Article(id=1154430578725217120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430573813682498, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708444800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167298251, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1713542400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167298251, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167298251, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167298251, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154430573813682498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='4', pageStart='427', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167297080, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694614436, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642303142912908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430573813682498, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642303142912909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430573813682498, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=433, endPage=439, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154430579190784866, articleId=1154430578725217120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Multi-steady state simulation and dynamics responses of green hydrogen-green ammonia production process, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ammonia synthesis based on hydrogen derived from renewable electricity (i.e. green hydrogen and green ammonia process) is frequently fluctuated due to weather change and the sections are highly coupled. To understand the synthesis and scheduling of power generation and transmission, hydrogen production by water electrolysis, hydrogen storage, electrochemical energy storage, and ammonia synthesis sections in green ammonia process, a generic process model for both steadystate and dynamics mode was developed using the next generation process simulation software, AVEVA Process Simulation, and the dynamics response of the model to weather fluctuation was investigated by means of multisteady state simulation. The results show that optimized design and scheduling of the hydrogen storage and electricity storage modules can significantly stabilize the ammonia production, utilize excess renewable electricity, reduce grid power input, and thus, improve the economy.

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绿氢—绿氨工艺是指利用可再生能源发电、电解水制氢得到的氢气为原料合成氨的工艺流程,其具有受天气条件影响、负荷波动大、工段间耦合性强的特点。为研究绿氢绿氨工艺流程中发输变电、电解水制氢、储氢、电化学储能、合成氨等工段之间的系统集成和协同调度方案,利用新一代流程模拟软件 AVEVA Process Simulation 建立了稳态动态双模式通用型绿氢绿氨全流程工艺模型,并通过多稳态模拟的手段分析了系统对天气变化的动态响应。结果表明,合理设计和调度储氢和储能单元不仅可以显著稳定化工生产、合理消纳可再生电力,还能稳定网电补充,提高整体经济效益。

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董晓莹(1984-),女,博士,研究员,研究方向为可再生资源技术开发及应用。E-mail:
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李默(1988-),男,博士,工程师,研究方向为可再生能源系统、化工流程模拟、X射线光电子能谱学。E-mail:

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李默(1988-),男,博士,工程师,研究方向为可再生能源系统、化工流程模拟、X射线光电子能谱学。E-mail:

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WF-风电场;SF-光伏电站;B-1-电化学储能装置;P-1-水循环泵;H-1-固态储氢装置;R-1-合成氨反应器;K-1-补充氢压缩机;K- 2-循环氢压缩机; E-1-氢气冷却器; E-2-合成氨一级换热器; E-3-合成氨二级换热器; D-1-氧气分离罐; D-2-氢气缓冲罐; D-3-氢气稳压罐;D-4-合成氨进料稳压罐;D-5-合成氨产品一级分离罐;D-6-合成氨产品二级分离罐;EYALK-碱液电解槽;EYPEM-质子交换膜电

, figureFileSmall=p13mM9yHMPxeA+tsPvS+Zw==, figureFileBig=8+Aaw7eUHyLYSUH5IP92Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430619443519620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430578725217120, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Weather data for dynamic response studies, figureFileSmall=1KaonDtKwoXqthoRzIso2w==, figureFileBig=yMkn+ODO7la5YVuDZEI9rQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430619489656965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430578725217120, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=用于动态响应研究的天气条件数据, figureFileSmall=1KaonDtKwoXqthoRzIso2w==, figureFileBig=yMkn+ODO7la5YVuDZEI9rQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430619539988615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430578725217120, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Dynamics response of ammonia production, solar power, and wind power under fluctuated weather conditions, figureFileSmall=472qYs40L2qw2ixxbf7yWA==, figureFileBig=akcQBSQmioObmV1NSwfmqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430619586125961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430578725217120, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=天气条件波动下合成氨产量、风电及光伏功率的动态响应, figureFileSmall=472qYs40L2qw2ixxbf7yWA==, figureFileBig=akcQBSQmioObmV1NSwfmqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430619636457613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430578725217120, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Dynamics response of ammonia production and grid power input under fluctuated weather