Article(id=1154430653304136418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430651659969244, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1656432000000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167316032, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1716134400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167316032, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167316032, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167316032, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154430651659969244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='5', pageStart='569', pageEnd='710', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167315640, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694602531, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642253209723786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430651659969244, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642253213918091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430651659969244, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=694, endPage=703, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154430653690012388, articleId=1154430653304136418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Demand assessment for virtual energy storage of distributed user under the cloud mode, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Distributed energy storage technology can change the temporal and spatial distribution of energy and can improve the flexibility of the distribution network to integrate the distributed renewable energy. Under the traditional mode, the cost of energy storage is high, and the utilization rate of energy storage resources is low. Cloud energy storage is a new business model that can respond to the demand for distributed energy storage. Under the cloud mode, the virtual energy storage configuration model is built by considering the factors that affect the demand for virtual energy storage, such as load, the output of renewable energy, timeofuse electricity price, and cost. A community with 14 typical users is selected as a case to verify the validity of the model established above. Case analysis shows that, under the cloud mode, the virtual capacity and power demand of energy storage for users are 18.2% and 7.1% lower, the annual cost is 4.12% lower, and the utilization rate of energy storage is 8.12% higher than it under the traditional mode. Therefore, the cloud mode of energy storage has a good prospect in the application.

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采用分布式储能技术可以改变能量的时空分布,提高配电网消纳分布式能源的灵活性。传统储能模式下储能成本过高、储能资源利用率低,而云储能是一种能够响应分布式储能需求的新型商业模式。文章考虑负荷、可再生能源出力、分时电价以及虚拟储能价格等影响用户虚拟储能需求的因素,建立了云储能模式下分布式用户虚拟储能需求配置优化模型。为验证该模型的有效性,选取社区内14个典型用户为分析对象。算例分析表明,与传统储能模式相比,云储能模式下用户的虚拟储能容量及功率需求分别降低了18.2%和7.1%,年化成本降低了4.12%,储能资源利用率提升了 8.12%。因此,云储能模式具有很好的应用前景。

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胡健(1976–),男,硕士,副教授,主要从事分布式发电及其并网技术、电力市场与电力(能源)经济、新型储能系统规划与运行的研究工作。E-mail:
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交易方式 峰时段 平时段 谷时段
购电 1.02 0.64 0.34
售电 0.72 0.45 0.24
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交易方式 峰时段 平时段 谷时段
购电 1.02 0.64 0.34
售电 0.72 0.45 0.24
), ArticleFig(id=1154430704969572557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430653304136418, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Main system parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
$\alpha$ /元 $\cdot {\mathrm{{kW}}}^{-1}$ 0.408
$\beta$ /元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 1.429
