Article(id=1154430652402361053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430651659969244, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1673712000000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167315817, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1716134400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167315817, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167315817, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167315817, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154430651659969244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='5', pageStart='569', pageEnd='710', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167315640, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694602531, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642253209723786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430651659969244, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642253213918091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430651659969244, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=577, endPage=586, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154430652876317408, articleId=1154430652402361053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Factors influencing product selectivity in hydrodeoxygenation of lignin model compounds, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Lignin is one of the main components of biomass and can be converted into renewable fuels and chemicals by catalytic hydrodeoxygenation. Extensive fundamental research has been conducted based on lignin model compounds and heterogeneous catalytic systems. However, the hydrodeoxygenation of lignin model compounds with high selectivity remains a significant challenge due to their intricate molecular structures, which are featured with hydroxyl and methoxyl groups connected to the phenyl ring, leading to diverse reaction pathways. In this paper, the factors affecting the selectivity of the product were reviewed comprehensively. First, the reaction mechanisms and pathways involved in the hydrodeoxygenation of lignin model compounds were stated. Next, the factors influencing the selectivity of the products were summarized from two aspects. One aspect is focused on the hydrodeoxygenation catalysts, including catalyst components, promoters, supports, and preparation methods; the other is associated with the reaction conditions, including reaction temperature, hydrogen pressure, time, and solvents.

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由于木质素模型化合物是由OH,OCH3 和苯环构成的复杂结构分子,其加氢脱氧反应有可能沿着多种反应路径进行,因此,提高目标产物选择性是该反应的主要挑战。文章对影响产物选择性的因素进行了综述。首先,讨论了木质素模型化合物加氢脱氧的反应机理和反应路径。其次,从两方面总结了影响产物选择性的因素:一方面是催化剂相关因素,包括加氢脱氧催化剂的主组分、助剂、载体和制备方法;另一方面是反应条件,包括反应温度、氢气压力、反应时间和溶剂。

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毛璟博(1981-),男,博士,讲师,研究方向为催化化学与工程、生物质能转化。E-mail:
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木质素模型化合物加氢脱氧反应中产物选择性的影响因素
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刘春雨 , 贾玉峰 , 周锦霞 , 吕洋 , 毛璟博
可再生能源 | 2024,42(5): 577-586
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(5): 577-586
木质素模型化合物加氢脱氧反应中产物选择性的影响因素
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刘春雨, 贾玉峰, 周锦霞, 吕洋, 毛璟博
作者信息
  • 1 大连大学 环境与化学工程学院 辽宁 大连 116622

通讯作者:

毛璟博(1981-),男,博士,讲师,研究方向为催化化学与工程、生物质能转化。E-mail:
Factors influencing product selectivity in hydrodeoxygenation of lignin model compounds
Chunyu Liu, Yufeng Jia, Jinxia Zhou, Yang Lü, Jingbo Mao
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Environment and Chemical Engineering Dalian University Dalian 116622 China
出版时间: 2024-05-20
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由于木质素模型化合物是由OH,OCH3 和苯环构成的复杂结构分子,其加氢脱氧反应有可能沿着多种反应路径进行,因此,提高目标产物选择性是该反应的主要挑战。文章对影响产物选择性的因素进行了综述。首先,讨论了木质素模型化合物加氢脱氧的反应机理和反应路径。其次,从两方面总结了影响产物选择性的因素:一方面是催化剂相关因素,包括加氢脱氧催化剂的主组分、助剂、载体和制备方法;另一方面是反应条件,包括反应温度、氢气压力、反应时间和溶剂。

木质素  /  加氢脱氧  /  产物选择性  /  催化剂  /  反应工艺

Lignin is one of the main components of biomass and can be converted into renewable fuels and chemicals by catalytic hydrodeoxygenation. Extensive fundamental research has been conducted based on lignin model compounds and heterogeneous catalytic systems. However, the hydrodeoxygenation of lignin model compounds with high selectivity remains a significant challenge due to their intricate molecular structures, which are featured with hydroxyl and methoxyl groups connected to the phenyl ring, leading to diverse reaction pathways. In this paper, the factors affecting the selectivity of the product were reviewed comprehensively. First, the reaction mechanisms and pathways involved in the hydrodeoxygenation of lignin model compounds were stated. Next, the factors influencing the selectivity of the products were summarized from two aspects. One aspect is focused on the hydrodeoxygenation catalysts, including catalyst components, promoters, supports, and preparation methods; the other is associated with the reaction conditions, including reaction temperature, hydrogen pressure, time, and solvents.

lignin  /  hydrodeoxygenation  /  product selectivity  /  catalyst  /  reaction process
刘春雨, 贾玉峰, 周锦霞, 吕洋, 毛璟博. 木质素模型化合物加氢脱氧反应中产物选择性的影响因素. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (5) : 577 -586 .
Chunyu Liu, Yufeng Jia, Jinxia Zhou, Yang Lü, Jingbo Mao. Factors influencing product selectivity in hydrodeoxygenation of lignin model compounds[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (5) : 577 -586 .