conditions, figureFileSmall=1CPOh4ZbZYJy4FGU+p2wqA==, figureFileBig=8uAs6gJJIE8Z9ftPJEyLig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430619686789263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430578725217120, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=天气条件波动下合成氨产量及网电功率的动态响应, figureFileSmall=1CPOh4ZbZYJy4FGU+p2wqA==, figureFileBig=8uAs6gJJIE8Z9ftPJEyLig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430619728732305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430578725217120, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Dynamics responses of ammonia production, grid power input, andhydrogen storage setup under fluctuated weather conditions, figureFileSmall=QSfjn4N4CT5NCTNXhbbNHQ==, figureFileBig=ofDyjmwz/2JRm64Ic9EKEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430619795841173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430578725217120, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=天气条件波动下合成氨产量及网电功率、 储氢装置的动态响应, figureFileSmall=QSfjn4N4CT5NCTNXhbbNHQ==, figureFileBig=ofDyjmwz/2JRm64Ic9EKEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430619846172823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430578725217120, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Dynamics responses of ammonia production, grid power input, hydrogen storage setup, and battery energy storage system under fluctuated weather conditions, figureFileSmall=mWufnuO37Ze81Qb6gxtG4w==, figureFileBig=9unRteZ7GvqlR3j2Y/AdgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430619883921560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430578725217120, language=CN, label=图 6, caption=天气条件波动下合成氨产量及网电功率、储氢装置、电化学储能装置的动态响应, figureFileSmall=mWufnuO37Ze81Qb6gxtG4w==, figureFileBig=9unRteZ7GvqlR3j2Y/AdgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430619930058906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430578725217120, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Main process parameter of electrolyzers, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备名称 数量 小室数量 单电极面积 电流密度 工作温度/℃ 工作压力/MPa
碱液电解槽 30 230 2.5 3000 90 1.95
质子交换膜电解槽 10 40 2.1 15 000 65 1.6
), ArticleFig(id=1154430619980390558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430578725217120, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=电解槽主要工艺参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备名称 数量 小室数量 单电极面积 电流密度 工作温度/℃ 工作压力/MPa
碱液电解槽 30 230 2.5 3000 90 1.95
质子交换膜电解槽 10 40 2.1 15 000 65 1.6
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绿氢-绿氨工艺流程的多稳态模拟和动态响应
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李默 1, 2 , 郭永坚 3, 4 , 董晓莹 5
可再生能源 | 2024,42(4): 433-439
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(4): 433-439
绿氢-绿氨工艺流程的多稳态模拟和动态响应
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李默1, 2 , 郭永坚3, 4, 董晓莹5
作者信息
  • 1 泰尔文特控制系统(中国)有限公司 北京 100176
  • 2 剑维软件技术(上海)有限公司北京分公司 北京 100102
  • 3 施耐德电气(中国)有限公司上海分公司 上海 200062
  • 4 华东理工大学 化工学院 上海 200237
  • 5 大连理工大学盘锦产业技术研究院 辽宁盘锦 124221
  • 李默(1988-),男,博士,工程师,研究方向为可再生能源系统、化工流程模拟、X射线光电子能谱学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

董晓莹(1984-),女,博士,研究员,研究方向为可再生资源技术开发及应用。E-mail:
Multi-steady state simulation and dynamics responses of green hydrogen-green ammonia production process
Mo Li1, 2 , Yongjian Guo3, 4, Xiaoying Dong5
Affiliations
  • 1 Telvent Control System (China) Co. Ltd. Beijing 100176 China
  • 2 Beijing Branch AVEVA Solutions (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. Beijing 100102 China
  • 3 Shanghai Branch Schneider Electric (China) Co. Ltd. Shanghai 200062 China
  • 4 School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
  • 5 Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology Dalian University of Technology Panjin 124221 China
出版时间: 2024-04-20
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绿氢—绿氨工艺是指利用可再生能源发电、电解水制氢得到的氢气为原料合成氨的工艺流程,其具有受天气条件影响、负荷波动大、工段间耦合性强的特点。为研究绿氢绿氨工艺流程中发输变电、电解水制氢、储氢、电化学储能、合成氨等工段之间的系统集成和协同调度方案,利用新一代流程模拟软件 AVEVA Process Simulation 建立了稳态动态双模式通用型绿氢绿氨全流程工艺模型,并通过多稳态模拟的手段分析了系统对天气变化的动态响应。结果表明,合理设计和调度储氢和储能单元不仅可以显著稳定化工生产、合理消纳可再生电力,还能稳定网电补充,提高整体经济效益。

可再生能源  /  绿氢  /  绿氨  /  合成氨  /  流程模拟  /  动态响应

Ammonia synthesis based on hydrogen derived from renewable electricity (i.e. green hydrogen and green ammonia process) is frequently fluctuated due to weather change and the sections are highly coupled. To understand the synthesis and scheduling of power generation and transmission, hydrogen production by water electrolysis, hydrogen storage, electrochemical energy storage, and ammonia synthesis sections in green ammonia process, a generic process model for both steadystate and dynamics mode was developed using the next generation process simulation software, AVEVA Process Simulation, and the dynamics response of the model to weather fluctuation was investigated by means of multisteady state simulation. The results show that optimized design and scheduling of the hydrogen storage and electricity storage modules can significantly stabilize the ammonia production, utilize excess renewable electricity, reduce grid power input, and thus, improve the economy.