$\sigma$ /元 $\cdot {\mathrm{{kW}}}^{-1}$ 0.126 5
$a/\overrightarrow{\mathrm{元}} \cdot {\mathrm{{kW}}}^{-1}$ 1600
$b/$$\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 2000
储能设备充电效率 0.95
储能设备放电效率 0.95
储能设备寿命/a 10
折现率1% 5
), ArticleFig(id=1154430705024098510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430653304136418, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=系统主要参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
$\alpha$ /元 $\cdot {\mathrm{{kW}}}^{-1}$ 0.408
$\beta$ /元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 1.429
$\sigma$ /元 $\cdot {\mathrm{{kW}}}^{-1}$ 0.126 5
$a/\overrightarrow{\mathrm{元}} \cdot {\mathrm{{kW}}}^{-1}$ 1600
$b/$$\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 2000
储能设备充电效率 0.95
储能设备放电效率 0.95
储能设备寿命/a 10
折现率1% 5
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云储能模式下分布式用户虚拟储能需求评估
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王云鹏 1 , 胡健 1 , 张晓杰 2 , 冀瑞强 1 , 齐晓妹 1
可再生能源 | 2024,42(5): 694-703
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(5): 694-703
云储能模式下分布式用户虚拟储能需求评估
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王云鹏1, 胡健1 , 张晓杰2, 冀瑞强1, 齐晓妹1
作者信息
  • 1 山东理工大学 电气与电子工程学院 山东 淄博 255000
  • 2 山东理工大学 经济学院 山东 淄博 255000

通讯作者:

胡健(1976–),男,硕士,副教授,主要从事分布式发电及其并网技术、电力市场与电力(能源)经济、新型储能系统规划与运行的研究工作。E-mail:
Demand assessment for virtual energy storage of distributed user under the cloud mode
Yunpeng Wang1, Jian Hu1 , Xiaojie Zhang2, Ruiqiang Ji1, Xiaomei Qi1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 China
  • 2 School of Economics Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 China
出版时间: 2024-05-20
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采用分布式储能技术可以改变能量的时空分布,提高配电网消纳分布式能源的灵活性。传统储能模式下储能成本过高、储能资源利用率低,而云储能是一种能够响应分布式储能需求的新型商业模式。文章考虑负荷、可再生能源出力、分时电价以及虚拟储能价格等影响用户虚拟储能需求的因素,建立了云储能模式下分布式用户虚拟储能需求配置优化模型。为验证该模型的有效性,选取社区内14个典型用户为分析对象。算例分析表明,与传统储能模式相比,云储能模式下用户的虚拟储能容量及功率需求分别降低了18.2%和7.1%,年化成本降低了4.12%,储能资源利用率提升了 8.12%。因此,云储能模式具有很好的应用前景。

储能  /  云模式  /  虚拟储能需求  /  年化成本  /  利用率

Distributed energy storage technology can change the temporal and spatial distribution of energy and can improve the flexibility of the distribution network to integrate the distributed renewable energy. Under the traditional mode, the cost of energy storage is high, and the utilization rate of energy storage resources is low. Cloud energy storage is a new business model that can respond to the demand for distributed energy storage. Under the cloud mode, the virtual energy storage configuration model is built by considering the factors that affect the demand for virtual energy storage, such as load, the output of renewable energy, timeofuse electricity price, and cost. A community with 14 typical users is selected as a case to verify the validity of the model established above. Case analysis shows that, under the cloud mode, the virtual capacity and power demand of energy storage for users are 18.2% and 7.1% lower, the annual cost is 4.12% lower, and the utilization rate of energy storage is 8.12% higher than it under the traditional mode. Therefore, the cloud mode of energy storage has a good prospect in the application.

energy storage  /  cloud mode  /  virtual capacity demand  /  annualized cost  /  utilization rate
王云鹏, 胡健, 张晓杰, 冀瑞强, 齐晓妹. 云储能模式下分布式用户虚拟储能需求评估. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (5) : 694 -703 .
Yunpeng Wang, Jian Hu, Xiaojie Zhang, Ruiqiang Ji, Xiaomei Qi. Demand assessment for virtual energy storage of distributed user under the cloud mode[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (5) : 694 -703 .
