Article(id=1154430653656457955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430651659969244, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1652889600000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167316115, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1716134400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167316115, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167316115, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167316115, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154430651659969244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='5', pageStart='569', pageEnd='710', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167315640, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694602531, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642253209723786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430651659969244, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642253213918091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430651659969244, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=665, endPage=674, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154430654138802918, articleId=1154430653656457955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Optimal dispatch of power system considering uncertainty of both source and load sides and N–1 security constraint, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Largescale wind power grid integration increases the uncertainties of system operation. It is urgent to use rapidly adjustable resources to smooth the power imbalance caused by wind power and load fluctuation and consider the impact of spinning reserve calling process on the system power flow. Firstly, the probability distribution model of wind power and load prediction error is analyzed. Then, the optimal dispatching model of power system with N1 network security opportunity constraint and spinning reserve opportunity constraint is established, and the unit output is optimized with the goal of minimizing the total dispatching cost. Finally, the Benders decomposition method based on the identification method of active integer variables is used to deal with the N1 network security constraints to improve the solving efficiency. Using the modified IEEE30node test system, it is verified that the proposed model can guarantee the reserve availability, economy and safety of the system, and fully excavate the fast adjustable capacity of pumped storage.

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大规模风电并网增加了系统运行的不确定因素,文章利用快速可调资源平抑风电和负荷波动引发的功率不平衡,并考虑备用调用过程减少对系统潮流的影响。首先分析了风电和负荷预测误差的概率分布模型;然后,建立含 N1 网络安全机会约束和旋转备用机会约束的电力系统优化调度模型,以系统调度总成本最小为目标优化机组出力;最后,基于起作用整数变量的识别方法的Benders 分解法处理 N1 网络安全约束,提高求解效率。利用修正的IEEE30节点系统,验证了所提模型能够保障系统备用可用性、经济性和安全性,充分挖掘抽水蓄能的快速可调能力。

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杨苹(1967-),女,博士,教授,研究方向为可再生能源并网与微电网运行控制技术。E-mail:
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figureFileBig=kL3abog8weVTHBuDQntj8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430710598328706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430653656457955, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Parameters of thermal power units, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
出力上限 MW 出力下限 MW 爬坡速度 MW/h 燃料成本系数
260 50 100 0.003 75 2 0
80 20 25 0.0625 1 0
35 10 15 0.008 34 3.25 0
40 12 20 0.025 3 0
), ArticleFig(id=1154430710673826181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430653656457955, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=火电机组参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
出力上限 MW 出力下限 MW 爬坡速度 MW/h 燃料成本系数
260 50 100 0.003 75 2 0
80 20 25 0.0625 1 0
35 10 15 0.008 34 3.25 0
40 12 20 0.025 3 0
), ArticleFig(id=1154430710749323655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430653656457955, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Pamameters of pumped storage power units, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
初始时 上水库 上水库 抽水水量 发电水量 发电 发电
刻上水 水位 水位 电量转换 电量转换 功率 功率
库水位 下限 上限 系数 系数 上限 下限
${\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\left( {\mathrm{{MW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ ${\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\left( {\mathrm{{MW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ MW MW
729 610 109 240 1 568 460 251.62 318.24 200 10
), ArticleFig(id=1154430710820626825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430653656457955, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=抽水蓄能机组参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
初始时 上水库 上水库 抽水水量 发电水量 发电 发电
刻上水 水位 水位 电量转换 电量转换 功率 功率
库水位 下限 上限 系数 系数 上限 下限
${\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\left( {\mathrm{{MW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ ${\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\left( {\mathrm{{MW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ MW MW
729 610 109 240 1 568 460 251.62 318.24 200 10
), ArticleFig(id=1154430710875152781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430653656457955, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Parameters of the energy storage station, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
储能容量 储能功率 MW 荷电状态 上限 荷电状态 下限 储能充电 效率 储能放电 效率
40 20 0.9 0.1 0.9 0.9
), ArticleFig(id=1154430710963233167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430653656457955, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=储能电站参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
储能容量 储能功率 MW 荷电状态 上限 荷电状态 下限 储能充电 效率 储能放电 效率
40 20 0.9 0.1 0.9 0.9
), ArticleFig(id=1154430711030342034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430653656457955, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=System scheduling costs, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总成本/元 火电机组运行成本
燃煤成本 元 不投油调峰 成本/元 投油调峰 成本/元
738 029.14 149 595.67 14 779.15 0
储能运行 抽蓄启停 备用成本 弃风率
成本/元 成本/元 $\%$
512.09 8000 520 109.00 6.93
), ArticleFig(id=1154430711080673686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430653656457955, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=系统调度各类成本, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总成本/元 火电机组运行成本
燃煤成本 元 不投油调峰 成本/元 投油调峰 成本/元
738 029.14 149 595.67 14 779.15 0
储能运行 抽蓄启停 备用成本 弃风率
成本/元 成本/元 $\%$
512.09 8000 520 109.00 6.93
), ArticleFig(id=1154430711151976857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430653656457955, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Scheduling results under different spinning reserve configurations, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
