Article(id=1154430578314170706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430573813682498, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1673193600000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167298152, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1713542400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167298152, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167298152, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167298152, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154430573813682498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='4', pageStart='427', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167297080, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694614436, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642303142912908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430573813682498, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642303142912909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430573813682498, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=513, endPage=521, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154430578729406803, articleId=1154430578314170706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Capacity-Cost two-stage planning optimization of integrated energy systems considering uncertainty of wind and solar energy output, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The integrated energy system (IES) planning and optimization faces multiple challenges such as high volatility of new energy sources and large uncertainty of output. In view of this, this paper proposes a twostage capacitycost planning and optimization method for integrated energy systems considering scenery uncertainty. Firstly, Latin hypercube sampling is applied to generate the base wind and solar scenarios set, and the scenarios are reduced based on the improved kmeans algorithm. Secondly, a multiobjective optimization model is constructed with the lowest operating cost, optimal carbon emission reduction, and optimal pollutant emission reduction; finally, the system capacitycost twostage planning and optimization solution strategy is proposed, and a business park in the south is selected for the planning simulation. The simulation example shows that the twostage planning model of integrated energy system constructed in this paper can ensure the economy of system and environmental protection at the same time, and meet the multiple energy demands of users.

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针对综合能源系统规划面临可再生能源波动性强、出力不确定性等问题,文章提出了一种考虑风光不确定性的综合能源系统容量成本两阶段规划优化方法。首先,运用拉丁超立方抽样生成基础风、光场景集,并基于改进的kmeans 算法进行场景削减;其次,以运行成本最低、碳减排最优、污染物减排最优构建多目标优化模型;最后,提出系统容量成本两阶段规划优化求解策略,并选取南方某商业园区进行规划仿真。仿真结果表明,文章所构建的综合能源系统两阶段规划模型能够在保证系统经济性的同时兼顾环保性,并满足用户多种用能需求。

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王永利(1980-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为综合能源系统规划、电力经济。E-mail:

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王永利(1980-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为综合能源系统规划、电力经济。E-mail:

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王永利(1980-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为综合能源系统规划、电力经济。E-mail:

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caption=场景 1 和场景 3 购售能情况, figureFileSmall=/pSSCvhkZqQD3Pr13sO/5w==, figureFileBig=DCUfHA/jmZGsFEKo/b2i8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430626045350710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430578314170706, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=System supply and demand balance chart, figureFileSmall=tBHUlrjPAnf+6ytF6K/0VA==, figureFileBig=zECRdweMxinNAiYgZoAijQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430626116653879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430578314170706, language=CN, label=图 8, caption=系统供需平衡, figureFileSmall=tBHUlrjPAnf+6ytF6K/0VA==, figureFileBig=zECRdweMxinNAiYgZoAijQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430626183762744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430578314170706, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Time-of-use electricity price, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不同阶段 电价/元
峰时(8-11 时,18-23 时) 1.452
平段(11-18 时) 0.925
谷时 (23-7 时) 0.725
), ArticleFig(id=1154430626242483001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430578314170706, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=分时电价, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不同阶段 电价/元
峰时(8-11 时,18-23 时) 1.452
平段(11-18 时) 0.925
谷时 (23-7 时) 0.725
), ArticleFig(id=1154430626317980474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430578314170706, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Scene cut results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
削减方法 运行时间/s 欧氏距离 轮廓系数
后推削减 64.52 0.45 0.258
78.84 0.69 0.011
74.23 0.50 -0.263
同步回代消除 6.52 0.35 0.052
5.98 0.41 0.019