在 “双碳”目标的引领下, 我国的能源消费向着清洁经济、可持续发展的方向推进。煤电等传统能源在能源结构中的占比逐步降低,以风电、光伏为代表的清洁能源发电技术得到大力发展, 清洁能源在能源结构中的占比逐步提高 [ 1 ] 。截至 2021 年底,我国新能源发电量达到 10355.7 亿 kW·h。 分布式光伏发电并网装机新增约 2 900 万 kW,约占全部新增光伏发电装机的 55%, 分布式发电得到大力推广 [ 2 ] ,传统的电力用户日益转型为集能源的生产者、消费者于一身的新型能源产、消者 [ 3 ] 。 利用储能装置, 用户可平衡自身发电能力与负荷的差值以降低用电成本, 也可以充分利用峰谷电价最大化自身利润。
目前, 用户侧分布式储能 (Distributed Energy Storage, DES) 以用户自主投资建设储能设备, 并独立运营管理为主。由于储能资源的利益主体不同,往往造成分布式储能设备的充、放电行为呈现无序性,导致储能资源浪费 [ 4 ] 。实际上,作为新型能源产、消者,用户净负荷可能具有较强的时空互补性。随着共享经济的发展,储能资源共享的概念被提出, 在改善储能资源利用率和收益的同时, 还可提高分布式清洁能源的消纳能力 [ 5 ]
云储能 (Cloud Energy Storage, CES) 是一种基于现有电网的共享式储能技术, 使用户可以随时、随地、按需使用由集中式或分布式的储能设施构成的共享储能资源, 并按照使用需求支付服务费 [ 6 , 7 ] 。文献[ 8 ]指出,云储能模式下用户通过充、放电操作使用云端的储能容量, 储能资源具有虚拟化的特征。云储能模式下的储能实体是由云储能服务商所建设或聚合的集中式或分布式储能资源。目前,学者针对第三方云储能服务商实体储能资源优化配置进行了研究。文献[ 9 ]基于云储能架构,以工业用户自发建立储能系统参与需求侧管理为背景, 采用两阶段鲁棒优化方法求解云储能容量优化配置问题。文献[ 10 ]针对传统共享储能灵活性较差以及无法兼顾用户负荷差异等问题, 提出了一种分散式共享储能系统优化配置方法。 文献[ 11 ]将云储能这一商业模式应用到含电/热耦合的综合能源系统中,研究云储能系统的优化配置问题。上述文献对储能资源进行了优化配置, 但是未考虑到储能资源利用率等问题。文献[ 12 ]提出了园区综合能源系统的云储能优化配置模型, 并与其它优化配置模型在经济性、设备利用率方面进行对比。文献[ 13 ]考虑了储能资源的利用率问题,研究了共享储能电站的运行方式和盈利机制。文献 [ 14 , 15 ] 从光伏利用率、储能资源利用以及用户成本等方面研究了共享储能运营商的效益。文献[ 16 ]提出了一种云储能租赁机制, 以降低风电的投标偏差惩罚并提高云储能服务商的收益。文献[ 17 ]从云储能提供商角度,通过区分不同类型电池的运行特性和经济性筛选用户, 达到互补使用储能的目标,最大化云储能服务商收益。
云储能模式下, 实体储能资源的能量容量和功率容量一般要小于全体云储能用户虚拟的能量和功率容量需求之和, 这也是第三方云储能服务商重要的盈利来源。不同类型的用户作为分布式能源产、消者,在充分考虑各自发电能力、负荷特征、云储能租赁价格等约束因素的前提下, 准确合理地预测虚拟的储能容量需求, 既是降低自身储能成本的需要, 也是第三方云储能服务商进行实体储能资源配置的基本依据。文献[ 18 ]考虑峰谷电价, 对工业云储能用户租赁虚拟储能容量进行了优化。文献[ 19 ]考虑价格与时间的供求关系, 采用非合作博弈对用户的储能需求进行了优化配置。上述文献指出了部分影响用户虚拟容量需求的关键因素, 但缺乏对多种因素影响下云储能用户虚拟容量需求的优化配置进行分析。
综上所述, 本文在对用户侧分布式储能的运营模式进行系统分类的前提下, 分析归纳云储能模式下影响用户虚拟容量需求的因素,并基于影响因素约束, 建立分布式云储能用户虚拟储能容量需求优化配置模型。
目前,用户侧分布式储能资源的运营模式主要分为自建自用模式和储能资源共享的云储能模式。
分布式储能资源自建自用(Self-build & Self-employed, SBSE)模式如 图 1 所示。该模式下用户所承担的成本包括储能资源前期的投资成本和储能设备使用过程中产生的购售电费用。分布式储能资源分属不同的投资主体或用户, 用于平衡用户自身发电能力与负荷的差值。在部分源荷平衡时段, 会出现储能设备闲置状态; 而在源荷不平衡差值超出储能容量时, 会出现储能设备不足状态。因此, 在该模式下用户的储能成本较高, 储能设备的综合利用效率较低。