目前, 全球能源供应仍以石油、煤炭和天然气等化石资源为主。随着人类持续、大量的消耗, 这些不可再生资源已无法满足人类未来发展的需要。与此同时, 大量使用化石能源造成的环境污染和气候变暖问题也日趋严重。因此, 发展可再生能源逐步替代化石能源, 是人类构建清洁低碳和可持续发展能源体系的重大举措 [ 1 - 3 ] 。相对于水能、风能、太阳能、海洋能和地热能等可再生能源, 生物质能是自然界中唯一的碳基可再生能源, 呈碳中性, 在替代化石能源为人类持续供给碳氢类化合物方面有绝对的优势 [ 4 ]
生物质主要由纤维素、半纤维素和木质素组成,其中木质素是由愈创木基、紫丁香基和对羟苯基三类苯基丙烷单体通过醚键或碳-碳键组成的一种高分子聚合物, 结构中含有大量苯环, 是制备六元环化合物 (酚类、苯类、环己烷醇类、环烷烃类等)的天然原料 [ 5 - 8 ] 。然而,木质素及其裂解产物中含有多种化学基团, 化学性质复杂, 不利于催化机理研究。在基础研究阶段, 为了消减复杂分子结构所引发的多因素交织问题,学者们通常利用木质素模型化合物进行催化转化研究。 常用的木质素模型化合物有苯酚、愈创木酚和紫丁香醇, 其结构中的苯环、羟基和甲氧基官能团在催化加氢过程中均可能发生反应,导致产物种类较多,减少了主产物收率,增加了分离成本,降低了工业化生产价值。因此, 提高木质素模型化合物催化加氢反应目标产物的选择性是该领域的研究重点 [ 7 ]
近年来, 国内外已开展了大量木质素模型化合物催化加氢脱氧反应的研究, 为提高目标产物的选择性和收率提供了丰富的研究参考。本文基于木质素模型化合物加氢反应, 阐述了加氢脱氧反应机理和路径,从催化剂(包括催化剂主组分、 助剂、载体、催化剂制备方法) 和反应工艺条件 (反应温度、氢气压力、反应时间、溶剂)两个方面归纳了影响产物选择性的因素。
在不同催化剂和反应工艺条件下, 木质素模型化合物(苯酚、愈创木酚和紫丁香醇)加氢脱氧反应存在多种反应路径, 可生成苯、环己烷、环己醇等多种产物。
木质素的 3 种模型化合物的结构中均含苯环, 其中, 紫丁香醇的结构中包括 3 个含氧官能团,愈创木酚相对紫丁香醇少了一个甲氧基官能团,苯酚结构中只含有苯羟基官能团。由于空间位阻等因素影响, 加氢脱氧反应的难易程度通常为紫丁香醇>愈创木酚>苯酚。愈创木酚和苯酚通常是紫丁香醇的下游产物, 所以紫丁香醇加氢脱氧的典型反应路径也包含了另外两种模型化合的反应路径 ( 图 1 )。紫丁香醇结构中的苯环、甲氧基和烃基经过加氢、氢解、脱水和甲基转移等反应,能够生成不同饱和程度和含氧量的化合物, 使整个反应表现出复杂的反应网络和多样的产物分布。 紫丁香醇加氢解离一个甲氧基会生成愈创木酚, 在特定反应条件下还可能发生苯环加氢、脱甲基、 甲基转移等反应 [ 8 , 9 ] 。愈创木酚加氢解离 ${\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}- {\mathrm{{OCH}}}_{3}$ 键则生成苯酚;如果苯环先加氢,则生成 2-甲氧基环己醇, 再进一步脱除甲氧基生成环己醇。苯酚的加氢反应路径也有两种情况: 苯环先加氢生成环己醇,接着环己醇氢解脱除羟基生成环己烷 [ 10 ] ; 或者先解离 ${\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}- \mathrm{{OH}}$ 键生成苯,苯继续加氢生成环己烷[ 11 ]。环己烷在多数加氢脱氧反应条件下相对稳定, 是很多加氢脱氧反应的最终产物, 但是在高温、高压和强加氢活性催化剂作用下,也可能发生 C-C 键断裂,生成小分子烃类化合物。在 3 种模型化合物中, 紫丁香醇的空间位阻最大, 3 个O原子与苯环形成稳定的大 $\pi$ 键,结构比较稳定, 所以紫丁香醇加氢脱氧反应不易进行, 有关研究相对较少。
图 1 中的反应路径主要涉及两大类反应,一类是氢解反应,包括加氢解离 ${\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}- {\mathrm{{OCH}}}_{3}$ 键和 ${\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}- \mathrm{{OH}}$ 键,通常是在金属-酸双功能催化剂作用下完成的;另一类是苯环加氢反应,主要在金属催化剂作用下完成。木质素的 3 种模型化合物和产物苯都有可能进行苯环加氢反应, 生成相应的饱和六元环化合物。除了催化剂性能,反应温度、氢气压力、反应时间以及反应溶剂等因素也会影响反应路径和产物分布。由于木质素模型化合物的加氢反应路径存在多种可能性,因此,提高目标产物的选择性是研究的重点。
根据文献报道,影响木质素模型化合物加氢脱氧反应产物选择性的因素主要来自两方面:一方面与催化剂有关, 包括催化剂组成成分和制备方法等因素;另一方面与反应工艺条件有关,包括反应温度、氢气压力、反应时间、反应溶剂等因素。 研究者通常在两方面同时努力,以实现高选择性地合成目标产物。
木质素模型化合物加氢脱氧反应催化剂中的金属组分主要分为贵金属和过渡金属两类。常用的贵金属活性组分包括具有较强加氢能力的 $\mathrm{{Pt}}$ , $\mathrm{{Pd}},\mathrm{{Ru}},\mathrm{{Rh}}$ 和加氢能力略弱的 $\mathrm{{Au}}$$\mathrm{{Ag}}$ 。常用的过渡金属有 $\mathrm{{Ni}},\mathrm{{Co}},\mathrm{{Mo}}$$\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 等。不同金属组分以其特有的电子特性影响木质素模型化合物加氢脱氧反应的产物分布。
(1) 贵金属催化剂
在木质素模型化合物加氢脱氧反应中, $\mathrm{{Pt}}$ , $\mathrm{{Pd}},\mathrm{{Ru}}$$\mathrm{{Rh}}$ 通常是芳环吸附、活化和加氢的活性中心,也是 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 吸附和活化中心,含氧基团的加氢脱除过程是贵金属颗粒单独或与载体协同作用完成的。Lee C R [ 12 ] 使用 ${\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3},{\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}- {\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 及硝酸处理的炭黑分别制备了 $\mathrm{{Pt}},\mathrm{{Rh}},\mathrm{{Pd}}$$\mathrm{{Ru}}$ 催化剂, 并评价了其在愈创木酚加氢反应(反应温度为 ${250}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,氢气压力为 $4\mathrm{{MPa}}$ )中对产物分布的影响, 发现愈创木酚在这些贵金属催化剂上先苯环加氢生成 2-甲氧基环己醇, 再经过氢解最终生成环己烷。