Article(id=1154430581317297003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430573813682498, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1678204800000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167298868, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1713542400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167298868, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167298868, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167298868, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154430573813682498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='4', pageStart='427', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167297080, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694614436, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642303142912908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430573813682498, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642303142912909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430573813682498, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=464, endPage=470, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154430581963219821, articleId=1154430581317297003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Simulation of heliostat group based on heat gathering and fluctuating wind pressure, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The amount of solar radiation and wind load will directly affect the continuous generation of solar thermal power station. Therefore, according to the actual environmental conditions of Zhongdian Nao Maohu solar thermal Power Station in Hami region, Xinjiang, a threedimensional numerical model of heliostat group was established to simulate the heating conditions and flow field characteristics of the mirror group under solar radiation and upwind Angle in different seasons, and the distribution of mirror flares and pulsating wind pressure coefficients under different wind incidence angles were analyzed. The results show that the simulated drag coefficient and lift coefficient are in good agreement with the related research results, which verifies the validity of the model. The distribution of flares in different seasons is similar and mainly depends on the variation of solar direction Angle. With the increase of the wind incidence Angle, the wake region of the mirror cluster decreases first and then increases. Since the wake in the helioscope group can effectively inhibit wind pressure, the internal stability can be ensured by combining the arrangement of the group. Among them, the center of the regular pentagonal helioscope maintains a low pulsating wind pressure, which greatly improves the force balance of the mirror.

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太阳辐射量和风荷载会直接影响光热电站的持续发电量。文章根据新疆哈密地区中电淖毛湖光热电站的实际环境情况,建立定日镜群的三维数值模型,对不同季节太阳辐射和迎风仰角下镜群的受热情况及流场特性开展数值模拟,分析获得风在不同入射角下镜面耀斑分布情况和脉动风压系数。结果表明:模拟所得镜群阻力系数和升力系数与相关研究结果较为吻合,验证了所建模型的有效性;不同季节下耀斑的分布规律较为相似,主要取决于太阳方向角的变化;随着风入射角的增大,镜群的尾流区域呈先减小后增大趋势;由于定日镜镜群中的尾流可有效抑制风压,结合镜群的排布方式保证内部的稳定性,其中,正五边形定日镜的中心处保持较低的脉动风压,极大提高了镜面受力均衡性。

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马小晶(1983-),女,博士,教授,研究方向为流固耦合问题和能源高效利用技术。E-mail:
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ArticleFig(id=1154430636396896881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430581317297003, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Parameters of three seasons in Hami area, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节 大气温度 风速/m 日期 风向
春季 16.5 1.8 4 月 21 日 西北
夏季 36.8 1.5 7 月 21 日 西北
冬季 4.4 1.6 10 月 21 日 西北
), ArticleFig(id=1154430636476588659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430581317297003, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=哈密地区三季参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节 大气温度 风速/m 日期 风向
春季 16.5 1.8 4 月 21 日 西北
夏季 36.8 1.5 7 月 21 日 西北
冬季 4.4 1.6 10 月 21 日 西北
), ArticleFig(id=1154430636539503220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430581317297003, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Comparison of correlation coefficients between simulation results and literature, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风入射角/( ) 阻力相关系数 升力相关系数
