Article(id=1154430652767265503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430651659969244, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1668528000000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167315904, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1716134400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167315904, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167315904, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167315904, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154430651659969244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='5', pageStart='569', pageEnd='710', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167315640, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694602531, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642253209723786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430651659969244, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642253213918091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430651659969244, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=592, endPage=600, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154430653199278817, articleId=1154430652767265503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Preparation of ethyl levulinate from cellulose alcoholysis catalyzed by extremely acid, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ethyl levulinate (EL) is a highly promising biomass fuel and additive, and the production of EL using yieldrich biomass is beneficial to the industrialized largescale production of EL. In this article, we studied the effects of sulfuric acid dosage, reaction time, reaction temperature and substrate concentration on the yield of EL using ultralow concentration sulfuric acid catalyzed cellulose, and optimized the EL production process by using response surface BoxBehnken model to study the effects of various factors on the yield of EL, and obtained the optimal process conditions for EL production from ultralow concentration sulfuric acid catalyzed cellulose: sulfuric acid dosage 0.5%, reaction temperature 204 °C, reaction time 240 min, substrate concentration 29 g/L reaction, the actual average yield of EL was 66.70%, with a relative error of 3.25% from the theoretical prediction. GCMS analyzed the distribution of alcoholysis products of ultralow concentration sulfuric acidcatalyzed cellulose under different reaction times, and proposed possible reaction pathways, the results of which can provide reference and reference for the alcoholysis conversion of cellulosic biomass.

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乙酰丙酸乙酯(EL)是极具潜力的生物质燃料和添加剂,利用产量丰富的生物质生产EL有利于EL的产业化、大规模化生产。文章利用超低浓度硫酸催化纤维素制备 EL,研究了硫酸用量、反应时间、反应温度和底物浓度对 EL产率的影响,并利用响应面 BoxBehnken 模型研究各因素对 EL产率的影响。优化EL制取工艺,得到了超低浓度硫酸催化纤维素制取 EL 的最优工艺条件:硫酸用量为0.5%,反应温度为204℃,反应时间为240 min,底物浓度为29 g/L, EL实际平均产率为66.70%,与理论预测值相对误差为3.25%。利用 GCMS 分析了不同反应时间下超低浓度硫酸催化纤维素的醇解产物分布,提出了可能的反应路径。研究结果可为纤维素生物质醇解转化提供借鉴和参考。

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徐桂转(1972-),女,博士,教授,研究方向为生物质能源转换及利用技术。E-mail:
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companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 农业部农村可再生能源新材料与装备重点实验室 河南 郑州 450002)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1154430693376516111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430652767265503, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Effect of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ loading on EL yield from cellulose, figureFileSmall=UKOpRipRlUOWtqaUsyvhDQ==, figureFileBig=KRaYBWq447lAsJEmzMRVug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430693456207888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430652767265503, language=CN, label=图 1, caption=硫酸用量对纤维素制取 $\mathbf{{EL}}$ 产率的影响, figureFileSmall=UKOpRipRlUOWtqaUsyvhDQ==, figureFileBig=KRaYBWq447lAsJEmzMRVug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430693531705362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430652767265503, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Effect of reaction temperature on EL yield from cellulose, figureFileSmall=C4BOrtbNFInKdvnZ/CM6lg==, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430652767265503, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=纤维素醇解制备 