Shu R [ 13 ] 制备了 $\mathrm{{Pt}}/{\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}$ 催化剂,并在反应温度为 ${280}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,氢气压力为 $1\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 的条件下催化愈创木酚反应 $4\mathrm{\;h}$ ,结果愈创木酚的转化率为 ${99.9}\%$ , 产物环己烷的选择性达到了 99.9%。Pt, Pd, Ru, $\mathrm{{Rh}}$ 在加氢反应中具有较强的催化活性,以其为金属活性组分的催化剂在催化木质素模型化合物加氢反应时,容易使苯环加氢饱和,生成加氢比较彻底的环己醇和环己烷。
$\mathrm{{Au}}$$\mathrm{{Ag}}$ 的加氢能力弱于 $\mathrm{{Pt}},\mathrm{{Pd}}$ 等贵金属, 其在木质素模型化合物加氢反应中具备一定的选择加氢特性。当反应温度为 ${300}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,氢气压力为 3 $\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时,在锐钛矿型 ${\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}$ 负载的 $\mathrm{{Au}}$ 催化剂( $\mathrm{{Au}}$ / ${\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}- \mathrm{A}$ )催化作用下,愈创木酚能够高选择性地生成酚类产物 [ 14 ] 。当愈创木酚的转化率为 43.1%时, 苯酚、甲酚、二甲酚、三甲基酚等酚类衍生物的选择性可达到 87.1%, 同时生成少量的邻苯二酚(选择性为 11.4%),没有检测到苯环饱和产物生成。 得益于 $\mathrm{{Ag}}$ 的弱加氢能力和优异的 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 吸附、活化性能,在 $\mathrm{{Ag}}/{\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}$ 催化剂的催化作用下,愈创木酚中的 $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{O}$ 键能够选择性断裂,最终保留一个羟基, 而苯环不会被加氢饱和,产物为酚类化合物 [ 15 ] 。在 $\mathrm{{Ag}}/{\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}$ 催化剂上,愈创木酚先脱甲基生成邻苯二酚,再脱除一个羟基生成苯酚;愈创木酚还可以直接脱除甲氧基生成苯酚。 $\mathrm{{Au}}$$\mathrm{{Ag}}$ 这两种加氢能力略弱的贵金属均需要与载体 ${\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}$ 协同作用完成加氢脱氧反应 [ 14 , 15 ]
(2) 过渡金属催化剂
$\mathrm{{Fe}},\mathrm{{Co}}$$\mathrm{{Ni}}$ 的外层电子结构分别为 $3{\mathrm{\;d}}^{6}4{\mathrm{\;s}}^{2}$ , $3{\mathrm{\;d}}^{7}4{\mathrm{\;s}}^{2}$$3{\mathrm{\;d}}^{8}4{\mathrm{\;s}}^{2}$ ,均属于Ⅷ族元素,是木质素模型化合物加氢脱氧反应常用的过渡金属活性组分, 其催化活性及产物选择性与金属加氢能力有密切关系,其中 $\mathrm{{Ni}},\mathrm{{Co}}$ 具有较强加氢能力,反应物的苯环通常被加氢饱和; $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 的加氢能力略弱,产物中芳香化合物的选择性较高。Guo Q [ 16 ] 用还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)负载 $\mathrm{{Co}},\mathrm{{Ni}}$$\mathrm{{Fe}}$ ,分别合成了催化剂 $\mathrm{{Co}}/\mathrm{{rGO}},\mathrm{{Ni}}/\mathrm{{rGO}}$$\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{rGO}}$ ,这 3 种催化剂具有相似的比表面积, 但其催化活性和产物选择性差异很大。在反应温度为 ${200}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,氢气压力为 $1\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 的条件下反应 $2\mathrm{\;h}$ ,若采用 $\mathrm{{Co}}/\mathrm{{rGO}}$ 催化剂,愈创木酚可以完全转化,环己醇的选择性可达到 93.2%; 若采用 $\mathrm{{Ni}}/\mathrm{{rGO}}$ 催化剂,愈创木酚的转化率为 90.1%,其中环己醇的选择性为 62.4%,2-甲氧基环己醇的选择性为 ${35.1}\%$ ; 由于 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 的加氢能力弱, $\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{rGO}}$ 催化剂活性很低,若采用 $\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{rGO}}$ 催化剂,愈创木酚的转化率仅为 1.8%, 产物主要是苯酚。在 $\mathrm{{Co}}/\mathrm{{rGO}}$ 催化剂作用下,愈创木酚倾向于先氢解 ${\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}- {\mathrm{{OCH}}}_{3}$ 键生成苯酚,接着对苯酚加氢生成环己醇。而在 $\mathrm{{Ni}}/\mathrm{{rGO}}$ 催化剂作用下,因为 $\mathrm{{Ni}}$ 加氢能力强, 愈创木酚倾向于先对苯环加氢, 生成 2-甲氧基环己醇, 而 2-甲氧基环己醇较稳定, 不易氢解 ${\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}- {\mathrm{{OCH}}}_{3}$ 键生成环己醇,致使加氢活性较高的 $\mathrm{{Ni}}/\mathrm{{rGO}}$ 催化剂比 $\mathrm{{Co}}/\mathrm{{rGO}}$ 催化剂的环己醇选择性更低。