旋转备用方案 总成本/元 弃风率1%
方案 1: 仅火电作旋转备用 845 932.96 33.45
方案 2: 抽蓄和火电同时作旋转备用 824 836.54 22.72
), ArticleFig(id=1154430711210697116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430653656457955, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=不同旋转备用配置方案下调度结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
旋转备用方案 总成本/元 弃风率1%
方案 1: 仅火电作旋转备用 845 932.96 33.45
方案 2: 抽蓄和火电同时作旋转备用 824 836.54 22.72
), ArticleFig(id=1154430711277805982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430653656457955, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=Scheduling results under different confidence factors, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
置信因子 总成本/元 火电燃煤成本/元 备用成本/元 弃风率1%
0.80 529 753.27 149 240.61 350 220.22 0.029
0.85 623 810.59 149 561.06 436 028.04 1.480
0.90 738 029.14 149 595.67 520 109.08 6.930
0.92 824 836.54 150 293.40 505 376.5 22,720
0.95 937 977.11 153 325.37 333 756.23 66.540
), ArticleFig(id=1154430711344914848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430653656457955, language=CN, label=表 6, caption=不同置信因子下的调度结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
置信因子 总成本/元 火电燃煤成本/元 备用成本/元 弃风率1%
0.80 529 753.27 149 240.61 350 220.22 0.029
0.85 623 810.59 149 561.06 436 028.04 1.480
0.90 738 029.14 149 595.67 520 109.08 6.930
0.92 824 836.54 150 293.40 505 376.5 22,720
0.95 937 977.11 153 325.37 333 756.23 66.540
), ArticleFig(id=1154430711412023715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430653656457955, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=The overlimit of scheduling results considering only the security constraints of the ground state network, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
置信
因子
越限的
N - 1态
越限
线路
最大越限量
MW
最大越
限率/%
0.95 2 1 36.306 7 23.73
4 1 33.973 4 22.20
36 31 2.4172 13.73
0.92 2 1 16.075 2 10.51
4 1 13.769 7 9.00
5 5 6.061 7 8.48
0.90 7 6 4.670 8 6.53
36 31 1.211 9 6.89
5 5 2.4172 3.38
10 40 4.217 8 11.98
36 31 1.636 3 9.30
0.85 10 40 4.064 4 11.55
36 31 1.599 7 9.09
41 10 1.821 1 5.17
0.80 10 40 2.1994 6.25
36 31 1.605 3 9.12
40 10 0.026 6 0.076
), ArticleFig(id=1154430711479132579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430653656457955, language=CN, label=表 7, caption=仅考虑基态网络安全约束的线路越限量, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
置信
因子
越限的
N - 1态
越限
线路
最大越限量
MW
最大越
限率/%
0.95 2 1 36.306 7 23.73
4 1 33.973 4 22.20
36 31 2.4172 13.73
0.92 2 1 16.075 2 10.51
4 1 13.769 7 9.00
5 5 6.061 7 8.48
0.90 7 6 4.670 8 6.53
36 31 1.211 9 6.89
5 5 2.4172 3.38
10 40 4.217 8 11.98
36 31 1.636 3 9.30
0.85 10 40 4.064 4 11.55
36 31 1.599 7 9.09
41 10 1.821 1 5.17
0.80 10 40 2.1994 6.25
36 31 1.605 3 9.12
40 10 0.026 6 0.076
), ArticleFig(id=1154430711554630053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430653656457955, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=Comparison of the results of two calculation schemes with different confidence factors, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
置信 因子 求解时间/s 总成本/元
方案 1 方案 2 方案 1 方案 2
0.95 4 604.212 2 797.942 2 937 977.11 938 069.53
0.90 1 167.857 9 548.706 2 739029.14 739 159.04
0.85 1 882.941 1 641.603 9 623 810.59 623 855.01
0.80 1 864.511 0 1010.5250 529 753.27 529 771.46
), ArticleFig(id=1154430711655293352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430653656457955, language=CN, label=表 8, caption=不同置信因子下两种计算方案结果对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
置信 因子 求解时间/s 总成本/元
方案 1 方案 2 方案 1 方案 2
0.95 4 604.212 2 797.942 2 937 977.11 938 069.53
0.90 1 167.857 9 548.706 2 739029.14 739 159.04
0.85 1 882.941 1 641.603 9 623 810.59 623 855.01
0.80 1 864.511 0 1010.5250 529 753.27 529 771.46
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考虑源荷不确定性和 N-1 安全约束的电力系统优化调度
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余雁琳 1 , 杨苹 1, 2 , 曾凯林 1 , 陈芯羽 1
可再生能源 | 2024,42(5): 665-674
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(5): 665-674
考虑源荷不确定性和 N-1 安全约束的电力系统优化调度
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余雁琳1, 杨苹1, 2 , 曾凯林1, 陈芯羽1
作者信息
  • 1 华南理工大学 电力学院 广东 广州 510640
  • 2 广东省绿色能源技术重点实验室 广东 广州 511458

通讯作者:

杨苹(1967-),女,博士,教授,研究方向为可再生能源并网与微电网运行控制技术。E-mail:
Optimal dispatch of power system considering uncertainty of both source and load sides and N–1 security constraint
Yanlin Yu1, Ping Yang1, 2 , Kailin Zeng1, Xinyu Chen1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electric Power South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
  • 2 Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Technology Guangzhou 511458 China
出版时间: 2024-05-20
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大规模风电并网增加了系统运行的不确定因素,文章利用快速可调资源平抑风电和负荷波动引发的功率不平衡,并考虑备用调用过程减少对系统潮流的影响。首先分析了风电和负荷预测误差的概率分布模型;然后,建立含 N1 网络安全机会约束和旋转备用机会约束的电力系统优化调度模型,以系统调度总成本最小为目标优化机组出力;最后,基于起作用整数变量的识别方法的Benders 分解法处理 N1 网络安全约束,提高求解效率。利用修正的IEEE30节点系统,验证了所提模型能够保障系统备用可用性、经济性和安全性,充分挖掘抽水蓄能的快速可调能力。

风电并网  /  N-1安全  /  旋转备用  /  优化调度

Largescale wind power grid integration increases the uncertainties of system operation. It is urgent to use rapidly adjustable resources to smooth the power imbalance caused by wind power and load fluctuation and consider the impact of spinning reserve calling process on the system power flow. Firstly, the probability distribution model of wind power and load prediction error is analyzed. Then, the optimal dispatching model of power system with N1 network security opportunity constraint and spinning reserve opportunity constraint is established, and the unit output is optimized with the goal of minimizing the total dispatching cost. Finally, the Benders decomposition method based on the identification method of active integer variables is used to deal with the N1 network security constraints to improve the solving efficiency. Using the modified IEEE30node test system, it is verified that the proposed model can guarantee the reserve availability, economy and safety of the system, and fully excavate the fast adjustable capacity of pumped storage.

integration of wind power  /  N-1 security  /  spinning reserve  /  optimal dispatch
余雁琳, 杨苹, 曾凯林, 陈芯羽. 考虑源荷不确定性和 N-1 安全约束的电力系统优化调度. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (5) : 665 -674 .
Yanlin Yu, Ping Yang, Kailin Zeng, Xinyu Chen. Optimal dispatch of power system considering uncertainty of both source and load sides and N–1 security constraint[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (5) : 665 -674 .
