Article(id=1154430654088471269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430651659969244, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1677686400000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167316219, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1716134400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167316219, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167316219, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167316219, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154430651659969244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='5', pageStart='569', pageEnd='710', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167315640, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694602531, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642253209723786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430651659969244, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642253213918091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430651659969244, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=611, endPage=619, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154430654558233320, articleId=1154430654088471269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Optimization and cooling performance analysis of CO2 heat pump air conditioning system for electric vehicle, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the efficiency of CO2 cycle system for electric vehicle, a transcritical CO2 system with regenerator and gas injection in the middle was constructed. The effects of Tgo, Pg, Pm, B, AT on EER, Qe and To were studied by simulation. The results show that Pgo and Pm,opt makes the EER reach the maximum value, and the relationship between the Popt and the Tgo. An increase in To can degrade system performance, The performance of the system can be improved by increasing the amount of gas injection in the middle and the superheat of the regenerator, which can increase the EER by 15.64% and 6.07%, respectively, and the cooling capacity by 27.88% and 4.78%. The increase of the superheat of the regenerator will lead to the increase of the discharge temperature of the compressor, the gas injection in the middle can reduce the discharge temperature of the compressor, when the discharge temperature of the compressor is limited, the optimization ability of the regenerator to EER and cooling capacity can be increased by 203% and 173.87%. Compared with the basic transcritical CO2 system, the optimized system can increase the EER and cooling capacity by 18.38% and 35.03%.

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为提升电动汽车CO2热泵空调系统的制冷性能,文章构建了中间补气+回热器的跨临界CO2系统,通过仿真研究了气体冷却器出口温度(T)、气体冷却器压力(P)、中间补气压力(P』)、相对补气量(β)、回热器过热度(△T)对系统制冷系数(EER)、制冷量(Q。)和压缩机排气温度(T)的影响及中间补气对回热器优化能力的提升。研究表明:存在最佳气体冷却器压力和最佳中间补气压力使得EER 达到最大值,并得到两者与气体冷却器出口温度的关系式;气体冷却器出口温度上升会使系统性能下降,中间补气量和回热器过热度的增加能提升系统性能,EER 提升了15.64%和6.07%,制冷量提升了27.88%和4.78%;回热器过热度的增加会导致压缩机排气温度上升,中间补气可降低压缩机排气温度,当限定压缩机排气温度时,中间补气可使回热器对EER 和制冷量的优化能力分别提升了203%和173.87%;相对于基础跨临界 CO2系统,文章构建的优化系统在所研究工况内可使系统 EER 和制冷量分别提升18.38%和35.03%。

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宋文吉(1978-),男,研究员,硕士生导师,研究方向为空调、热泵、蓄能、潜热输送、工业节能等。E-mail:
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figureFileSmall=0WQmGrBLK5z4vm3imVXeqQ==, figureFileBig=QICbwZqp2ktpSvOVGIPVrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430706580185345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430654088471269, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=实验值与仿真结果对比, figureFileSmall=0WQmGrBLK5z4vm3imVXeqQ==, figureFileBig=QICbwZqp2ktpSvOVGIPVrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430706672460035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430654088471269, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The changes of EER on gas cooler pressure at different gas cooler outlet temperatures, figureFileSmall=SLT1FZOacRWtNVL/4wqEww==, figureFileBig=duH2jSp/SMA/xMAF2mex5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430706735374597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430654088471269, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=不同气体冷却器出口温度下 EER 随气体冷却器压力的变化, figureFileSmall=SLT1FZOacRWtNVL/4wqEww==, figureFileBig=duH2jSp/SMA/xMAF2mex5w==, 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${Q}_{\mathrm{e}}$ and ${T}_{\mathrm{{co}}}$ with the outlet temperature of the gas cooler at different regenerator superheat, figureFileSmall=3x3JcRSfi4ZqROYYwwFpHQ==, figureFileBig=SPomNR7SXj1Y0EtLR5RlcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430707465183522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430654088471269, language=CN, label=图 9, caption=不同回热器过热度下, $\mathrm{{EER}},{Q}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 和 ${T}_{\mathrm{{co}}}$ 随气体冷却器出口温度的变化, figureFileSmall=3x3JcRSfi4ZqROYYwwFpHQ==, figureFileBig=SPomNR7SXj1Y0EtLR5RlcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430707561652516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430654088471269, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=The changes of the compressor exhaust temperature with the regenerator superheat under different relative gas injection, figureFileSmall=ubciKuyH3HPk0BxETjuKHw==, figureFileBig=Cc//6FCsZow1fVbHjkp2Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430707641344294, 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参数 数值
蒸发温度/℃ 4
蒸发器出口过热度/℃ 5
压缩机排量 $/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{3}$ 5
压缩机转速/ $\mathrm{r} \cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}$ 4 800
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参数 数值
蒸发温度/℃ 4
蒸发器出口过热度/℃ 5
压缩机排量 $/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{3}$ 5
压缩机转速/ $\mathrm{r} \cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}$ 4 800
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电动汽车 CO2热泵空调系统优化及制冷性能分析
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李江峰 1, 2 , 李帅旗 1 , 宋文吉 1 , 冯自平 1, 3
可再生能源 | 2024,42(5): 611-619
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(5): 611-619
电动汽车 CO2热泵空调系统优化及制冷性能分析
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李江峰1, 2, 李帅旗1, 宋文吉1 , 冯自平1, 3
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院 广州能源研究所 广东 广州 510640
  • 2 中国科学院大学 北京 100049
  • 3 淄博能源研究院 山东 淄博 255000

通讯作者:

宋文吉(1978-),男,研究员,硕士生导师,研究方向为空调、热泵、蓄能、潜热输送、工业节能等。E-mail:
Optimization and cooling performance analysis of CO2 heat pump air conditioning system for electric vehicle
Jiangfeng Li1, 2, Shuaiqi Li1, Wenji Song1 , Ziping Feng1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China
  • 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
  • 3 Zibo Energy Research Institute Zibo 255000 China
出版时间: 2024-05-20
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为提升电动汽车CO2热泵空调系统的制冷性能,文章构建了中间补气+回热器的跨临界CO2系统,通过仿真研究了气体冷却器出口温度(T)、气体冷却器压力(P)、中间补气压力(P』)、相对补气量(β)、回热器过热度(△T)对系统制冷系数(EER)、制冷量(Q。)和压缩机排气温度(T)的影响及中间补气对回热器优化能力的提升。研究表明:存在最佳气体冷却器压力和最佳中间补气压力使得EER 达到最大值,并得到两者与气体冷却器出口温度的关系式;气体冷却器出口温度上升会使系统性能下降,中间补气量和回热器过热度的增加能提升系统性能,EER 提升了15.64%和6.07%,制冷量提升了27.88%和4.78%;回热器过热度的增加会导致压缩机排气温度上升,中间补气可降低压缩机排气温度,当限定压缩机排气温度时,中间补气可使回热器对EER 和制冷量的优化能力分别提升了203%和173.87%;相对于基础跨临界 CO2系统,文章构建的优化系统在所研究工况内可使系统 EER 和制冷量分别提升18.38%和35.03%。

热泵空调  /  中间补气  /  回热器  /  跨临界CO2循环

In order to improve the efficiency of CO2 cycle system for electric vehicle, a transcritical CO2 system with regenerator and gas injection in the middle was constructed. The effects of Tgo, Pg, Pm, B, AT on EER, Qe and To were studied by simulation. The results show that Pgo and Pm,opt makes the EER reach the maximum value, and the relationship between the Popt and the Tgo. An increase in To can degrade system performance, The performance of the system can be improved by increasing the amount of gas injection in the middle and the superheat of the regenerator, which can increase the EER by 15.64% and 6.07%, respectively, and the cooling capacity by 27.88% and 4.78%. The increase of the superheat of the regenerator will lead to the increase of the discharge temperature of the compressor, the gas injection in the middle can reduce the discharge temperature of the compressor, when the discharge temperature of the compressor is limited, the optimization ability of the regenerator to EER and cooling capacity can be increased by 203% and 173.87%. Compared with the basic transcritical CO2 system, the optimized system can increase the EER and cooling capacity by 18.38% and 35.03%.

heat pump air conditioning  /  gas injection in the middle  /  regenerator  /  trans-critical CO2 cycle
李江峰, 李帅旗, 宋文吉, 冯自平. 电动汽车 CO2热泵空调系统优化及制冷性能分析. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (5) : 611 -619 .