EL 影响因素交互作用响应面, figureFileSmall=zXJfr+ATHf+HccUqxCwuRg==, figureFileBig=6fNwo4bVnyG7VYpJsRXqqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430694022438944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430652767265503, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=GC-MS spectrum of Sulfuric acid-catalyzed cellulose alcoholysis products, figureFileSmall=AL9O/RdpIKNmrYSxsMbVUA==, figureFileBig=JTqGX0NDpfV7e5TbMOlXlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430694081159203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430652767265503, language=CN, label=图 6, caption=硫酸催化纤维素醇解产物 GC-MS 图谱, figureFileSmall=AL9O/RdpIKNmrYSxsMbVUA==, figureFileBig=JTqGX0NDpfV7e5TbMOlXlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430694135685158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430652767265503, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Sulfuric acid-catalyzed cellulose alcoholysis pathway, figureFileSmall=NU2yn0dFWoA05rYhac7bOQ==, figureFileBig=7Z1C4mSi0jZK5rI8qnTqWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430694194405417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430652767265503, language=CN, label=图 7, caption=硫酸催化纤维素醇解路径, figureFileSmall=NU2yn0dFWoA05rYhac7bOQ==, figureFileBig=7Z1C4mSi0jZK5rI8qnTqWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430694257319981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430652767265503, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Factors and levels of response surface methodology, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 变量 水平
-1 0 1
硫酸用量/% ${X}_{1}$ 0.1 0.5 1.0
反应温度 ${\rho }^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ${X}_{2}$ 180 195 210
反应时间/min ${X}_{3}$ 60 150 240
底物浓度 $/\mathrm{g} \cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}$ ${X}_{4}$ 20 35 50
), ArticleFig(id=1154430694341206064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430652767265503, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=响应面试验因素与水平, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 变量 水平
-1 0 1
硫酸用量/% ${X}_{1}$ 0.1 0.5 1.0
反应温度 ${\rho }^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ${X}_{2}$ 180 195 210
反应时间/min ${X}_{3}$ 60 150 240
底物浓度 $/\mathrm{g} \cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}$ ${X}_{4}$ 20 35 50
), ArticleFig(id=1154430694404120626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430652767265503, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Experiment design and results of response surface methodology, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 硫酸用量 反应温度 ℃ 反应时间 min 底物浓度 g/L EL 产率 %
1 0.1 180 150 35 10.18
2 1.0 180 150 35 55.54
3 0.1 210 150 35 42.86
4 1.0 210 150 35 38.52
5 0.5 195 60 20 43.69
6 0.5 195 240 20 60.97
7 0.5 195 60 50 30.79
8 0.5 195 240 50 36.75
9 0.1 195 150 20 28.82
10 1.0 195 150 20 58.68
11 0.1 195 150 50 20.15
12 1.0 195 150 50 46.78
13 0.5 180 60 35 45.28
14 0.5 210 60 35 37.79
15 0.5 180 240 35 27.08
16 0.5 210 240 35 67.63
17 0.1 195 60 35 15.72
18 1.0 195 60 35 47.22
19 0.1 195 240 35 23.44
20 1.0 195 240 35 49.66
21 0.5 180 150 20 50.77
22 0.5 210 150 20 53.11
23 0.5 180 150 50 34.32
24 0.5 210 150 50 56.76
25 0.5 195 150 35 46.78
26 0.5 195 150 35 44.97
27 0.5 195 150 35 43.17
28 0.5 195 150 35 42.70
29 0.5 195 150 35 46.30
), ArticleFig(id=1154430694467035189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430652767265503, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=响应面试验设计和结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 硫酸用量 反应温度 ℃ 反应时间 min 底物浓度 g/L EL 产率 %
1 0.1 180 150 35 10.18
2 1.0 180 150 35 55.54
3 0.1 210 150 35 42.86
4 1.0 210 150 35 38.52
5 0.5 195 60 20 43.69
6 0.5 195 240 20 60.97
7 0.5 195 60 50 30.79
8 0.5 195 240 50 36.75
9 0.1 195 150 20 28.82
10 1.0 195 150 20 58.68
11 0.1 195 150 50 20.15
12 1.0 195 150 50 46.78
13 0.5 180 60 35 45.28
14 0.5 210 60 35 37.79
15 0.5 180 240 35 27.08
16 0.5 210 240 35 67.63
17 0.1 195 60 35 15.72
18 1.0 195 60 35 47.22
19 0.1 195 240 35 23.44
20 1.0 195 240 35 49.66
21 0.5 180 150 20 50.77
22 0.5 210 150 20 53.11
23 0.5 180 150 50 34.32
24 0.5 210 150 50 56.76
25 0.5 195 150 35 46.78
26 0.5 195 150 35 44.97
27 0.5 195 150 35 43.17
28 0.5 195 150 35 42.70
29 0.5 195 150 35 46.30