大力发展风电、水电等清洁能源,调整优化能源结构,是我国实现“双碳”目标的有效路径。然而风电出力的随机、波动不仅影响了机组出力计划 [ 1 ] , 也影响了旋转备用容量配置和调用。一方面,风电出力的快速波动和不确定性对旋转备用的容量和响应速度提出了更高要求;另一方面,风电和负荷预测误差的不确定性以及实际的备用调用方式影响了潮流分布。因此, 挖掘系统中快速可调资源平抑风电、负荷预测误差,并考虑实际备用调用过程对系统潮流的影响,成为研究重点。
传统的经济调度通过预留固定负荷百分比的火电机组旋转备用容量, 以应对系统运行中的不确定事件, 但火电机组的爬坡速度缓慢, 系统实际运行过程中, 火电旋转备用难以满足快速平抑风电和负荷预测误差的要求。近年来, 针对系统其他可调资源平抑风电和负荷预测误差的研究取得了一定的成果,文献[ 2 ]提出在常规电源备用容量不足时, 将弃风和可中断负荷作为旋转备用, 但该类资源提供旋转备用的可靠性难以保证。抽水蓄能机组调节速率快,调节幅度大,可靠性高,是良好的调峰和旋转备用电源。文献[ 3 ]提出了多种类型电源协调优化的调度模型, 并在旋转备用机组中考虑了抽水蓄能, 但文章以固定的备用系数作为旋转备用容量的下限,容易造成备用容量预留过多或紧缺。文献[ 4 ]建立了含抽水蓄能的旋转备用优化模型, 但其采用多面体不确定集描述风电不确定性, 无法化简为混合整数线性规划问题, 求解复杂。文献[ 5 ]采用 Beta 分布函数拟合风电预测误差, 并用条件期望之差描述系统为风电预测误差提供的备用容量, 但未考虑火电机组爬坡限制对备用可用性的影响。
风电和负荷不确定性以及调用备用的方式会影响相关线路的潮流分布, 因此制定调度计划时须对线路进行潮流校核, 同时保障经济性和安全性。 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 安全校核是调度运行中常见的安全性检测问题 [ 6 ] 。但目前多数考虑风电和负荷不确定性的优化调度模型仅考虑了基态下的网络安全约束 [ 7 - 9 ] ,实际运行无法保证系统在 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 故障状态下的安全性。文献[ 10 ]提出一种满足风电和负荷波动最大场景下的有功和备用调度模型, 但未考虑极限场景在线路 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 状态下的网络安全约束。文献[ 11 ]提出了将机组组合和 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 安全校验直接闭环的发电计划模式, 并基于起作用整数变量识别方法和 Benders 分解法求解, 但模型中仅考虑了火电机组。文献 [ 12 , 13 ] 建立了含风电和抽水蓄能的优化调度模型,并采用 “校验-添加-再校验-再添加”的思想处理 N-1 网络安全约束, 但模型没有考虑调用备用对 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 安全校验的影响。文献[ 14 ]在基态和 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 态的网络安全约束中考虑了调用备用对潮流分布的影响, 但仅考虑以固定的风电、负荷备用系数作为旋转备用容量下限时的情况。
本文建立了考虑风电、负荷不确定性及 N-1 网络安全约束的电力系统优化调度模型,针对机组爬坡限制, 在旋转备用中引入抽水蓄能机组, 提升旋转备用调节能力;针对风电和负荷不确定性及调用备用对线路潮流的影响,引入基态和 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 线路故障状态下的网络安全约束。然后,根据风电和负荷预测误差的概率分布模型及置信因子将旋转备用机会约束和网络安全机会约束化为确定性约束,确定调度计划和旋转备用容量。采用基于起作用的整数变量识别和 Benders 分解法处理 N-1 安全约束,提高计算效率。最后,通过算例分析,验证本文所提模型和方法的有效性。
系统各调度时段的风电出力值可用该时段的风电功率预测值和预测误差之和表示。风电的预测误差通常用正态分布描述, 但正态分布、Beta 分布、威布尔分布等无法很好地拟合预测误差 [ 15 ] 。 混合高斯分布对非对称和多峰的风电预测误差概率分布模型具有更好的适用性。由于风电预测误差与风电预测功率有关, 因此根据历史预测数据将历史预测误差数据分组作混合高斯拟合, 混合高斯分布拟合风电预测误差步骤参考文献[ 16 ]。 进而根据各组的混合高斯概率密度函数 ${f}_{\mathrm{w}}\left({P}_{\mathrm{w}}\right)$ 得到概率分布函数 ${F}_{\mathrm{w}}\left({P}_{\mathrm{w}}\right)$
系统各调度时段的负荷值也可用该时段的负荷功率预测值和预测误差之和表示,通常可认为负荷预测误差服从均值为 0 的正态分布 [ 17 ]
考虑源荷不确定性和 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 安全的调度模型如 图 1 所示。
调度模型结合风电、负荷预测数据及预测误差概率分布函数, 以系统运行总成本最小为目标优化机组出力。由于旋转备用的调用方式会影响线路潮流的分布,而基态和 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 态下网络拓扑的不同会导致线路潮流不同,因此在基态网络安全约束和 N-1 网络安全约束中引入各状态下的正负旋转备用调用量,求解调度模型得到机组组合、 机组出力计划和旋转备用容量。
本文综合考虑机组的发电成本、弃风成本和备用成本, 目标函数为
$ f =\min \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left({\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{g}}}\left({{S}_{\mathrm{g}i, t}+ {C}_{\mathrm{g}i, t}}\right)+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{p}}}{S}_{\mathrm{p}j, t}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{b}}}{C}_{\mathrm{{bk}}, t}+ }\right.\\\left.{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{w}}}{C}_{\mathrm{w}m, t}^{\text{curt }}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{r}}}{C}_{\mathrm{r}n, t}}\right)$
式中: $T$ 为调度周期总时段数; ${N}_{\mathrm{g}},{N}_{\mathrm{p}},{N}_{\mathrm{b}},{N}_{\mathrm{w}}$${N}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 分别为火电机组、抽水蓄能机组、储能、风电场和备用机组的数量; ${S}_{{gi}, t},{C}_{{gi}, t}$ 分别为火电机组 $i$ 的启停成本、运行成本; ${S}_{\mathrm{p}j, t}$ 为抽水蓄能机组 $j$ 的启停成本; ${C}_{\mathrm{b}k, t}$ 为储能 $k$ 运行成本; ${C}_{\mathrm{w}m, t}^{\text{curt }}$ 为风电场 $m$ 的弃风惩罚; ${C}_{m, t}$ 为备用机组 $n$ 的备用成本。
火电机组启停成本与启停次数有关, 其值为调度周期内单次启停成本与启停次数的乘积。火电机组运行状态分为常规调峰、不投油深度调峰和投油深度调峰 [ 18 ] ; 火电机组运行在最小技术出力 ${P}_{\mathrm{g}i,\min }$ 和最大技术出力 ${P}_{\mathrm{g}i,\max }$ 之间时为常规调峰,运行成本为燃煤成本 ${C}_{\mathrm{g}i,1}$ ;火电机组出力降至不投油调峰稳燃负荷值 ${P}_{\mathrm{g}i}^{\mathrm{a}}$ 与最小技术出力值 ${P}_{\mathrm{g}i,\min }$ 之间时为不投油深度调峰, 此时运行成本包括燃煤成本 ${C}_{\mathrm{{gi}},1}$ 和机组损耗成本 ${C}_{\mathrm{{gi}},2}$ ; 火电机组出力降至投油调峰稳燃负荷值 ${P}_{\mathrm{g}i}^{\mathrm{b}}$ 与不投油调峰稳燃负荷值 ${P}_{\mathrm{g}i}^{\mathrm{a}}$ 之间时为投油深度调峰,运行成本包括燃煤成本 ${C}_{\mathrm{{gi}},1}$ 、机组损耗成本 ${C}_{\mathrm{{gi}},2}$ 和投油成本 ${C}_{\mathrm{{gi}},3}$ 。 火电运行成本为
${C}_{\mathrm{g}i, t}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}{C}_{\mathrm{g}i,1},& {P}_{\mathrm{g}i}^{\mathrm{{min}}}< {P}_{\mathrm{g}i, t}< {P}_{\mathrm{g}i}^{\max }\\{C}_{\mathrm{g}i,1}+ {C}_{\mathrm{g}i,2},& {P}_{\mathrm{g}i}^{\mathrm{a}}< {P}_{\mathrm{g}i, t}< {P}_{\mathrm{g}i}^{\min }\\{C}_{\mathrm{g}i,1}+ {C}_{\mathrm{g}i,2}+ {C}_{\mathrm{g}i,3},& {P}_{\mathrm{g}i}^{\mathrm{b}}< {P}_{\mathrm{g}i, t}< {P}_{\mathrm{g}i}^{\mathrm{a}}\end{array}\right.$
其中:燃煤成本公式为二次函数 [ 19 ] ,机组损耗成本与表征火电机组疲劳寿命的致裂周次相关, 计算方法参考文献[ 20 ]; 投油成本为每小时油耗量与油价的乘积 [ 21 ]
抽水蓄能机组启停损耗成本由工况转换产生 [ 22 ] ,储能运行成本主要考虑其充放电成本 [ 23 ] ,弃风惩罚为风电预测功率与实际并网量之差与弃风惩罚系数的乘积。
