Article(id=1154430581006918505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430573813682498, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699977600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167298795, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1713542400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167298795, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167298795, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167298795, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154430573813682498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='4', pageStart='427', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167297080, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694614436, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642303142912908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430573813682498, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642303142912909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430573813682498, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=440, endPage=447, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154430581598315372, articleId=1154430581006918505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Mechanism investigation of key reactions during tar component reforming process, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Density functional theory calculations were employed to investigate the mechanisms and energy changes involved in C–C bond cracking, CH4 reforming, and water gas shift reactions in the tar reforming process. The findings reveal that, in the CC bond cracking reaction, C3H8 initially adsorbs onto the catalyst surface to form adsorbed C3H8*, subsequently undergoing cleavage to produce CH3* and CH2CH3*. While the cracking reaction is exothermic, it is hindered by a significant energy barrier and difficult to carry out. In the CH4 reforming reaction, CH4* undergoes sequential dehydrogenation reactions, producing CH3*, CH2*, and CH*. Comparatively, CH* has a greater tendency to react with OH* to form CHO*, which further undergoes dehydrogenation to form CO*. Additionally, H* generated in each step combines to form H2*. Throughout the CH4 reforming process, the ratelimiting step is the cracking of CH2* to CH*. In the water gas shift reaction, the OH* species formed from H2O* decomposition prefers to combine with CO* to generate COOH* rather than directly reacting with H* to produce H2*. COOH* removes H and generates COO*, which is the rate limiting step.

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采用密度泛函理论计算方法,对焦油重整过程中主要发生的CC键裂解反应、CH4重整反应和水煤气转化反应的机理和能量变化进行探究。结果表明:在C−C 键裂解反应中,C3H8首先吸附于催化剂表面形成吸附态 C3H8*,进一步裂解生成CH3* 和 CH2CH3*,裂解反应放热,但是反应能垒较大,较难进行;在 CH4重整反应中,CH4*发生顺序脱氢反应生成CH3*, CH2*,CH*,相比于继续脱氢,CH*更倾向于与OH*发生重整反应生成CHO*,CHO*脱氢生成CO*,各步骤产生的H*结合生成H2*, CH2*裂解生成CH*的反应为CH4重整反应的限速步骤;在水煤气转化反应中,H2O*分解后生成的OH*更倾向于与CO*结合生成 COOH*,而不是直接与H*生成H2*,COOH* 脱去H,生成COO*,该反应为限速步骤。

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谢华清(1987-),男,博士,副教授,主要从事能源高效转化与洁净利用的研究。E-mail:
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$\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{C}$ bond cracking reaction, figureFileSmall=mH5Z4iWVCrLEQH/XSGY4AA==, figureFileBig=L0ccTUKb16z5G5mEMoZKbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430638183670433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430581006918505, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=${\mathrm{C}}_{3}{\mathrm{H}}_{8}$ 进行 $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{C}$ 键裂解反应的各状态结构, figureFileSmall=mH5Z4iWVCrLEQH/XSGY4AA==, figureFileBig=L0ccTUKb16z5G5mEMoZKbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430638254973603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430581006918505, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The reaction paths of ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ reforming process, figureFileSmall=rGIbQvXJJaOinj0tdfjxUA==, figureFileBig=VEEj1ToEFMZm2DYDwekopg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430638330471078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430581006918505, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 