木质素模型化合物加氢脱氧过程包含多个反应步骤, 反应原料以及目标产物不同, 对活性中心功能的要求也各有不同。催化剂中的金属组分具有活化氢气、苯环吸附活化、加氢和为解离 $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{O}$ 键提供活性氢等功能。上述研究表明,催化剂中的金属组分对产物选择性具有明显影响。不论是贵金属还是过渡金属催化剂, 所遵循的原则是加氢活性较强的金属组分倾向于生成苯环饱和的产物, 或者在反应的初始阶段优先进行苯环加氢, 而加氢活性较低的金属组分倾向于生成芳香类的产物,或者在反应的初始阶段主要进行 ${\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}- {\mathrm{{OCH}}}_{3}$ 键解离。
催化剂中除了金属主组分, 还常添加金属助剂来调变催化剂性能。助剂的作用有多种,有的是用来改变几何结构, 如改变原催化活性组分的结晶度、分散度和稳定性; 有的是为了与金属主组分产生电子协同作用,调节加氢活性等;还有的是为了构建催化剂酸性位点或者氧空位, 增强对反应基团的吸附和活化能力,影响产物选择性。在木质素模型化合物加氢脱氧反应中, 助剂在调变催化活性和产物选择性方面发挥了重要作用 [ 17 - 20 ] 。常用的加氢脱氧活性金属(如 $\mathrm{{Co}},\mathrm{{Mo}},\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 及贵金属等)作为助剂使用时能够调变催化金属性能、提供新的活性中心, 可分为过渡金属助剂对过渡金属催化剂的调节、过渡金属助剂对贵金属催化剂的调节以及贵金属助剂对过渡金属催化剂的调节。
(1)过渡金属助剂对过渡金属催化剂的调节
$\mathrm{{Ni}}$$\mathrm{{Co}}$ 除了用作催化活性组分,还可用作助剂,如将 $\mathrm{{Ni}}$$\mathrm{{Co}}$ 掺入 $\mathrm{{MoS}}$ 中会形成 $\mathrm{{Ni}}- \mathrm{{Mo}}- \mathrm{S}$$\mathrm{{Co}}- \mathrm{{Mo}}- \mathrm{S}$ 结构物质 [ 18 , 19 ] ,该结构中的金属与硫之间的化学键较弱, 导致部分硫原子解离, 形成硫空位, 从而提高了 MoS 催化剂对苯酚的加氢能力,并调变了产物分布。研究发现,两种助剂的调控机制不同,加入 $\mathrm{{Ni}}$ 后, ${\mathrm{{MoS}}}_{2}$ 结晶度提高,颗粒尺寸变小, 致使苯酚转化率提高, 反应路径朝着苯环饱和的方向进行,最终生成环己烷; 而 $\mathrm{{Co}}$ 会抑制 ${\mathrm{{MoS}}}_{2}$ 形成结晶结构,苯酚转化率也会提高,但是反应路径以脱氧为主,主产物为苯 [ 19 ] 。反之, Mo 也可作为其他金属催化剂的助剂。Zhou M [ 20 ] 对比了单金属催化剂 Ni@C 和双金属催化剂 NiMo@C 在愈创木酚加氢脱氧制备环己醇反应中的性能。 研究发现: 在反应温度为 ${240}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,氢气压力为 2 $\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 的条件下反应 $4\mathrm{\;h}$ ,若采用 $\mathrm{{Ni}}@\mathrm{C}$ 催化剂,主要产物为环己醇和苯酚, 选择性分别约为 55%和 ${22}\%$ ;若采用 ${\mathrm{{Ni}}}_{3}\mathrm{{Mo}}@\mathrm{C}$ 催化剂,环己醇的选择性升高至 68%,没有苯酚生成。这种催化剂性能的改变是由于 $\mathrm{{Ni}}- \mathrm{{Mo}}$ 双金属的协同作用增强了加氢功能,引入 $\mathrm{{Mo}}$ 还使催化剂酸性增强,金属颗粒尺寸变小、分散度提高。
Fe 具有较强的亲氧性, 是吸附含氧基团的活性中心,在木质素模型化合物加氢脱氧反应中, Fe 常作为 $\mathrm{{Ni}}$ 基催化剂的助剂 [ 21 , 22 ] ,添加 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 有利于木质素含氧基团脱除。Yan P [ 22 ] 用浸渍法制备了 $\mathrm{{Ni}}-$ Fe/BEA 催化剂,用于愈创木酚加氢脱氧反应。研究发现: 加入 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 后能够形成 $\mathrm{{Ni}}- \mathrm{{Fe}}$ 合金结构, $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 能够吸附愈创木酚中的含氧官能团, 在活化氢作用下, 断裂愈创木酚中的羟基和甲氧基键, 生成苯;苯吸附在 $\mathrm{{Ni}}$ 位点上进一步活化加氢生成环己烷, 提高了脱氧产物的选择性。
(2) 过渡金属助剂对贵金属催化剂的调节