①系统平衡约束
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{s}}}{P}_{\mathrm{{ej}}, t}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{p}}}\left({{P}_{\mathrm{{pj}}, t}^{\mathrm{{gen}}}- {P}_{\mathrm{{pj}}, t}^{\mathrm{{pump}}}}\right)+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{b}}}\left({{P}_{\mathrm{{bk}}, t}^{\mathrm{d}}- {P}_{\mathrm{{bk}}, t}^{\mathrm{c}}}\right)+ \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{w}}}{P}_{\mathrm{w}m, t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{d}}}{P}_{\text{load }, t}$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{g}i, t}$ 为火电机组功率; ${P}_{\mathrm{p}j, t}^{\mathrm{{gen}}},{P}_{\mathrm{p}j, t}^{\mathrm{{pump}}}$ 分别为抽水蓄能机组的发电功率和抽水功率; ${P}_{\mathrm{b}k, t}^{\mathrm{d}},{P}_{\mathrm{b}k, t}^{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为储能的放电和充电功率; ${P}_{\mathrm{w}m, t}$ 为风电场计划出力; ${P}_{\text{load }, t}$ 为负荷功率; ${N}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为负荷的节点数。
②旋转备用约束
$\begin{array}{l}\Pr \left\lbrack {\left.{\frac{{N}_{s}}{2},{r}_{g, t}^{w}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{{N}_{s}}{r}_{p, t}^{w}+ \left({\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{{N}_{s}}{\varepsilon }_{\text{wav.}n}- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{{N}_{s}}{\varepsilon }_{\text{boah.}t}}\right)\geq 0}\right|\geq \beta }\right\rbrack \\\Pr \left\lbrack {\left.{\frac{{N}_{s}}{2},{r}_{g, t}^{\text{do.}}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{{N}_{s}}{r}_{p, t}^{\text{do.}}- \left({\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{{N}_{s}}{\varepsilon }_{\text{wav.}n}- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{{N}_{s}}{\varepsilon }_{\text{wav.}n}- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{{N}_{s}}{\varepsilon }_{\text{load.}n}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{{N}_{s}}{\varepsilon }_{\text{load.}n}}\right)}\right|\geq 0}\right\rbrack \geq \beta \\ 0 \leq {r}_{g, t}^{\text{own }}\leq \min \left({{P}_{g, t},\tan \left({{P}_{g, t}- {p}_{g, t},\operatorname{\Delta }{P}_{g},\operatorname{\Delta }t}\right)}\right)\\ 0 \leq {r}_{g, t}^{\text{own }}\leq \min \left({{P}_{g, t},\log \left({{P}_{g, t},\log \left({{P}_{g, t},\log n}\right),\operatorname{\Delta }{P}_{g},\operatorname{\Delta }t}\right)}\right)\\ 0 \leq {r}_{g, t}^{\text{own }}\leq \beta ,{r}_{g, t}^{\text{own}}\leq \beta ,{r}_{g, t}^{\text{own}}\leq \beta ,\end{array}$
式中: $\Pr \left(\cdot \right)$ 为事件成立的概率; ${r}_{\mathrm{{gi}}, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}},{r}_{\mathrm{{gi}}, t}^{\mathrm{{down}}}$ 分别为火电机组 $i$$t$ 时刻提供的正负旋转备用; ${r}_{\mathrm{p}j, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}},{r}_{\mathrm{p}j, t}^{\mathrm{{down}}}$ 分别为抽水蓄能机组 $j$$t$ 时刻提供的正负旋转备用; ${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{w}m, t}$ 为风电场 $m$$t$ 时刻的预测误差; ${\varepsilon }_{\text{load }n, t}$ 为负荷节点 $n$$t$ 时刻的预测误差。
式(4)表示火电机组和抽水蓄能机组提供的正、负旋转备用能够弥补风电和负荷预测误差的概率不低于 $\beta$
③网络安全约束
本文采用直流潮流模型描述基态和 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 线路故障状态下的线路传输功率约束。为保障旋转备用的可用性, 通过调用备用消除风电功率预测和负荷功率预测带来的误差时, 线路有功功率不超过线路传输功率极限值的概率应不低于 $\beta$ ,因此将直流潮流约束改写为
$\Pr \left\{\begin{array}{l}\beta , b \in B \\\Pr \left\{{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{u = 1}}^{{N}_{c}}{\widetilde{G}}_{u - l}^{b}{P}_{u, t}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{r}}{\widetilde{G}}_{n - l}^{b}{r}_{b, n, t}^{+ }+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{{N}_{w}}{\widetilde{G}}_{m - l}^{b}{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{{wn}}, t}- }\right\}\\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{d}}{\widetilde{G}}_{d - l}^{b}\left({{P}_{\text{load }, t}+ {\varepsilon }_{\text{load }, t}}\right)\leq {P}_{l\max , t}\\\beta , l \in B \end{array}\right\}$
式中: ${P}_{l\max , l}$ 为线路 $l$ 传输功率极限值; ${P}_{u, t}$ 为发电机 $u$ 的输出功率; ${N}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 为除平衡节点外发电机节点数量; ${G}_{u - l},{G}_{d - l}$ 分别为基态下发电机节点 $u$ 和负荷节点 $d$ 对线路 $l$ 的发电转移分布因子; ${G}_{n - l},{G}_{m - l}$ 分别为基态下旋转备用机组和风电场对线路 $l$ 的发电转移分布因子; ${\widetilde{G}}_{u - l}^{b},{\widetilde{G}}_{d - l}^{b}$ 分别为线路 $b$ 故障状态下,发电机节点 $u$ 和负荷节点 $d$ 对线路 $l$ 的发电转移分布因子; ${\widetilde{G}}_{n - l}^{b},{\widetilde{G}}_{m - l}^{b}$ 分别为线路 $b$ 故障状态下旋转备用机组和风电场对线路 $l$ 的发电转移分布因子; $B$$\mathrm{N}- 1$ 线路故障集合,发电转移因子求法参考文献 [ 24 ]; ${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{w}m, t}$$t$ 时刻风电预测误差; ${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{{load}}n, t}$$t$ 时刻负荷预测误差; $\beta$ 为满足机会约束的概率; ${r}_{n, t}$ , ${\mathbf{r}}_{b, n, t}$ 分别为基态和线路 $b$ 故障状态下线路传输功率大于线路传输功率最小值的概率不低于 $\beta$ 时, 系统所调用的旋转备用容量; ${r}_{n, t}^{+ },{\widetilde{\mathbf{r}}}_{b, n, t}^{+ }$ 同理。