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figureFileSmall=mX3nbXlWwUGPwA3OuZmmtg==, figureFileBig=noDR+WAXq1fZSzpKpvpvkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430639056085688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430581006918505, language=CN, label=图 8, caption=${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ 在 $\mathrm{{Fe}}- {\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 上不同位点的稳定吸附结构, figureFileSmall=mX3nbXlWwUGPwA3OuZmmtg==, figureFileBig=noDR+WAXq1fZSzpKpvpvkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430639127388857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430581006918505, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=The stable structure of $\mathrm{{CO}}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ adsorbed at different sites on $\mathrm{{Fe}}- {\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, figureFileSmall=dyqa6spB0pUAsZssHKEcCw==, figureFileBig=t4tquASbhqbaEyW+juvyeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430639177720506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, 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焦油组分重整过程中关键反应的机理研究
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杜文亚 1 , 于震宇 2 , 郭锐 2 , 孙超 2 , 邵正日 3 , 谢华清 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(4): 440-447
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(4): 440-447
焦油组分重整过程中关键反应的机理研究
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杜文亚1, 于震宇2, 郭锐2, 孙超2, 邵正日3, 谢华清2
作者信息
  • 1 重庆赛迪热工环保工程有限公司 重庆 401120
  • 2 东北大学 冶金学院 辽宁 沈阳 110819
  • 3 营口理工学院 辽宁省储能与能源利用技术重点实验室 辽宁 营口 115014

通讯作者:

谢华清(1987-),男,博士,副教授,主要从事能源高效转化与洁净利用的研究。E-mail:
Mechanism investigation of key reactions during tar component reforming process
Wenya Du1, Zhenyu Yu2, Rui Guo2, Chao Sun2, Zhengri Shao3, Huaqing Xie2
Affiliations
  • 1 Chongqing CISDI Thermal & Environmental Engineering Co. Ltd. Chongqing 401120 China
  • 2 School of Metallurgy Northeastern University Shenyang 110819 China
  • 3 Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Utilization Yingkou Institute of Technology Yingkou 115014 China
出版时间: 2024-04-20
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采用密度泛函理论计算方法,对焦油重整过程中主要发生的CC键裂解反应、CH4重整反应和水煤气转化反应的机理和能量变化进行探究。结果表明:在C−C 键裂解反应中,C3H8首先吸附于催化剂表面形成吸附态 C3H8*,进一步裂解生成CH3* 和 CH2CH3*,裂解反应放热,但是反应能垒较大,较难进行;在 CH4重整反应中,CH4*发生顺序脱氢反应生成CH3*, CH2*,CH*,相比于继续脱氢,CH*更倾向于与OH*发生重整反应生成CHO*,CHO*脱氢生成CO*,各步骤产生的H*结合生成H2*, CH2*裂解生成CH*的反应为CH4重整反应的限速步骤;在水煤气转化反应中,H2O*分解后生成的OH*更倾向于与CO*结合生成 COOH*,而不是直接与H*生成H2*,COOH* 脱去H,生成COO*,该反应为限速步骤。

焦油  /  重整  /  密度泛函理论  /  基元反应

Density functional theory calculations were employed to investigate the mechanisms and energy changes involved in C–C bond cracking, CH4 reforming, and water gas shift reactions in the tar reforming process. The findings reveal that, in the CC bond cracking reaction, C3H8 initially adsorbs onto the catalyst surface to form adsorbed C3H8*, subsequently undergoing cleavage to produce CH3* and CH2CH3*. While the cracking reaction is exothermic, it is hindered by a significant energy barrier and difficult to carry out. In the CH4 reforming reaction, CH4* undergoes sequential dehydrogenation reactions, producing CH3*, CH2*, and CH*. Comparatively, CH* has a greater tendency to react with OH* to form CHO*, which further undergoes dehydrogenation to form CO*. Additionally, H* generated in each step combines to form H2*. Throughout the CH4 reforming process, the ratelimiting step is the cracking of CH2* to CH*. In the water gas shift reaction, the OH* species formed from H2O* decomposition prefers to combine with CO* to generate COOH* rather than directly reacting with H* to produce H2*. COOH* removes H and generates COO*, which is the rate limiting step.

tar  /  reforming  /  density functional theory  /  elementary reaction
杜文亚, 于震宇, 郭锐, 孙超, 邵正日, 谢华清. 焦油组分重整过程中关键反应的机理研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (4) : 440 -447 .
Wenya Du, Zhenyu Yu, Rui Guo, Chao Sun, Zhengri Shao, Huaqing Xie. Mechanism investigation of key reactions during tar component reforming process[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (4) : 440 -447 .
