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In freezing and icing environment, the field tests of 2 MW wind turbine blades by aerothermal antiicing/deicing method is carried out to verify the antiicing/deicing effect and energy consumption. Firstly, this paper analyzes the complex process of blade surface icing and then its icing distribution on the surface of NACA64618 airfoil is simulated. Secondly, the blade active aerothermal antiicing/deicing system for 2 MW wind turbine is constructed in the field demonstration project. Finally, three tests are finished with the help of the panoramic infrared thermal imaging detection, including the static deicing test, static antiicing test and production test with antiicing, and then evaluate blade antiicing/deicing effect and heating energy consumption. The test results show that the blade surface begins to melt and fall off after continuous heating for 2 hours when the ice thickness is 30 mm and the heating control temperature is 50 °C, and the heating energy consumption power is less than 50 kW, which can provide a reference for the design of engineering application system of aerothermal antiicing and deicing of wind turbine blade.

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文章针对凝冻积冰环境下风电机组叶片气热法防除冰技术展开现场试验,验证其防除冰效果及加热能耗。首先,分析了叶片表面结冰复杂过程并模拟计算 NACA64618翼型表面积冰分布;然后,结合2MW风电机组构建叶片主动气热法防除冰系统并实施现场示范工程;最后,开展了风电机组叶片静态除冰试验、防冰试验及防冰生产运行试验,辅助全景红外热成像检测分析叶片防除冰效果及加热能耗。试验结果表明,在冰厚为30 mm 并控制加热温度为50℃的前提下,持续加热2h后叶片表面开始融冰脱落,加热能耗功率不足50kW。可为风电机组叶片气热法防除冰的工程应用系统设计提供参考。

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李伟(1973-),男,博士,正高级工程师,副教授,研究方向为电气设备故障检测、新能源发电技术。E-mail:

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李伟(1973-),男,博士,正高级工程师,副教授,研究方向为电气设备故障检测、新能源发电技术。E-mail:

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李伟(1973-),男,博士,正高级工程师,副教授,研究方向为电气设备故障检测、新能源发电技术。E-mail:

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样本号 脱冰样本厚度/cm 样本号 脱冰样本厚度/cm
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2 14 7 29
3 13 8 22
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5 10 10 25
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样本号 脱冰样本厚度/cm 样本号 脱冰样本厚度/cm
1 17 6 24
2 14 7 29
3 13 8 22
4 19 9 28
5 10 10 25
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2MW风电机组叶片防除冰试验与能耗评估
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李伟 1 , 李志刚 2 , 李显树 2 , 张奎 2 , 邹志波 2 , 周志宏 3
可再生能源 | 2024,42(5): 634-639
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(5): 634-639
2MW风电机组叶片防除冰试验与能耗评估
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李伟1 , 李志刚2, 李显树2, 张奎2, 邹志波2, 周志宏3
作者信息
  • 1 贵州能源产业研究院有限公司 贵州 贵阳 550025
  • 2 大唐贵州新能源开发有限公司 贵州 贵阳 556000
  • 3 四川大学 建筑与环境学院 四川 成都 621000
  • 李伟(1973-),男,博士,正高级工程师,副教授,研究方向为电气设备故障检测、新能源发电技术。E-mail:

Blade anti-icing /de-icing test and energy consumption evaluation of 2 MW wind turbine
Wei Li1 , Zhigang Li2, Xianshu Li2, Kui Zhang2, Zhibo Zou2, Zhihong Zhou3
Affiliations
  • 1 Guizhou Energy Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd. Guiyang 550025 China
  • 2 Datang Guizhou New Energy Development Co., Ltd. Guiyang 556000 China
  • 3 College of Architecture & Environment Sichuan University Chengdu 621000 China
出版时间: 2024-05-20
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文章针对凝冻积冰环境下风电机组叶片气热法防除冰技术展开现场试验,验证其防除冰效果及加热能耗。首先,分析了叶片表面结冰复杂过程并模拟计算 NACA64618翼型表面积冰分布;然后,结合2MW风电机组构建叶片主动气热法防除冰系统并实施现场示范工程;最后,开展了风电机组叶片静态除冰试验、防冰试验及防冰生产运行试验,辅助全景红外热成像检测分析叶片防除冰效果及加热能耗。试验结果表明,在冰厚为30 mm 并控制加热温度为50℃的前提下,持续加热2h后叶片表面开始融冰脱落,加热能耗功率不足50kW。可为风电机组叶片气热法防除冰的工程应用系统设计提供参考。