renewable energy  /  green hydrogen  /  green ammonia  /  ammonia synthesis  /  process simulation  /  dynamics response
李默, 郭永坚, 董晓莹. 绿氢-绿氨工艺流程的多稳态模拟和动态响应. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (4) : 433 -439 .
Mo Li, Yongjian Guo, Xiaoying Dong. Multi-steady state simulation and dynamics responses of green hydrogen-green ammonia production process[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (4) : 433 -439 .
近年来, 以风电、光伏等为代表的可再生能源行业在我国得以蓬勃发展。随着“碳达峰”“碳中和”目标的提出, 通过电化学手段将可再生电力转化为化学能,以化工产品的形式消纳、存储可再生能源的绿色、低碳甚至零碳的化工工艺受到了广泛的关注 [ 1 - 3 ] 。其中,利用可再生能源发电 (风电、 光伏等)、电解水制氢为氢源、传统空分工艺为氮源合成氨的“绿氢-绿氨”工艺由于其产品应用广泛、储运技术成熟,得到了积极投入 [ 4 , 5 ] 。据公开报道, 目前全国规划的绿氨项目已接近 50 个, 产能规模超过 800 万 ${\mathrm{t}}$ [ 6 ]
常规电力系统根据用电需求决定发电量和调度方案,而化工生产通常处于一个或几个稳态,用电量可预测并能够提前向电力系统提出需求。而在绿氢-绿氨装置中, 可再生能源发电量随天气变化,下游化工生产需要配合电力系统随时调节负荷, 没有传统意义上的稳态。不仅如此, 电力系统和化工工艺系统的动态响应速度和动态响应特性截然不同,且二者的动态响应互相制约、互相影响, 存在着很强的耦合性。因此, 绿氢-绿氨工艺流程不是成熟技术和工艺的简单组合, 而是要在工程设计的初始阶段就对发电侧、电网侧、化工侧进行系统性的全流程动态研究, 由此才能在设计过程中对发电、输变电、电解水制氢、储氢、电化学储能、合成氨等装置进行合理集成, 从而整体上进行优化和协同调度,实现荷随源动 [ 7 , 8 ] 。目前,对绿氢-绿氨过程的模拟仿真工作多集中于单稳态下的工艺仿真 [ 9 , 10 ] 、电力系统仿真 [ 11 , 12 ] 、技术路线比较 [ 13 , 14 ] 、技术经济分析等 [ 15 - 17 ] ,而天气条件变化下系统的动态响应, 以及电网、储氢、储能的调度方案对稳定化工生产的影响, 尚需进一步研究。
本文利用新一代稳态-动态双模式化工流程模拟软件 AVEVA Process Simulation (简称 APS) 搭建了绿氢-绿氨工艺稳态-动态通用模型, 包含风力和光伏发电、输变电、电解水制氢、电化学储能、金属氢化物储氢、合成氨等装置,对典型设计装机量下绿氢和绿氨的生产进行了物料平衡与能量平衡计算,并通过 ${36}\mathrm{\;h}$ 连续多稳态模拟手段对天气波动下网电、储能、储氢对稳定合成氨生产起到的作用进行了一系列动态响应分析, 为上述手段联合调度的研究和基础设计提供了有力工具和重要参考。
绿氢-绿氨工艺的原则流程如 图 1 所示。
风能和太阳能分别通过风电场 $\mathrm{{WF}}$ 、光伏电站 SF 转化为电能, 经逆变、变压、输送, 电能一部分向电解槽供电,一部分进入 $\mathrm{B}- 1$ 用于消纳上游电能或向下游补充电能,一部分进入负载 $\mathrm{C}$ (代表生产用电及超过设计负荷被消纳的发电量)。同时,发输变电单元也包含一路网电输入 $\mathrm{G}$ ,用来在风电场、光伏电站发电量不足时确保系统的输入功率。
来自发输变电单元的电能一部分进入碱液电解槽 EYALK, 一部分进入质子交换膜电解槽 EYPEM,用于电解水制氢。电解槽阳极氧气经 D- 1 气液分离后放空处理, 阴极氢气一部分进入缓冲罐 $\mathrm{D}- 2$ ,稳定压力后进入压缩机 $\mathrm{K}- 1$ 压缩至合成氨所需压力,另一部分进入储氢装置 $\mathrm{H}- 1$ ,用于消纳上游氢气或为下游补充氢气。实际电解水制氢装置中,还具备氢气纯化单元,用于催化还原氢气中混入的部分氧气,以及进行氢气-水的分离, 上述过程对模型动态响应影响不大, 在建模中省略处理。本研究中的储氢装置参考了金属氢化物储氢设备的特性, 将氢气的存储和释放简化为压力边界,实时计算氢气储量, $\mathrm{H}- 1$ 出口氢气也经 $\mathrm{K}- 1$ 压缩后进入简化的合成氨单元。 $\mathrm{K}- 1$ 压缩的新鲜氢气经 E-1 冷却、D-3 稳定压力后,与界外氮气和合成氨循环气混合,经 E-2 预热,然后在 D-4 中气液分离,气相进入合成氨反应器 R-1,出口气冷却后在 D-5 中气液分离,气相经 K-2 压缩后循环回合成氨装置,液相进入 $\mathrm{D}- 6$ 稳定压力后以液氨形式离开界区。