煤和生物质等含碳燃料的气化是实现燃料清洁利用、低碳利用的主要手段,但是,气化产物荒煤气中含有大量副产物焦油, 焦油低温粘稠, 易造成管道设备堵塞腐蚀, 而且焦油中含有大量未被利用的化学能和高温显热 [ 1 - 3 ] ,回收焦油中的组分和能量是维持系统稳定运行, 实现焦油高效转化的前提和要求。蒸汽重整方法是指在高温下焦油与水蒸气反应制备富氢气体, 该方法能够有效利用荒煤气的显热,并转化焦油组分,使其得到资源化、高值化利用。在重整制氢过程中,催化剂是提高焦油转化率,促进反应进行的关键部件,具有良好催化活性的催化剂既能大幅度降低焦油裂解、 重整反应的能垒, 又能为分子间的化学反应提供反应场所 [ 4 , 5 ] 。重整反应的催化剂可以分为天然矿物催化剂、半焦催化剂、贵金属催化剂和过渡金属催化剂, 其中以镍铁为代表的过渡金属催化剂具有较高的催化活性 [ 6 - 8 ] 。Fe 基催化剂能有效催化焦油重整反应, 促进焦油复杂组分的转化。Virginie $\mathrm{M}$ 对经济性好、环境友好的 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 基催化剂对重整反应的催化作用进行了研究 [ 9 ] 。Cortazar M 以甲苯为焦油的模型化合物, 考察了甲苯蒸汽重整过程中 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 基催化剂的性能,结果表明,活性相 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 不仅能够促进 $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{C}$ 键和 $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{H}$ 键断裂,还能吸附水分子,显著提高重整反应和水气变换反应的活性和选择性,提高 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 产率 [ 10 ]
目前,针对焦油重整反应的研究主要集中在宏观实验层面,缺少微观层面的反应机理解析。深入理解焦油催化重整反应的微观作用机理、明确催化剂对重整反应的作用, 对高效催化剂的构筑和反应进程的调控有重要指导意义。因此, 本研究利用密度泛函理论(Density Functional Theory, DFT)计算方法, 对焦油重整过程中主要反应的过程机理进行分析。
本文选择已被广泛证明在催化反应中具有优异性能的 $\gamma -{\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 作为催化剂载体 [ 11 ] 。由 Nortier $\mathrm{P}$ 进行的电子显微镜观测可知, $\gamma -{\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 的 (110) 表面是主要暴露面,覆盖了总表面积的 70%, 剩余的 30%对应于(100)和(111)表面 [ 12 ] 。本文采用 Materials Studio 软件中的 DMol3 模块进行 DFT 计算,并建立 $\gamma -{\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 的(110)表面模型。载体 $\gamma -$ ${\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 未负载 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 和分别在不同 $\mathrm{{Al}}$ 位点负载 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 的稳定结构如 图 1 所示。优化后的 $\gamma -{\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 载体如 图 1 (a) 所示。计算得到的晶格参数为 $\mathrm{a}= {5.558}$ Å, b=8.413 Å, c=8.068 Å,与参考值(a=5.587 Å, b= ${8.358}\mathrm{\;A},\mathrm{c}= {8.039}\mathrm{\;A}$ ) 吻合较好 [ 13 ]
$\gamma -{\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}\left({110}\right)$ 表面的 $\mathrm{{Al}}$ 原子有 4 种位置状态,负载 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 原子时,载体表面的 $\mathrm{{Al}}$ 原子被 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 替代, 对 4 种位置状态下的结构进行优化, 得到如 图 1(b)~(e)所示的结构。4 种结构对应的能量分别为 -7006.902 ,-7006.889 ,-7006.856 ,-7006.878 $\mathrm{{Ha}},\mathrm{{Al}}- 1$ 位的结构能量最低,结构最稳定,在后续研究中选择 Al-1 位的结构作为催化模型的结构。
焦油重整过程中的主要反应包括焦油大分子的裂解反应, 焦油气化产物与水的重整反应以及 $\mathrm{{CO}}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ 的水煤气转化反应。焦油中的组分以萘等多种复杂芳香族化合物为主,难以对所有组分的裂解情况进行全面分析。焦油热解反应是大分子中 $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{C}$ 键断裂的过程, ${\mathrm{C}}_{3}{\mathrm{H}}_{8}$ 是焦油热解产气的主要成分之一,以 ${\mathrm{C}}_{3}{\mathrm{H}}_{8}$ 为对象,研究其在 $\mathrm{{Fe}}-$ ${\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 作用下的 $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{C}$ 断裂反应,对后续研究其他组分的裂解过程有指导作用。 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 也是焦油热解气的主要成分之一,在 700 ℃的热解温度下,焦油热解气中的 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 含量高达 ${43.28}{\%}$ [ 14 ] ,同时 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 分解过程产生的 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3},{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{2}$ 等产物也是其他复杂大分子分解的中间产物,对 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 分解机理的研究有利于分析焦油重整制氢的机理。 $\mathrm{{CO}}$ 是焦油中有机物重整制氢过程产生的重要中间产物, 也是热解气的主要成分之一, 水煤气转化反应是焦油重整过程中发生的主要反应之一, 明确水煤气转化反应机理有助于理解重整反应产物的变化情况, 实现产气中气体比例的调节。