0.00 0.969 0.998
11.25 0.970 0.999
22.50 0.965 0.997
33.75 0.974 0.986
45.00 0.951 0.969
56.25 0.987 0.972
67.50 0.999 0.999
78.75 0.990 0.997
90.00 0.065 0.569
平均值 0.874 0.943
), ArticleFig(id=1154430636602417781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430581317297003, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=模拟结果与文献的相关系数对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风入射角/( ) 阻力相关系数 升力相关系数
0.00 0.969 0.998
11.25 0.970 0.999
22.50 0.965 0.997
33.75 0.974 0.986
45.00 0.951 0.969
56.25 0.987 0.972
67.50 0.999 0.999
78.75 0.990 0.997
90.00 0.065 0.569
平均值 0.874 0.943
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基于聚光集热和脉动风压的定日镜群模拟研究
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廖钦沛 1 , 马小晶 1, 2 , 程泽宁 3 , 吐松江·卡日 1 , 刘寒 4
可再生能源 | 2024,42(4): 464-470
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(4): 464-470
基于聚光集热和脉动风压的定日镜群模拟研究
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廖钦沛1, 马小晶1, 2 , 程泽宁3, 吐松江·卡日1, 刘寒4
作者信息
  • 1 新疆大学 电气工程学院 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830049
  • 2 动力工程多相流国家重点实验室 陕西 西安 710000
  • 3 新疆天池能源有限责任公司 准东能源研究院 新疆 昌吉 831100
  • 4 中国科学院 苏州生物医学工程技术研究所 江苏 苏州 215163

通讯作者:

马小晶(1983-),女,博士,教授,研究方向为流固耦合问题和能源高效利用技术。E-mail:
Simulation of heliostat group based on heat gathering and fluctuating wind pressure
Qinpei Liao1, Xiaojing Ma1, 2 , Zening Cheng3, Kari Tusongjiang1, Han Liu4
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Electrical Engineering Xinjiang University Urumqi 830049 China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an 710000 China
  • 3 Jundong Energy Research Institute Xinjiang Tianchi Energy Co., LTD. Changji 831100 China
  • 4 Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Suzhou 215163 China
出版时间: 2024-04-20
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太阳辐射量和风荷载会直接影响光热电站的持续发电量。文章根据新疆哈密地区中电淖毛湖光热电站的实际环境情况,建立定日镜群的三维数值模型,对不同季节太阳辐射和迎风仰角下镜群的受热情况及流场特性开展数值模拟,分析获得风在不同入射角下镜面耀斑分布情况和脉动风压系数。结果表明:模拟所得镜群阻力系数和升力系数与相关研究结果较为吻合,验证了所建模型的有效性;不同季节下耀斑的分布规律较为相似,主要取决于太阳方向角的变化;随着风入射角的增大,镜群的尾流区域呈先减小后增大趋势;由于定日镜镜群中的尾流可有效抑制风压,结合镜群的排布方式保证内部的稳定性,其中,正五边形定日镜的中心处保持较低的脉动风压,极大提高了镜面受力均衡性。

定日镜  /  脉动风压系数  /  太阳辐射  /  数值模拟

The amount of solar radiation and wind load will directly affect the continuous generation of solar thermal power station. Therefore, according to the actual environmental conditions of Zhongdian Nao Maohu solar thermal Power Station in Hami region, Xinjiang, a threedimensional numerical model of heliostat group was established to simulate the heating conditions and flow field characteristics of the mirror group under solar radiation and upwind Angle in different seasons, and the distribution of mirror flares and pulsating wind pressure coefficients under different wind incidence angles were analyzed. The results show that the simulated drag coefficient and lift coefficient are in good agreement with the related research results, which verifies the validity of the model. The distribution of flares in different seasons is similar and mainly depends on the variation of solar direction Angle. With the increase of the wind incidence Angle, the wake region of the mirror cluster decreases first and then increases. Since the wake in the helioscope group can effectively inhibit wind pressure, the internal stability can be ensured by combining the arrangement of the group. Among them, the center of the regular pentagonal helioscope maintains a low pulsating wind pressure, which greatly improves the force balance of the mirror.

heliostat  /  fluctuating wind pressure coefficient  /  solar radiation  /  numerical simulation
廖钦沛, 马小晶, 程泽宁, 吐松江·卡日, 刘寒. 基于聚光集热和脉动风压的定日镜群模拟研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (4) : 464 -470 .
Qinpei Liao, Xiaojing Ma, Zening Cheng, Kari Tusongjiang, Han Liu. Simulation of heliostat group based on heat gathering and fluctuating wind pressure[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (4) : 464 -470 .