搭建的工艺流程在 APS 软件中既可以进行流量驱动的稳态模拟,用于设计型计算,也可以在给定压力边界和设备参数的条件下进行多稳态- 动态模拟。在多稳态-动态模拟中, 风电场、光伏电站模型可以分别读取预定义的风速、太阳辐射功率曲线实时计算发电量, 在可再生电力变化的情况下,流程中各单元根据既定的调度和控制方案做出响应,并体现在功率、电流、气体流量、合成氨产量等关键参数随时间的变化上, 实现“荷随源动”的效果, 从而用于研究流程中网电、储能、储氢等单元的作用, 以及结合气象数据对工艺、调度和控制方案进行验证。稳态与动态模式下的相平衡均采用 SRK 状态方程进行计算。
从开源气象数据库 The National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB) [ 18 ] 中提取我国境内一处地点(具体坐标为东经 ${120.35}^{\circ }$ ,北纬 ${43.58}^{\circ }$ )2020 年 5 月 29 日 8 时起连续 ${36}\mathrm{\;h}$ 的风速数据和太阳直接辐射量(DNI)数据( 图 2 ),用于工艺流程的动态响应研究。
参照公开报道的绿氢-绿氨项目建设规模, 确定风电装机量为 ${150}\mathrm{{MW}}$ ,光伏装机量为 50 MW,其中生产用电 20 MW。按年操作时间 8000 $\mathrm{h}$ 计算,制氢能力为1.72万 $\mathrm{t}/\mathrm{a}\left({{24000}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}}\right.$ ,标准状况下),合成氨产量为 9 万 t/a(11.3 t/h)。此外, 电化学储能规模为 ${20}\mathrm{{MW}}/{40}\mathrm{{MW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ;金属氢化物储氢可消纳 ${4000}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ (标准状况下)的产氢量,储氢规模为 ${50000}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}$ (标准状况下)。
发电侧设风力发电机组 100 套, 单套额定功率为 ${1500}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,额定风速为 ${12}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,切入风速为 3 $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,切出风速为 ${25}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ;多晶硅光伏组件 195000 套,单个组件的面积为 ${1.635}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ ,效率为 ${19}\%$ ,额定功率为 ${0.27}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 。根据设计条件,确定供电电压等级为 ${35}/{10}\mathrm{{kV}}$ 。电解槽的主要工艺参数见 表 1 。 合成氨的简化工艺流程参考文献[ 19 ],反应器工作温度为 ${520}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,工作压力为 ${33}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,氢氮比为 3:1,氢气转化率不超过 ${30}\%$ ,产品中的 ${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{3}$ 浓度不低于 99.7%(质量分数)。
本场景模拟绿氢-绿氨生产完全随气象条件变化波动的工况。网电输入维持在 ${10}\mathrm{{MW}}$ 的最低水平,电解槽最大输入功率限制在 ${140}\mathrm{{MW}}$ ,储氢、储能均不投用。36 h内绿氨产量、风电及光伏功率动态响应如 图 3 所示。