), ArticleFig(id=1154430694567698487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430652767265503, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Results of regression model variance analysis, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源 平方和 自由度 均方 显著性
模型 5015.82 14 358.27 24.57 <0.000 1 显著
${X}_{1}$ 1982.24 1 1 982.24 135.95 <0.000 1
${X}_{2}$ 450.07 1 450.07 30.87 <0.000 1
${X}_{3}$ 176.64 1 176.64 12.11 0.0037
${X}_{4}$ 413.95 1 413.95 28.39 0.000 1
${X}_{1}{X}_{2}$ 617.52 1 617.52 42.35 <0.000 1
${X}_{1}{X}_{3}$ 4.58 1 4.58 0.31 0.584 0
${X}_{1}{X}_{4}$ 2.61 1 2.61 0.18 0.678 8
${X}_{2}{X}_{3}$ 576.96 1 576.96 39.57 <0.000 1
${X}_{2}{X}_{4}$ 101.1 1 101.1 6.93 0.0197
${X}_{3}{X}_{4}$ 32.04 1 32.04 2.2 0.160 4
${X}_{1}^{2}$ 492.84 1 492.84 33.8 <0.000 1
${X}_{2}^{2}$ 18.55 1 18.55 1.27 0.278 4
${X}_{3}^{2}$ 45.91 1 45.91 3.15 0.097 7
${X}_{4}^{2}$ 23.66 1 23.66 1.62 0.2235
残差 204.13 14 14.58
失拟项 190.86 10 19.09 5.76 0.0531 不显著
纯误差 13.26 4 3.32
综合 5 219.95 28
), ArticleFig(id=1154430694639001657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430652767265503, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=响应面试验设计和结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源 平方和 自由度 均方 显著性
模型 5015.82 14 358.27 24.57 <0.000 1 显著
${X}_{1}$ 1982.24 1 1 982.24 135.95 <0.000 1
${X}_{2}$ 450.07 1 450.07 30.87 <0.000 1
${X}_{3}$ 176.64 1 176.64 12.11 0.0037
${X}_{4}$ 413.95 1 413.95 28.39 0.000 1
${X}_{1}{X}_{2}$ 617.52 1 617.52 42.35 <0.000 1
${X}_{1}{X}_{3}$ 4.58 1 4.58 0.31 0.584 0
${X}_{1}{X}_{4}$ 2.61 1 2.61 0.18 0.678 8
${X}_{2}{X}_{3}$ 576.96 1 576.96 39.57 <0.000 1
${X}_{2}{X}_{4}$ 101.1 1 101.1 6.93 0.0197
${X}_{3}{X}_{4}$ 32.04 1 32.04 2.2 0.160 4
${X}_{1}^{2}$ 492.84 1 492.84 33.8 <0.000 1
${X}_{2}^{2}$ 18.55 1 18.55 1.27 0.278 4
${X}_{3}^{2}$ 45.91 1 45.91 3.15 0.097 7
${X}_{4}^{2}$ 23.66 1 23.66 1.62 0.2235
残差 204.13 14 14.58
失拟项 190.86 10 19.09 5.76 0.0531 不显著
纯误差 13.26 4 3.32
综合 5 219.95 28
), ArticleFig(id=1154430694718693434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430652767265503, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Results of GC-MS analysis of sulfate-catalyzed cellulose products, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 识别组分(1h) 识别组分(2h) 识别组分(3h) 识别组分(4h)
1 1,1-二乙氧基乙烷 1,1-二乙氧基乙烷 1,1-二乙氧基乙烷 1,1-二乙氧基乙烷
2 $\gamma$ -戊内酯 $\gamma$ -戊内酯 $\gamma$ -戊内酯 $\gamma$ -戊内酯
3 EL EL EL EL
4 乙酰丙酸 乙酰丙酸 乙酰丙酸
5 左旋葡萄糖酮 左旋葡萄糖酮 左旋葡萄糖酮 左旋葡萄糖酮
6 5-乙氧基甲基糠醛 5-乙氧基甲基糠醛 5-乙氧基甲基糠醛
7 苹果酸乙酯
8 1,4-二乙氧基丁烷
9 左旋葡聚糖 左旋葡聚糖 左旋葡聚糖
10 2-甲氧基-2-甲基丙烷 2-甲氧基-2-甲基丙烷 2-甲氧基-2-甲基丙烷
11 乙基葡萄糖苷 乙基葡萄糖苷 乙基葡萄糖苷
), ArticleFig(id=1154430694798385211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430652767265503, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=硫酸催化纤维素产物 GC-MS 分析结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 识别组分(1h) 识别组分(2h) 识别组分(3h) 识别组分(4h)
1 1,1-二乙氧基乙烷 1,1-二乙氧基乙烷 1,1-二乙氧基乙烷 1,1-二乙氧基乙烷
2 $\gamma$ -戊内酯 $\gamma$ -戊内酯 $\gamma$ -戊内酯 $\gamma$ -戊内酯
3 EL EL EL EL
4 乙酰丙酸 乙酰丙酸 乙酰丙酸
5 左旋葡萄糖酮 左旋葡萄糖酮 左旋葡萄糖酮 左旋葡萄糖酮
6 5-乙氧基甲基糠醛 5-乙氧基甲基糠醛 5-乙氧基甲基糠醛
7 苹果酸乙酯
8 1,4-二乙氧基丁烷
9 左旋葡聚糖 左旋葡聚糖 左旋葡聚糖
10 2-甲氧基-2-甲基丙烷 2-甲氧基-2-甲基丙烷 2-甲氧基-2-甲基丙烷
11 乙基葡萄糖苷 乙基葡萄糖苷 乙基葡萄糖苷
), ArticleFig(id=1154430694886465596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430652767265503, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Comparison of literature on the preparation of levulinic acid esters by cellulose alcoholysis, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 工艺条件 溶剂 产物 产率1% 文献
1 $\left\lbrack {{\mathrm{C}}_{4}{\mathrm{H}}_{8}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{3}\mathrm{H}\text{ mim }}\right\rbrack {\mathrm{{HSO}}}_{4},{180}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},{45}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 丁醇 BL 31.10 [ 12 ]
2 Yb(OTf) ${}_{3}$ /PTSA, ${180}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},5\mathrm{\;h}$ 甲醇 ML 20.00 [ 13 ]
3 [CnIMPS], ${\mathrm{{PW}}}_{12}{\mathrm{O}}_{40},{190}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},1\mathrm{\;h}$ 甲醇 ML 41.00 [ 14 ]
4 [PyPS]PW ${}_{12}{\mathrm{O}}_{40},{150}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},5\mathrm{\;h}$ 甲醇 ML 48.40 [ 15 ]
5 ${\left\lbrack \mathrm{{PyPS}}\right\rbrack }_{3}{\mathrm{{PW}}}_{12}{\mathrm{O}}_{40},{150}\mathrm{C},5\mathrm{\;h}$ 乙醇 EL 57.50 [ 15 ]