${\mathrm{C}}_{3}{\mathrm{H}}_{8}$ 在催化剂表面进行 $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{C}$ 键裂解反应的各状态结构如 图 2 所示。 ${\mathrm{C}}_{3}{\mathrm{H}}_{8}$$\mathrm{{Fe}}- {\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 上的最稳定吸附位点如 图 2(a) 所示, ${\mathrm{C}}_{3}{\mathrm{H}}_{8}$ 分子的中间 $\mathrm{C}$ 原子吸附于 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 原子上,形成吸附态 ${\mathrm{C}}_{3}{\mathrm{H}}_{8}* (*$ 表示吸附状态),吸附能为 $-{0.751}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,以吸附稳定态作为裂解反应的初态, 该结构的能量作为能量基准值(0.000 eV)。
${\mathrm{C}}_{3}{\mathrm{H}}_{8}*$ 裂解反应中, $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{C}$ 键在催化剂作用下发生断裂,生成了 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{2}{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}*$${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}* ,{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{2}{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}*$ 吸附于催化剂表面的 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 位点, ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}*$ 吸附于 $\mathrm{{Al}}$ 位点。该反应的能垒为 ${3.689}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,终态与初态的相对能量为 $-{0.813}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,说明 ${\mathrm{C}}_{3}{\mathrm{H}}_{8}$ 进行的 $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{C}$ 键裂解反应放热。
催化剂催化 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 重整反应可能的反应路径如 图 3 所示。由 图 3 可知: 吸附于催化剂表面的 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}*$ 发生裂解反应,顺序脱去 $\mathrm{H}$ 原子,分别生成 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}{}^{* },{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{2}{}^{* },{\mathrm{{CH}}}^{* }$${\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ ,生成的CH ${}^{* }$ 可能继续发生裂解反应生成 ${\mathrm{C}}^{* }$${\mathrm{H}}^{* };{\mathrm{{CH}}}^{* }$ 还可能与游离 OH* 反应生成 CHOH*, CHOH* 会进一步分解 (先发生 $\mathrm{O}- \mathrm{H}$ 键的断裂)生成CHO [ 15 ] 继续脱氢生成 $\mathrm{{CO}}*$ ,而各步生成的 $\mathrm{H}*$ 互相结合,生成 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}*$
${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 顺序脱氢反应中各基元反应的状态结构如 图 4 所示。 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 首先吸附于 $\mathrm{{Fe}}- {\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 催化剂表面,优化后的结构如 IS1 状态所示, ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}*$ 吸附在了 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 原子的顶位,吸附能为 $-{0.081}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,由于 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}*$ 上各原子均为饱和状态, 此时的吸附为物理吸附, 以该结构能量为后续能量计算的基准值 (0.000 eV), 进行后续结构和能量分析。
${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}*$ 在催化剂的作用下发生顺序脱氢反应, 首先脱除一个 $\mathrm{H}$ 生成 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}{}^{* }$ ,反应过程如 图 4(a) 所示。 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}*$ 中的一个 $\mathrm{H}$ 原子脱除,并吸附于催化剂表面 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 原子成键的 $\mathrm{O}$ 原子上。过渡态时 $\mathrm{O}- \mathrm{H}$ 键的键长为 ${1.306Å}$ ,为不稳定结构,终态时在分子间作用力的作用下 $\mathrm{O}- \mathrm{H}$ 键的键长缩短至 1.017 ${\mathrm{A}}_{0}{\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 互相结合生成 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ ,而 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}*$ 在催化剂表面继续裂解脱氢,生成 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{2}* ,{\mathrm{{CH}}}^{* }$${\mathrm{C}}^{* }$ ,反应过程分别如 图 4(b)~(d)所示。
各基元反应的反应过程的能量变化如 图 5 所示。