风电机组  /  叶片结冰  /  气热法防除冰  /  现场试验  /  融冰脱冰  /  加热能耗

In freezing and icing environment, the field tests of 2 MW wind turbine blades by aerothermal antiicing/deicing method is carried out to verify the antiicing/deicing effect and energy consumption. Firstly, this paper analyzes the complex process of blade surface icing and then its icing distribution on the surface of NACA64618 airfoil is simulated. Secondly, the blade active aerothermal antiicing/deicing system for 2 MW wind turbine is constructed in the field demonstration project. Finally, three tests are finished with the help of the panoramic infrared thermal imaging detection, including the static deicing test, static antiicing test and production test with antiicing, and then evaluate blade antiicing/deicing effect and heating energy consumption. The test results show that the blade surface begins to melt and fall off after continuous heating for 2 hours when the ice thickness is 30 mm and the heating control temperature is 50 °C, and the heating energy consumption power is less than 50 kW, which can provide a reference for the design of engineering application system of aerothermal antiicing and deicing of wind turbine blade.

wind turbine  /  blade icing  /  aero-thermal anti-icing/de-icing  /  field test  /  melt and fall  /  heating energy consumption
李伟, 李志刚, 李显树, 张奎, 邹志波, 周志宏. 2MW风电机组叶片防除冰试验与能耗评估. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (5) : 634 -639 .
Wei Li, Zhigang Li, Xianshu Li, Kui Zhang, Zhibo Zou, Zhihong Zhou. Blade anti-icing /de-icing test and energy consumption evaluation of 2 MW wind turbine[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (5) : 634 -639 .
风力发电是实现“双碳”目标和节能减排的主要驱动手段和实现路径之一 [ 1 , 2 ] 。在努力新增风力发电装机容量的同时, 提高现有风电机组发电效率和运营水平同样重要。众所周知,高原山地型风电机组因高海拔、潮湿凝冻的自然环境使得风电机组遭受叶片结冰停运或损毁的风险 [ 3 - 5 ] 。据统计, 近几年我国云贵高原地区风电机组在冬季结冰期累计停运时间平均在 ${30}\mathrm{\;d}$ ,甚至更长,风电机组年利用小时数及发电效率受到显著影响。因而,挖掘该地区风电机组发电潜力, 以及提高风电机组运行的环境适应能力具有重要的经济价值和社会意义。
作为风电机组叶片防除冰技术的电热防除冰法, 主要分为电阻加热法和气热法。叶片防除冰的结冰机理、除冰能耗和系统安全的技术研究主要集中在模型实验或数值计算模拟阶段 [ 6 ] 。电阻加热防除冰方法采用在叶片局部表面敷设金属电阻丝或碳纤维发热元件, 通过电加热实现叶片表面防除冰,其存在施工难度大、雷击风险高及系统运行可靠性低等诸多不足。此外, 风电机组叶片防除冰能耗一直是工程推广应用的首要议题和热点问题 [ 7 , 8 ] ,业界普遍认为,电阻加热防除冰法能耗高且效果差。文献[ 7 ]指出, 风电机组每支叶片除冰能耗约为 ${15}\mathrm{\;{kW}},{100}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 风电机组 3 支叶片防除冰总能耗约占出力的 10%。文献[ 8 ]提出了叶片临界除冰功率为 $1\mathrm{\;{kW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 。气热防除冰方法采用风道加热器产生热空气持续加热叶片本体, 使其表面温度高于 ${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 以达到叶片表面防除冰目的。但是,气热防除冰方法的研究还处于理论分析、系统结构设计以及地面模拟试验阶段 [ 9 , 10 ]