6 ${\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\left( {\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}\right) }_{3},{180}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},3\mathrm{\;h}$ 乙醇/甲苯 EL 51.60 [ 16 ]
7 ${0.5}\% {\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4},{204}℃,4\mathrm{\;h}$ 乙醇 EL 66.70 本文
), ArticleFig(id=1154430694949380157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430652767265503, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=纤维素醇解制备乙酰丙酸酯文献对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 工艺条件 溶剂 产物 产率1% 文献
1 $\left\lbrack {{\mathrm{C}}_{4}{\mathrm{H}}_{8}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{3}\mathrm{H}\text{ mim }}\right\rbrack {\mathrm{{HSO}}}_{4},{180}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},{45}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 丁醇 BL 31.10 [ 12 ]
2 Yb(OTf) ${}_{3}$ /PTSA, ${180}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},5\mathrm{\;h}$ 甲醇 ML 20.00 [ 13 ]
3 [CnIMPS], ${\mathrm{{PW}}}_{12}{\mathrm{O}}_{40},{190}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},1\mathrm{\;h}$ 甲醇 ML 41.00 [ 14 ]
4 [PyPS]PW ${}_{12}{\mathrm{O}}_{40},{150}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},5\mathrm{\;h}$ 甲醇 ML 48.40 [ 15 ]
5 ${\left\lbrack \mathrm{{PyPS}}\right\rbrack }_{3}{\mathrm{{PW}}}_{12}{\mathrm{O}}_{40},{150}\mathrm{C},5\mathrm{\;h}$ 乙醇 EL 57.50 [ 15 ]
6 ${\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\left( {\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}\right) }_{3},{180}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},3\mathrm{\;h}$ 乙醇/甲苯 EL 51.60 [ 16 ]
7 ${0.5}\% {\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4},{204}℃,4\mathrm{\;h}$ 乙醇 EL 66.70 本文
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超低酸催化纤维素醇解制备乙酰丙酸乙酯
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陈一航 1, 2 , 梁轩宇 1, 2 , 郝金波 1, 2 , 赵浩然 1, 2 , 徐桂转 1, 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(5): 592-600
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(5): 592-600
超低酸催化纤维素醇解制备乙酰丙酸乙酯
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陈一航1, 2, 梁轩宇1, 2, 郝金波1, 2, 赵浩然1, 2, 徐桂转1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 河南农业大学 机电工程学院 河南 郑州 450002
  • 2 农业部农村可再生能源新材料与装备重点实验室 河南 郑州 450002

通讯作者:

徐桂转(1972-),女,博士,教授,研究方向为生物质能源转换及利用技术。E-mail:
Preparation of ethyl levulinate from cellulose alcoholysis catalyzed by extremely acid
Yihang Chen1, 2, Xuanyu Liang1, 2, Jinbo Hao1, 2, Haoran Zhao1, 2, Guizhuan Xu1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy Ministry of Agriculture Zhengzhou 450002 China
出版时间: 2024-05-20
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乙酰丙酸乙酯(EL)是极具潜力的生物质燃料和添加剂,利用产量丰富的生物质生产EL有利于EL的产业化、大规模化生产。文章利用超低浓度硫酸催化纤维素制备 EL,研究了硫酸用量、反应时间、反应温度和底物浓度对 EL产率的影响,并利用响应面 BoxBehnken 模型研究各因素对 EL产率的影响。优化EL制取工艺,得到了超低浓度硫酸催化纤维素制取 EL 的最优工艺条件:硫酸用量为0.5%,反应温度为204℃,反应时间为240 min,底物浓度为29 g/L, EL实际平均产率为66.70%,与理论预测值相对误差为3.25%。利用 GCMS 分析了不同反应时间下超低浓度硫酸催化纤维素的醇解产物分布,提出了可能的反应路径。研究结果可为纤维素生物质醇解转化提供借鉴和参考。

纤维素  /  超低酸  /  乙酰丙酸乙酯  /  响应面  /  醇解

Ethyl levulinate (EL) is a highly promising biomass fuel and additive, and the production of EL using yieldrich biomass is beneficial to the industrialized largescale production of EL. In this article, we studied the effects of sulfuric acid dosage, reaction time, reaction temperature and substrate concentration on the yield of EL using ultralow concentration sulfuric acid catalyzed cellulose, and optimized the EL production process by using response surface BoxBehnken model to study the effects of various factors on the yield of EL, and obtained the optimal process conditions for EL production from ultralow concentration sulfuric acid catalyzed cellulose: sulfuric acid dosage 0.5%, reaction temperature 204 °C, reaction time 240 min, substrate concentration 29 g/L reaction, the actual average yield of EL was 66.70%, with a relative error of 3.25% from the theoretical prediction. GCMS analyzed the distribution of alcoholysis products of ultralow concentration sulfuric acidcatalyzed cellulose under different reaction times, and proposed possible reaction pathways, the results of which can provide reference and reference for the alcoholysis conversion of cellulosic biomass.