Jiangfeng Li, Shuaiqi Li, Wenji Song, Ziping Feng. Optimization and cooling performance analysis of CO2 heat pump air conditioning system for electric vehicle[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (5) : 611 -619 .
近几年,随着交通领域逐步电气化,电动汽车行业迎来了爆发式增长。目前电动汽车空调使用的制冷剂多为 R134a,其低温下的制热性能低,且全球变暖潜能值(Global Warming Potential, GWP) 高达 1 340 [ 1 ] 。面对全球变暖和电动汽车低温下的采暖能耗过高等问题, ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 热泵空调由于其制冷剂绿色环保和低温时具有良好的制热性能, 被认为是解决方案之一 [ 2 , 3 ]
${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 临界温度为 ${31.1}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,临界压力为 ${7.3}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ [ 4 ] , 汽车行驶工况下使用 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 作为制冷剂须要使用跨临界循环 [ 5 ] 。对于跨临界 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 空调系统的研究, Brown $\mathrm{J}{\mathrm{S}}$ [ 6 ] 对比分析了 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$$\mathrm{R}{134}\mathrm{a}$ 系统的制冷性能,发现 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 系统在低温时具有良好的制热性能, 但高温工况下的制冷性能下降幅度较 R134a 更大。彭梦博 [ 7 ] 通过仿真表明气体冷却器出口温度增加会导致跨临界 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 系统制冷性能下降。
对于 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 热泵空调系统制冷性能的优化,学者们已提出多种技术,如膨胀机 [ 8 ] 、双级压缩 [ 9 ] 、喷射器 [ 10 ] 和热电过冷等 [ 11 ] ,但是增加这些部件会导致系统成本高、质量和空间占用增大,不适用于电动汽车空调系统。现阶段小型空调逐步使用回热器、中间补气等技术提升系统性能。Cho H Y [ 12 ] 和 Tello-Oquendo F M [ 13 ] 分别研究了回热器和中间补气对热泵空调系统的影响, 发现在一定工况下, 两者均能提高系统的制冷性能。以往对于跨临界 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 空调系统的优化研究大多考虑单一部件对系统的影响, 对于多技术方案的协同优化及相互耦合的影响研究较少,此外,对于回热器导致压缩机排气温度升高而限制回热器的优化能力关注不足。本文构建了中间补气+回热器的跨临界 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 热泵空调系统, 通过仿真研究了各技术方案对系统制冷性能的影响,分析了耦合系统的制冷性能, 探究了中间补气对回热器优化能力的提升。以期为采用 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 作为制冷剂的电动汽车热泵空调系统设计和开发提供参考。
图 1图 2 分别为中间补气+回热器的跨临界 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 热泵空调系统图和 $p - h$ 图。该系统的工作流程如下: ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 以高压 ${P}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 状态排出压缩机,处于超临界状态的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 在气体冷却器内放热至状态点 6 , 随后进入经济器中被冷却至状态点 7 , 经过回热器与蒸发器出口的气体换热至状态点 8 , 此后 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 分为两路。一路走膨胀阀 1 降压至中间压力 ${P}_{\mathrm{m}}$ ,经过经济器换热后到达状态点 11,通过补气口进入压缩机;另一路经膨胀阀 2 节流至蒸发压力 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}$ ,在蒸发器内吸热,再经过回热器加热至状态点 2 被吸入压缩机,经压缩机低压压缩腔压缩后与补气口补入的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 混合至状态点 4,进入高压压缩腔压缩至状态点 5 排出压缩机,至此完成循环。
中间补气+回热器的跨临界 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 系统相较于基本跨临界 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 系统具有如下几个特点。
${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 制冷剂经过经济器和回热器的换热, 有效地降低了蒸发器入口的焓值, 增加了蒸发器进出、口单位质量制冷剂的焓差, 即提升了系统制冷量。