图 5 可知, 各基元反应的反应能垒分别为 ${1.326},{2.254},{4.268},{1.474}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,其中基元反应 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{2}* \rightarrow {\mathrm{{CH}}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 的能垒最大,为 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 脱氢全过程的限速步骤。 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 顺序裂解脱氢反应的能量变化分别为 $-{0.350},{0.406},{0.065},- {0.811}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,忽略 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 脱离过程的能量变化, ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}*$ 裂解生成 ${\mathrm{C}}^{* }$ 的全过程的总反应热为 $-{0.690}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,因此, ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 顺序脱氢反应为放热过程。
${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 重整过程中各基元反应的状态结构如 图 6 所示。 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}*$ 通过顺序裂解反应生成 ${CH}^{* },{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}*$ 在催化剂作用下发生分解,产生 ${OH}^{* },{\mathrm{{CH}}}^{* }$${OH}^{* }$$\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 作用下发生基元反应 ${CH}^{* }+ {\mathrm{{OH}}}^{* }\rightarrow$ CHOH* , 其初态、过渡态和终态结构如 图 6(a) 所示。OH* 被 C 原子吸引朝其移动,逐渐脱离催化剂表面 $\mathrm{{Al}}$ 原子的作用,终态时形成 $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{O}$ 键,该基元反应的能垒为 ${0.096}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,反应热为 $-{2.053}\mathrm{{eV}}$
基元反应 ${CHOH}^{* }\rightarrow {\mathrm{{CHO}}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 的反应过程状态如 图 6(b)所示, $\mathrm{O}- \mathrm{H}$ 键上的 $\mathrm{H}$ 原子受催化剂表面O原子的吸引力使 $\mathrm{{CHOH}}*$ 发生了偏转,吸引力逐渐增大并最终导致 $\mathrm{O}- \mathrm{H}$ 键断裂,脱离出的 $\mathrm{H}$ 原子被催化剂表面与 $\mathrm{{Al}}$ 原子成键的 $\mathrm{O}$ 原子吸附,该基元反应的能垒为 ${0.648}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,反应热为 $-{0.936}\mathrm{{eV}}$ 。基元反应 $\mathrm{{CHO}}* \rightarrow {\mathrm{{CO}}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 的反应过程状态结构如 图 6(c) 所示, CHO* 中的 H 被相邻的O原子吸引, 并发生吸附形成稳定结构, 该基元反应的能垒为 ${2.046}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,反应热为 ${1.354}\mathrm{{eV}}$ 。基元反应 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{H}}^{* }\rightarrow {\mathrm{H}}_{2}*$ 的反应过程状态结构如 图 6 (d) 所示,两个 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 分别吸附在催化剂表面的相邻的 Al 原子和 O 原子上,其中一个 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 原子脱离 $\mathrm{{Al}}$ 原子,向O原子吸附的 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 移动,形成 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{}^{* }$ ,并被催化剂表面的O原子吸附,终态时 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}*$ 脱离O原子吸附,朝晶格外移动。该基元反应的能垒为 ${2.434}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,反应热为 ${0.414}\mathrm{{eV}}$
比较 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 顺序脱氢和重整过程的基元反应的能量可知, ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{2}*$ 脱氢生成${CH}^{* }$ 的反应能垒最大,达到了 ${4.268}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,为整个裂解-重整过程的限速步骤,在生成${CH}^{* }$ 之后,${CH}^{* }\rightarrow {\mathrm{C}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{H}}^{* }$${CH}^{* }+$ ${OH}^{* }\rightarrow {\mathrm{{CHOH}}}^{* }$ 的反应能垒分别为 ${1.474}\mathrm{{eV}}$${0.096}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,说明 ${CH}^{* }$ 更倾向于与 ${OH}^{* }$ 发生重整反应生成CH${OH}^{* }$ ,而不是继续裂解生成 ${\mathrm{C}}^{* }$ 。在 $\mathrm{{Fe}}-$ ${\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 催化剂上,各基元反应产生的 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 生成 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}*$ 的能垒为 ${2.434}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,反应能垒大,说明该反应较难进行。