cellulose  /  extremely low acid  /  ethyl levulinate  /  response surface methodology  /  alcoholysis
陈一航, 梁轩宇, 郝金波, 赵浩然, 徐桂转. 超低酸催化纤维素醇解制备乙酰丙酸乙酯. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (5) : 592 -600 .
Yihang Chen, Xuanyu Liang, Jinbo Hao, Haoran Zhao, Guizhuan Xu. Preparation of ethyl levulinate from cellulose alcoholysis catalyzed by extremely acid[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (5) : 592 -600 .
生物质是一种具有多样性和廉价性的碳基原料,可用于生产商业性的运输燃料和化学品 [ 1 ] 。近年来, 研究人员致力于开发利用生物质合成化学品,如乙醇、呋喃和乙酰丙酸。乙酰丙酸酯是一类具有潜在工业应用前景的多用途化学品和燃料添加剂。乙酰丙酸乙酯(EL)作为一种短链脂肪酸脂,具有高润滑性、闪光点稳定等优点,被认为是极具潜力的燃料添加剂 [ 2 ] 。此外, $\mathrm{{EL}}$ 还可作为调味剂、溶剂和 $\gamma$ -戊内酯的前驱体 [ 3 ] 。因此,利用生物质生产 EL 对绿色化学和缓解全球能源短缺具有重要作用。
目前, 制备 EL 的常用原料主要有平台化合物, 如 5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)、糠醇和乙酰丙酸等, 生物基糖类也可作为原料,如葡萄糖和果糖等。 使用平台化合物为原料制备 EL 虽然可以获得较高的产率, 但经济成本过高, 工艺复杂, 无法实现工业化应用。以糖类为原料时, 相较于平台化合物所需经济成本降低, 也可获得较高的 EL 产率。 Chang C [ 4 ] 开发了 ${0.1}\%$ 硫酸和 ${2.0}\%$ USY 的混合酸体系,在 ${180}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},{120}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 条件下,催化葡萄糖得到的 EL 产率为 51.47%。糖类生产过程具有较高的能源成本, 以单糖为原料生产 EL 经济效益较低。纤维素在自然界中储量丰富, 作为 EL 的合成原料具有广阔的应用前景。
通常, 纤维素会经历连串反应生成 EL: 纤维素在酸性条件下醇解为葡萄糖或乙基葡萄糖苷, 经异构转化为果糖或乙基果糖苷;然后在酸性条件下脱水形成 HMF, HMF 再进一步脱水开环形成乙酰丙酸(LA), LA 会酯化形成EL [ 5 ] 。纤维素醇解制备 EL 的催化体系主要有液体酸、固体酸和离子液体等。硫酸被广泛用作纤维素醇类降解时的酸性催化剂 [ 6 ] ,高浓度的液体酸容易腐蚀设备造成环境污染,而超低浓度液体酸对设备基本没有腐蚀,被认为是绿色催化体系 [ 7 ] 。常俊丽 [ 8 ] 以 0.1%的硫酸为催化剂,在乙醇中催化葡萄糖醇解, EL 产率为 ${40.46}\%$ 。在 ${200}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下,使用低浓度硫酸(0.36%)反应 $2\mathrm{\;h}$ 催化甲醇与纤维素,可得到 ${30.75}\%$ 的EL [ 9 ] 。因此,本文利用超低浓度硫酸在乙醇中催化纤维素一锅法制取 ${\mathrm{{EL}}}_{0}$ 单因素试验考察了硫酸用量、反应时间、反应温度和底物浓度对 EL 产率的影响; 根据单因素试验结果, 利用响应面优化 EL 反应条件, 得到超低酸催化纤维素一锅法制取 EL 的最佳工艺条件。利用 GC-MS 检测不同反应时间的产物分布, 得出超低酸催化纤维素的反应路径。
试验材料:微晶纤维素,分析纯,阿拉丁试剂公司;浓硫酸,分析纯,长鹏化工有限公司;乙醇, 分析纯, 塞福瑞公司; 去离子水, 娃哈哈纯净水; EL, 正辛醇, 均为色谱纯, 西格玛奥德里奇 (上海) 贸易有限公司; 滤纸等易耗品购自郑州本地经销商。
试验仪器:Trace1300E 气相色谱仪;Agilent- 1260 高效液相色谱仪;Agilent Technologies 7890B 气相色谱-质谱仪;BSA124S 高精度电子天平;KY-HRK-B0.1L高压反应釜;SHZ-D (III)真空抽滤机。
将 1.2 g 纤维素、 ${60}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 乙醇和 ${0.5}\%$ 硫酸(以乙醇质量为基准) 加入 ${100}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 高压反应釜。初始转速为 ${250}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ,达到设定温度后转速调整为 ${500}\mathrm{r}/{\mathrm{{min}}}_{\circ }$ 反应结束后,将反应釜置于冰水浴中冷却至室温, 反应物经过抽滤取上清液进行色谱分析。