②由于经济器和回热器的冷却作用,同时降低了 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 的干度,提高了 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 在蒸发器内的换热效率, 同时有效降低了微通道换热器两相流分配的难度。
③中间补气过程中进入压缩机内的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 温度低于低压压缩腔排出的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 制冷剂温度,混合段内的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 混合可以视作为压缩机内的一个中间冷却,可以有效降低压缩机的排气温度,防止压缩机过热,提高压缩机的压缩效率。
中间补气可视作一个准二级压缩过程, 其压缩机内包含低压压缩腔、高压压缩腔和补气混合段。在一定温区内其等熵效率和容积效率是基于压缩腔内的排气压力与吸气压力的比值 [ 14 ] ,其表达式为
${\eta }_{\mathrm{{is}}}= {0.9611}- {0.052}\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{{dis}}}}{{P}_{\mathrm{{suc}}}}$
${\eta }_{\mathrm{v}}= {0.8882}- {0.04185}\frac{{P}_{\text{dis }}}{{P}_{\text{suc }}}$
式中: ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{is}}}$ 为等熵效率; ${\eta }_{\mathrm{v}}$ 为容积效率; ${P}_{\mathrm{{dis}}}$ 为压缩腔的排气压力, MPa; ${P}_{\text{suc }}$ 为压缩腔的吸气压力, ${\mathrm{{MPa}}}_{\circ }$
低压压缩腔内的压缩过程可表述为
${s}_{2}= s\left({{P}_{2},{h}_{2}}\right)$
${h}_{3,\mathrm{{is}}}= h\left({{P}_{3},{s}_{2}}\right)$
${h}_{3}= {h}_{2}+ \frac{\left({h}_{3,\mathrm{{is}}}- {h}_{2}\right)}{{\eta }_{\mathrm{{is}},\mathrm{L}}}$
式中: ${h}_{2},{s}_{2},{P}_{2}$ 分别为压缩机吸气口 2 点的制冷剂焓值、熵值、压力, kJ/kg, kJ/(kg·K), MPa; ${h}_{3}$ , ${P}_{3}$ 分别为压缩机低压腔排气口 3 点的制冷剂焓值、压力, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}},\mathrm{{MPa}};{h}_{3,\mathrm{{is}}}$ 为等熵过程中 3 点制冷剂的焓值, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}};{\eta }_{\mathrm{{is}},\mathrm{L}}$ 为低压压缩腔内的等熵效率。
中间补气混合段的焓值可表述为
${h}_{4}= \frac{{\dot{m}}_{1}{h}_{3}+ {\dot{m}}_{2}{h}_{11}}{{\dot{m}}_{\text{tot }}}$
式中: ${h}_{4},{h}_{11}$ 分别为压缩机高压压缩腔吸气口 4 点和补气口 11 点制冷剂的焓值, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}};{m}_{1},{m}_{2},{m}_{\text{tot }}$ 分别为流经蒸发器、中间补气的制冷剂流量及压缩机出口的总制冷剂流量, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ ,其中 ${\dot{m}}_{\mathrm{{tot}}}= {\dot{m}}_{1}+ {\dot{m}}_{2}$
高压压缩腔内的压缩过程可表示为
${s}_{4}= s\left({{P}_{4},{h}_{4}}\right)$
${h}_{5,\mathrm{{is}}}= h\left({{P}_{5},{s}_{4}}\right)$
${h}_{5}= {h}_{4}+ \frac{\left({h}_{5,\mathrm{{is}}}- {h}_{4}\right)}{{\eta }_{\mathrm{{is}},\mathrm{H}}}$
式中: ${s}_{4},{P}_{4}$ 分别为压缩机高压压缩腔吸气口 4 点的制冷剂熵值、压力, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right),\mathrm{{MPa}};{h}_{5},{P}_{5}$ 分别为压缩机排气口 5 点的制冷剂焓值、压力, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ , $\mathrm{{MPa}};{h}_{5,\mathrm{{is}}}$ 为等熵过程中 5 点的焓值, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}};{\eta }_{\mathrm{{is}},\mathrm{H}}$ 为高压压缩腔内的等熵效率。
压缩机入口的制冷剂质量流量为
${m}_{1}= {\rho }_{2}{\eta }_{\mathrm{v},\mathrm{L}}{V}_{1}{n}_{\text{com }}$
式中: ${\rho }_{2}$ 为压缩机入口 2 点的制冷剂密度, $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$${\eta }_{\mathrm{v},\mathrm{L}}$ 为压缩机低压段的容积效率; ${V}_{1}$ 为压缩机低压级的排量,cm ${}^{3};{n}_{\mathrm{{com}}}$ 压缩机的转速, $\mathrm{r}/{\mathrm{{min}}}_{\circ }$
相对补气量 $\beta$ 用中间补入压缩机的制冷剂质量流量与总制冷剂质量流量比值表示,计算式为