本文采用气热防除冰法, 围绕风电机组叶片防除冰的工程试验及加热能耗系统性地开展研究。在大唐集团贵州某风电场 $2\mathrm{{MW}}$ 风电机组上设计安装了叶片防除冰试验装置, 深入地探讨工程化叶片防除冰试验及其加热能耗问题, 提升云贵高原凝冻地区风电机组在冬季结冰期的环境适应能力和设备利用效率。
云贵高原地区风电场分布在复杂的地形地貌和气象变化环境中,在冬季结冰期,冻雨、湿雪、大雾为主要结冰自然气象。在这些瞬变交错气象条件作用下, 风电机组叶片表面结冰过程复杂且类型多样, 多种结冰类型交织在一起, 使得叶片前缘表面呈现结冰厚度不均及覆盖面积较大的分布特征。作为主要覆冰冰质类型, 雨凇和雾凇会随着气象变化交错叠加生长, 因而风电机组叶片表面结冰过程复杂、结冰严重且影响周期长。
在凝冻气象环境下, 大雾或毛毛雨中的过冷水滴在叶片表面形成的雾凇结冰主要影响了叶片结构外形。以 NACA 64618 翼型为例,采用国家数值风洞软件(NNW),根据水滴相控制方程和欧拉两相流模型建模计算,在来流攻角为 0 °时翼型计算结果如 图 1 所示,图中坐标 $X$$Y$ 为笛卡尔坐标值, 无量纲。
(b)翼型水滴收集率分布
图 1 可知:在水滴流线方向上,翼型后缘方向叶片上表面液态水含量显著小于前缘方向, 越接近翼型表面液态水含量越低,翼型下表面(叶片压力面)大于上表面 (叶片吸力面)且覆盖面积较宽;水滴收集率 $\beta$ 在横坐标叶片弧长(S)/弦长(C) 比值为 $0\left({S/C = 0}\right.$ ,即叶片正前缘) 时达到最大值, 在 $S/C$ 正方向(叶片吸力面), $\beta$ 降低较快且覆盖面积较小,而在 $S/C$ 负方向 (叶片压力面), $\mathbf{\beta }$ 变化缓慢且覆盖面较宽, 其曲线态势表明叶片前缘区域结冰最严重,压力面结冰范围比吸力面宽,叶片后缘区域和吸力面覆冰较少或不覆冰。在此模型基础上, 设置不同攻角进行模拟计算, 其结果与 ${0}^{\circ }$ 攻角时具有近似的叶片表面结冰分布规律。
风电机组叶片防除冰能耗与叶片加热系统布局设计、加热设备功率选择、叶片尺寸及结构材料等密切相关, 因而叶片防除冰加热系统设计及能耗必须结合具体的风电机组叶片展开研究, 合理的叶片防除冰加热系统结构及加热控制策略是保证叶片防除冰效果、叶片安全及加热能耗的首要考虑。
模拟计算分析指出, 叶片表面结冰区域主要集中在叶片前缘局部范围, 因而叶片气热法加热应集中在叶片前缘部位。本文所用气热法防除冰试验风电机组叶片的型号为 SI50.2, 长度为 50 m,工字型主梁结构,材质为玻璃纤维增强复合材料(GFRP)。双剪切腹板将叶片内腔空间分隔为前缘通道和后缘通道, 在叶尖部位连通, 形成了叶片内循环通道, 为叶片气热法防除冰系统的热空气强制循环提供了工作条件。加热系统设备布局在前缘通道, 集中加热叶片前缘区域, 每支叶片加热系统结构及控制策略如 图 2 所示。
图 2 所示, 风电机组每支叶片加热系统设备布置在叶片前缘通道根部,为了保证足够的防除冰加热功率,配置设备选用 $3\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 旋涡式鼓风机及 ${30}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 风道加热器。为了尽可能将加热器出口高温热空气输送到叶片中上部并减少热损失, 从加热器出口向叶尖布置 ${12}\mathrm{\;m}$ 铁皮导风管,外裹保温棉, 在导风管出口安装挡风板以阻止热空气回流。因叶片为 GFRP 复合材料, 为了保证叶片防除冰系统加热时叶片自身安全, 确定加热控制温度: 除冰模式为 ${45}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,防冰模式为 ${40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。在导风管出口处,叶片内壁表面设置 PT100 温度传感器监控叶片本体表面温度, 采用调功器控制风道加热器,以恒温控制策略持续加热叶片本体,达到叶片表面防除冰目的。现场风电机组叶片防除冰加热系统设备如 图 3 所示。3 支叶片内的加热系统设备配置、施工布局及温度控制策略均相同。
2021 年 12 月 25 日起, 贵州地区普遍出现极端凝冻天气,大范围降雪凝冻结冰,风电场风电机组机舱外达到 $- 5{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 左右,所有风电机组结冰停运。试验风电机组叶片结冰探测器监测的叶片表面结冰厚度如 图 4 所示。图中, P1 代表叶片前缘叶尖区域位置, P10 代表叶片前缘叶根区域位置。
图 4 可知:在当前气象条件下,叶片凝冻结冰速度较快,约 ${40}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 达到探测器结冰量程上限,反映出风电机组所在地理环境的极端低温凝冻的异常气象条件;叶片前缘叶尖区域结冰厚度显著大于叶根且结冰速度较快, 叶尖区域结冰厚道达到 ${30}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 上限,叶根则在 $8\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 左右,可知叶片前缘中上部至叶尖为叶片的主要结冰区域,与现场目测结果一致。