在云储能模式下, 储能资源的投资、聚合和运营管理由第三方的云储能服务商提供。云储能服务商通过通信设备获取用户的充、放电需求信息, 并通过用户的需求信息分配云端的储能资源并调度充、放电状态。按照可利用储能资源的形式又可分为如下两种类型。
①分布储能、聚合共享的云储能模式
分布储能、聚合共享的云储能模式如 图 2 所示。该模式下由第三方的云储能服务商聚合用户的分布式储能资源并提供云储能租赁服务。用户通过转让自身部分或全部储能资源的使用权, 可以尽快收回储能设备的投资成本,在有储能需求时只须租赁所需容量的虚拟云端储能资源。云储能服务商不须投资建设独立的储能资源, 仅须购买用户储能资源的使用权, 并建设配套的通讯信息及交易平台。然而,由于涉及到不同的利益主体和分布式储能设备, 因此给各类储能资源的使用权定价是相对困难的, 而且系统的运营也比较复杂。
②集中储能、共享使用的云储能模式
集中储能、共享使用的云储能模式如 图 3 所示。该模式借鉴了数据云存储的方式, 由第三方的云储能服务商投资建设集中式储能资源并提供云储能租赁服务。用户不须要建设实体储能设备, 在有储能需求时只须租赁虚拟的云端储能资源并支付租赁费用, 而不须要考虑实体储能设备的物理约束。云储能服务商虽然须要独立投资建设储能资源, 但由于用户的虚拟储能需求往往具有时空互补性, 实际须要建设的实体储能设备容量将远小于用户虚拟储能需求的总和。因此, 在该模式下储能设备投资成本较低, 储能资源的综合利用效率较高。
在自建自用模式下, 用户自主投资建设储能设备,并独立运营管理。用户侧储能容量配置的目标是使分布式储能设备的年化投资成本和年购售电费用最小化,即:
$\min {C}_{i}= {C}_{i}^{\mathrm{{in}}}+ {C}_{i}^{\mathrm{{op}}}$
式中: ${C}_{i}$ 为用户 $i$ 投资和运行分布式储能的年化成本; ${C}_{i}^{\text{in }},{C}_{i}^{\text{op }}$ 分别为分布式储能的年化投资成本和年购售电费用。
分布式储能设备的年化投资成本为
${C}_{i}^{\mathrm{{in}}}= {l}_{\mathrm{f}}\left({a{P}_{i}^{\mathrm{{cap}}}+ b{E}_{i}^{\mathrm{{cap}}}}\right)$
式中: ${l}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为设备成本的年化价值系数; $a$ 为单位功率容量成本,元 $/\mathrm{{kW}};b$ 为单位能量容量成本, 元 $/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right);{P}_{i}^{\mathrm{{cap}}}$ 为储能设备的功率容量, $\mathrm{{kW}};{E}_{i}^{\mathrm{{cap}}}$ 为储能设备的能量容量, kW·h。
储能设备投资成本的年化价值系数为 [ 20 ]
${l}_{\mathrm{f}}= \frac{{d}_{\mathrm{r}}{\left( 1 +{d}_{\mathrm{r}}\right)}^{y}}{{\left( 1 +{d}_{\mathrm{r}}\right)}^{y}- 1}$
式中: ${d}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为折现率; $y$ 为储能设备寿命年限。
用户分布式储能的年购售电费用为
${C}_{i}^{\mathrm{{op}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{M}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}{d}_{m}\left\lbrack {{\lambda }_{t}{P}_{i, m, t}^{\mathrm{b}}- {\zeta }_{t}{P}_{i, m, t}^{\mathrm{s}}}\right\rbrack $