各机组应满足功率上下限约束, 火电机组约束包含爬坡约束、最小连续开停机时间约束,抽水蓄能机组约束包含满足单一工况约束和抽蓄电站水位及变动约束,储能约束包含单一工况约束和荷电状态约束, 本文不再赘述。此外, 在火电机组爬坡约束中考虑其对旋转备用调用的影响。
$\left\{\begin{matrix}{P}_{{gi}, t}- {P}_{{gi}, t - 1}+ {r}_{{gi}, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}}- {r}_{{gi}, t - 1}^{\mathrm{{down}}}\leq \Delta {P}_{gi}^{\mathrm{U}}{I}_{i, t - 1}+ \\{P}_{{gi},\min }\left({{I}_{{gi}, t}- {I}_{{gi}, t - 1}}\right)+ {P}_{{gi},\max }\left({1 -{I}_{{gi}, t}}\right)\\{P}_{{gi}, t - 1}- {P}_{{gi}, t}+ {r}_{{si}, t - 1}^{\mathrm{{up}}}- {r}_{{gi}, t}^{\mathrm{{down}}}\leq \Delta {P}_{gi}^{\mathrm{I}}{I}_{i, t - 1}- \\{P}_{{gi},\min }\left({{I}_{{gi}, t}- {I}_{{gi}, t - 1}}\right)+ {P}_{{gi},\max }\left({1 -{I}_{{gi}, t - 1}}\right)\end{matrix}\right.$
式中: $\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{g}i}^{\mathrm{U}}$$\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{g}i}^{\mathrm{D}}$ 分别为火电机组 $i$ 最大上爬坡速率和最大下爬坡速率。
本文建立的考虑源荷不确定性和 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 安全的优化调度模型是一个大规模混合整数非线性规划问题。为使问题便于求解, 本文对火电机组燃煤成本二次项进行分段线性化处理, 引入松弛变量计算火电机组和抽水蓄能机组的启停次数, 引入布尔变量将火电运行成本分段函数化为可求解的混合整数形式 [ 19 ] ; 同时,基于风电和负荷的预测误差累积分布曲线,将机会约束化为确定形式,基于起作用整数变量的识别方法的 Benders 分解法处理 N-1 网络安全约束,提高求解效率。
将火电机组出力上下限区间分为 ${N}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 个区间,在各 $\left\lbrack {{P}_{\mathrm{g}i, t}^{h},{P}_{\mathrm{g}i, t}^{h + 1}}\right\rbrack \left({h = 1,2,\cdots ,{N}_{\mathrm{H}}}\right)$ 区间内对火电燃煤成本函数的导数曲线求梯形面积并相加:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{C}_{\mathrm{g}i, t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{h = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{H}}}\frac{\left\lbrack {\left({{2h}- 1}\right){a}_{i}{P}_{\mathrm{g}i, t}^{h}+ {b}_{i}}\right\rbrack \cdot {P}_{\mathrm{g}i,\text{ max }}}{{N}_{\mathrm{H}}}+ {c}_{i}\\ 0 \leq {P}_{\mathrm{g}i, t}^{h}\leq \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{g}i,\text{ max }}}{{N}_{\mathrm{H}}}\\{P}_{\mathrm{g}i, t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{h = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{H}}}{P}_{\mathrm{g}i, t}^{h}\end{array}\right.$
(2)机会约束化为确定形式求解策略
在上述所提模型中,式(4),(5)为机会约束, 无法直接求解,故通过引入 $t$ 时刻风电预测误差和负荷预测误差的累积分布曲线的反函数 ${F}_{\mathrm{w}m, t}^{-1}\left(\cdot \right)$${F}_{\text{load }n, t}^{-1}\left(\cdot \right)$ ,将约束化为等价确定形式:
$\begin{array}{l}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{N}_{s}}{r}_{{gi}, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{{N}_{r}}{r}_{{gi}, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{{N}_{w}}{F}_{\text{wa }, t}^{-1}\left({1 -\beta }\right)- \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{i}}{F}_{\text{load }, t}^{-1}\left(\beta \right)\geq 0 \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{N}_{r}}{F}_{\text{load }, t}^{-1}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{{N}_{v}}{r}_{{gi}, t}^{\mathrm{{dom}}}- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{{N}_{v}}{F}_{\text{wall }, m}^{-1}\left(\beta \right)+ \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{N}_{i}}{F}_{\text{load }, t}^{-1}\left({1 -\beta }\right)\geq 0 \end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{u = 1}}^{{N}_{G}}{G}_{u - l}{P}_{u, t}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{v}}{G}_{n - l}{r}_{n, t}^{- }+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{{N}_{v}}{G}_{m - l}{F}_{\mathrm{w}, t}^{-1}\left({1 -\beta }\right)- \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{d}}{G}_{d - l}\left\lbrack {{P}_{\mathrm{{load}}, t}+ {F}_{\mathrm{{load}}, t}^{-1}}\right\rbrack \geq -{P}_{l\max , t}\\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{u = 1}}^{{N}_{G}}{G}_{u - l}{P}_{u, t}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{{N}_{v}}{G}_{n - l}{r}_{n + l}^{+ }+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{{N}_{G}}{G}_{m - l}{F}_{\mathrm{w}, t}^{-1}\left(\beta \right)- \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{u = 1}}^{{N}_{d}}{G}_{L - l}\left({{P}_{l\max , t}+ {F}_{l\max , t}^{-1}\left({1 -\beta }\right)}\right)\leq {P}_{\max },\end{array}$
$\mathrm{N}- 1$ 故障状态下的网络安全机会约束的等价确定性与式(9)类似。
为使正负旋转备用调用时仍满足系统功率平衡约束,基态与 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 线路故障状态下正负旋转备用调用量应与风电和负荷的预测误差相等,即:
