41.50 37.20 35.70 34.70 34.40 34.10 33.50 32.80
流量/kg· ${\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 12.58 12.43 12.87 12.89 12.91 13.08 13.194 13.11
取热强度/MW 1.149 0.934 0.870 0.821 0.813 0.792 0.754 0.732
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西安中深层 U型对接换热井取热能力及热影响半径
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韩元红 1 , 张育平 1 , 张廷会 1 , 刘俊 2 , 薛宇泽 1
可再生能源 | 2024,42(5): 620-626
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(5): 620-626
西安中深层 U型对接换热井取热能力及热影响半径
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韩元红1 , 张育平1, 张廷会1, 刘俊2, 薛宇泽1
作者信息
  • 1 自然资源部煤炭资源勘查与综合利用重点实验室 陕西 西安 710021
  • 2 西安交通大学 人居环境与建筑工程学院 陕西 西安 710049
  • 韩元红(1988-),女,博士,高级工程师,主要从事地热资源开发利用相关研究。E-mail:

Heat extraction capacity and heat-affected radius of deep U-shaped borehole heat exchanger in Xi'an
Yuanhong Han1 , Yuping Zhang1, Tinghui Zhang1, Jun Liu2, Yuze Xue1
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Coal Resources Exploration and Comprehensive Utilization Xi'an 710021 China
  • 2 School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
出版时间: 2024-05-20
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中深层地热能井下换热技术是一种环保的地热能开发利用技术,U型对接换热井为重要类型之一,取热能力和热影响半径是这一技术应用推广的关键问题。文章以西安某2500m深、水平段长200m的U型对接换热井为研究对象,基于实测地层温度和围岩热物性参数,通过原位测试及数值模拟技术,分析换热井的取热能力,探讨换热过程中围岩地层温度变化特征及范围。结果表明:目标换热井 30 a可持续取热功率达750 kW,平均换热功率为144 W/m;围岩地温衰减程度和范围随着取热功率增大而增大;换热井不同深度热影响半径不同,深部地层整体大于浅部,750 kW 取热功率下取热30a最大热影响半径超过 100 m,换热井进、出水井间存在一定程度的热干扰。

地热能  /  U型对接换热井  /  取热能力  /  热影响半径

Deep borehole heat exchangers (DBHE) is currently recognized as the most environmentally friendly way to exploit geothermal energy. The deep Ushaped borehole heat exchanger is a new type of DBHE which is being explored. Heat extraction capacity and influence radius are the important problems in the process of popularizing this technology. Based on the measured parameters of ground temperature and thermophysical properties, the heat extraction capacity and influence radius of the 2 500 m deep Ushaped borehole heat exchanger are analyzed by the way of insitu test and numerical simulation in Caotan area of Xi'an. The results show that the sustainable heat extraction power of the heat exchanger in 30 years is closed to 750 kW, with an average linear meter of 144 W; The attenuation degree and range of wall rock temperature increase with the increase of heat extraction power; The influence radius of the deep Ushaped borehole heat exchanger are different at different depths, and the deep stratum is larger than the shallow stratum as a whole; The influence radius of the 2 500 m deep Ushaped borehole heat exchanger with the heat extraction rates of 750 kW can greater than 100 m after work for 30 years, and there is a certain degree of thermal interference between the inlet well and outlet well of the Deep Ushaped borehole exchanger.

geothermal energy  /  deep U-shaped borehole heat exchanger  /  heat extraction capacity  /  heat-affected radius
韩元红, 张育平, 张廷会, 刘俊, 薛宇泽. 西安中深层 U型对接换热井取热能力及热影响半径. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (5) : 620 -626 .
Yuanhong Han, Yuping Zhang, Tinghui Zhang, Jun Liu, Yuze Xue. Heat extraction capacity and heat-affected radius of deep U-shaped borehole heat exchanger in Xi'an[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (5) : 620 -626 .