He Z [ 23 ] $\mathrm{{Pt}}/{\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}$ 催化剂中引入 $\mathrm{{Mg}}$$\mathrm{{Mo}}$ ,然后在反应温度为 ${280}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,氢气压力为 $4\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 的条件下反应 $5\mathrm{\;h}$ ,发现 $\mathrm{{Mo}}$ 改性后的 $\mathrm{{Pt}}/{\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}$ 催化剂可将愈创木酚的转化率从 70%提高到 93%,环己烷收率从 ${23.5}\%$ 提高到 ${57.7}\%$ ,而 $\mathrm{{Pt}}- \mathrm{{Mg}}/{\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}$ 催化剂的催化性能没有明显变化且积碳明显增加。 作者认为这种差异性是因为碱金属 $\mathrm{{Mg}}$ 组分降低了 $\mathrm{{Pt}}/{\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}$ 催化剂的酸性和加氢脱氧活性,而 $\mathrm{{Mo}}$ 的添加促进了 $\mathrm{{Pt}}$ 的分散, ${\mathrm{{MoO}}}_{x}$ 与氢气作用生成活化氢,并在 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 还原后产生氧空位。尽管酸度较低,但 $\mathrm{{Pt}}- {\mathrm{{MoO}}}_{3}$ 中更多的活性氢物种和氧空位促进了直接脱氧(DDO)反应,环己醇在脱水、加氢生成环己烷的同时还能够直接氢解生成环己烷, 这使环己烷的产率增加。
(3) 贵金属助剂对过渡金属催化剂的调节
Xu Q [ 24 ] 研究了 $\mathrm{{Ru}}$$\mathrm{{Co}}/\mathrm{C}$ 催化愈创木酚加氢脱氧反应中的促进作用, 研究结果表明: 在 Ru- $\mathrm{{Co}}/\mathrm{C}$ 催化下反应 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后,愈创木酚转化率为 79.2%,环己醇选择性为 78.4%; 在 Co/C 催化下反应 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后,愈创木酚转化率为 ${24.3}\%$ ,环己醇选择性为 ${59.8}\%$ 。研究发现,引入少量的 $\mathrm{{Ru}}$ 即可大大提高 $\mathrm{{Co}}/\mathrm{C}$ 催化加氢脱氧的活性,表面修饰的 $\mathrm{{Ru}}$ 不仅可以作为氢气吸附和离解的活性中心,提高催化剂活化氢气的能力, 还可以作为氢转移中心,帮助活化氢从 $\mathrm{{Co}}$ 纳米颗粒转移到 ${\mathrm{{CoO}}}_{x}$ 的表面缺陷位置,促进加氢脱氧过程。
金属助剂自身未必有好的催化性能, 但可以与金属主组分产生协同作用,影响催化活性,在调节产物的选择性方面也可能发挥重要作用。
在加氢脱氧催化剂设计中, 选择适当的载体是一个重要环节。在负载型金属催化剂中, 催化活性组分能够分散到载体较大的表面上, 实现金属高度分散, 防止金属纳米粒子在催化剂制备、预处理和反应中聚集,提高稳定性 [ 25 ] 。同时,载体自身的几何结构(孔结构、比表面积等)和表面化学性质 (酸性、碱性)等特性会对催化剂性能产生影响 [ 26 ] 。在苯酚、愈创木酚等模型化合物加氢脱氧反应中,催化剂载体是影响反应性能和产物分布的因素之一。
碳基材料(如石墨烯、活性炭)和 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 是常用的惰性载体, 其本身具有较大的比表面积, 基本没有酸、碱中心, 而且有不易积碳的特点。石墨烯是一种新型的二维碳材料, 具有独特的电子特性和稳定性。Guo Q [ 16 ] 将金属 Co 分别负载于还原氧化石墨烯 $\left(\mathrm{{rGO}}\right),{\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$$\mathrm{{HY}}$ 载体上,然后在反应温度为 ${200}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,氢气压力为 $1\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 的条件下催化愈创木酚加氢反应。研究发现,在未经预还原处理的 $\mathrm{{Co}}/{\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$$\mathrm{{Co}}/\mathrm{{HY}}$ 催化剂作用下,愈创木酚几乎没有转化。这是由于催化剂中具有加氢反应的活性组分是呈还原态的金属,而 $\mathrm{{Co}}/{\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$$\mathrm{{Co}}/\mathrm{{HY}}$ 催化剂中的 $\mathrm{{Co}}$ 处于氧化态,不具有加氢活性。在 $\mathrm{{Co}}/\mathrm{{rGO}}$ 催化剂作用下,愈创木酚完全转化,产物主要为环己醇(选择性为 93.2%)和少量的 2-甲氧基环己醇(选择性为 4.0%)。通过表征发现,负载在 $\mathrm{{rGO}}$ 上的 $\mathrm{{Co}}$ 以单原子和 $\mathrm{{Co}}$ 氧化物多晶纳米粒子的形式存在。rGO 载体参与了加氢活性位点的构建,而 ${\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$$\mathrm{{HY}}$ 这两种载体则缺乏这种功能。
${\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 和分子筛 (如 HZSM-5, HBeta 等)具有较强的酸性, 既可以单独作为酸催化剂, 也可以作为载体使用, 其自身所具有的酸性能够促进甲基转移和脱水反应, 有利于木质素模型化合物中含氧基团的脱除。在催化苯甲醚加氢脱氧反应中 [ 27 ] , 使用 $\mathrm{{Pt}}/{\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 催化剂时,环己烷为最终产物; 使用 Pt/HBeta 催化剂时, 主产物为苯(选择性为 51.2%)、甲苯(选择性为 27.6%)和二甲苯(选择性为 10.6%)。这是因为载体 HBeta 中的 B 酸中心具有甲基转移功能,可与金属 $\mathrm{{Pt}}$ 的脱甲基、脱氧和加氢功能协同作用。