随着全球能源危机问题的加剧, 人们对可再生能源技术投入了更多关注。其中, 光热发电技术因其具有可大量且低成本储热, 保证电力输出平稳和可持续等优势备受关注 [ 1 ] ,将是构建我国“新型电力系统”的一种清洁发电技术。因此, 开展光热电站发电功率影响因素特性的模拟研究具有十分重要的意义。
目前,众多学者对光热电站展开了大量研究, 张泽栋 [ 2 ] 建立了一种储热型光热发电的稳态功率近似数学模型, 分析了光热电站功率特性对关键参数的敏感度, 结果表明, 该模型的功率特性模拟与光热电站实测曲线吻合度较高。Blume K [ 3 ] 引入了一种压力测量系统并在 ${48.5}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ 的 Stellio 五边形定日镜上进行风荷载测量, 平均风压系数在 2.2~2.6,与风洞研究的结果一致。Xie Q [ 4 ] 从成本角度出发提出了一种改进的灰狼优化算法, 实现定日镜群的布局优化,并与灰狼算法进行了比较。 Truong-Ba H [ 5 ] 针对扇形定日镜群提出了一种基于反射率测量来触发和优先清洁不同的太阳能场区域的清洁策略, 结果表明, 相较于其他清洁策略成本更低。还有一些学者针对定日镜周边的空气流场等问题展开了研究,吉柏锋 [ 6 ] 采用 Newmark $-\beta$ 法分析了下击暴流风场作用下定日镜的风振响应与定日镜的下击暴流脉动的风速时程。詹新生 [ 7 ] 研究了光伏阵列排布对光伏板温度的影响并对阵列前后间距及左右间距进行优化, 发现光伏板背风侧“死水区”形成较大的涡流。吉柏锋 [ 8 ] 对定日镜表面风压进行了不同径向位置和不同工作俯仰角的数值模拟, 并与近地风作用下定日镜表面风压特性进行比较分析。Fadlallah S O [ 9 ] 将定日镜方向变化与周围气流特征相联系,利用 CFD 研究风入射角对不同倾角运行的定日镜影响。此外, 还有学者 [ 10 - 13 ] 研究了光热电站集热器的光/电/热性能、温度及热损失和壁面热流分布, 研究结果显示, 不同吸热管壁面接收的太阳辐射热流密度变化规律与镜场分布方式有关。Brandl D [ 14 ] 分析了太阳能蜂窝面板元件在不同光伏电池配置下的热行为和气流特性, 并将 CFD 模拟辐射结果和实验数据进行比较, 在数值模拟建模方面提供一定的借鉴参考。
综上可知, 影响光热发电的因素较多, 其中太阳辐射和气流风压的影响较为显著。本文在学者们的理论基础上将二者联系起来, 采用 Fluent 搭建以新疆哈密中电淖毛湖光热电站为对象的正五边形定日镜群三维数值模型, 对定日镜发电功率影响因素开展模拟研究。运用 DO 辐射模型分析当地定日镜温度耀斑分布和失温区域, 考虑电站镜群实际排布方式, 针对典型定日镜位置并引入脉动风压系数,探究风压气流对镜群的影响规律, 为持续、稳定发电提供理论依据。
图 1(a) 为新疆哈密中电淖毛湖光热电站现场照片, 依据电站相关参数建立三维数值模型, 定日镜群模型如 图 1(b) 所示。定日镜采用边长为 ${0.053}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的正五边形,计算流域大小为 ${1.5}\mathrm{\;m}\times$ ${1.5}\mathrm{\;m}\times {0.25}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。整体模型和流域较实物缩小约 100 倍。
研究表明, Realizable k-8 湍流模型更能精准预测射流的传播,并对边界层、分离、回流等现象有更好的预判效果, 因此, 本文选择 Realizable $\mathrm{k}- \varepsilon$ 作为湍流模型并增强壁面函数处理。考虑定日镜反射率高达0.95 [ 15 ] ,气候环境和表面辐射传热等因素,决定选取 DO 离散辐射模型。边界条件中模型采用耦合 (couple), 计算域设置为半透明边界,其底部、顶部和两侧采用混合(mixed)。选定当地经纬度和时间, 利用太阳光线追踪确定太阳方向角和辐射量变化,无需再设置热源。压力-速度耦合采用 SIMPLE 方法, 压力求解采用体力加权。动量、湍流动能、耗散率和能量均采用二阶迎风格式。由于新疆地区春季和秋季的气象环境相似,本研究选取了春、夏、冬 3 个不同季节 [ 16 , 17 ] 工况, 设置参数见 表 1
为了验证模型的准确性, 以独立定日镜在倾斜角度为 $-{60},- {30},0,{30},{60}^{\circ }$ ,来流风入射角为 0~90 ${}^{\circ }$ ,以 11.25 °为增量条件下模拟。选取 3 个典型风入射角 $\beta$ 的定日镜阻力系数 ${C}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 、升力系数 ${C}_{1}$ 与文献[ 9 ]结果进行比较,其中, ${C}_{\mathrm{d}}$${C}_{1}$ 的表达式分别为