$\begin{array}{l}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{r}}{r}_{n, t}^{- }= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{t}}{F}_{\text{load }, t}^{-1}\left(\beta \right)- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{r}}{F}_{\text{load }, t}^{-1}\left({1 -\beta }\right)\\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{r}}{r}_{n, t}^{+ }= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{t}}{F}_{\text{load }, t}^{-1}\left({1 -\beta }\right)- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{{N}_{r}}{F}_{\text{load }, t}^{-1}\left(\beta \right)\\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{r}}{r}_{n, t}^{- }= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{t}}{F}_{\text{load }, t}^{-1}\left(\beta \right)- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{{N}_{r}}{F}_{\text{load }, t}^{-1}\left({1 -\beta }\right)\\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{r}}{r}_{n, t}^{+ }= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{{N}_{t}}{F}_{\text{load }, t}^{-1}\left({1 -\beta }\right)- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{{N}_{r}}{F}_{\text{load }, t}^{-1}\left(\beta \right)\end{array}$
式中火电机组和抽水蓄能机组提供旋转备用。由于各调度时刻须调用正旋转备用或负旋转备用未知, 难以确定各调度时刻的旋转备用调用量约束,故引入火电机组和抽水蓄能机组正负旋转备用容量的松弛变量,即:
$\begin{array}{l}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{G}_{i}\cdot {r}_{i, n}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{n}{G}_{ij}\cdot \left({{r}_{j, n}^{{pe}- m - j}+ {r}_{j, n}}\right)+ \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{G}_{ij}\cdot \left({{r}_{j, n}^{{pe}- m - j}+ {r}_{j, n}}\right)\\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{G}_{ij}\cdot {r}_{i, n}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{n}{G}_{ij}\cdot \left({{r}_{j, n}^{{pe}- m - j}+ {r}_{j, n}}\right)+ \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{G}_{ij}\cdot {r}_{i, n}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{n}{G}_{ij}\cdot \left({{r}_{j, n}^{{pe}- m - j}+ {r}_{j, n}}\right)\cdot \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{G}_{ij}\cdot {r}_{i, n}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{n}{G}_{ij}\cdot \left({{r}_{j, n}^{{pe}- m}+ {r}_{j, n}}\right)\cdot \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{G}_{ij}\cdot {r}_{i, n}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{n}{G}_{ij}\cdot \left({{r}_{j, n}^{{pe}- m}+ {r}_{j, n}}\right)\cdot \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{G}_{ij}\cdot {r}_{i, n}= {r}_{i, n}\cdot {r}_{i, n}= {r}_{i, n}\cdot \left({{r}_{i, n}^{pe}- {r}_{i, n}}\right)\cdot {r}_{i, n}= {r}_{i, n}\cdot {r}_{i, n}= {r}_{i, n}\cdot {r}_{i, n}= {r}_{i, n}\cdot {r}_{i, n}= {r}_{i, n}\cdot {r}_{i, n}= {r}_{i, n}\cdot {r}_{i, n}= {r}_{i, n}\cdot {r}_{i, n}= {r}_{i, n}\cdot {r}_{i, n}= {r}_{i, n}\cdot {r}_{i, n}= {r}_{i, n}\cdot {r}_{i, n}= {r}_{i, n}\cdot {r}_{i, n}= {r}_{i, n}\cdot {r}_{i, n}= {r}_{i, n}\cdot {r}_{i, n}= {r}_{i, n}\end{array}$
式中: ${G}_{i - l},{G}_{j - l}$ 分别为基态下火电机组、抽水蓄能机组对线路 $l$ 的发电转移分布因子; ${\widetilde{G}}_{i - l}^{b},{\widetilde{G}}_{j - l}^{b}$ 分别为线路 $b$ 故障状态下火电机组、抽水蓄能机组对线路 $l$ 的发电转移分布因子; ${r}_{\mathrm{g}i, t}^{\mathrm{{pos}}- },{r}_{\mathrm{g}i, t}^{\mathrm{{neg}}- },{r}_{\mathrm{g}i, t}^{\mathrm{{pos}}+ },{r}_{\mathrm{g}i, t}^{\mathrm{{neg}}+ }$${r}_{\mathrm{p}j, t}^{\mathrm{{pos}}- },{r}_{\mathrm{p}j, t}^{\mathrm{{neg}}- },{r}_{\mathrm{p}j, t}^{\mathrm{{pos}}+ },{r}_{\mathrm{p}j, t}^{\mathrm{{neg}}+ }$ 分别为基态下火电机组和抽水蓄能机组提供的正负旋转备用的松弛变量; ${\widetilde{r}}_{\mathrm{g}i, t}^{o,\text{pos-}}$ , $b,\mathrm{{neg}}- b,\mathrm{{pos}}+ b,\mathrm{{neg}}+ b,\mathrm{{pos}}- b,\mathrm{{neg}}- b,\mathrm{{pos}}+ b,\mathrm{{neg}}+$ ${r}_{\mathrm{g}i, t},{r}_{\mathrm{g}i, t},{r}_{\mathrm{g}i, t}$${r}_{\mathrm{p}j, t},{r}_{\mathrm{p}j, t},{r}_{\mathrm{p}j, t},{r}_{\mathrm{p}j, t}$ 分别为线路 $b$ 故障状态下火电机组和抽水蓄能机组提供的正负旋转备用的松弛变量。
松弛变量应满足上、下限约束:
$\begin{array}{l}= {r}_{{gi}, t}^{\text{pos-}}- {r}_{{gi}, t}^{\text{pos-}}- {r}_{{gi}, t}^{\text{pos-}}- {r}_{{gi}, t}^{\text{pos-}}+ {r}_{{gi}, t}^{\text{up }}\\\end{array}$
在考虑 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 安全约束的优化调度模型中,各时段需要校验的 N-1 线路故障数众多, 若将各时段基态和 N-1 线路故障状态下的网络安全约束一起加入模型中求解,会导致约束矩阵规模过大, 求解效率低。为了提高求解效率, 本文采用基于起作用整数变量的识别方法的 Benders 分解法处理 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 网络安全约束,将原问题分解为一个主问题和若干可行性检验子问题。在主问题中解决仅考虑基态下网络安全约束的优化调度问题, 然后以 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 线路故障状态下线路功率和旋转备用调用越限量最小为目标生成可行性检验子问题。
主问题由式 (12) 及除 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 线路故障状态下线路传输功率机会约束之外, 所有约束和 Benders 割集组成。按时段将 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 状态下的线路校验放入同一子问题,每轮迭代计算 $T$ 个子问题,并返回 $T$
个Benders 割集。各时段可行性子问题为
$\min {v}_{\mathrm{t}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{l = 1}}^{{N}_{l}}\left({s{p}_{l, t}^{b,\text{ pos }}- s{p}_{l, t}^{b,\text{ neg }- }+ s{p}_{l, t}^{b,\text{ pos }+ }- s{p}_{l, t}^{b,\text{ neg }+ }+ {r}^{b,\text{ pos }}+ {r}^{b,\text{ neg }}}\right)$