5.16 0.24 -0.235
改进的 k-means 聚类 12.45 0.11 0.623
14.56 0.06 0.657
10.55 0.07 0.642
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削减方法 运行时间/s 欧氏距离 轮廓系数
后推削减 64.52 0.45 0.258
78.84 0.69 0.011
74.23 0.50 -0.263
同步回代消除 6.52 0.35 0.052
5.98 0.41 0.019
5.16 0.24 -0.235
改进的 k-means 聚类 12.45 0.11 0.623
14.56 0.06 0.657
10.55 0.07 0.642
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场景类型 年化成本/元 变化幅度/%
基础场景 2938200 0
场景 1 2 733 410 降低 6.97
场景 2 2 622 330 降低 10.75
场景 3 2511150 降低 14.60
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场景类型 年化成本/元 变化幅度/%
基础场景 2938200 0
场景 1 2 733 410 降低 6.97
场景 2 2 622 330 降低 10.75
场景 3 2511150 降低 14.60
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场景 类型 碳排放 变化 幅度/% 污染物 减排/kg 变化 幅度/%
基础场景 4 266 0 7 871 0
场景 1 4 035 下降 5.41 6 945 下降 11.76
场景 2 3903 下降 8.51 6 642 下降 15.61
场景 3 3745 下降 12.22 6 274 下降 20.21
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场景 类型 碳排放 变化 幅度/% 污染物 减排/kg 变化 幅度/%
基础场景 4 266 0 7 871 0
场景 1 4 035 下降 5.41 6 945 下降 11.76
场景 2 3903 下降 8.51 6 642 下降 15.61
场景 3 3745 下降 12.22 6 274 下降 20.21
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设备 名称 场景 1 规划 容量/kW 场景 1 投资 费用/元 场景 3 规划 容量/kW 场景 3 投资 费用/元
光伏 181 1 001 493 164 907 431
风机 289 2 196 400 252 1 915 200
储能电池 221 442 000 212 424 000
蓄热罐 273 54 600 280 56000
蓄冰槽 334 66 800 350 70000
燃机 308 40300 330 43211
溴化锂 225 613 650 260 709107
冰蓄冷空调 256 283 641 250 2 769 94
成本合计 / 4 698 884 / 3 337 631
), ArticleFig(id=1154430626796131141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430578314170706, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=最优方案设备容量及投资费用, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备 名称 场景 1 规划 容量/kW 场景 1 投资 费用/元 场景 3 规划 容量/kW 场景 3 投资 费用/元
光伏 181 1 001 493 164 907 431
风机 289 2 196 400 252 1 915 200
储能电池 221 442 000 212 424 000
蓄热罐 273 54 600 280 56000
蓄冰槽 334 66 800 350 70000
燃机 308 40300 330 43211
溴化锂 225 613 650 260 709107
冰蓄冷空调 256 283 641 250 2 769 94
成本合计 / 4 698 884 / 3 337 631
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考虑风光不确定性的综合能源系统容量-成本两阶段规划优化研究
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王永利 1 , 滕越 1 , 袁博 1 , 窦真兰 2 , 张春雁 2 , 孙沛 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(4): 513-521
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(4): 513-521
考虑风光不确定性的综合能源系统容量-成本两阶段规划优化研究
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王永利1 , 滕越1, 袁博1, 窦真兰2, 张春雁2, 孙沛2
作者信息
  • 1 华北电力大学 经济与管理学院 北京 102206
  • 2 国网上海市电力公司 上海 200023
  • 王永利(1980-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为综合能源系统规划、电力经济。E-mail:

Capacity-Cost two-stage planning optimization of integrated energy systems considering uncertainty of wind and solar energy output
Yongli Wang1 , Yue Teng1, Bo Yuan1, Zhenlan Dou2, Chunyan Zhang2, Pei Sun2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Economics and Management North China Electric Power University Beijing 102206 China
  • 2 State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company Shanghai 200023 China
出版时间: 2024-04-20
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针对综合能源系统规划面临可再生能源波动性强、出力不确定性等问题,文章提出了一种考虑风光不确定性的综合能源系统容量成本两阶段规划优化方法。首先,运用拉丁超立方抽样生成基础风、光场景集,并基于改进的kmeans 算法进行场景削减;其次,以运行成本最低、碳减排最优、污染物减排最优构建多目标优化模型;最后,提出系统容量成本两阶段规划优化求解策略,并选取南方某商业园区进行规划仿真。仿真结果表明,文章所构建的综合能源系统两阶段规划模型能够在保证系统经济性的同时兼顾环保性,并满足用户多种用能需求。

综合能源系统  /  风光不确定性  /  场景削减  /  两阶段规划

The integrated energy system (IES) planning and optimization faces multiple challenges such as high volatility of new energy sources and large uncertainty of output. In view of this, this paper proposes a twostage capacitycost planning and optimization method for integrated energy systems considering scenery uncertainty. Firstly, Latin hypercube sampling is applied to generate the base wind and solar scenarios set, and the scenarios are reduced based on the improved kmeans algorithm. Secondly, a multiobjective optimization model is constructed with the lowest operating cost, optimal carbon emission reduction, and optimal pollutant emission reduction; finally, the system capacitycost twostage planning and optimization solution strategy is proposed, and a business park in the south is selected for the planning simulation. The simulation example shows that the twostage planning model of integrated energy system constructed in this paper can ensure the economy of system and environmental protection at the same time, and meet the multiple energy demands of users.

integrated energy system  /  uncertainty of wind and solar energy output  /  scenario reduction  /  two-stage planning
王永利, 滕越, 袁博, 窦真兰, 张春雁, 孙沛. 考虑风光不确定性的综合能源系统容量-成本两阶段规划优化研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (4) : 513 -521 .
Yongli Wang, Yue Teng, Bo Yuan, Zhenlan Dou, Chunyan Zhang, Pei Sun. Capacity-Cost two-stage planning optimization of integrated energy systems considering uncertainty of wind and solar energy output[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (4) : 513 -521 .