图 3 可以看出, 由于天气变化及晨昏交替, 风电功率在 0~110 MW 内波动, 光伏发电功率在 0~40 MW 内波动,且在部分时段 (如第 12 小时前后,18~29 h,30~32 h)可再生能源发电功率发生了剧烈变化。由于没有网电补充,也没有储能和储氢手段作为缓冲,合成氨产量随之发生剧烈波动。 以第 30~32 小时为例,可再生能源发电功率从峰值处的约 140 MW 骤降至接近 0 MW, 合成氨产量从 ${10.5}\mathrm{t}/\mathrm{h}$ 降至接近 $0\mathrm{t}/\mathrm{h}$ 。这意味着受天气变化影响, ${36}\mathrm{\;h}$ 的生产过程中就存在 $2\mathrm{\;h}$ 内将合成氨装置停机的需要。而实际上, 合成氨装置通常要求连续运行 ${8000}\mathrm{\;h}$ 不停机。本场景表明,在典型风电、光伏选址地点的气象条件下,单纯依靠可再生能源发电, 无法满足下游合成氨连续稳定生产的需求。因此,引入网电、储能、储氢等手段和装置对于绿氢-绿氨工艺流程是必要的。
本场景模拟通过补充网电以稳定绿氢-绿氨生产的工况, 网电输入动态变化以保证电解槽输入功率不低于 ${120}\mathrm{{MW}}$ ,储氢、储能均不投用。 ${36}\mathrm{\;h}$ 内绿氨产量、网电功率的动态响应如 图 4 所示。
本场景中,风电、光伏发电量的变化情况与 图 3 相同。在风电和光伏发电总功率低于一定阈值 (本场景为 ${130}\mathrm{{MW}}$ )时,即调度网电输入,确保电解槽输入功率稳定在一定水平,因此,合成氨产量能够稳定在 ${8.5}\mathrm{t}/\mathrm{h}$ 左右。对 ${36}\mathrm{\;h}$ 内网电功率做积分可知,补充网电总计约 ${2600}\mathrm{{MW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,占总用电量的 60% 左右。可见, 通过补充网电, 可以达到稳定下游合成氨生产的目的。尽管如此,单纯补充网电带来的问题也十分明显:①补充网电量超过了可再生能源发电量, 这既偏离了绿氢-绿氨生产的初衷,又会由于外购电而大幅提高生产成本;② 补充网电会导致网电负荷在 ${10}\sim {130}\mathrm{{MW}}$ 剧烈波动, 相当于把化工生产的调度和控制难度转移到了电网侧。虽然技术上补充网电没有任何限制,且电网侧快速调节负荷的难度远远低于化工侧,但政策上通常会对绿氢相关项目使用的网电功率和网电总用量设置上限, 大幅度调动网电会导致生产过程无法满足相关限制。因此, 进一步通过储氢、储能等手段合理调度电力分配十分必要。
本场景模拟结合网电和储氢装置稳定绿氢- 绿氨生产的工况, 网电输入动态变化以保证电解槽输入功率不低于 120MW, 同时投用储氢装置, 在动态场景前期消纳一部分氢气, 用于稳定合成氨生产。36 h 内绿氨产量、网电功率和储氢装置的动态响应如 图 5 所示。
本场景中,风电、光伏发电量的变化情况与 图 3 相同,同样通过调度网电输入,确保电解槽输入功率稳定在一定水平。结合 图 3 ,5 可以看出:由于一部分氢气(约 $3\mathrm{\;t}/\mathrm{h}$ )会被储氢装置消纳,合成氨产量由 ${8.5}\mathrm{t}/\mathrm{h}$ 左右降低为 ${5.5}\mathrm{t}/\mathrm{h}$ 左右;在风电、 光伏发电量较为充足的阶段 $\left({0 \sim {12},{24}\sim {30}\mathrm{\;h}}\right)$ ,合成氨生产较为稳定,同时储氢装置持续储氢,直到氢气储量接近饱和;在风电、光伏发电量处于低位的阶段 $\left({{12}\sim {20},{30}\sim {36}\mathrm{\;h}}\right)$ ,储氢装置释放氢气,用于稳定合成氨生产。固态储氢装置的特性保证了释放的氢气压力稳定, 因此装置中无需额外的压力控制。上述策略使得补充网电负荷的波动幅度降低至 ${10}\sim {80}\mathrm{{MW}}$ ,且 ${36}\mathrm{\;h}$ 内补充网电总量由 ${2600}\mathrm{{MW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ 降低至 ${1700}\mathrm{{MW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ 。由此可见,储氢装置的投用,在稳定下游合成氨生产的同时,还有助于降低电网侧的调度和控制难度, 并使得补充网电的功率和总量满足相关政策的限制要求。
但值得注意的是, 在储氢装置工作状态转换期间 (如 ${14}\mathrm{\;h}$ 左右),要求氢气释放流量非常高, 超过 ${8000}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ (标准状况下),这是金属氢化物固态储氢装置的性能无法满足的 [ 20 ] 。储氢装置释放氢气流量剧烈变化的本质仍然是风电和光伏发电量的剧烈变化。因此,需要进一步对流程进行优化, 借助储能手段对发电量进行削峰填谷, 稳定储氢装置的负荷。