${\sum }_{u = 1}^{{N}_{c}}{\widetilde{G}}_{u - l}^{b}{P}_{u, t}+ {\sum }_{n = 1}^{{N}_{r}}{\widetilde{G}}_{u - l}^{b}{r}_{b, n, t}^{- }+ {\sum }_{m = 1}^{{N}_{w}}{\widetilde{G}}_{m - l}^{b}{F}_{{wm}, t}^{-1}\left({1 -\beta }\right)- \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{d}}}{\widetilde{G}}_{d - l}^{b}\left\lbrack {{P}_{\text{load }, t}+ {F}_{\text{load }n, t}^{-1}\left(\beta \right)}\right\rbrack -{P}_{l, t}^{b -} + s{p}_{l, t}^{b,\text{ pos }- }- s{p}_{l, t}^{b,\text{ neg }- }= 0 \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{u = 1}}^{{N}_{G}}{\widetilde{G}}_{u - l}^{b}{P}_{u, t}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{r}}{\widetilde{G}}_{u - l}^{b}{r}_{b, n, t}^{+ }+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{{N}_{w}}{\widetilde{G}}_{m - l}^{b}{F}_{\mathrm{w}m, t}^{-1}\left(\beta \right)- \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{a}}{\widetilde{G}}_{d - l}^{b}\left\lbrack {{P}_{\text{load }, t}+ {F}_{\text{load }n, t}^{-1}\left({1 -\beta }\right)}\right\rbrack -{P}_{l, t}^{b +} + s{p}_{l, t}^{b,\text{ post }}- s{p}_{l, t}^{b,\text{ neg }+ }= 0 \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{N}_{r}}{\widetilde{r}}_{b, n, t}- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{d}}}{F}_{\text{loadn }, t}^{-1}\left(\beta \right)+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{{N}_{w}}{F}_{\mathrm{w}m, t}^{-1}\left({1 -\beta }\right)+ {r}^{b,\mathrm{{pos}}}- {r}^{b,\mathrm{{neg}}}= 0 \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{r}}}{\widetilde{r}}_{b, n, t}^{+ }- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{d}}}{F}_{\text{loadn }, t}^{-1}\left({1 -\beta }\right)+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{w}}}{F}_{\mathrm{w}m, t}^{-1}\left(\beta \right)+ {r}^{b,\mathrm{{pos}}}- {r}^{b,\mathrm{{neg}}}= 0 \\\begin{array}{l}{P}_{l,\min }\leq {P}_{l, t}^{b -} \leq {P}_{l,\max }\\{P}_{l,\min }\leq {P}_{l, t}^{b +} \leq {P}_{l,\max }\\\leq s{P}_{l, t}^{\text{pos-}}, s{P}_{l, t}^{{19}+ }, s{P}_{l, t}^{{neg}- }, s{P}_{l, t}^{{neg}+ }\geq 0 \end{array}$
各时段的子问题割集可表示为
$- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{b = 1}}^{{N}_{b}}\left\{{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{l = 1}}^{{N}_{l}}\left\lbrack {{\lambda }_{t, l}^{1, b}\left({\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{d}}}{\widetilde{G}}_{d - l}^{b}\left({{P}_{\text{load }, t}+ {F}_{\text{load }n, t}^{-1}\left(\beta \right)}\right)- }\right.}\right.}\right.\\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{u = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{C}}}{\widetilde{G}}_{u - l}^{b}{P}_{u, t}- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{w}}}{\widetilde{G}}_{m - l}^{b}{F}_{\mathrm{w}m, t}^{-1}\left({1 -\beta }\right)\rbrack +\\{\lambda }_{t, l}^{2, b}\left({\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{d}}}{\widetilde{G}}_{d - l}^{b}\left({{P}_{\text{load }, t}+ {F}_{\text{load }n, t}^{-1}\left(\mathbf{\beta }\right)}\right)}\right)- \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{u = 1}}^{{N}_{G}}{\widetilde{G}}_{u - l}^{b}{P}_{u, t}- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{{N}_{w}}{\widetilde{G}}_{m - l}^{b}{F}_{{wm}, t}^{-1}\left({1 -\beta }\right)) +\\{\delta }_{t, l}^{1, b}{P}_{l\max , t}+ {\delta }_{t, l}^{2, b}{P}_{l\max , t}+ {\delta }_{t, l}^{3, b}{P}_{l\max , t}+ {\delta }_{t, l}^{4, b}{P}_{l\max , t}\rbrack -\\{\lambda }_{t}^{3, b}\left\lbrack {\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{d}}}{F}_{\text{load }n, t}^{-1}\left(\beta \right)- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{w}}}{F}_{\mathrm{w}m, t}^{-1}\left({1 -\beta }\right)}\right\rbrack -\\{\lambda }_{t}^{4, b}\left\lbrack {\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{d}}}{F}_{\text{load }n, t}^{-1}\left({1 -\beta }\right)- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{w}}}{F}_{\mathrm{w}m, t}^{-1}\left(\beta \right)}\right\rbrack +\\{\gamma }_{t}\;{r}_{{gi}, t}+ {\gamma }_{t}\;{r}_{{gi}, t}+ {\gamma }_{t}\;{r}_{{gi}, t}+ {\gamma }_{t}\;{r}_{{gi}, t}+ \\{\gamma }_{t}^{5, b}{r}_{\mathrm{{pj}}, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}}+ {\gamma }_{t}^{6, b}{r}_{\mathrm{{pj}}, t}^{\mathrm{{down}}}+ {\gamma }_{t}^{7, b}{r}_{\mathrm{{pj}}, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}}+ {\gamma }_{t}^{8, b}{r}_{\mathrm{{pj}}, t}^{\mathrm{{down}}}\}\leq 0 $
式中: ${\lambda }_{t, l}^{1, b},{\lambda }_{t, l}^{2, b},{\lambda }_{t}^{3, b},{\gamma }_{t}^{4, b}$ 为式中 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 态网络安全松弛约束的拉格朗日乘子; ${\delta }_{t, l}^{1, b},{\delta }_{t, l}^{2, b},{\delta }_{t, l}^{3, b},{\delta }_{t, l}^{4, b}$ 为约束中功率平衡约束的拉格朗日乘子; ${\gamma }_{t}^{1, b}\sim {\gamma }_{t}^{8, b}$$\mathrm{N}- 1$ 态下火电机组和抽水蓄能机组提供的正负旋转备用松弛变量上下限约束的拉格朗日乘子。数字变量识别方法参考文献[ 25 ]。