在活化氢存在的条件下, ${\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}$ 的晶格表面会出现氧空位, 该位置对反应原料中的氧原子具有吸附能力,常表现出独特的催化性能。Mao J [ 14 ] 研究了载体 $\left({{\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}- \mathrm{A},{\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}- \mathrm{R},{\mathrm{{ZrO}}}_{2},{\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3},{\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}}\right.$ 和活性炭)对 Au 催化剂催化愈创木酚加氢脱氧反应的影响,发现了 ${\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}- \mathrm{A}$ 载体的特殊性能。以 $\mathrm{{Au}}/$ ${\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}- \mathrm{A}$ 为催化剂,在反应温度为 ${300}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,氢气压力为 $3\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 的条件下反应 $3\mathrm{\;h}$ 后,愈创木酚的转化率为 ${43.1}\%$ ,酚类衍生物的选择性可达到 87.1%,同时生成少量的邻苯二酚(选择性为 11.4%)。除了 $\mathrm{{Au}}/{\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}- \mathrm{A}$ ,其他载体负载 $\mathrm{{Au}}$ 纳米颗粒后没有表现出明显的加氢脱氧性能的提升, 如在 $\mathrm{{Au}}/{\mathrm{{ZrO}}}_{2},\mathrm{{Au}}/\mathrm{{AC}}$$\mathrm{{Au}}/{\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 的催化作用下, 愈创木酚转化率均小于 8%,产物也以邻苯二酚为主。这是因为 ${\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}- \mathrm{A}$ 含有氧空位,存在大量配位不饱和的 $\mathrm{{Ti}}$ 活性位点,这些活性位点具有活化 $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{O}$ 键的作用,同时 ${\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}- \mathrm{A}$ 的酸性较弱,不易解离 ${\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}- \mathrm{{OH}}$ 键,所以 $\mathrm{{Au}}/{\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}- \mathrm{A}$ 催化作用下的产物以苯酚为主。
催化剂制备方法会决定金属活性组分的均一性、分散状态、抗烧结性能、酸中心强度和数量以及金属、助剂和载体的结合方式, 影响催化剂中金属的组成、分布和表面形貌, 进而对其催化性能产生影响 [ 28 - 30 ]
在一些加氢脱氧反应中, 催化剂的酸中心强度和数量是影响反应性能的一个重要因素, 而催化剂制备方法有时会对这一方面有明显影响。 Shu R [ 28 ] 分别采用湿法浸渍和溶剂热还原法制备了 $\mathrm{{Ru}}/{\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}- {\mathrm{{ZrO}}}_{2}$ 催化剂,并评价了其在愈创木酚加氢脱氧反应中的性能。在反应温度为 ${260}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,氢气压力为 $1\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 的条件下反应 $4\mathrm{\;h}$ 后,使用溶剂热还原法制备的催化剂能够使愈创木酚转化率达到 99.9%,产物中环己烷选择性为 97.9%,而使用浸渍法制备的催化剂仅能达到 64.5%的愈创木酚转化率,同时产物中环己醇和环己烷选择性分别为 54.3%和 37.7%。通过表征,研究人员发现使用溶剂热还原制备的催化剂具有更多的强酸中心, 这是其催化性能优异的重要原因。
催化剂制备方法不同会影响金属在载体上的分散以及颗粒尺寸,活性组分分散度越高,金属的原子利用率越大, 原料转化率以及反应速率也将随之提高 [ 31 ] 。Yan P [ 29 ] 对比了离子交换沉积沉淀法、沉积沉淀法和等体积浸渍法制备的 Ni/Beta 催化剂的愈创木酚加氢脱氧性能。研究发现,离子交换沉积沉淀法(6.5%Ni/BEA-IDP)和沉积沉淀法 (6.2%Ni/BEA-DP)制备的催化剂表现出相近的愈创木酚催化性能及产物分布, 而等体积浸渍法制备的催化剂(6.2%Ni/BEA-IWI)的稳定性更好。研究人员发现,6.2%Ni/BEA-IWI 催化剂上的 Ni 分散度更高,这促进了 $\mathrm{{Ni}}$ 纳米颗粒上 $\mathrm{{Ni}}- \mathrm{H}$ 物种的生成,该物种有利于提高环己烷选择性。
催化剂组分的晶型改变也会对催化剂性能产生明显影响 [ 7 , 30 ] 。López M [ 30 ] 分别以沉积沉淀法和浸渍法制备了 NiZr/CMK-3 催化剂(载体 CMK-3 是一种介孔碳材料),并用其催化愈创木酚加氢脱氧反应(反应温度为 ${300}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,氢气压力为 $5\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,反应时间为 $8\mathrm{\;h}$ )。研究发现,两种方法制备的催化剂的反应活性相似,但产物选择性却差异明显,当采用沉积沉淀法制备的催化剂时, 产物中含有大量的环己醇,而采用浸渍法制备的催化剂时,产物中环己烷的选择性很高。研究人员认为:采用浸渍法制备的催化剂中 ${\mathrm{{ZrO}}}_{2}$ 以单斜相和四方相的形式存在,单斜相 ${\mathrm{{ZrO}}}_{2}$ 含有较强的酸中心,在Ni ${}^{0}$ 颗粒的调控下, ${\mathrm{{ZrO}}}_{2}$ 表面有Zr ${}^{4 +}/{\mathrm{{Zr}}}^{3 +}$ 阳离子,会形成氧空位, 这样的结构有利于加氢脱氧反应, 生成环己烷;采用沉积沉淀法制备的催化剂中 ${\mathrm{{ZrO}}}_{2}$ 均为四方相, 酸性弱, 难以脱除羟基, 导致环己烷选择性低。