地热能是一种绿色低碳的可再生能源,具有分布广、储量大、清洁环保等特点。利用地热能为建筑供暖,能够有效缓解我国化石能源紧缺、大气污染严重等方面的压力,满足碳减排和治污、降霾的需求 [ 1 ] 。深井换热技术因不涉及回灌和排放问题, 不会因回灌不利而造成地面沉降或因地下水排放造成土壤和地表水污染, 是目前公认环保的地热能开发、利用方式。该技术又被称为“中深层无干扰供热技术” [ 2 ] ,“保水采热”技术 [ 3 ] 或“取热不取水”技术 [ 4 ] 。我国居民住宅集中,地热供暖项目施工面积有限, 很多城市限制开采地下水, 深井换热技术是这些地区地热能开发的唯一选择。
20 世纪末深井换热技术被提出 [ 5 ] ,之后针对这一技术的取热能力 [ 6 - 8 ] 和影响因素的研究相继展开 [ 9 - 12 ] 。以往研究大多针对较常见的同轴套管换热井,而对于 $\mathrm{U}$ 型对接换热井的研究刚刚起步。 高有川 [ 4 ] 借助数值模拟技术预测 $\mathrm{U}$ 型对接井换热性能。Li C [ 13 ] 分析、研究了影响取热性能的因素。 但是少见针对热影响半径的专门研究,基于实测地温和实测热物性参数对于取热能力的研究、评估也较少,计算结果缺乏实际井原位试验验证。本文以西安某实际运行 $\mathrm{U}$ 型对接换热井为原型,基于实测地温及岩土热物性参数, 通过原位试验及其验证下的数值模拟, 分析围岩地温影响范围, 讨论 $\mathrm{U}$ 型对接换热井取热能力及可持续性,以期为相同热背景区域 $\mathrm{U}$ 型对接换热井开发、设计提供依据。
目标井位于陕西省西安市某小区内, 井深 ${2500}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,井型结构、井径配比、几何尺寸、材质选用等如 图 1 所示。
钻井完成后静置至井内外温度达到平衡,选择长度更大的直井段开展井温测试, 并经去斜校正后得到井温曲线, 如 图 2 所示。百米平均地温梯度为 ${3.3}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
根据目标井层位特征, 取沉积物或典型岩心样品进行热物性参数测试。选用 TC3100E 热线法导热系数测试仪测量黄土和松散粉砂层导热系数;借助 DSC 间接法测得样品的比热容;采用德国 Lippmann and Rauen GbR 光学扫描热导仪 TCS(Thermal Conductivity Scanning)测试半固结- 固结围岩岩心样品热物性参数, 其中饱和水矫正算法为
${K}_{\mathrm{c}}= {K}_{\mathrm{m}}\cdot {\left(\frac{{K}_{\mathrm{w}}}{{K}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)}^{\phi }$
式中: ${K}_{\mathrm{m}},{K}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为实测热导率和校正热导率, $\mathrm{W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{K}_{\mathrm{w}}$ 为水热导率, ${0.600}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{K}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为空气热导率,0.026 W/(m·K); $\phi$ 为孔隙度,%。
经饱和水矫正后得到各层位热物性参数如 表 1 所示。
取热能力原位测试可以得到换热系统一段时间内的进、出口水温,从而换算出取热强度。本次研究在换热系统安装供暖之前,开展取热能力原位测试 [ 13 ] 。根据原位测试获取进、出口温度和流量数据,计算出测试条件下换热井的综合取热强度, 计算式为
$ Q = c \cdot G \cdot {\Delta t}$
式中: $Q$ 为取热强度, $\mathrm{W};c$ 为水的比热容, $\mathrm{J}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot }\right.$ $\mathrm{K});G$ 为流率, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s};{\Delta t}$ 为埋管进、出口水温差值, ${\mathrm{K}}_{0}$
本次数值模拟使用 CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)软件包 ANSYS Fluent 执行。
为保证模拟结果不因围岩计算域过小而失真, 本次严格按照原型换热井井身结构和几何大小搭建整体模型,选取了 ${150}\mathrm{\;m}$ 围岩半径计算域进行计算,计算域整体为长方体,长 ${500}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,宽 300 $\mathrm{m}$ ,高 ${2650}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,换热井在整个计算域中的位置如 图 3 所示。