在 12 月 29 日解除封路及线路融冰结束并恢复送电后, 在风电机组停运(静态)前提下, 于 13: 30 后正常启动叶片防除冰加热系统,设置为除冰工作模式, 1 号叶片风道加热器工作电流及 3 支叶片内壁温度曲线如 图 5 所示。
在叶片加热系统加热运行 $2\mathrm{\;h}$ 后,前往风电机组塔位观察叶片表面融冰脱冰情况。在塔位地面叶片下方发现有脱冰掉落痕迹并拾得部分叶片脱冰样本 ( 图 6 ),脱冰样本冰厚如 表 1 所示。
图 6 可知: 叶片防除冰加热系统在除冰模式工作 $2\mathrm{\;h}$ 左右叶片表面开始融冰脱冰,叶片表面脱冰面积较大,掉落地面破碎; 图 6(b) 中脱冰样本应来自叶片正前缘部位, 弧顶结冰较厚, 也表明了叶片表面的实际结冰厚度分布规律, 前缘最厚、向后缘两侧表面逐渐变薄, 从脱冰弧形尺寸还可推知, 该脱冰来自叶片上部至叶尖部位。
表 1 可知,脱冰厚度在 ${10}\sim {29}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 。从目测的脱冰形状及厚度推测,叶片前缘中上部到叶尖区域均已经开始融冰脱冰, 叶片防除冰加热系统的除冰效果显著。实测脱冰厚度与 图 4 中监测值有一定误差, 主要原因在于叶片加热时叶片表面结冰开始融化而变薄以及探测器自身的检测误差, 但地面脱冰样本的检测厚度足以表明风电机组结冰探测器监测的有效性、叶片表面结冰分布规律以及当前风电机组所在环境凝冻气候的严重性。
为了验证风电机组 3 支叶片的防除冰加热状态及查看叶片表面的融冰除冰状态, 采用无人机对风电机组叶片表面进行高清成像和红外热成像, 结果如 图 7 所示。
图 7 可知: 3 支叶片前缘中上部至叶尖均呈现温度梯度分布, 正前缘局部温度最高, 轮毂周围至叶根部分近乎环境温度, 至叶尖方向逐渐降低, 符合叶片内防除冰加热系统布置的预期效果; 叶片前缘表面有明显的融冰脱冰痕迹[ 图 7(b)标识], 同时正逐渐向周边扩展延伸, 表明叶片防除冰系统工作后,叶片表面融冰除冰正在发生变化。
叶片局部红外测温最大值为 ${12.2}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,最小值为 $-{6.7}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,测温值表明叶片表面加热温度值已达到叶片防除冰要求。
12 月 30 日, 21 号风机从上午 10:00 开始进入除冰试验工作, 在恢复风速风向仪信号且在除冰加热 $3\mathrm{\;h}$ 后,风电机组在叶片防冰前提下具备了生产运行试验条件。因白天风速较低,等待风速在 $4\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 以上时刻伺机启动风电机组,负荷设置在 ${200}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 。当日 ${23}: {40}$ ,风速达到 $4\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 以上,机舱外环境温度为 $-{5.0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,风电机组一次正常启动且成功并网发电。当风速为 ${5.1}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,该风电机组并网发电功率达到了 ${181.4}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,可见在环境温度为 $-{5.0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的凝冻结冰前提下,该风电机组生产运行状态良好,解决了该风电机组结冰停运问题。
在 31 日凌晨 1:00 后,因风速较小且预测风速也不大的情况下停运风电机组,继续开启叶片防除冰系统,设置为防冰模式,在凝冻结冰气象下试验叶片防除冰系统的防冰效果。
在 31 日上午 10:00 到风电机组塔位检查风机叶片表面结冰状态。从远程目测,叶片中上部至叶尖不存在明显结冰, 拉近查看叶片表面局部结冰情况如 图 8 所示。观察 图 8 中叶片中上部, 叶片表面无明显的结冰痕迹,可知在 $- 2 \sim -{5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 凝冻结冰环境下, 风电机组叶片防除冰系统持续运行 10 $\mathrm{h}$ 条件下的防冰作用效果明显。
要分析风电机组叶片防除冰系统工作加热能耗, 首先要分析采用叶片恒温控制策略下除冰模式和防冰模式的温度控制,然后才能进一步有效地评估系统加热能耗。在叶片防除冰系统工作加热 ${2.5}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后切换工作模式,1 号叶片温度控制效果与加热负荷电流如 图 9 所示。