综合能源系统(IES)是以电能为中心,整合冷、热、电、气等多种异质能源子系统集成于一体的深度耦合系统 [ 1 , 2 ] 。通过横向多能互补互济、纵向源网荷储衔接协调, 系统在满足用户用能需求的同时保证能效提升 [ 3 ]
近年来, IES 规划优化成为研究热点。文献[ 4 ] 以系统容量配置及网络布局的经济性最优为目标, 基于多种典型日场景对系统开展最优规划。文献[ 5 ]以全生命周期成本最小为目标、以广义多能流模型为约束建立 IES 进行多阶段规划优化。文献[ 6 ]构建了一种基于粒子群-区间线性规划的双层优化模型, 从而对规划问题进行求解。文献[ 7 ]所提出的优化模型, 在兼顾氢价的同时也考虑了多方不确定性。文献[ 8 ]建立了日前两阶段优化调度模型, 在前一阶段的基础上优化设备出力, 实现精准调度。文献[ 9 ]在考虑综合效益指数和最佳供能模式的基础上, 构建了系统规划配置和运行调度两阶段优化模型。文献[ 10 ]在满足多种形式能源的需求下,建立了一种多目标双层规划-调度模型, 并采用混合智能算法进行求解。文献[ 11 ]基于多能耦合特性, 建立了一种双层博弈扩展规划模型对系统问题进行建模和求解。对于风光不确定性问题, 场景分析法是主要处理方法之一。文献[ 12 ]通过序列分布概率挖掘风光典型出力曲线。文献 [ 13 , 14 ] 运用 Wasserstein 距离指标计算风光出力情况, 从而生成基础场景集。文献[ 15 ]基于 Copula 函数与非参数核密度估计方法, 构建了一种风光出力相关性的场景生成方法。文献[ 16 ]使用代数多网格聚类法选择有代表性运营场景模拟风电不确定性。文献[ 17 ]采用蒙特卡洛抽样法对风、光场景进行生成和削减。文献[ 18 ]运用基于 Wasser-stein 距离的 0-1 场景削减模型处理系统不确定性问题。文献[ 19 ]通过鲁棒优化不确定性场景, 保障系统的鲁棒性。上述文献运用多种方法对风、光出力场景进行生成与刻画。然而, 现有的场景分析法无法较好地处理在保证求解精度和求解效率的同时实现对 IES 的有效规划二者之间的平衡。
综上所述, 为保证削减后的风光出力场景能够保留原始场景特征, 且兼顾后续 IES 规划优化的经济性与环保性,本文运用了改进的 k-means 聚类算法, 对可再生能源发电设备典型出力场景进行削减,并设计了一种考虑不确定性因素的 IES 容量-成本两阶段规划优化方法。
IES 通过各类能源生产、转换、存储等设备, 将电、热、冷、气等多种能流网相结合, 图 1 为各设备间的耦合关系和多种形式的能源流动情况。
IES 供给侧由光伏、风机设备组成, 外部与大电网和天然气网相连, 在能源不足的情况下由外界购能补足,转换侧涉及到多种能源耦合设备和储能设备,需求侧包含电、冷、热三类负荷。其中, 电需求由风机、光伏、燃气轮机出力共同满足, 储能电池分时段进行灵活性充放电, 以提升 IES 的灵活性调节潜力,冷需求由溴化锂制冷机组、冰蓄冷和蓄冰槽满足, 热需求由余热锅炉和蓄热罐满足。
由于季节、环境、温度等多因素干扰,风、光可再生能源发电不确定性会对系统供给侧电能稳定性产生较大影响, 为系统调度提出了新的挑战。随着新型电力系统背景下大规模可再生能源的接入, 在进行 IES 规划时必须准确分析风、光可再生能源的不确定性, 确保系统拥有充足的调节能力和调节空间,以提高系统的经济、可靠性。为此, 本文开展了考虑风光不确定性的 IES 规划研究,通过场景生成与削减精准提取风、光出力典型场景, 以典型场景为依据, 通过提出的容量-成本两阶段规划模型, 对系统内设有的多类型能源转换和储能设备进行合理配置, 通过多种能量间的转换与存储平抑可再生能源波动性, 提高风光消纳水平。
在进行系统规划研究时,风、光出力不确定性会使场景集合庞大、计算复杂度剧增。
运用场景削减技术能够有效精简数据, 降低计算量。因此,本文提出一种场景生成与削减方法, 如 图 2 所示。
为了充分考虑风光出力不确定性对 IES 规划的影响, 需保证生成的基础场景集能够涵盖 IES 随机变量的分布特征 [ 20 ] ,确保经过削减后的场景具有代表性。相较于蒙特卡洛抽样, 拉丁超立方抽样能生成多维分层样本空间, 较为精准的反映样本的概率分布特征, 因此, 本文选用拉丁超立方抽样生成风光基础场景集。
风机、光伏出力不确定性主要来源于风速以及太阳辐射的随机、波动性,风速和太阳辐射可以认为分别服从于 Weibull 分布和 Beta 分布。基于此,本文以 ${K}_{\mathrm{{wt}}},{K}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}$ 表示风、光随机变量,对应概率密度分布函数为
${F}_{\mathrm{{wt}}}\left({v,\partial , k}\right)= \frac{k}{\partial }{\left(\frac{v}{\partial }\right)}^{k - 1}\exp \left\lbrack {-{\left(\frac{v}{\partial }\right)}^{k}}\right\rbrack $
${F}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}\left({s,\alpha ,\beta }\right)= \frac{\Gamma \left({\alpha +\beta }\right)}{\Gamma \left(\alpha \right)+ \Gamma \left(\beta \right)}{s}^{\alpha - 1}{\left( 1 - s\right)}^{\beta - 1}$
式中: $v$ 为风速, $\partial , k$ 分别为尺度和形状参数; $s$ 为太阳辐射强度; $\alpha ,\beta$ 为形状参数。
假设抽样规模为 100,则变量 ${K}_{\mathrm{{wt}}},{K}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}$ 的抽样步骤如下:
①将 ${F}_{\mathrm{{wt}}},{F}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}$ 的分布曲线划分为 $P$ 个区间;