液相试验产物中的 EL 含量利用带有 FID 检测器的 Trace1300E 气相色谱仪测定。葡萄糖、果糖和 5-乙氧基甲基糠醛(EMF)含量利用 Agilent- 1260 高效液相色谱仪进行定量分析。液相色谱条件:HPX-87H 柱 $\left({{300}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {7.8}\mathrm{\;{mm}}}\right)$ ; 紫外检测器 (280nm); 流动相为 ${0.005}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ ,流速为 ${0.6}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ;柱温为 ${65}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,进样量为 ${10\mu }\mathrm{L}$ 。以不同浓度的标准品建立标准曲线, 使用外标法计算产物浓度。利用 Agilent Technologies 7890B 气相色谱-质谱仪测定产物分布。HP-5MS 毛细管柱 $\left({{30}\mathrm{\;m}\times {0.32}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {0.5\mu }\mathrm{m}}\right)$ ,氮气作为载气,温度从 40 °C开始,以 10 °C/min 的升温速率升至 220 °C, 保持 $8\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 。质谱检测器在 ${70}\mathrm{{eV}},{50}\sim {400}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{z}$ 电离模式下运行。
EL, EMF 的摩尔产率(y)由式 (1) 计算。
$ y =\left({n/{n}_{0}}\right)\times {100}\%$
式中: $n$ 为生成产物的物质的量, $\mathrm{{mol}};{n}_{0}$ 为纤维素的物质的量, mol。
硫酸用量对纤维素醇解过程具有重要作用, 考察硫酸用量对纤维素醇解转化制备 EL 产率的影响,设置试验条件:纤维素浓度为 ${20}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{L}$ ,反应温度为 ${190}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,反应时间为 $2\mathrm{\;h}$ ,硫酸用量分别为 ${0.1}\%,{0.5}\%,{1.0}\%,{1.5}\%$ ,结果如 图 1 所示。
图 1 中可以看出, 硫酸用量由 0.1%增加到 1.0%时, EL 产率从 32.16%提升到 53.89%。随着硫酸用量的增加, EL 的产率逐渐增大,纤维素醇解过程中产生的中间产物葡萄糖、果糖和 EMF 浓度降低, 表明较高的酸浓度对纤维素的醇解过程起到促进作用。随着硫酸用量的继续增加, EL 产率下降, 溶液颜色逐渐加深, 可能硫酸用量过高时,加剧了纤维素醇解过程中的副反应,生成大量腐殖质 [ 4 ] 。考虑到高浓度硫酸容易腐蚀反应器,将硫酸浓度定为 0.5%进行后续单因素试验。
选取纤维素浓度为 ${20}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{L}$ ,反应时间为 $2\mathrm{\;h}$ , 硫酸用量为 0.5%, 研究反应温度分别为 190, 200,210 °C和 220 °C时对纤维素醇解转化制备 EL 产率的影响, 结果如 图 2 所示。
图 2 可以看出:纤维素醇解的中间产物葡萄糖和果糖的产率随着温度的升高而降低; 葡萄糖产率从 3.2%减小到 0.87%,果糖产率从 7.31% 下降到 1.23%;EL 产率随着反应温度的提升逐渐增加,在反应温度为 ${190}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时, $\mathrm{{EL}}$ 产率为 32.16%,反应温度提升至 210 °C时, EL 产率高达 50%,提升反应温度至 220 °C时, EL 产率为 52%, 表明进一步提升反应温度对 EL 的生成不能起到明显的促进作用;中间产物 EMF 的产率呈现先上升后下降的趋势,从初始产率 ${2.29}\%$ 上升到 3.65%, 后又下降到 0.4%, 总体呈下降趋势, 与 EL 产率呈现相反趋势。
选取纤维素浓度为 ${20}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{L}$ ,反应温度为 200 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,硫酸用量为 ${0.5}\%$ ,考察反应时间分别为 $1,2,3,4\mathrm{\;h}$$5\mathrm{\;h}$ 时对纤维素醇解转化制备 $\mathrm{{EL}}$ 产率的影响, 结果如 图 3 所示。
图 3 可以看出:EL 的产率随着反应时间的延长呈现先上升后平稳的趋势,在反应时间为 1~ $4\mathrm{\;h}$ 时, $\mathrm{{EL}}$ 产率逐渐上升,从 20.11% 提升至 56.13%;反应初期存在少量葡萄糖、果糖和大量 EMF,随着反应时间的延长, EMF 发生酯化反应生成 $\mathrm{{EL}}$ ; 进一步延长反应时间至 $5\mathrm{\;h}$ ,中间产物几乎完全转化, EL 产率趋于平稳, 表明较长的反应时间有利于 EL 的生成。观察反应溶液,随着反应时间的延长,溶液颜色由浅黄色逐渐变为深棕色, 可能是由副产物或者腐殖质的生成所导致 [ 10 ]
选取反应温度为 ${190}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,反应时间为 $2\mathrm{\;h}$ ,硫酸用量为 ${0.5}\%$ ,研究底物浓度分别为20,30,40 $\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}$${50}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{L}$ 时对纤维素醇解转化制备 $\mathrm{{EL}}$ 产率的影响, 结果如 图 4 所示。