水煤气转化反应可能的反应路径如 图 7 所示。由 图 7 可知: $\mathrm{{CO}}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ 首先吸附于催化剂表面, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}^{* }$ 在催化剂作用下发生分解,生成 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }$$\mathrm{{OH}}^{* }$ ,在路径一中, $\mathrm{{OH}}^{* }$ 中的 $\mathrm{H}$ 可能与 $\mathrm{H}$ * 结合生成 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}*$ ,剩下的 ${\mathrm{O}}^{* }$ 与CO ${}^{* }$ 结合生成 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}*$ ; 在路径二中, OH* 与 CO* 结合生成 COOH*, COOH* 脱去 $\mathrm{H}$ 生成COO ${}^{* }$ ,剩下的 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 互相结合生成 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{}^{* }$
${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$$\mathrm{{Fe}}- {\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 表面 3 个最可能的吸附位点(Fe原子顶位、Al 原子桥位和 O 原子顶位)的吸附过程进行稳定结构和能量计算。 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$$\mathrm{{Fe}}-$ ${\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 上不同吸附位点的稳定结构如 图 8 所示。当 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ 分别吸附于 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 原子顶位、 $\mathrm{{Al}}$ 原子桥位和O原子顶位时,对应的能量分别为-7083.329, $-{7083.335},- {7083.328}\mathrm{{Ha}}$ ,其中, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ 吸附于 $\mathrm{{Al}}$ 原子桥位时的能量最低,结构最稳定。
在最稳定 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ 吸附结构的基础上, $\mathrm{{CO}}$ 可能吸附于 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 原子顶位和邻近的 $\mathrm{{Al}}$ 原子顶位上,其吸附稳定结构如 图 9 所示。当 $\mathrm{{CO}}$ 吸附于 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 原子顶位和邻近的 $\mathrm{{Al}}$ 原子顶位时,稳定结构对应的能量分别为 $-{7196.589}\mathrm{\;{Ha}}$$-{7196.576}\mathrm{\;{Ha}},\mathrm{{CO}}$ 吸附于 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 原子顶位的能量更低,结构更稳定,选择该稳定结构的能量作为后续分析过程的基准能量 (0.000 eV)。
$\mathrm{{Fe}}- {\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 催化水煤气转化反应路径一的各状态结构及其能量如 图 10 所示。
${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}*$ 在催化剂表面发生裂解反应,即基元反应 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{{CO}}}^{* }\rightarrow {\mathrm{H}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{{OH}}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{{CO}}}^{* }$ ,其过渡态和终态结构如状态 TS1 和 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{{OH}}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{{CO}}}^{* }$ 所示。 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}^{* }$ 吸附于 $\mathrm{{Al}}$ 原子上,其中的一个 $\mathrm{H}$ 在原子间吸引力作用下, 被临近的催化剂表面的O原子吸引形成OH ${}^{* }$ ,该基元反应的能垒为 ${0.738}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,反应热为 ${0.071}\mathrm{{eV}}$ 。催化剂表面吸附的 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 与OH ${}^{* }$ 中的 $\mathrm{H}$ 结合生成 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ ,即发生基元反应 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{{OH}}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{{CO}}}^{* }\rightarrow$ ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}* +{\mathrm{O}}^{* }+ \mathrm{{CO}}$ ,其过渡态和终态结构如状态 $\mathrm{{TS}}2$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}* +{\mathrm{O}}^{* }+ \mathrm{{CO}}*$ 所示。