②每个区间分别抽取一个采样点,则第 $m$ 个区间的采样点的累计概率 ${P}_{m}$
${P}_{m}= \left({1/{100}}\right){r}_{m}+ \left({m - 1}\right)/{100}$
式中: ${r}_{m}$$\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$ 的随机数。
③ 将 ${P}_{m}$ 代入上述 ${K}_{\mathrm{{wt}}},{K}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}$ 函数中,可以得到第 $m$ 个区间的抽样值;
④按抽样规模重复上述流程,得到变量 ${K}_{\mathrm{{wt}}}$ , ${K}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}$ 的 100 个抽样值,生成 $2 \times {100}$ 维矩阵,从而得到代表风、光出力的基础场景集,如 图 3 所示。
本文采用改进后的 k-means 聚类算法进行场景削减,并利用肘部法则与轮廓系数综合判定 $k$ [ 21 ] 。轮廓系数为
${sc}= b - a \cdot \max \left({a, b}\right)$
式中: $a, b$ 分别为同簇样本间、除自身所在簇外的最近簇内样本的距离均值; ${sc}$ 为轮廓系数,取值为 $\left\lbrack {-1,1}\right\rbrack$$k$ 值会随着系数越接近 1 变得越合理。
对风、光分别聚类后得到 ${k}_{\text{wind }},{k}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}$ 类出力场景,对应日出力曲线分别为
${P}_{i}^{\text{wind }}= \left\lbrack {{P}_{1}^{\text{wind }, i},{P}_{2}^{\text{wind }, i},\cdots ,{P}_{n}^{\text{wind }, i}}\right\rbrack =\\\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\left\lbrack {P{0}_{1}^{\text{wind }, i}, P{1}_{2}^{\text{wind }, i},\cdots , P{23}_{n}^{\text{wind }, i}}\right\rbrack \\\vdots \;\vdots \;\vdots \\\left\lbrack {P{0}_{n}^{\text{wind }, i}, P{1}_{n}^{\text{wind }, i},\cdots , P{23}_{n}^{\text{wind }, i}}\right\rbrack \end{matrix}\right\rbrack , i \in {k}_{\text{wind }}$
${P}_{j}^{\mathrm{{PV}}}= \left\lbrack {{P}_{1}^{\mathrm{{PV}}, j},{P}_{2}^{\mathrm{{PV}}, j},\cdots ,{P}_{m}^{\mathrm{{PV}}, j}}\right\rbrack =\\\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\left\lbrack {P{0}_{1}^{\mathrm{{PV}}, j}, P{1}_{2}^{\mathrm{{PV}}, j},\cdots , P{23}_{m}^{\mathrm{{PV}}, j}}\right\rbrack \\\vdots \;\vdots \;\vdots \\\left\lbrack {P{0}_{n}^{\mathrm{{PV}}, j}, P{1}_{n}^{\mathrm{{PV}}, j},\cdots , P{23}_{m}^{\mathrm{{PV}}, j}}\right\rbrack \end{matrix}\right\rbrack , j \in {k}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}$
式中: 风电第 $i$ 类出力场景 ${P}_{i}^{\text{wind }}$$n$ 条出力曲线; 光伏第 $j$ 类出力场景 ${P}_{j}^{\mathrm{{PV}}}$$m$ 条出力曲线; ${P}_{n}^{\text{wind }, i},{P}_{m}^{\mathrm{{PV}}, j}$ 分别为风、光第 $i, j$ 类的第 $n, m$ 条出力曲线。
采用皮尔逊相关系数提取出力场景, 并建立日典型曲线为
$\mathop{\max }\limits_{{P}^{\text{wind }, i}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{l = 1}}^{n}{\rho }_{i, l}^{\text{wind }}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{l = 1}}^{n}\frac{\operatorname{cov}\left({{P}_{l}^{\text{wind,}i},{P}^{\text{wind,}i}}\right)}{{\sigma }_{{\mathrm{P}}^{\text{wind,}i}}{\sigma }_{{\mathrm{P}}^{\text{wind,}i}}}= \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{l = 1}}^{n}\frac{E\left\lbrack {\left({{P}_{l}^{\text{wind}, i}- {\mu }_{{P}_{l}^{\text{wind}, i}}}\right)\left({{P}^{\text{wind}, i}- {\mu }_{{P}^{\text{wind}, i}}}\right)}\right\rbrack }{{\sigma }_{{\mathrm{P}}_{l}^{\text{wind}, i}}{\sigma }_{{\mathrm{P}}^{\text{wind}, i}}}$