Shu R [ 13 ] 使用 4 种方法(光化学法、浸渍法、共沉淀法、溶胶-凝胶法)制备了 $\mathrm{{Pt}}/{\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}$ 催化剂,并用其催化愈创木酚加氢脱氧反应。研究发现:在相同反应条件下,当采用光化学法制备的 $\mathrm{{Pt}}/{\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}$ 催化剂时,愈创木酚转化率能够达到 99.9%, 产物环己烷选择性为 95.1%;而采用其他几种方法制备的催化剂时,愈创木酚转化率均低于 50%, 环己烷选择性均低于 ${40}\%$ 。光化学法制备的 $\mathrm{{Pt}}/{\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}$ 催化剂表现出的产物选择性优于其他几种方法制备的 $\mathrm{{Pt}}/{\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}$ 催化剂的原因:金属颗粒的尺寸减小导致活性位点的数量增加; 表面原子的键态和电子态与内部原子截然不同,导致表面催化活性增加; 颗粒尺寸的减小形成了不均匀的原子台阶,增加了化学反应过程的接触面积。
反应温度是木质素模型化合物加氢脱氧反应工艺条件的重要参数。反应温度会影响反应平衡常数和反应速率常数, 对中间产物的稳定性和连续反应都有影响, 在提供充足能量克服活化能垒的前提下,升高反应温度有利于活化能较大的反应。此外,反应温度升高还会提高反应时的 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 压力,有利于催化剂还原和加氢脱氧反应进行。木质素模型化合物加氢脱氧反应涉及多个反应步骤, 调整反应温度,不但会影响反应速率,还会影响产物分布 [ 8 ]
Xu Q [ 24 ] 探究了反应温度 $\left({{180}\sim {260}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$$\mathrm{{Ru}}-$ $\mathrm{{Co}}/\mathrm{C}$ 催化愈创木酚加氢的产物分布的影响。研究结果表明:在氢气压力为 $1\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,反应时间为 1.5 $\mathrm{h}$ 的条件下,当反应温度较低 $\left({{180}\sim {200}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 时,产物中有 1-甲基-1,2-环己二醇或苯酚,随着反应温度的升高, 环己酮、苯、联环己烷和环己烷的选择性逐渐增加; 当反应温度超过 200 ℃时,伴随着环己醇选择性减小,环己烷选择性急剧升高,说明 $\mathrm{{Ru}}- \mathrm{{Co}}/\mathrm{C}$ 催化剂可以在较高的温度下催化环己醇脱羟基生成环己烷的反应。以往的研究表明,当反应温度为 ${200}\sim {300}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,提高反应温度会同时加剧脱氧反应和苯环加氢反应, 最终生成化学性质相对稳定的环己烷。
当反应温度升高到一定程度后,更加有利于 $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{O}$ 键的氢解反应,苯环饱和的加氢反应反而会受到抑制, 这是由于氢气吸附还原过程是一个放热反应,高温不利于加氢反应。同时,在氢气消耗量上, 氢解反应路径需要的氢气比加氢反应更少, 因此, 高温时常表现为氢解反应为主要路径。在 $5\mathrm{{Pt}}/\mathrm{C}$ 催化愈创木酚加氢脱氧反应中 [ 32 ] ,当反应温度为 ${250}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,愈创木酚转化率约为 ${87}\%$ ,苯酚、 环己酮和环己醇的收率分别约为 ${50}\%,{12}\%$ 和 5%,仅检测到约 1%的苯;当反应温度升高至 350 ℃时,愈创木酚转化率约为 96%,苯和苯酚的收率分别约为 29% 和 28%,检测不到环己醇和环己酮。
氢气常作为木质素模型化合物加氢脱氧反应的氢源,有研究发现,提高氢气压力有利于苯环加氢饱和。赵云鹏 [ 33 ] 研究了氢气压力(0.5~4.0 MPa) 对 $\mathrm{{Co}}@\mathrm{C}$ 催化愈创木酚加氢反应(反应温度为 180 °C)产物选择性的影响,研究结果表明:当氢气压力为 ${0.5},1\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时,产物中含有苯酚(选择性约为 $7\%)$ ,当氢气压力升高到 $2\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时,产物中的苯酚消失;同时,随着氢气压力的升高,1-甲基-1,2-环己二醇(顺式-,反式-)的选择性升高, 环己醇的选择性降低。研究人员认为, 低氢压有利于愈创木酚脱甲氧基生成苯酚,而随着氢气压力的升高, 溶液中氢气的溶解量增加, 更有利于苯环加氢。Guo Q [ 16 ] 使用 $\mathrm{{Co}}/\mathrm{{rGO}}$ 催化剂研究了氢气压力对愈创木酚加氢反应中环己醇选择性的影响, 发现提高氢气压力会使更多的愈创木酚直接苯环加氢生成比较稳定的 2-甲氧基环己醇,从而导致先脱甲氧基生成苯酚后再苯环加氢生成环己醇路径的选择性降低。
通过改变木质素模型化合物加氢脱氧反应的反应时间来观察产物的分布变化, 是推断反应路径和机理的常用方法。李荣萱 [ 34 ] ${\mathrm{{RuNi}/{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 为催化剂,在反应温度为 ${260}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,氢气压力为 $1\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 的条件下,研究了反应时间 $\left({1 \sim 4\mathrm{\;h}}\right)$ 对愈创木酚加氢脱氧反应的影响,研究结果表明:反应 $1\mathrm{\;h}$ 后愈创木酚完全转化, 产物以甲氧基环己醇、环己醇为主,仅含有少量的环己烷(选择性为 4.4%);延长反应时间至 $2\mathrm{\;h}$ 后,产物中未检测到甲氧基环己醇,环己醇和环己烷的选择性分别达到 21% 和 ${78}\%$ ;反应 $4\mathrm{\;h}$ 后,环己醇选择性显著降低,而环己烷选择性增加到 88%。依据产物分布随反应时间的变化规律,李荣萱提出了愈创木酚在 RuNi/ ${\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 催化作用下的加氢脱氧反应路径:首先愈创木酚经苯环加氢生成甲氧基环己醇, 接着甲氧基环己醇经加氢断裂甲氧基生成环己醇, 最后环己醇加氢脱水生成环己烷。