式中: 选取 $M = 4$ 类典型日分别表述用户四季的光伏出力和负荷情况; ${d}_{m}$ 为典型日的天数, $m = 1,2$ , $3,4;{\lambda }_{t},{\zeta }_{t}$ 分别为 $t$ 时段的购、售电电价,元 $/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot }\right.$ h); ${P}_{i, m, t}^{\mathrm{b}},{P}_{i, m, t}^{\mathrm{s}}$ 分别为 $t$ 时段的购、售电功率, $\mathrm{{kW}}$
用户的功率平衡约束如下:
${P}_{i, m, t}^{\mathrm{l}}= {P}_{i, m, t}^{\mathrm{r}}+ {P}_{i, m, t}^{\mathrm{d}}- {P}_{i, m, t}^{\mathrm{c}}+ {P}_{i, m, t}^{\mathrm{b}}- {P}_{i, m, t}^{\mathrm{s}}$
式中: ${P}_{i, m, t}^{1}$$t$ 时段用户负荷功率; ${P}_{i, m, t}^{\mathrm{r}}$$t$ 时段用户光伏出力; ${P}_{i, m, t}^{\mathrm{c}},{P}_{i, m, t}^{\mathrm{d}}$ 分别为 $t$ 时段储能设备的充、放电功率。
储能设备相邻时段的存储电量应满足:
${E}_{i, m, t}= {E}_{i, m, t - 1}+ {\eta }_{i}^{\mathrm{c}}{P}_{i, m, t}^{\mathrm{c}}- {P}_{i, m, t}^{\mathrm{d}}/{\eta }_{i}^{\mathrm{d}}$
式中: ${E}_{i, m, t}$ 为用户在 $t$ 时段的存储电量, $\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ; ${\eta }_{i}^{\mathrm{c}},{\eta }_{i}^{\mathrm{d}}$ 分别为用户的充、放电效率。
一个运行周期内,用户总充、放电量应保持一致, 即:
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left\lbrack {{\mathbf{\eta }}_{i}^{\mathrm{c}}{P}_{i, m, t}^{\mathrm{c}}- {P}_{i, m, t}^{\mathrm{d}}/{\mathbf{\eta }}_{i}^{\mathrm{d}}}\right\rbrack = 0 $
式中: $T$ 为运行时段数,本文取 24。
储能设备的能量容量与储能设备储能水平的上下限相关, 应满足电池安全运行的电量约束。
${E}_{i}^{\min }\leq {E}_{i, t}\leq {E}_{i}^{\max }$
${E}_{i}^{\min }= {K}_{\min }{E}_{i}^{\text{cap }}$
${E}_{i}^{\max }= {K}_{\max }{E}_{i}^{\text{cap }}$
式中: ${E}_{i, t}$$t$ 时段储能设备的储能电量; ${K}_{\min },{K}_{\max }$ 分别为荷电系数的最小值、最大值; ${E}_{i}^{\min },{E}_{i}^{\max }$ 分别为分布式储能设备储能水平的最小值、最大值, $\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot {\mathrm{h}}_{\circ }$
储能设备的充放电约束为
${P}_{i, m, t}^{\mathrm{c}}\cdot {P}_{i, m, t}^{\mathrm{d}}= 0 $
${P}_{i, m, t}^{\mathrm{c}}\geq 0 $
${P}_{i, m, t}^{\mathrm{d}}\geq 0 $
由于在集中储能、共享使用的云储能模式下, 用户不须要建设实体储能设备, 仅在有储能需求时租赁虚拟的云端储能资源,用户的储能成本低, 更易获得用户的青睐。因此,本文在分析用户侧虚拟储能容量需求时, 假定云储能系统运行于集中储能、共享使用模式。在此模式下,影响云储能用户虚拟储能容量需求的主要因素如下。
①用户负荷
用户负荷是影响云储能用户容量需求的主要因素。用户根据自身历史负荷及未来负荷预测情况, 决策须租赁的虚拟储能容量。
②自发电出力
作为新型能源产、消者,当用户拥有分布式可再生能源发电能力时, 其出力情况也是影响云储能用户容量需求的主要因素。