考虑 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 安全约束的优化调度模型求解算法的迭代过程如 图 2 所示。
本文采用修正的 IEEE30 节点算例进行验证和分析, 算例接线图如 图 3 所示。其中, 用一个总容量为 ${100}\mathrm{{MW}}$ 的抽水蓄能电站替换 2 节点的火电机组, 一个总容量为 40 MW 储能电站替换 11 节点的火电机组, 风电场位于 6 节点, 总容量为 ${260}\mathrm{{MW}}$ 。火电机组、抽水蓄能机组和储能电站参数见 表 1 ~3
风电场发电出力的预测曲线和实测曲线来自中国南部某省大型风电场 1 月的现场数据。所有的火电机组均可参与深度调峰,对应的 ${P}_{\mathrm{g}i,\min },{P}_{\mathrm{g}i, a}$ , ${P}_{\mathrm{g}i, b}$ 分别为额定功率的 ${50}\%,{40}\%,{30}{\%}$ [ 22 ] ,机组不投油深度调峰的损耗参数参考文献[ 20 ], 机组在投油深度调峰阶段的油耗量和油价参考文献 [ 21 ]; 储能充放电费用为 50 元/ ${\left( MW \cdot h\right)}$ [ 26 ] ,抽水蓄能机组单次开停机成本为 1000 元,弃风惩罚系数为 500 元/ ${\left(\mathrm{{MW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}\right)}$ [ 27 ] ,正、负旋转备用成本系数为 112 元/ ${\left(\mathrm{{MW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}\right)}$ [ 27 ]
置信因子为 0.9 时的风电和负荷预测误差带及预测功率曲线如 图 4 所示。
图 4 可知,置信度为 0.9 时风电预测误差为预测功率的 32.82%~80.10%,均值为预测功率的 48.91%, 系统需要提供大量的正、负旋转备用来应对风电和负荷的预测误差,因此备用成本很高。
在旋转备用机会约束置信因子为 0.9 ,考虑风电和负荷预测误差的不确定性及 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 线路安全约束的情况下,系统调度各类成本如 表 4 所示。各类型机组出力如 图 5 所示。
表 4 可知, 火电机组燃煤成本约占总成本的 20%, 不投油深度调峰成本约占总成本的 2%, 而备用成本约占总成本的 70%。由 图 5 可知, 火电出力相对平缓,承担了绝大部分的基荷,为使风电尽量消纳, 部分时段火电机组在不投油深度调峰功率下运行;抽水蓄能机组响应速率快,可快速调整出力应对风电和负荷的波动。在风电丰裕、负荷低谷的时段(3:00-5:00,6:45-12:00)抽水,消纳风电;在风电匮乏、负荷高峰的时段(5:25-6: 30,12:15-14:30,16:00-18:30)将储存的水转化为电能, 起到了削峰填谷的作用。同时, 在 14:45- 16:30,系统出现弃风现象。由于抽水蓄能机组需满足调度初始时刻和结束时刻水位一致的约束, 而抽水蓄能机组启停或火电深度调峰会产生更多成本, 为了实现总成本最低, 系统产生部分弃风。
在旋转备用机会约束置信因子为 0.92 ,考虑风电和负荷预测误差的不确定性及 N-1 线路安全约束的情况下,对调度过程中仅考虑将火电机组作为旋转备用和同时将火电机组和抽水蓄能机组作为旋转备用的调度结果进行分析, 分析结果如 表 5图 6 ,7 所示。
表 5图 6图 7 可知,将抽水蓄能机组作为旋转备用后,系统弃风率由 33.45%降为22.72%, 且总成本下降 9.38%。火电机组虽一直处于开机状态, 但其功率调节能力受限且运行成本高。而抽水蓄能机组运行成本低,可快速调整出力提供正、 负旋转备用,提升系统旋转备用调节能力,降低弃风率。
置信因子对系统的经济性和安全性有重要影响,考虑风电和负荷预测误差的不确定性及 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 线路安全约束的情况下,旋转备用机会约束置信因子取0.80,0.85,0.90,0.92,0.95时,调度结果如 表6 所示。
表 6 可知, 随着置信因子的上升, 调度总成本和火电燃煤成本不断增加,备用费用先增后减, 弃风量持续上升。由于风电和负荷的预测功率误差随置信因子的增加而增加, 系统所需旋转备用容量增加, 因此备用成本增加; 当备用成本远超弃风成本时,系统弃风增加,部分弃风时段风电机组停机,火电机组出力增加,系统所需旋转备用容量减小,因此火电机组燃煤成本增加,置信因子为 0.9 之后备用成本减少。在调度过程中,可综合考虑备用成本和弃风率, 根据实际需求选出合适的置信因子。
弃风惩罚系数会对系统经济性产生较大影响, 取弃风惩罚系数为 200,400,600,800 和 1000 元/ $\left({\mathrm{{MW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ ,在不同旋转备用机会约束置信因子下, 分析不同弃风惩罚系数对系统调度结果的影响,如 图 8 ~11 所示。
图 8 ~11 可知,随着弃风惩罚系数的提高, 各置信因子下的总成本提高, 燃煤成本降低, 备用成本增加, 弃风率降低。为减小弃风成本, 弃风率随着弃风成本的提高而减小, 风电计划出力增加,火电机组为配合风电出力计划,出力降低,因此燃煤成本降低;同时,由于风电计划出力增加, 用于应对风电与负荷预测误差的旋转备用容量增加, 因此备用成本增加。由 图 11 可知, 弃风惩罚系数为 200 元/ $\left({\mathrm{{MW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ 时弃风率最高,这是因为, 此时弃风惩罚系数与算例所设正负旋转备用成本系数相近,为使总成本最低,弃风增加; 而系统旋转备用容量用于负荷预测误差, 因此备用成本随置信因子的提高而增加。弃风惩罚系数为 400,600,800元 $/\left({\mathrm{{MW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ 时,在0.90,0.92,0.95 的置信度下,备用成本远超弃风成本,因此系统弃风增加, 所需旋转备用容量降低, 备用成本减小;弃风惩罚系数为 1000 元/(MW·h) 时,由于弃风成本高于备用成本, 因此备用成本随置信因子的提高而增加。
在0.95,0.92,0.90,0.85,0.80置信度下,仅考虑基态网络安全约束的调度结果,在 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 线路故障下的超限量如 表 7 所示。
表 7 可以看出,在不考虑 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 网络安全约束时,各置信度下的调度结果都存在越限情况,且随着置信因子的提高, 线路的越限量增加。而同时考虑基态和 N-1 网络安全约束的调度结果都在约束范围内,满足线路安全校核原则。
考虑风电和负荷预测误差的不确定性及 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 线路安全约束的情况下,设置优化间隙为 0.01%, 本文对比了0.95,0.90,0.85,0.80置信因子下,两种计算方案的计算结果, 如 表 8 所示。
方案 1: 考虑排除断开后会使系统解列的线路及主调频机组与系统相连线路断开的情况, 分别断开 37 条线路, 将其余 40 条线路的 96 个时段的网络安全约束一起加到优化模型的直接优化方法。
方案 2: 基于起作用整数变量识别及 Benders 分解法, 采用 “校验-添加-再校验-再添加” 的思想求解。
表 8 可以看出, 方案 2 在各置信度下的计算时间均小于方案 1 , 计算时间缩短到方案 1 的 17.33%~54.19%。方案 1 的目标函数值略优于方案 2 ,这是因为方案 1 所得结果是整个优化模型真正的最优解, 但两者目标函数值差别很小, 两种方案所得发电机出力计划基本一致, 证明了方案 2 求解策略的有效性。
本文考虑风电和负荷预测误差的不确定性对备用调用方式及系统潮流的影响, 提出一种考虑 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 网络安全约束和机会约束的含风电电力系统优化调度模型,通过算例分析得到如下结论。
①利用抽水蓄能机组的快速响应能力调峰, 可起到削峰填谷的作用,提升系统调峰的经济性; 将其作为旋转备用机组可提升系统旋转备用调节能力, 降低系统弃风率。
②旋转备用机组机会约束的置信因子和弃风惩罚系数会影响系统的经济性和安全性, 在调度过程中,可综合考虑备用成本和弃风率,根据实际需求选出合适的置信因子和弃风惩罚系数。
③在调度模型中考虑 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 网络安全约束,消除了故障发生时潮流越限的影响, 可保证系统在 $\mathrm{N}- 1$ 线路故障状态下的可靠运行。采用 Benders 分解法得到的优化结果与直接求解法的结果接近, 在精度范围内, 计算时间缩短到原本的 17.33%~54.19%,提升了计算效率。
  • 广东省科技计划项目(2017B030314127)
  • 南方电网数字电网研究院有限公司科技项目(YTYZW20010)
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2024年第42卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2022-05-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-19
基金
广东省科技计划项目(2017B030314127)
南方电网数字电网研究院有限公司科技项目(YTYZW20010)
作者信息
    1 华南理工大学 电力学院 广东 广州 510640
    2 广东省绿色能源技术重点实验室 广东 广州 511458

通讯作者:

杨苹(1967-),女,博士,教授,研究方向为可再生能源并网与微电网运行控制技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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