$\beta =\frac{{\dot{m}}_{2}}{{\dot{m}}_{\text{tot }}}$
压缩机总耗功 ${W}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 由两部分构成,一部分是将压缩机入口吸入的制冷剂压缩至中间压力所耗的功;另一部分是将混合了中间补气的制冷剂压缩至排气压力所耗的功,计算式为
${W}_{\mathrm{c}}= \frac{{\dot{m}}_{1}\left({{h}_{3}- {h}_{2}}\right)+ {\dot{m}}_{\mathrm{{tot}}}\left({{h}_{5}- {h}_{4}}\right)}{{\eta }_{\mathrm{{me}}}{\eta }_{\mathrm{{mot}}}}$
式中: ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{me}}}$ 为压缩机机械效率,取 ${0.8};{\eta }_{\mathrm{{mot}}}$ 为压缩机电机效率,取 ${0.93}$ [ 15 ]
系统制冷量 ${Q}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 为蒸发器制冷剂进出口的焓差总和,计算式为
${Q}_{\mathrm{e}}= {\dot{m}}_{1}\left({{h}_{1}- {h}_{10}}\right)$
式中: ${h}_{1},{h}_{10}$ 分别为蒸发器出口 1 点和进口 10 点的焓值, kJ/kg。
系统制冷系数 EER 用蒸发器内的换热量与压缩机的耗功的比值表示,计算式为
$\mathrm{{EER}}= \frac{{Q}_{\mathrm{e}}}{{W}_{\mathrm{c}}}$
膨胀过程为等焓节流过程, 该过程总制冷剂流量可表示为
${\dot{m}}_{\mathrm{{tot}}}= {C}_{\mathrm{d}}{A}_{\mathrm{c}}\sqrt{2{\rho }_{\mathrm{v}}{\Delta P}}$
式中: ${C}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为制冷剂通过膨胀阀的流量系数; ${A}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为膨胀阀的流通截面积,mm ${}^{2};{\rho }_{\mathrm{v}}$ 为膨胀阀入口处制冷剂的密度, $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{\Delta P}$ 为膨胀阀进出口的压差, ${\mathrm{{MPa}}}_{\mathrm{o}}$
假设回热器内无换热损失,计算模型为
${\dot{m}}_{\text{tot }}\left({{h}_{7}- {h}_{8}}\right)= {\dot{m}}_{1}\left({{h}_{2}- {h}_{1}}\right)$
式中: ${h}_{7},{h}_{8}$ 分别为高压段回热器进口 7 点和出口 8 点的制冷剂焓值, kJ/kg。
假设经济器内无换热损失,计算模型为
${\dot{m}}_{\text{tot }}\left({{h}_{6}- {h}_{7}}\right)= {\dot{m}}_{2}\left({{h}_{11}- {h}_{9}}\right)$
式中: ${h}_{6},{h}_{9}$ 分别为气体冷却器出口 6 点和中间压力段经济器进口 9 点的焓值, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$
通过构建系统模型对系统性能进行分析, 着重研究了气体冷却器出口温度 ${T}_{\mathrm{{go}}}$ 、气体冷却器压力 ${P}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 、中间补气压力 ${P}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 、相对补气量 $\beta$ 、回热器过热度 ${\Delta T}$ 对系统 $\mathrm{{EER}}$ 、制冷量 ${Q}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 和压缩机排气温度 ${T}_{\mathrm{{co}}}$ 的影响。在系统分析时做出如下假设:①忽略 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 在换热器和管道内的压降; ②蒸发器出口和补气口的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 为饱和状态; ③中间补气的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 可以全部进入压缩机的压缩腔内。仿真工况如 表 1 所示。
为了验证数学模型的准确性, 采用文献[ 16 ] 的实验数据进行对比。将试验工况输入模型进行仿真。 图 3 为仿真结果与实验值的对比,其中,最大误差为 9.37%,平均误差为 4.34%,实验值与仿真结果有较好的一致性。
气体冷却器压力对 EER 的影响如 图 4 所示。
图 4 可知, 随着气体冷却器压力的增加, EER 先快速增大,当气体冷却器压力增加到一定程度时, EER 随气体冷却器压力增加而缓慢减小。气体冷却器出口温度越低, EER 随气体冷却器压力变化越剧烈。当 ${T}_{\mathrm{{go}}}= {35},{40},{45},{50}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,系统的最佳气体冷却压力分别为8.6,10.0,11.2, ${12.6}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,最佳气体冷却器压力随气体冷却器出口温度的升高而增大。
由于跨临界 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 热泵空调存在最佳气体冷却器压力,且与气体冷却器出口温度相关,因此根据相应的气体冷却器出口温度,控制系统尽量维持在最佳气体冷却器压力区间运行。 图 5 为最佳气体冷却器压力与气体冷却器出口温度的关系。