实际中, 同一时段内负荷和可再生能源出力的差值与云储能用户虚拟储能容量需求呈正相关关系。
③分时电价
分时电价体现了电网的源、荷平衡状态。用户可依据分时电价水平,充分利用虚拟储能容量、分时电价参与需求响应等电网辅助服务,获得收益。 因此, 分时电价将影响云储能用户虚拟容量需求的决策。
④虚拟储能价格
由第三方服务商提供的虚拟储能的计费方式与价格水平, 是影响云储能用户容量需求的直接因素,决定了用户的虚拟储能成本。参考数据云存储的定价模式, 并考虑电能存储的物理特性, 云储能可采用的定价方式有容量计费、功率计费和混合计费。
混合计费方式下的用户储能成本包括用户储能容量租赁成本和充、放电成本。
${C}_{j}^{\mathrm{d}}= {C}_{j}^{\mathrm{r}}+ {C}_{j}^{\mathrm{p}}$
式中: ${C}_{j}^{\mathrm{d}}$ 为云储能用户 $j$ 的日均储能成本; ${C}_{j}^{\mathrm{r}}$ 为云储能日均容量租赁成本; ${C}_{j}^{\mathrm{P}}$ 为日均充放电成本。
用户 $j$ 云储能的日均容量租赁成本为
${C}_{j}^{\mathrm{r}}= \alpha {P}_{j}^{\mathrm{{cap}}}+ \beta {E}_{j}^{\mathrm{{cap}}}$
式中: $\alpha$ 为单位功率容量租赁成本,元 $/\mathrm{{kW}};\beta$ 为单位能量容量租赁成本,元 $/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right);{P}_{j}^{\text{cap }},{E}_{j}^{\text{cap }}$ 分别为租赁的功率容量、能量容量。
用户在使用云储能设备的过程中, 频繁的充放电会降低储能电池的寿命, 按充放电功率收费能体现用户使用储能的频率, 用户日均充放电成本为
${C}_{j}^{\mathrm{p}}= \sigma \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left\lbrack {{P}_{j, t}^{\mathrm{c}}+ {P}_{j, t}^{\mathrm{d}}}\right\rbrack $
式中: $\sigma$ 为充放电单位成本,元 $/\mathrm{{kW}};{P}_{j, t}^{\mathrm{c}},{P}_{j, t}^{\mathrm{d}}$ 分别为 $t$ 时段的充、放电功率, $\mathrm{{kW}}$
①目标函数
云储能用户虚拟储能配置的目标是使云储能产生的年储能成本以及年购售电费用最小化, 即:
$\min {C}_{j}= {C}_{j}^{\mathrm{y}}+ {C}_{j}^{\mathrm{{op}}}$
式中: ${C}_{j}$ 为用户 $j$ 使用云储能的年化成本,元 $/\mathrm{a};{C}_{j}^{\mathrm{y}}$ 为用户 $j$ 使用云储能的年储能成本,元 $/\mathrm{a};{C}_{j}^{\mathrm{{op}}}$ 为用户 $j$ 的年购售电费用,元 $/\mathrm{a}$
本文考虑云储能成本时同样选取 4 个典型日, 分别代表不同季节的光伏出力和负荷情况。 ${C}_{j}^{\mathrm{y}},{C}_{j}^{\mathrm{{op}}}$ 计算式分别为
${C}_{j}^{\mathrm{y}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{M}{d}_{m}{C}_{j, m}^{\mathrm{d}}$
${C}_{j}^{\mathrm{{op}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{M}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}{d}_{m}\left\lbrack {{\lambda }_{t}{P}_{j, m, t}^{\mathrm{b}}- {\zeta }_{t}{P}_{j, m, t}^{\mathrm{s}}}\right\rbrack $