划分六面体结构化流固传热计算的 CFD 网格如 图 3 所示。流动区域边界层网格均进行了加密处理,换热井底部由于流体方向改变,为精确捕捉流体流动情况, 该区域网格也进行了一定程度加密。同时开展了网格无关性验证。划分了 5 种网格数量不同的模型, 见 表 2 。各模型计算得到的第 24 小时出口水温如 图 4 所示。在保证计算精度的前提下, 为节约计算成本, 最终采用方案 3 对应的网格模型开展计算。
初始条件为管内水流静止, 管内水体、管壁、 管外固井水泥均与周围岩土温度相同。边界条件为计算区域的岩土外表面温度恒定, 与岩土的初场温度相同。地温数据采用实测拟合, 围岩不同层段热物性采用实测并保水矫正数据, 根据地层岩性分层, 热物性参数赋值见 表 1 , 换热系统各部分物性参数见 表 3 ,循环水流率为 ${7.2}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$
换热井中循环水从岩土取热、温度升高的过程是一个典型的热传导过程, 包含循环水与石油钢管管壁的传热过程、管壁导热、固井水泥导热、 岩土导热 4 个过程。因目标区域内地下水年渗流速度非常小, 且围岩热物性参数均经过饱和水矫正,故模拟未考虑围岩地下水渗流。模拟涉及流体运动的控制方程包括连续性方程和动量方程, 涉及热量传递的控制方程为能量方程。连续性方程 (3) [ 14 ] 、动量方程(4)和能量方程(5)如下。
$\frac{\partial \rho }{\partial t}+ \nabla \left({\rho \mathbf{u}}\right)= 0 $
式中: $\rho$ 为流体密度, $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};t$ 为时刻, $\mathrm{s};\nabla$ 为哈密顿算子; $u$ 为流体速度矢量, $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$
$\frac{\partial \left({\rho {u}_{i}}\right)}{\partial t}+ \nabla \left({\rho {u}_{i}\mathbf{u}}\right)= \nabla \left({\mu \nabla {u}_{i}}\right)- \frac{\partial p}{\partial {x}_{i}}+ {S}_{i}$
式中: $u$ 为流体动力粘度, $\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{{Pa}}\cdot \mathrm{s}$$p$ 为流体压力, $\mathrm{{Pa}};x$ 为坐标轴; $S$ 为流体运动源项; 下标 $i$ 表示在直角坐标系 3 个坐标轴上的分量; 等式左边第二项为对流项, 等式右边第一项为耗散项。
$\frac{\partial \left({\rho T}\right)}{\partial t}+ \nabla \left({\rho Tu}\right)= \nabla \left({\frac{k}{{c}_{\mathrm{p}}}\nabla T}\right)+ {S}_{\mathrm{T}}$
式中: $T$ 为介质的热力学温度, $\mathrm{K};k$ 为介质的传热系数, $\mathrm{W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{c}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为介质的定压比热容, $\mathrm{J}/(\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot$ $\mathrm{K});{S}_{\mathrm{T}}$ 为介质内热源项。
需要注意的是,固体导热时无对流项。
按照取热试验完全一致的工况进行模拟计算来验证数值模型的可靠性。给定恒定的进水温度和流量,通过模拟计算得出出口温度,然后与试验出口水温进行对比, 验证模型合理性。结果如 图 5 所示。
图 5 可见, 模拟与试验结果较吻合, 平均误差为 6.41%。模拟表达的是理想状态下的换热过程, 而原位试验过程以实际生产井为依托, 会存在局部井管壁贴合不良等模拟无法表达的热损耗过程, 故模拟结果略高于试验值。
持续取热能力原位测试是连续 ${72}\mathrm{\;h}$ 特定工况下的试验, 结果如 表 4 所示。根据进、出口温差和质量流量,计算得出取热强度。原位试验数据 32 $h$ 之后出口水温趋于稳定,计算得出稳定后换热量最低可达 ${750}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,平均为 ${144}\mathrm{\;W}/\mathrm{m}$ 。根据西安实际供暖时长, 设置每年取热 4 个月, 恢复 8 个月,进行平均 ${50},{100},{120},{144}\mathrm{\;W}/\mathrm{m}$ 取热功率下 ${30}\mathrm{a}$ 模拟计算,结果如 图 6 所示。由 图 6 可见: 平均取热功率为 ${50}\mathrm{\;W}/\mathrm{m}$ 时,进、出口温差较小,系统最低进口温度高于 ${35}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,明显造成能耗的浪费;平均取热功率为 ${100},{120}\mathrm{\;W}/\mathrm{m}$ 时,运行 ${30}\mathrm{a}$ 最低进口温度分别为 ${16.7}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},{9.8}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,高于正常热泵工作下限温度;取热功率增加至平均 ${144}\mathrm{\;W}/\mathrm{m}$ 时, 30 a 最低进口温度接近普通热泵工作下限温度,表明换热井 30a 最大稳定取热功率接近 144 W/m,全井换热量为 ${750}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$