${C}_{\mathrm{d}}= \frac{2{F}_{\mathrm{d}}}{\rho {V}^{2}A}$
${C}_{1}= \frac{2{F}_{1}}{\rho {V}^{2}A}$
式中: ${F}_{\mathrm{d}},{F}_{1}$ 分别为定日镜承受的阻力、升力; $\rho$ 为空气密度; $V$ 为风速; $A$ 为投影面积。
两种系数在 3 种风入射角下的比较结果如 图 2 所示。
图 2 可知, 由于文献[ 9 ]的定日镜模型不同于本研究的正五边形定日镜模型, 致使投影面积不同,出现个例误差略大情况,但整体比较效果良好。模拟结果与文献的相关系数见 表 2
表 2 可知, 当风入射角为 90.00 °时相关系数较差,其余工况吻合度较好。这是由于 ${90.00}^{\circ }$ 来流风下定日镜受压对象由镜面转变为壁厚, 导致关联性不大。经计算,在所有模拟组中阻力相关系数平均值为 0.87443 , 升力相关系数平均值为 0.94329 , 可以证明网格划分合理、模型的准确度较高。
春、夏、冬 3 季下 9:00, 13:00, 18:00 时的温度云图如 图 3 所示。
图 3 可知, 3 个季节不同时刻的耀斑分布具有较为相似的规律, 9:00 时耀斑受太阳辐射和西北风向气流的影响主要在远离流场入口处分布,并出现向镜群中间扩散趋势;到 13:00 时,耀斑呈现东扩、偏移, 表明太阳方向角发生变化, 且温度接近峰值; 在 18:00 时春夏两季耀斑依旧明显,冬季受昼短夜长的气候环境影响,出现了大面积低温区域, 并且冬季的低温区域分布与春季耀斑痕迹相似。综合可知,为了适应太阳方向角的变化,需要不断调整定日镜群仰角,从而获得尽可能多的辐射量。
为了更好观察对流条件下对镜群壁面造成的影响, 以日照辐射最丰富的夏季为例, 对定日镜 3 种不同仰角进行模拟,风压气流模拟如 图 4 所示。
图 4(a) 可知, ${0}^{\circ }$ 仰角下气流流过镜群未对镜面造成影响,因此,定日镜群承受风压影响较小且稳定;由 图 4(b) 可知,当定日镜群呈 ${15}^{\circ }$ 仰角, 迎风侧方向与来流风入射角相同或相近的定日镜产生不同程度的复杂尾流, 反向弧迹线的出现表明镜群风压增加; 由 图 4(c) 可知, 30 °仰角带来更大的不利风压,导致尾流面积明显增多。 图 4(d)~(f)给出了远离来流风入口处末列定日镜镜群支架的速度云图。由 图 4 可知,定日镜在 ${0}^{\circ }$ 时承受的风压最小,镜群的受力较为稳定,随着仰角不断增大,定日镜迎风侧下端聚集大量气流形成涡流。 因此, 仰角决定涡流剧烈程度, 会对定日镜带来一定的安全隐患 [ 18 ] 。当风速达到 ${12}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,镜群仰角必须恢复到水平位置以保证安全 [ 19 ]
通过前文分析可知,镜面四周的气流碰撞、变化与镜面的风压荷载密不可分。因此, 本文在镜面的不同位置设置监测点, 模拟并分析定日镜群的风压特性、规律。选取气候适宜的春季,其仰角为 ${30}^{\circ }$ ,选取 5 种不同风入射角开展模拟研究。 图 5 为编号的定日镜位置。
图 6 为镜面监测点布置方式, 以监测点 3 为中心,四周间隔 ${0.03}\mathrm{\;m}$ 布置其余监测点。同时考虑风压特性下的强度和方向所导致的压强变化, 引入脉动风压系数概念,其表达式为
${C}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}= \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\left({\rho /2}\right){V}_{\beta }^{2}}$
式中: ${C}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}$ 为定日镜镜面风压系数; ${P}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为定日镜在不同流场方位角下对应测点的压力值; ${V}_{\beta }$ 为风入射角的风速。
${C}_{\mathrm{m}}= \frac{1}{N}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{C}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}\left( i\right)$
${C}_{\mathrm{{pr}}}= \sqrt{\frac{1}{N - 1}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{\left\lbrack {C}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}\left( i\right)- {C}_{\mathrm{m}}\right\rbrack }^{2}}$