$\mathop{\max }\limits_{{P}^{\mathrm{{PV}}, j}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{l = 1}}^{m}{\rho }_{j, l}^{\mathrm{{PV}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{l = 1}}^{m}\frac{\operatorname{cov}\left({{P}_{l}^{\mathrm{{PV}}, j},{P}^{\mathrm{{PV}}, j}}\right)}{{\sigma }_{{P}_{l}^{\mathrm{{PV}}, j}}{\sigma }_{{P}^{\mathrm{{PV}}, j}}}= \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{l = 1}}^{m}\frac{E\left\lbrack {\left({{P}_{l}^{\mathrm{{PV}}, j}- {\mu }_{{P}_{l}^{\mathrm{{PV}}, j}}}\right)\left({{P}^{\mathrm{{PV}}, j}- {\mu }_{{P}^{\mathrm{{PV}}, j}}}\right)}\right\rbrack }{{\sigma }_{{P}_{l}^{\mathrm{{PV}}, j}}{\sigma }_{{P}^{\mathrm{{PV}}, j}}}$
式中: ${\rho }_{i, l}^{\text{wind }},{\rho }_{j, l}^{\mathrm{{PV}}}$ 分别为第 $i, j$ 类内第 $l$ 条出力曲线与风、光出力曲线的相关系数; ${P}^{\text{wind }, i}$${P}^{\mathrm{{PV}}, j}$ 分别为第 $i$ 与第 $j$ 类风、光出力曲线。
对于每类曲线的集合, 运用遗传算法进行求解, 提取出最终的风、光典型场景。通过仿真模拟可得到风、光典型日出力曲线,如 图 4 所示。
IES 总运行成本包括年投资成本、购电成本、 购气成本和系统运行维护成本, 其经济性最小目标为
${F}_{1}= \min {C}_{\mathrm{{op}}}= {C}_{\mathrm{{inv}}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{{op}}- \mathrm{G}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{{op}}- \mathrm{{NG}}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{{op}}- \mathrm{M}}$
式中: ${C}_{\mathrm{{op}}}$ 为系统年运行成本,元; ${C}_{\mathrm{{inv}}}$ 为年化投资费用,元; ${C}_{\mathrm{{op}}- \mathrm{G}}$ 为购电成本,元; ${C}_{\mathrm{{op}}- \mathrm{{NG}}}$ 为购气成本, 元; ${C}_{\mathrm{{op}}- \mathrm{M}}$ 为系统运维成本,元。
①电网购电成本
${C}_{\mathrm{{op}}- \mathrm{G}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left\lbrack {{\alpha }_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right){P}_{\text{grid-buy }}\left( t\right)- {\alpha }_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right){P}_{\text{grid-sell }}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack $
式中: ${\alpha }_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right)$ 为时段 $t$ 的购电价格,元; ${P}_{\text{grid-buy }}\left( t\right)$ 为时段 $t$ 的购电功率, $\mathrm{{kW}};{\alpha }_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right)$ 为时段 $t$ 的售电价格,元; ${P}_{\text{grid-sell }}\left( t\right)$ 为时段 $t$ 的售电功率, $\mathrm{{kW}};T$ 为调度周期,8760 h。
②购气成本
${C}_{\mathrm{{op}}- \mathrm{{NG}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}{\partial }_{\text{fuel }}{Q}_{\mathrm{{CCHP}}}\left( t\right)$
式中: ${Q}_{\mathrm{{CCHP}}}\left( t\right)$ 为燃气轮机在时段 $t$ 的耗气量,元 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ; ${\partial }_{\text{fuel }}$ 为天然气价格,元 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$
③系统运维成本