式中: ${C}_{j, m}^{\mathrm{d}}$ 为用户 $j$ 使用云储能的日均储能成本, 元 $/\mathrm{d};{P}_{j, m, t}^{\mathrm{b}},{P}_{j, m, t}^{\mathrm{s}}$ 分别为云储能用户 $j$$t$ 时段的购、售电功率, kW。
②约束条件
用户功率平衡约束满足式(5)。储能相邻时段的电量约束应满足式(6)和式(7)。云储能用户使用的是虚拟容量, 无须考虑储能设备储能水平约束。因此, 储能水平的上下限约束为
$ 0 \leq {E}_{j, t}\leq {E}_{j}^{\text{cap }}$
储能设备的充放电约束满足式(11)~(13)。
本文选取北方地区某社区的 14 个用户为分析对象,每个用户均安装光伏发电装置。通过多场景技术 [ 21 ] 可获得四季各一类典型日用户的负荷和光伏出力,如 图 4图 5 所示。购售电价格采用普通用户分时电价, 如 表 1 所示, 其中, 峰时段为 9 : ${00}- {12}: {00},{18}: {00}- {21}: {00}$ ,平时段为 13:00-17: ${00},{22}: {00}- {24}: {00}$ ,谷时段为 $1 :{00}- 8 :{00}$ 。具体参数如 表 2 所示,部分系数取值借鉴文献 [ 22 , 23 ] 。采用 Yalmip 平台,在 MATLAB 环境下建立优化模型,并调用 CPLEX12.8 求解器进行模型求解。
14 个用户在自建自用模式和储能集中、共享使用的云储能模式下的能量和功率容量配置情况如 图 6 所示。结果表明,相较于自建自用模式,云储能模式下用户的能量容量需求和功率容量需求均有所减少,总能量容量需求下降了 ${18.2}\%$ ,总功率容量需求下降了 7.1%。
结合两种模式储能水平曲线的有效储能的变化范围(自建自用模式为 10%~90%,云储能模式为 0~100%),给出储能资源的利用率计算式,如下所示。
${R}_{i}= \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{M}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{{24}}{\int }_{t - 1}^{t}{E}_{i, m, t}\mathrm{\;d}t -{96}\cdot {E}_{i}^{\min }}{{96}\cdot {E}_{i}^{\text{cap }}}\times {100}\%$
${R}_{j}= \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{M}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{{24}}{\int }_{t - 1}^{t}{E}_{j, m, t}\mathrm{\;d}t}{{96}\cdot {E}_{j}^{\text{cap }}}\times {100}\%$
式中: ${R}_{i}$ 为自建自用模式下分布式用户 $i$ 的储能资源利用率; ${R}_{j}$ 为云储能模式下分布式用户 $j$ 的储能资源利用率。
自建自用模式下和云储能模式下储能资源的整体利用率如 图 7 所示。由 图 7 可以看出,与自建自用模式相比, 云储能模式下储能资源的利用率提升了 ${8.12}\%$ 。这是由于不同用户之间的负荷曲线在时空上存在差异, 在自建自用模式下分布式储能资源相对独立, 且无法共享, 造成部分时段储能资源闲置率较高,储能资源利用不充分;而在云储能模式下可以充分利用不同用户负荷曲线的互补性, 实现云储能资源的统一调控, 有效地提高了储能设备的利用率,储能资源利用得更加充分。
以用户 1 为例, 选取两种模式下的储能水平进行对比,如 图 8 所示。由 图 8 可以看出:春季、秋季和冬季典型日自建自用模式下的储能水平曲线高于云储能模式下的储能水平曲线; 夏季云储能模式下的储能水平曲线超过自建自用模式下的储能水平曲线。由于自建自用模式须要考虑储能设备储能水平的物理限制, 因此, 实际有效储能的变化范围小于云储能模式。通过式(21)和式(22)的计算, 用户 1 云储能模式下储能资源的利用率要比自建自用模式高出 9.17%。
14 个用户在自建自用模式下和云储能模式下的年化成本如 图 9 所示。整体上看,云储能模式下 14 个用户的年化成本降低了 24414.76 元,与自建自用模式下相比下降了 4.12%。因此,云储能具有很好的应用前景。