换热井围岩地温变化和地温影响范围随着深度和取热功率的变化如 图 7 所示。图中深部区域地温衰减程度和半径明显大于浅部,目标井 750 $\mathrm{{kW}}$ 换热功率下最大热影响半径约在 ${2400}\mathrm{\;m}$ 深度。换热井进、出水井浅部层段地温影响差异大, 取热功率超过 ${100}\mathrm{\;W}$ 时,进水孔浅层围岩地温衰减程度大于出水孔。取热功率较低工况下, 浅部一定地层存在围岩升温区,随着取热功率增大,围岩地温衰减层位变浅,衰减地层围岩地温衰减程度和热影响半径增大。
图 7 可以看出, 不同深度地温影响范围不同。为进一步明确原型换热井的地温影响半径, 本文模拟出换热井 600,1200,1800 m 和 2400 m 深度换热后地温与原始地温差为0.0,0.1,0.5,1.0 C等值线图,观察地温衰减程度及影响范围,结果如 图 8 所示。由 图 8 可见,换热井 ${750}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 功率下取热 ${30}\mathrm{a}$ 围岩地温衰减 ${1.0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},{0.5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 最大半径分别为 ${60}\mathrm{\;m},{75}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,地温衰减 ${0.1}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 最大半径超过 ${100}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,指示进出水井间存在热干扰。
本文基于原井实测热物性参数, 通过原位试验验证传热模型, 研究了长时间尺度下换热性能及地温变化规律。主要结论如下。
① 西安某 ${2500}\mathrm{\;m}$ 深,进、出口井间距 ${200}\mathrm{\;m}$$\mathrm{U}$ 型对接换热井 ${30}\mathrm{a}$ 稳定可持续取热量接近 ${750}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,平均换热功率为 ${144}\mathrm{\;W}/\mathrm{m}$
②该 U 型对接换热井 ${750}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 换热功率下运行 ${30}\mathrm{a}$ ,单井最大热影响半径超过 ${100}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,目标井进、出水井间存在热干扰,提示在相同热背景区域、场地允许的情况下,进、出口井间直线距离应大于 ${200}\mathrm{\;m}$
  • 陕西省自然科学基金项目(2020JM-717)
  • 陕西省自然科学基金项目(2023-JC-QN-0631)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(S2020-YF-ZDCXL-ZDLSF-0114)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(2021ZDLSF05-12)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(2022ZDLSF07-06)
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2024年第42卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2023-08-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-29
基金
陕西省自然科学基金项目(2020JM-717)
陕西省自然科学基金项目(2023-JC-QN-0631)
陕西省重点研发计划项目(S2020-YF-ZDCXL-ZDLSF-0114)
陕西省重点研发计划项目(2021ZDLSF05-12)
陕西省重点研发计划项目(2022ZDLSF07-06)
作者信息
    1 自然资源部煤炭资源勘查与综合利用重点实验室 陕西 西安 710021
    2 西安交通大学 人居环境与建筑工程学院 陕西 西安 710049
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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