${C}_{\mathrm{{op}}- \mathrm{M}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{i}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}{C}_{i}{P}_{i}$
式中: ${C}_{i}$ 为分布式能源设备的运维成本,元 $/\mathrm{{kW}};{P}_{i}$ 为分布式能源设备的输出功率, $\mathrm{{kW}};i$ 为能源设备种类。
①碳减排目标
在本文所构建的 IES 中, 上级电网购电与 CCHP 机组是主要碳排放源,计算式为
${F}_{2}= \min {Q}_{\text{carb }}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left\lbrack {{\theta }_{\text{grid }}{P}_{\text{grid-buy }}\left( t\right)+ {\theta }_{\mathrm{{ng}}}{Q}_{\mathrm{{CCHP}}}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack $
式中: ${Q}_{\text{carb }}$ 为碳排放总量, $\mathrm{{kg}};{\theta }_{\text{grid }},{\theta }_{\mathrm{{ng}}}$ 分别为电力和天然气的等效碳排放系数,本文取 0.968 kg ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$${1.964}\mathrm{\;{kg}}{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$
②污染物减排目标
IES 的污染物排放主要来自于上级电网购电和 CCHP 机组,其表达式为
${F}_{3}= \min {Q}_{\text{pollution }}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left\lbrack {{\delta }_{\text{grid }}^{k}{P}_{\text{grid-buy }}\left( t\right)+ {\delta }_{\text{ng }}^{k}{Q}_{\mathrm{{CCHP}}}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack $
式中: ${Q}_{\text{pollution }}$ 为污染物排放量, $\mathrm{{kg}};{\delta }_{\text{grid }}^{k},{\delta }_{\text{ng }}^{k}$ 分别为发电和天然气燃烧过程中第 $k$ 种污染物的排放系数。
①电网平衡约束
${P}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{wt}}}- {P}_{\mathrm{{ch}}\_ \mathrm{e}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{dis}}\_ \mathrm{e}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{grid}}}= {P}_{\mathrm{{ele}}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{cchp}}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{{pv}}},{P}_{\mathrm{{wt}}}$ 分别为光伏、风机的实际功率; ${P}_{\mathrm{{ele}}}$ 为电负荷功率; ${P}_{\mathrm{{cchp}}},{P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ 分别为 $\mathrm{{CCHP}}$ 、冰蓄冷的负荷功率; ${P}_{\text{ch_e }},{P}_{\text{dis_e }}$ 分别为储能电池充放电功率。
②功率平衡约束
${P}_{\mathrm{{lb}}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}- {P}_{\mathrm{{ch}}\_ \mathrm{c}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{dis}}\_ \mathrm{c}}= {P}_{\mathrm{{clod}}}$
${P}_{\mathrm{{hb}}}- {P}_{\mathrm{{ch}}\_ \mathrm{h}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{dis}}\_ \mathrm{h}}= {P}_{\mathrm{{hot}}}$
式中: ${P}_{\text{clod }},{P}_{\text{hot }}$ 分别为冷、热负荷功率; ${P}_{\mathrm{{lb}}},{P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ 分别为溴化锂及冰蓄冷的制冷功率; ${P}_{\mathrm{{hb}}}$ 为余热锅炉的制热功率; ${P}_{\mathrm{{ch}}\_ \mathrm{c}},{P}_{\mathrm{{di}}\_ \mathrm{c}}$ 分别为储冷系统的蓄、放冷功率; ${P}_{\mathrm{{ch}}\_ \mathrm{h}},{P}_{\mathrm{{dis}}\_ \mathrm{h}}$ 分别为储热系统充、放热功率。
③设备出力及爬坡约束