1-8 时段为电价谷时段, 用户在满足自身负荷需求的情况下有意愿为储能充电。自建自用模式下用户自身储能设备的储能水平变化为 10%~ 90%,无法充分利用储能资源。而云储能用户虚拟储能的储能水平变化为 0~100%,对储能资源利用得更充分。9-12 时段为电价峰时段,同时也是光伏出力的高峰时段。此时段光伏出力基本可以满足用户自身负荷需求, 由于处于电价峰时段, 因
分用户来看,用户1,2,6,7和 14 成本降幅较 而对储能的充放电操作较少, 两种模式下用户的大。这是因为在典型日下, 这些用户的光伏出力差 功率分配情况相似。13-17 时段为电价平时段,同异不大,而负荷水平较其他用户高,因而其储能需 时也是光伏出力时段。此时段光伏出力逐渐减弱, 求更大, 采用云储能模式后运行成本削减的效果 光伏出力无法满足用户负荷, 因此须要从电网购更明显。以用户 1 为例,典型日内在两种模式下各 电或通过储能放电以满足用户负荷需求。由于在时段的功率分配情况如 图 10图 11 所示。 谷时段存储电量更多, 因此云储能模式下从电网购电量更少。19-21 时段为光伏不出力的时段,同时也是电价峰时段。两种模式下储能资源均须进行放电以满足自身负荷需求, 并在平衡负荷的前提下向电网售电获益。云储能模式下允许虚拟储能资源的放电程度更深, 可向电网出售更多的电能,收益更大。春、秋两季用户负荷相对较小,用户可供出售的电能更多, 因此, 在春、秋两季两种模式下的用户收益差异较大。22-24 时段为光伏不出力的时段,同时也是电价平时段。用户只能通过从电网购电或储能放电满足自身负荷, 云储能模式储能的剩余电量多于自建自用模式, 用户购电费用得到进一步降低。
可以看出, 由于云储能模式下虚拟储能资源的利用率更高, 因此用户可以分时段充分利用虚拟储能资源的深度充、放电特性, 提高消纳分布式能源的灵活性, 也在一定程度上缓解了配电网的调控压力。
本文从配电网的视角, 对用户侧分布式储能的运营模式进行了系统归纳, 建立了云储能模式下分布式用户虚拟储能容量需求配置模型。
①在分布式清洁发电渗透率不断提高的背景下,对配电网的调控能力提出了更高的要求。采用分布式储能技术, 可以丰富配电网的调控手段, 提高配电网消纳分布式能源的灵活性。
②在云储能模式,特别是集中储能、共享使用的云储能模式下,用户不须要建设实体储能设备, 仅在有储能需求时租赁虚拟的云端储能资源。相较于传统自建模式, 通过本文设计的云储能用户虚拟储能容量需求优化配置模型, 云储能用户的年化成本下降了 4.12%。因此,用户的储能成本较低, 具有良好的应用前景。
③更为关键的是,由于第三方云储能服务商统一调控储能资源, 可充分利用分布式用户负荷和清洁能源出力的时空互补性。相较于传统自建模式, 通过本文设计的云储能用户虚拟容量优化模型,储能设备的利用率提升了 ${8.12}\%$ ,可有效增加储能设备的使用寿命。
④由于用户的虚拟储能需求的时空互补性, 第三方云储能服务商须要建设的实体储能容量将远小于用户虚拟储能需求的总和。
  • 山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2020MG037)
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2024年第42卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2022-06-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-29
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山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2020MG037)
作者信息
    1 山东理工大学 电气与电子工程学院 山东 淄博 255000
    2 山东理工大学 经济学院 山东 淄博 255000

通讯作者:

胡健(1976–),男,硕士,副教授,主要从事分布式发电及其并网技术、电力市场与电力(能源)经济、新型储能系统规划与运行的研究工作。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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