中间补气压力对 EER 的影响如 图 6 所示。
图 6 可知, 存在最佳中间补气压力使得 EER 达到最大值, 但相较于气体冷却器压力, 中间补气压力对 EER 的影响较小。当 ${T}_{\mathrm{{go}}}= {35},{40}$ , 45,50 °C时,系统的最佳中间补气压力分别为 ${6.33},{6.40},{6.43},{6.47}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,最佳中间补气压力随气体冷却器出口温度的升高而增加。
图 7 为最佳中间补气压力与气体冷却器出口温度的关系。
在系统不使用回热器 $\left({{\Delta T}= {0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 下,运用上文所拟合的最佳气体冷却器压力和最佳中间补气压力与气体冷却器出口温度的关系式, 探究了中间补气对系统性能的影响。在不同相对补气量下, $\mathrm{{EER}},{Q}_{\mathrm{e}}$${T}_{\mathrm{{co}}}$${T}_{\mathrm{{go}}}$ 的变化趋势如 图 8 所示。
图 8(a),(b) 可知, 中间补气能明显提升系统的 EER 和 ${Q}_{\mathrm{e}}$ ,相对补气量越大和气体冷却器出口温度越低时, 提升越明显。在气体冷却器出口温度为 ${35}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,相对于无补气 $\left({\beta = 0}\right),\beta =$ 0.1,0.2,0.3时分别可使 EER 提升 ${4.37}\%,{9.50}\%$ , ${15.64}\%,{Q}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 提升 ${7.24}\%,{16.26}\%,{27.88}\%$ ;气体冷却器出口温度为 ${50}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,分别可使 EER 提升 ${2.08}\%,{4.39}\%,{7.12}\%,{Q}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 提升 ${6.09}\%,{13.71}\%$ , 23.50%。由 图 8(c) 可知,中间补气可以有效降低 ${T}_{\mathrm{{co}}}$ ,随着相对补气量的增加, ${T}_{\mathrm{{co}}}$ 降低幅度增大。在气体冷却器出口温度为 ${35}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,相对于无补气 $\left({\beta = 0}\right),\beta ={0.1},{0.2},{0.3}$ 时分别可使 ${T}_{\mathrm{{co}}}$ 降低4.8, ${9.4},{13.7}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ;气体冷却器出口温度为 ${50}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,分别可使 ${T}_{\mathrm{{co}}}$ 降低 ${5.7},{11.1},{16.3}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
在系统无补气 $\left({\beta = 0}\right)$ 下,使用上文所拟合的最佳气体冷却器压力、最佳中间补气压力与气体冷却器出口温度的关系式, 探究了回热器过热度对系统性能的影响。在不同回热器过热度下, EER, ${Q}_{\mathrm{e}},{T}_{\mathrm{{co}}}$ 随气体冷却器出口温度的变化趋势如 图 9 所示。
图 9(a),(b) 可以看到, 回热器过热度的提高能明显提升系统的 EER 和 ${Q}_{\mathrm{e}}$ ,且过热度越大和气体冷却器出口温度越高时, 提升越明显。在气体冷却器出口温度为 ${40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,相对于 ${\Delta T}= {5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ , ${\Delta T}= {10},{15},{20}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时分别可使 EER 提升 ${0.69}\%$ , ${1.29}\%,{1.85}\%,{Q}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 提升 ${0.38}\%,{0.70}\%,{1.00}\%$ ; 气体冷却器出口温度为 ${55}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,分别可使 EER 提升 ${2.40}\%,{4.36}\%,{6.07}\%,{Q}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 提升 ${1.88}\%,{3.44}\%$ , 4.78%。由 图 9(c) 可知,回热器过热度的增大在一定程度会提升 ${T}_{\mathrm{{co}}}$ ,随着回热器过热度的增加, ${T}_{\mathrm{{co}}}$ 提升的幅度会增大,相对于 ${\Delta T}= 5{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},{\Delta T}=$ ${10},{15},{20}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,分别可使 ${T}_{\mathrm{{co}}}$ 升高5.19,10.21, 15.12 C,气体冷却器出口温度为 ${55}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,分别可使 ${T}_{\mathrm{{co}}}$ 升高 ${5.9},{11.5},{16.9}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