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{i,\min }\left( t\right)\leq {P}_{i}\left( t\right)\leq {P}_{i,\max }\left( t\right)\\{P}_{i,\min }\left( t\right)\leq {P}_{\mathrm{f}}\left( t\right)\leq {P}_{\mathrm{f},\max }\left( t\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${P}_{i,\max }$${P}_{i,\min }$ 分别为不可调度设备出力上、 下限; ${P}_{\mathrm{f},\max }$${P}_{\mathrm{f},\min }$ 分别为可调度机组的有效上、 下限。
当系统向各能源设备下达调度命令时,约束条件为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{i}\left( t\right)- {P}_{i}\left({t - 1}\right)\leq {R}_{i}^{\text{up }}\\{P}_{i}\left({t - 1}\right)- {P}_{i}\left( t\right)\leq {R}_{i}^{\text{down }}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${P}_{i}\left( t\right),{P}_{i}\left({t - 1}\right)$ 分别为当前时刻和上一时刻设备功率; ${R}_{i}^{\mathrm{{up}}},{R}_{i}^{\mathrm{{down}}}$ 分别为单位时间内设备允许上升或下降的最大功率。
④储能设备约束
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{S}_{i}\left( t\right)= {S}_{i}\left({t - 1}\right)\leq \frac{{\delta }_{i}\left\lbrack {{P}_{\mathrm{{dis}}, i}\left( t\right)- {P}_{\mathrm{{ch}}, i}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack {\Delta t}}{{E}_{i}^{\max }}\times {100}\%\\{E}_{i}^{\min }\leq {E}_{i}\left( t\right)\leq {E}_{i}^{\max }\\ 0 \leq {P}_{\mathrm{{ch}}, i}\left( t\right)\leq {P}_{\mathrm{{ch}}, i}^{\max }\\ 0 \leq {P}_{\mathrm{{ch}}, i}\left( t\right)\leq {P}_{\mathrm{{ch}}, i}^{\max }/{\mu }_{\mathrm{{ch}}, i}\\{\mu }_{\mathrm{{ch}}, i}\left( t\right)\leq 0 \end{array}\right.$
式中: $i$ 为储能设备种类; ${S}_{i}\left( t\right),{S}_{i}\left({t - 1}\right)$ 分别为储能设备在 $t, t - 1$ 时刻的剩余容量状态, $\%;{\delta }_{i}$ 为储能设备能量转换效率, $\%;{P}_{\mathrm{{ch}}, i}\left( t\right),{P}_{\mathrm{{dis}}, i}\left( t\right)$ 分别为储能设备在 $t$ 时刻的充、放能功率; ${E}_{i}\left( t\right)$ 为储能设备在 $t$ 时刻的剩余容量, ${E}_{i}^{\max },{E}_{i}^{\min }$ 分别为储能设备剩余容量的上、下限; ${P}_{\mathrm{{dis}}, i}^{\max },{P}_{\mathrm{{ch}}, i}^{\min }$ 分别为充、放能功率的上、下限;设备暂不考虑同时充放电,设置 ${\mu }_{\mathrm{{ch}}, i},{\mu }_{\mathrm{{dis}}, i}$ 分别为充、放能状态的 0-1 变量,充能时 ${\mu }_{\mathrm{{ch}}, i}= 1$ , 放能时 ${\mu }_{\mathrm{{dis}}, i}= 1$
传统 IES 规划求解策略往往以历史数据近似看作风机、光伏未来出力数据, 从而进行下一步规划求解, 这种方法难以考虑风、光出力的不确定性、波动性,在应用中缺乏一定的实用性。本文提出一种容量-成本两阶段求解策略。第一阶段, 设备容量规划决策阶段,通过将削减后的场景带入系统规划模型得到规划方案集; 第二阶段, 系统最优成本决策阶段, 将场景与规划方案进行交叉组合, 形成多组方案的成本期望值, 并选出系统最优规划方案。具体策略如 图 5 所示。
本文以南方某商业园区为规划对象, 将一年划分为 3 类典型日,夏季、过渡季和冬季分别以 ${92},{179},{94}\mathrm{\;d}$ 计算。园区内最大电负荷、冷负荷和热负荷分别为 ${288},{158},{340}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,该地区采用峰谷平分时电价, 如 表 1 所示。天然气价格为 0.345 元/ $\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ 。园区全年电、热、冷负荷曲线如 图 6 所示。仿真模拟采用 MATLAB 环境下 cplex 求解器对本文建立的模型进行求解。
在考虑风光出力不确定性条件下, 为满足用户的电、热、冷 3 种负荷需求, 对分布式能源设备容量进行规划。本文设定了 3 种场景与基础场景进行对比,以验证本文所提出的两阶段规划策略的有效性。基础场景:使用园区的历史数据,不使用场景分析方法, 也不使用本文提出的规划求解策略;场景 1: 不使用场景分析方法, 即不考虑风光不确定性对系统的影响, 但仍然使用上文所提出的求解策略;场景 2: 使用场景分析方法, 即考虑风光不确定性对 IES 的影响, 但不使用本文所提出的求解策略, 使用常规求解方法; 场景 3: 综合考虑风光不确定性对 IES 的影响,使用本文所提出的场景分析方法和规划求解策略。