相邻的两个重复结构单元中的 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 和OH ${}^{* }$ 相互吸引,OH ${}^{* }$ 中的 $\mathrm{H}$ 逐渐脱离O,而与 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 结合生成 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}*$ ,终态时 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}*$ 吸附到O顶位,该基元反应的能垒为 ${5.744}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,反应热为 ${4.626}\mathrm{{eV}}\circ \mathrm{{OH}}*$ 脱除 $\mathrm{H}$ 后,剩下的 $\mathrm{O}*$$\mathrm{{CO}}*$ 结合,即发生基元反应 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}* +{\mathrm{O}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{{CO}}}^{* }\rightarrow {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}* +{\mathrm{H}}_{2}*$ ,其过渡态和终态结构如状态 $\mathrm{{TS}}3$${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}* +{\mathrm{H}}_{2}*$ 所示。CO* 和 O* 在空间中均发生偏转,互相靠近并脱离吸附位点,结合生成 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}{}^{* }$ ,该基元反应的能垒为 ${0.641}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,反应热为 $-{3.957}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,为放热反应。
$\mathrm{{Fe}}- {\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 催化水煤气转化反应路径二的各状态结构和能量如 图 11 所示。
吸附在催化剂表面的 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}*$ 分解生成 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 和OH ${}^{* }$ ,之后OH ${}^{* }$ 与CO ${}^{* }$ 结合生成COOH ${}^{* }$ ,即发生基元反应 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{{OH}}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{{CO}}}^{* }\rightarrow {\mathrm{{COOH}}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ ,其过渡态和终态结构如状态 TS2 和 COOH*+H* 所示。CO* 与OH ${}^{* }$ 相互靠近,反应生成 $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{O}$ 键,键长为 ${2.266Å}$ ,为不稳定结构,终态时 $\mathrm{C}$ 原子与OH ${}^{* }$ 之间由于形成共价键逐渐变成稳定结构。该过程的能垒为 ${0.518}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,反应热为 $-{0.117}\mathrm{{eV}}$ 。COOH* 脱除 $\mathrm{H}$ ,生成COO ${}^{* }$ ,即发生基元反应COOH ${}^{* }+ {\mathrm{H}}^{* }\rightarrow$ COO ${}^{* }+ {\mathrm{H}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ ,其过渡态和终态结构如状态 $\mathrm{{TS}}3$ 和 COO*+H*+H* 所示,过渡态时生成了不稳定结构的 COO*, 终态时 C=O 双键键长变短, 夹角变大,相对于过渡态更接近直线构型。从COOH ${}^{* }$ 上脱落的 $\mathrm{H}$ 占据原 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 的吸附位点,而原 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 移动到催化剂表面相邻 $\mathrm{O}$ 原子上,形成新的 $\mathrm{O}- {\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 键,该基元反应的能垒为 ${2.202}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,反应热为 ${1.937}\mathrm{{eV}}$ 。第一步由 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}^{* }$ 分解产生的 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 和第三步COOH ${}^{* }$ 分解产生的 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 互相结合生成 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}*$ ,即发生基元反应COO ${}^{* }+ {\mathrm{H}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{H}}^{* }\rightarrow {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}* +{\mathrm{H}}_{2}*$ ,其过渡态和终态结构如状态 ${\mathrm{{TS}}}_{4}$${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}{}^{* }+ {\mathrm{H}}_{2}{}^{* }$ 所示,过渡态时两个 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 原子之间的距离为 ${1.330Å}$ ,发生了电子对的共用,此时为不稳定结构, ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 被吸附在催化剂表面的不同 O 原子顶位,终态时 $\mathrm{H}- \mathrm{H}$ 键长缩短为 ${0.871Å}$ ,形成 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}*$ ,并被吸附在同一O原子顶位,该基元反应的能垒为 ${0.640}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,反应热为 $-{1.151}\mathrm{{eV}}$
对比路径一和路径二可知: 路径一的限速步骤为 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{{OH}}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{{CO}}}^{* }\rightarrow {\mathrm{H}}_{2}* +{\mathrm{O}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{{CO}}}^{* }$ ,基元反应的能垒为 ${5.744}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ; 路径二的限速步骤为COOH ${}^{* }+$ ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }\rightarrow {\mathrm{{COO}}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{H}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ ,基元反应的能垒为 2.202 $\mathrm{{eV}}$ 。路径二的能垒显著小于路径一,说明水煤气转化反应更倾向于沿路径二发生。