图 4 可以看出:随着底物浓度的增加, EL 产率呈现先上升后下降的趋势,当底物浓度为 20 $\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}$ 时, $\mathrm{{EL}}$ 产率为 ${49.89}\%$ ;当底物浓度增大到 30 $\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}$ 时, $\mathrm{{EL}}$ 产率为 ${54.72}\%$ ;进一步增大底物浓度, EL 产率明显下降; 纤维素醇解后的葡萄糖和果糖含量随着底物浓度的增大而增大, 葡萄糖产率从初始底物浓度时的 1.23% 增加到 40 g/L 时的 3.12%,果糖产率从初始底物浓度时的 2.09%增加到 ${40}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{L}$ 时的 ${4.75}\%$ ;中间产物 EMF 的产率呈现上升趋势,从初始浓度时的 2.02%上升到 6.75%。 表明底物浓度较低时,反应速率较慢,增大底物浓度有利于反应的进行; 底物浓度过高时, 0.5%的硫酸不足以为纤维素醇解生成 EL 复杂的反应过程提供足够酸量, 或者是因为底物浓度过高, 催化剂与原料的接触不够充分, 阻碍了 EL 的生成。
本文采用 Box-Behnken 中心组合法设计试验, 如 表 1 所示。考察 4 个因素对纤维素醇解制备 $\mathrm{{EL}}$ 产率的影响,各因素如下: 硫酸用量 $\left({{X}_{1}: {0.1}\%}\right.$ , ${0.5}\%,{1.0}\%)$ 、反应温度 $\left({{X}_{2}: {180},{195},{210}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 、反应时间 $\left({{X}_{3}: {60},{150},{240}\mathrm{\;{min}}}\right)$ 、底物浓度 $\left({{X}_{4}: {20}}\right.$ , 35, 50 g/L)。
根据 Box-Behnken 中心组合法, 设计试验 29 组,设置 5 个中心点组合,试验方案及结果见 表 2
采用 Design Expert 8.0.6 软件对试验数据进行模拟回归, 得到 EL 产率与不同因素编码的回归方程: $Y ={44.78}+ {12.77}{X}_{1}+ {5.37}{X}_{2}+ {3.92}{X}_{3}- {5.12}{X}_{4}-$ ${12.43}{X}_{1}{X}_{2}- {1.07}{X}_{1}{X}_{3}- {2.56}{X}_{1}{X}_{4}+ {13.76}{X}_{2}{X}_{3}+ {5.53}{X}_{2}{X}_{4}-$ ${2.83}{X}_{3}{X}_{4}- {8.17}{X}_{1}^{2}+ {1.23}{X}_{2}{}^{2}- {2.62}{X}_{3}{}^{2}+ {1.95}{X}_{4}{}^{2}$ 。模型系数显著性结果如 表 3 所示。由 表 3 可以看出:建立的模型 $P <{0.0001}$ ,表示所建模型极其显著;模型失拟值为 0.0531, 大于 0.05, 表示不显著, 说明模型与实际情况拟合较好, 建立的模型较为准确; 变异系数为 9.19%, 说明试验重复性较好; 相关系数 ${R}^{2}= {0.9609}$ ,说明模型拟合度较高。
通过对各因素进行分析, 该模型一次项中, 硫酸用量、反应温度、反应时间和底物浓度的 $P$ 值均小于 0.05,均为显著项; 二次项中硫酸用量 $P$ 值小于 0.05 , 对 EL 产率影响最为显著。通过各因素交互作用的 $F$ 值可以发现,硫酸用量和反应温度以及反应温度和反应时间的交互作用很强, $P$ 值均小于 0.05。由 $F$ 值可知,各因素对 EL 产率的影响大小为硫酸用量>反应温度>底物浓度>反应时间。
在模型可靠的前提下, 本文对影响 EL 产率的不同因素进行研究, 分别研究了反应温度和硫酸用量、反应时间和硫酸用量、底物浓度和硫酸用量、反应时间和反应温度、底物浓度和反应温度、 底物浓度和反应时间之间的交互作用关系, 结果如 图 5 所示。在 图 5(a)中, EL 产率随硫酸用量和反应温度的曲面变化较明显,随硫酸用量和反应温度增加呈现出明显的上升趋势, 与单因素结果相同。 图 5(b)显示的二维等高曲线呈椭圆形,曲面坡度变化明显,说明硫酸用量和反应时间交互作用对EL 生成影响较大。在 图 5(c)中, EL 产率随着硫酸用量的变化曲面有明显的坡度, 底物浓度对 EL 产率影响较小, 与单因素结果一致。如 图 5 (d) 所示, 较低温度和较短的反应时间均不利于 EL 的生成, 同时升高温度和延长时间可以促进 EL 的生成。 图 5 (e)和 图 5 (f)的三维面平缓,表明底物浓度和反应温度以及底物浓度和反应时间交互作用较弱。
本文工艺为超低酸催化系统, 通过回归模型预测, 在乙醇体系中超低浓度硫酸催化纤维素醇解转化生成 EL 的最佳工艺条件:硫酸用量为 0.5%,底物浓度为 ${28.55}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{L}$ ,反应温度为 204.31 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,反应时间为 ${237.98}\mathrm{\;{min}},\mathrm{{EL}}$ 预测产率为 68.94%。考虑到实际操作,将工艺调整为硫酸用量 ${0.5}\%$ ,底物浓度 ${29}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{L}$ ,反应温度 ${204}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,反应时间 ${240}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,平行进行 3 次验证得到 EL 平均产率为 66.70%,与理论预测值相对误差为 3.25%。