通过不同的场景削减方法对生成的可再生能源出力场景进行 3 次削减。 表 2 为采用不同的削减方法进行场景削减时的关键指标对比, 分别有后推削减、同步回代消除以及改进的 k-means 聚类算法。
本文提出的 k-means 聚类算法的 3 次轮廓系数指标值最大,且结果相差较小,趋于稳定,说明该方法拟合精度高、稳定性强,削减后的场景能较准确的体现原始场景集分布特征。通过欧氏距离的检验,发现 $\mathrm{k}$ -means 聚类能够使得削减后的场景与初始场景保持较高的相似度; 在计算效率方面,同步回代消除法计算效率最高,后推削减求解速度最慢。故改进的 k-means 聚类算法能够较好地适用于处理容量规划中可再生能源出力不确定性的问题。
经过本文构建的模型求解后, 4 种场景下的容量规划方案对 IES 的经济性、环保性的影响如 表 3 ,4 所示。
通过对上述数据分析可知, 场景 3 在使用了场景分析方法和进行求解策略后,与之前的两种场景相比,年化成本有了较大幅度的下降,充分证明了本文所提出的场景削减与两阶段规划求解策略的有效性。场景 3 在保证经济性的同时, 环保性也有所提高,其碳排放下降了 ${521}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ 、污染物降低了 ${1600}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ ,具有良好的低碳减排效果,符合当前发展需求。
为分析风光不确定性对 IES 的影响程度, 采取场景 1,3 进行仿真对比分析,得到两种场景下的系统最优容量规划方案,如 表 5 所示。典型日下系统购电量及风光出力情况如 图 7 所示。
表 5图 7 可以看出, 未考虑风光出力不确定性的场景 1 下, 系统预测的风机、光伏出力情况一般大于设备实际出力, 系统会配置更多容量的风机、光伏以及储能设备,因此从外部电网购电量也比较少, 但是会产生更多的设备投资费用与运行费用。场景 3 在考虑风光出力不确定性的基础上,对风机、光伏投资费用较高的设备有了更精准的规划,系统预测的风机、光伏出力情况比较接近设备实际出力,不会产生过剩的设备容量规划, 虽然电网购电量相较于场景 1 有所增加,但系统整体的投资运行费用显著降低。在系统购气量方面,由于 20:00- 次日 6:00 风机、光伏出力较少, 风光出力不确定性对系统影响较小, 因此场景 1 和场景 3 的购气量在该时间段并无显著差异。在 $7 :{00}- {19}: {00}$ ,由于场景 1 未考虑到风光出力不确定性, 系统规划较为理想, 必须增加购气量, 以实现系统运行的功率平衡。综上, 通过不同场景下系统购电、购气以及设备容量配置方面的综合对比, 在考虑风光不确定性的情况下, 设备配置更加合理, 系统稳健性明显增强。
将最优规划方案投入运行得到 IES 运行结果, 选取夏季典型日为例, 冷、热、电 3 种子系统的运行情况如 图 8 所示。
在夏季, 冷系统的主要出力设备有冰蓄冷、 CCHP 和蓄冰槽,其中,8:00-17:00 的主要设备出力为冰蓄冷融冰, 蓄冰槽利用谷时低电价充分制冷, 18:00-21:00 冰蓄冷制冷开始代替融冰出力, 供应夜间冷负荷, 全天时段 CCHP 冷出力都保持较低功率。
由于夏季热负荷需求较低, 仅有 CCHP 热出力保持全天较低功率运行,蓄热罐在中午时段蓄热,夜间放热。
在夏季, 电系统中各设备出力数据复杂且电负荷较大。燃机的工作模式为以热定电, 而夏季热需求较少, 因此在夏季 CCHP 全天电出力保持在较低水平。在 13:00-17:00,该时段设备负荷较低, 风机与光伏发电量充足, 可以满足系统内部消耗, 并产生多余电量进行售电, 具有良好的经济效益;同时储能电池实现了峰时放电、谷时储电,缓解了夏季系统的电负荷压力。
通过上述典型场景的运行情况可以看出, 本文所提出的两阶段规划策略能够协调 IES 内部多种设备出力以及电、热、冷系统供需平衡,在满足系统负荷需求的同时具有较好的经济性。
本文运用拉丁超立方抽样与改进的 k-means 算法对风光出力不确定性场景进行生成与削减, 并设计了一种考虑不确定性因素的 IES 容量-成本两阶段规划优化求解策略。通过对南方某园区 IES 进行规划仿真得到以下结论。
①通过改进的 k-means 聚类算法进行了场景削减,与后推削减、同步回代消除相比,运行时间大幅减少,削减后的场景能够与初始场景保持较高的相似度, 准确体现原始场景集分布特征。
②设计了一种容量-成本两阶段规划优化策略,将求解的最优规划方案投入运行得到 IES 的运行结果, 并绘制相应的冷热电系统供需平衡图, 在满足用户各类用能需求的同时, 系统总成本降低约 14.6%,碳排放降低约 12.22%,污染物降低约 20.21%。
本文提出的场景削减方法为 IES 规划中的风光出力不确定性问题提供了一种解决思路, 并通过构建的两阶段规划模型与求解策略, 显著提高了 IES 的经济性与环保性。
  • 国家电网总部科技项目(52094021N011)
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2024年第42卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2023-01-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-09
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国家电网总部科技项目(52094021N011)
作者信息
    1 华北电力大学 经济与管理学院 北京 102206
    2 国网上海市电力公司 上海 200023
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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