本场景模拟网电、电化学储能、储氢装置同时投用以稳定绿氢-绿氨生产的工况。在 3.3 节所述场景的基础上, 利用电化学储能装置输出功率快速变化的特性进一步优化流程。 ${36}\mathrm{\;h}$ 内绿氨产量、 网电功率、储氢装置、储能装置的动态响应如 图 6 所示。
与 3.3 节所述场景相比,本场景中仍然通过储氢装置消纳一部分氢气,合成氨产量维持在 5.5 $\mathrm{t}/\mathrm{h}$ 左右,同时电化学储能装置在降低网电负荷、 储氢装置投用的初始阶段介入, 快速向电解槽提供一部分功率,用以稳定电解槽出口的氢气流量。 结合 图 3 ,6 可以看出:在风电、光伏发电量较为充足的阶段 $\left({0 \sim {12}\mathrm{\;h}}\right)$ ,流程的动态响应和 3.3 节基本相同, 储氢装置持续储氢, 电化学储能装置不发挥作用;在风电、光伏发电量进入低谷的 12~16 h, 储氢装置释放氢气的同时, 电化学储能装置也持续向电解槽提供约 ${400}\mathrm{\;A}$ 的电流,提升了电解槽出口的氢气流量,因此,储氢装置在 ${14}\mathrm{\;h}$ 左右的氢气释放流量从 ${8000}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ 降至 ${5000}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ (标准状况下)左右,符合储氢装置的性能指标 [ 20 ] ${16}\sim$ ${26}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,和 3.3 节场景类似,储氢装置继续释放氢气用以稳定合成氨生产; 在 26~30 h,风电、光伏发电量充足,除满足合成氨生产外,还可以为电化学储能装置充电; ${30}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后,由于风电、光伏发电量大幅降低, 首先快速调动了一部分网电, 随后储能和储氢装置陆续介入, 通过多种手段确保了合成氨生产的稳定。除此以外, 相比于 3.3 节所属场景, 本场景的合成氨产量和网电的波动情况均没有明显变化。由此可见, 电化学储能装置可以起到快速调节系统功率、短时间内稳定氢气流量的作用,从而进一步降低工艺流程的整体控制难度。
本文使用 AVEVA Process Simulation 软件对气象条件变化情况下的绿氢-绿氨生产工艺进行了从发电端到化工端的全流程多稳态-动态模拟,设计了一系列动态场景用以研究网电、储氢、 电化学储能装置对化工生产和系统控制调度的作用和意义。对于本文中搭建的典型基础设计深度绿氢-绿氨工艺模型,以稳定合成氨产量为目的, 适当的网电补充是必要条件, 合理投用储氢装置可以降低 40% 的网电波动幅度和 30% 的网电负荷, 合理投用电化学储能装置有助于快速稳定系统,降低调度和控制的复杂程度。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(52200146)
  • 辽宁省区域创新联合基金项目(2022-PJLH-03)
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2024年第42卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-02-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-21
基金
国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(52200146)
辽宁省区域创新联合基金项目(2022-PJLH-03)
作者信息
    1 泰尔文特控制系统(中国)有限公司 北京 100176
    2 剑维软件技术(上海)有限公司北京分公司 北京 100102
    3 施耐德电气(中国)有限公司上海分公司 上海 200062
    4 华东理工大学 化工学院 上海 200237
    5 大连理工大学盘锦产业技术研究院 辽宁盘锦 124221

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董晓莹(1984-),女,博士,研究员,研究方向为可再生资源技术开发及应用。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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