式中: ${C}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为监测点 $i$ 的平均风压系数; ${C}_{\mathrm{{pr}}}$ 为测点 $i$ 的脉动风压系数; $N$ 为监测点个数。
图 7 为 5 种不同工况下的速度云图。
图7 (a)可知,在镜群中形成大幅尾流,背风侧出现低速区域,左右两侧因排布方式呈梯级分布,对镜群内部起到一定缓压作用。由 图 7(b)可知, 镜群左半部分有尾流出现, 减少了镜群内部受压情况。由 图 7(c) 可知,来流风入口处的定日镜聚集高速旋涡, 末端汇聚大片尾流, 但镜群内部平稳。由 图 7(d)可知,流场较为复杂,首列定日镜处存在强烈的气流分离,甚至出现尾流发散现象。由 图 7(e)可知, 外围定日镜几乎完全挡住了气流, 在镜群内部形成大面积尾流, 同样起到缓减风压效果。
图 8 为 5 种工况的脉动风压系数图。
图 8(a)可知,镜群脉动风压系数监测点分布沿水平轴基本对称, 镜群中间位置的定日镜 (4 号)脉动风压系数最小, 靠近来流风入口处的定日镜 $\left({1,2,3\text{号}}\right)$ 脉动风压系数次之,远离入口处的定日镜 (5,6 号) 系数最大, 这可能是由于倒梯形排布导致边缘气流逐级叠加造成。由 图 8(b)可知, 1,2 号定日镜的脉动风压系数较大, 5 号定日镜受尾流低速影响,脉动风压系数变化稳定, 3,4,6 号定日镜几乎不受尾流影响,因此脉动风压系数曲线相似。由 图 8(c)可知, 3, 6 号定日镜脉动风压系数最大, 整体定日镜脉动风压系数曲线相似。由 图 8(d)可知, 由于流场情况复杂, 只有 1,5 号定日镜较为平稳, 而 3 号定日镜附近存在剧烈气流冲击。由 图 8(e)可知,5,6号定日镜脉动风压系数最大,其余定日镜的脉动风压系数变化幅度较小,这可能是大面积尾流能有效抑制镜群内部风压的不利影响。
①通过对太阳辐射模拟得出镜面耀斑的分布规律, 其中在三季 18:00 时刻温度云图差异明显, 特别是冬季出现大面积低温区域。实际运行需要依据太阳方向角变化去调整仰角。
②针对新疆哈密地区不同风压工况进行模拟,发现仰角为 ${0}^{\circ }$ 定日镜受风压影响较小且稳定;仰角 15° 风压激增,同时镜群内部出现部分尾流;30°仰角下尾流面积、反向弧迹线则更加明显。
③为了分析镜面的风压情况,采用脉动风压系数监测定日镜的受压分布, 发现镜群的排布方式带来的尾流影响能达到抑制风压冲击效果。通过模拟发现, 正五边形定日镜中心点始终保持较低的脉动风压系数, 这有效平衡了定日镜的受力情况。验证了实际工程中镜群排布方式和定日镜设计的合理性,为持续、稳定发电提供理论依据。
  • 新疆自治区重点研发计划(2022B03028-5)
  • 新疆自治区“天山英才”培养计划(2022TSYCCX0054)
  • 新疆自治区重大科技专项(2022A010022)
  • 动力工程多相流国家重点实验室开放基金(2022WCS0449)
  • 国家级大学生创新训练计划项目(202310755010)
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2024年第42卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2023-03-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-08
基金
新疆自治区重点研发计划(2022B03028-5)
新疆自治区“天山英才”培养计划(2022TSYCCX0054)
新疆自治区重大科技专项(2022A010022)
动力工程多相流国家重点实验室开放基金(2022WCS0449)
国家级大学生创新训练计划项目(202310755010)
作者信息
    1 新疆大学 电气工程学院 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830049
    2 动力工程多相流国家重点实验室 陕西 西安 710000
    3 新疆天池能源有限责任公司 准东能源研究院 新疆 昌吉 831100
    4 中国科学院 苏州生物医学工程技术研究所 江苏 苏州 215163

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马小晶(1983-),女,博士,教授,研究方向为流固耦合问题和能源高效利用技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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