使用上文所拟合的最佳气体冷却器压力、最佳中间补气压力与气体冷却器出口温度的关式式,探究了在压缩机排气温度受限情况下, 中间补气对回热器优化能力的影响。在不同相对补气量下, ${T}_{\mathrm{{co}}}$ 随回热器过热度的变化如 图 10 所示。
图 10 可知,由于设定了最高的 ${T}_{\mathrm{{co}}}$ ,系统的回热器过热度将会被限制在一定范围内,中间补气可以扩大限制 ${T}_{\mathrm{{co}}}$ 时回热器过热度的范围。当相对补气量分别0,0.1,0.2,0.3时,回热器过热度的最大值分别为 $7,{12},{17},{27}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
在压缩机排气温度受限情况下, 不同相对补气量下 EER 和 ${Q}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 随回热器过热度的变化如 图 11 所示。
由图 ${11}\left(\mathrm{a}\right),\left(\mathrm{b}\right)$ 可知: 相较于无补气 $\left({\beta = 0}\right)$ , $\beta ={0.1},{0.2},{0.3}$ 时,分别使 EER增加0.029,0.050, 0.081, 使回热器对 EER的优化能力分别提升了 ${54.9}\%,{100.8}\%,{203.0}\%;{Q}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 分别增加0.085,0.135, ${0.193}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,使回热器对系统制冷量的优化能力分别提升了 54.14%,98.54%,173.87%。相对于无补气、无回热 $\left({\beta = 0,{\Delta T}= {0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right),\beta ={0.3},{\Delta T}= {26}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时的中间补气+回热器的跨临界 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 系统的 EER 和 ${Q}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 分别增加了0.169,1.051,相对提升了 ${18.38}\%$ , 35.03%。
本文为提高电动汽车用 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 热泵空调系统的性能,构建了中间补气+回热器的跨临界 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 系统,通过仿真研究了各参数对系统性能的影响, 并得出以下结论。
①存在最佳气体冷却器压力和中间补气压力使得系统 EER 存在最大值,最佳气体冷却器压力和最佳中间补气压力与气体冷却器出口温度相关,并拟合了其关系式。
②在系统达到最佳气体冷却器压力前, EER 随气体冷却器压力快速上升, 超过最佳气体冷却器压力后, EER 随着气体冷却器压力而缓慢下降。所以在跨临界 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 系统实际运行时可使气体冷却器压力略大于最佳气体冷却器压力,使系统以高效 EER 运转。
③系统 EER 和 ${Q}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 随气体冷却器出口温度升高而显著下降。为提高系统性能,需要提高气体冷却器的换热效率, 尽可能使气体冷却器出口温度接近环境温度。
④中间补气和回热器分别可使 EER 最高提升 15.64%和 6.07%, ${Q}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 最高提升 27.88%和 4.78%。
⑤回热器会导致压缩机排气温度上升,中间补气可降低压缩机排气温度,当限定压缩机排气温度时,中间补气可使回热器对 EER 和制冷量的优化能力分别提升 203.0%和 173.9%。
⑥相对于基础跨临界 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 系统,中间补气+ 回热器的跨临界 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 热泵空调的优化系统在所研究工况内可使系统 EER 和制冷量分别提升 18.38%和 35.03%。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFE0112500)
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2024年第42卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2023-03-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-02
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国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFE0112500)
作者信息
    1 中国科学院 广州能源研究所 广东 广州 510640
    2 中国科学院大学 北京 100049
    3 淄博能源研究院 山东 淄博 255000

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宋文吉(1978-),男,研究员,硕士生导师,研究方向为空调、热泵、蓄能、潜热输送、工业节能等。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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