溶剂的物理化学性质对加氢脱氧反应具有重要影响。溶剂的极性以及亲疏水性可以决定其是否能够充分溶解和分散反应物, 还会影响其与反应物在催化剂表面的竞争吸附 [ 35 ] 。此外,部分溶剂能够通过氢转移为加氢反应提供氢源 [ 36 ] 。在木质素模型化合物的加氢反应中, 溶剂同样是影响产物选择性的一个重要因素。
在水相溶剂中, 溶剂的酸碱性对加氢脱氧反应具有明显影响。在使用 $\mathrm{{Pd}}/\mathrm{C}$ 水相催化苯酚加氢脱氧反应中,在中性 $\left({{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}}\right)$ 和碱性 $\left({\mathrm{{NaOH}}- {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}}\right)$ 溶液中,苯酚转化率 $\left({{100}\%}\right)$ 和产物 (环己醇) 选择性 (98%) 基本相同;而在酸性溶液 (pH 为 2.6 的乙酸 $-{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ )中苯酚完全转化,产物以环己烷为主(选择性为 ${75}\%$ ),随着溶液酸性的增加 $(\mathrm{{pH}}$ 为 2.1 的 ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}{\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}- {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ ),环己烷选择性 (85%) 进一步升高 [ 37 ] 。 有研究表明,酸性溶液有利于提高环己烷选择性, 而中性水溶液会对环己醇脱水生成环己烷的过程造成抑制 [ 37 , 38 ]
传统的过渡金属催化剂的活性中心会受到水抑制,在水相溶液中无法催化加氢脱氧反应 [ 39 ] 。此外, 溶剂的极性也是影响产物分布的一个重要因素,在极性溶剂(如水)中,模型化合物中的羟基更容易吸附在催化剂表面,出现氢解生成苯等芳香类化合物的反应路径;而在非极性溶剂(如正庚烷)中,模型化合物中的苯环更容易吸附在催化剂表面被加氢饱和,生成环己醇、环己烷类化合物 [ 39 ] 。 Xiang M [ 35 ] 以 Co/HMETS-10 为催化剂,比较了水、 甲醇和正十二烷 3 种溶剂对愈创木酚加氢脱氧反应(反应温度为 ${250}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,氢气压力为 $5\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,反应时间为 $4\mathrm{\;h}$ )的影响。研究结果表明:以极性较强的水和甲醇作为溶剂时, 愈创木酚的转化率较低, 产物是苯甲醚和 1,2-环己二醇等含氧化合物,没有环己烷和环己醇生成; 以正十二烷作为溶剂时, 愈创木酚的转化率显著提高, 且有大量环己烷生成。 这是因为极性较强的水和甲醇会与反应物在催化剂表面形成竞争吸附, 而正十二烷是一种非极性溶剂,可有效避免溶剂竞争吸附,有利于 $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{O}$ 键在催化活性中心吸附,进而进行加氢脱氧反应。
木质素模型化合物中主要包含羟基、甲氧基和苯环官能团,经过加氢、氢解、脱水等反应,能够生成不同饱和程度和含氧量的化合物, 经过深度加氢和脱氧最终生成结构相对稳定的环己烷。该类反应的产物选择性由多种因素决定, 可归纳为两方面: 一方面是催化剂特性, 如催化剂活性组分、助剂、催化剂载体、催化剂制备方法等;另一方面是反应条件,如反应温度、氢气压力、反应时间以及反应溶剂等。适当调控这些因素可以提高目标产物的选择性和收率。催化剂中的金属是活化氢和苯环加氢的活性组分, 金属氧化物或者具有酸功能的载体是活化 $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{O}$ 键并在活性氢的作用下解离 $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{O}$ 键的活性组分; 优化催化剂金属组成及结构,能够调控加氢和脱氧程度,进而高选择性地生成苯酚、环己醇等产物, 所以开发出性能优异的催化剂是提高产物选择性研究的重点。此外, 同一催化剂在不同的反应条件下会表现出不同的催化性能, 所以对催化剂性能的研究需要结合反应温度、氢气压力、反应时间、溶剂等反应工艺条件来进行。从工业应用的角度考虑, 采用经济廉价的催化剂在温和的反应条件下高选择性地催化木质素加氢脱氧反应,一直是相关从业者努力的方向。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(21975035)
  • 辽宁省高等学校创新人才支持计划项目(LN202007)
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2024年第42卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2023-01-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-15
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(21975035)
辽宁省高等学校创新人才支持计划项目(LN202007)
作者信息
    1 大连大学 环境与化学工程学院 辽宁 大连 116622

通讯作者:

毛璟博(1981-),男,博士,讲师,研究方向为催化化学与工程、生物质能转化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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