为了理解焦油重整制氢过程中发生的关键反应的机理, 实现重整条件调控和催化剂设计, 本文利用 DFT 方法对 $\mathrm{{Fe}}- {\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 催化剂参与 $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{C}$ 键断裂 $\text{、}{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 重整和水煤气转化等反应的机理进行了系统探究, 得到如下结论。
① 在 $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{C}$ 键裂解反应中, ${\mathrm{C}}_{3}{\mathrm{H}}_{8}$ 发生 $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{C}$ 键断裂反应,形成 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}*$${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{2}*$ ,该反应的能垒为 ${3.689}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,反应热为 $-{0.813}\mathrm{{eV}}$
②在 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 重整反应中, ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 先发生顺序裂解反应生成 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}{}^{* },{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{2}{}^{* },{\mathrm{{CH}}}^{* },{\mathrm{{CH}}}^{* }$ 可能继续脱氢生成 ${\mathrm{C}}^{* }$${\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ ,也可能与OH ${}^{* }$ 发生重整反应生成 CHO*,两个反应的能垒分别为 ${1.474}\mathrm{{eV}}$ 和 0.648 eV,即CH ${}^{* }$ 更可能生成CHO ${}^{* };{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{2}*$ 裂解生成CH ${}^{* }$ 的反应能垒达到了 ${4.268}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,为 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 重整反应的限速步骤。
③水煤气转化反应可能通过两种反应路径发生, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}^{* }$ 在催化剂作用下分解生成 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 和OH ${}^{* }$ 后,路径一是OH ${}^{* }$ 中的 $\mathrm{H}$${\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 生成 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}*$ ,剩下的 O* 与 $\mathrm{{CO}}*$ 结合生成 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}*$ ,路径二是 $\mathrm{{OH}}*$$\mathrm{{CO}}*$ 结合生成COOH ${}^{* },{\mathrm{{COOH}}}^{* }$ 脱去 $\mathrm{H}$ 生成 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}{}^{* }$ ,脱去的 $\mathrm{H}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ * 分解生成的 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ 结合生成 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ *; 路径一的限速步骤为 ${\mathrm{H}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{{OH}}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{{CO}}}^{* }\rightarrow {\mathrm{H}}_{2}* +{\mathrm{O}}^{* }+$ CO ${}^{* }$ ,反应能垒为 ${5.744}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,路径二的限速步骤为COOH ${}^{* }+ {\mathrm{H}}^{* }\rightarrow {\mathrm{{COO}}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{H}}^{* }+ {\mathrm{H}}^{* }$ ,反应能垒为 2.202 eV,路径二更容易发生,总反应热为 ${0.739}\mathrm{{eV}}$
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2024年第42卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2023-11-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-15
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辽宁省储能与能源利用技术重点实验室基金项目(CNWK202305)
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    1 重庆赛迪热工环保工程有限公司 重庆 401120
    2 东北大学 冶金学院 辽宁 沈阳 110819
    3 营口理工学院 辽宁省储能与能源利用技术重点实验室 辽宁 营口 115014

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谢华清(1987-),男,博士,副教授,主要从事能源高效转化与洁净利用的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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