为了分析硫酸催化纤维素醇解中间产物, 在底物浓度为 ${20}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{L}$ ,反应温度为 ${200}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,硫酸用量为 ${0.5}\%$ ,反应时间分别为 $1,2,3\mathrm{\;h}$$4\mathrm{\;h}$ 条件下, 利用 GC-MS 对产物进行分析测试, 并与 GC-MS 所带的 NIST MS Search2.2 数据库进行对比分析, 结果如 图 6表 4 所示, 液相的主要产物大致相同。基于相对峰面积可以看出, LA(NO.4)作为 EL (NO.3) 的前驱体在反应初期大量存在, LA 是 HMF 进一步反应的产物。产物中没有检测到 HMF, 因为这种中间产物可以快速分解, 无法稳定存在。同时观察到反应前中期存在 $\gamma$ -戊内酯 (NO.2),由 LA 加氢转化生成,反应后期 $\gamma$ -戊内酯转化途径暂不清楚。纤维素在乙醇这种非极性质子溶剂中降解往往形成左旋葡聚糖 ${\left(\mathrm{{NO}}{.9}\right)}$ [ 11 ] , 左旋葡聚糖脱水生成左旋葡萄糖酮(NO.5)。检测到中间产物乙基葡萄糖苷(NO.11),乙基葡萄糖苷可直接脱水生成 EMF(NO.6)。产物中没有检测到乙基果糖苷,可能是葡萄糖在酸作用下直接生成乙基葡萄糖苷 [ 8 ] ,而乙基葡萄糖苷并没有异构化成乙基果糖苷。
根据中间产物的 GC-MS 分析结果, 本文提出了超低浓度硫酸催化纤维素醇解的可能反应路径, 如 图 7 所示。纤维素醇解制备 EL 主要有三条路径: 第一条路径是纤维素在乙醇中降解生成葡萄糖,葡萄糖在乙醇中醚化脱水生成乙基葡萄糖苷, 乙基葡萄糖苷直接脱水生成中间体 EMF, EMF 酯化生成 EL; 第二条路径是葡萄糖异构化为果糖, 果糖脱水生成 HMF, HMF 醚化为 EMF, EMF 酯化生成 EL; 第三条路径是路径二中的 HMF 降解为 LA, LA 通过酯化反应生成 EL。
将本文研究结果与文献进行对比, 结果如 表 5 所示。纤维素不易降解, 通常利用酸性较强的催化剂,如无机酸、离子液体和混合酸。纤维素醇解制取乙酰丙酸甲酯(ML)和乙酰丙酸丁酯(BL)的研究较多,利用纤维素制取 EL 的研究较少。Song C [ 15 ] 研究了酸性离子液体在甲醇和乙醇中对纤维素的降解作用, ML 产率为 48.40%, EL 产率高达 57.50%。但离子液体工艺复杂、成本昂贵。常春 [ 16 ] ${\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\left({\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}\right)}_{3}$ 为催化剂,在乙醇和甲苯双相体系中催化纤维素生成 EL,产率为 ${51.60}\%$ 。本文利用超低浓度硫酸催化纤维素醇解制备 EL, EL 产率高达66.70%。该催化剂成本低廉、工艺简单、反应时间短且无有机溶剂, 为纤维素生物质大规模转化液体燃料提供了参考。
本文利用单因素和响应面试验方法, 研究了超低酸催化纤维素制备 EL 醇解过程, 考察了硫酸用量、反应时间、反应温度和底物浓度对 $\mathrm{{EL}}$ 产率的影响。各因素对 EL 产率的影响依次为硫酸用量>反应温度>底物浓度>反应时间。响应面优化后得到超低酸催化纤维素制取 EL 的工艺条件:催化剂用量为 ${0.5}\%$ ,反应温度为 ${204}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,反应时间为 ${240}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,底物浓度为 ${29}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{L}$ ,得到的 $\mathrm{{EL}}$ 收率为 66.70%。利用 GC-MS 分析不同反应时间下超低浓度硫酸催化纤维素醇解产物分布, 提出了可能的反应路径。本文方法可为成本低廉、产量丰富的生物质生产液体燃料提供借鉴和参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(U1904122)
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2024年第42卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2022-11-16
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-16
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国家自然科学基金项目(U1904122)
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    1 河南农业大学 机电工程学院 河南 郑州 450002
    2 农业部农村可再生能源新材料与装备重点实验室 河南 郑州 450002

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徐桂转(1972-),女,博士,教授,研究方向为生物质能源转换及利用技术。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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