图 9 可知: 在除冰工作模式(控制温度为 ${50}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ )下,叶片 $\mathrm{T}1$ 表面温度在约 ${40}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 后进入温度调节,控制误差在 $\pm 4{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,其温度控制误差较大的主要原因在于叶片加热控制对象(风道加热器与 ${12}\mathrm{\;m}$ 导热管)滞后惯性较大; 与此同时,加热负荷电流也伴随控制温度变化而变化, 具有较好的一致性。在 11:53:43 调整至防冰工作模式(控制温度为 ${40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ),温度控制调节即刻发生作用,控制温度目标值调整到 ${40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 并进入相对稳定调节过程。比较调节前后的加热负荷电流曲线可知: 在除冰模式下, 加热负荷电流幅值变化较小且最大电流持续时间较长; 在防冰工作模式下则有所不同, 加热负荷电流幅值变化较大直至为零, 最大电流持续时间较短而零幅值电流持续时间较长。由此可知,叶片在除冰模式下加热能耗大,而在防冰模式下加热能耗相对较小。因此,叶片防除冰系统恒温控制策略对防除冰加热能耗具有显著调节作用, 在保护叶片性能安全的同时, 合适的温度控制能有效地调节叶片加热能耗, 控制温度越高则加热能耗越高,反之,控制温度越低则加热能耗越低。
为了进一步分析现场风速对风电机组叶片防除冰加热能耗的影响, 采用风电场 SCADA 监控系统中监测数据进行分析。在当前环境温度和风速下,风电机组停运时显示功率为来自电网输入总能耗功率, 包括叶片防除冰系统的加热能耗和风电机组原有电气和仪表系统设备的系统能耗两个部分。总能耗功率与风速曲线如 图 10 所示。
图 10 可知, 在当前环境温度和风速下, 近 ${10}\mathrm{\;h}$ 内风电机组总能耗功率与风速变化的相关性不强, 即风速大小变化未对叶片加热能耗产生显著影响。
分析 图 10 中总能耗功率曲线,总能耗功率在 10~90 kW 不规则地大幅波动,其主要原因在于叶片防除冰加热系统的恒温控制策略会调节负荷电流, 另一方面也存在风电机组原有电气和仪表系统设备运行能耗变化波动影响。为了近似评估风电机组叶片防除冰加热能耗功率,采用均值化策略估算, 图 10 中总能耗功率均值为 ${47.8}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,在相等时间段内系统能耗功率为 ${5.9}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,则叶片防除冰加热系统的加热能耗功率为 ${41.9}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$
假设 $2\mathrm{{MW}}$ 风电机组在结冰环境下的运行功率为 ${500}\sim {2000}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,则叶片防除冰系统加热能耗功率占比为 ${2.1}\%\sim {8.4}\%$ ,风电机组发电出力越大, 其加热能耗功率占比越低。
针对云贵高原地区风电机组在潮湿凝冻环境下的结冰停运问题,本文采用气热防除冰法探讨工程化叶片防除冰及其加热能耗, 得到以下结论。
①建模计算分析了 NACA 64618 翼型的水滴收集率分布,获得了叶片表面结冰的基本分布规律。
②结合叶片结冰分布规律设计了叶片气热法防除冰加热系统结构,提出了叶片加热恒温控制策略思路,在保护叶片安全的前提下,为叶片防除冰加热系统运行的加热能耗控制提供了实现路径。
$2\mathrm{{MW}}$ 风电机组 3 种试验结果表明,该风电机组叶片气热法防除冰系统设计合理,防除冰效果显著, 在风电机组较理想的发电出力前提下, 解决了风电机组在凝冻结冰环境下的叶片结冰停运问题。
④现场叶片除冰试验表明,风电机组叶片防除冰加热能耗功率不足 ${50}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,在中、高风速运行时,防除冰加热能耗功率占比在 10% 以下。
  • 贵州省省级科技计划项目(黔科合成果[2024]一般142)
  • 贵州省省级科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2019]2035)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12072213)
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2024年第42卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2022-07-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-01
基金
贵州省省级科技计划项目(黔科合成果[2024]一般142)
贵州省省级科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2019]2035)
国家自然科学基金项目(12072213)
作者信息
    1 贵州能源产业研究院有限公司 贵州 贵阳 550025
    2 大唐贵州新能源开发有限公司 贵州 贵阳 556000
    3 四川大学 建筑与环境学院 四川 成都 621000
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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