Article(id=1154430577907327838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430573813682498, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1659974400000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167298056, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1713542400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167298056, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167298056, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167298056, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154430573813682498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='4', pageStart='427', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167297080, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694614436, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642303142912908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430573813682498, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642303142912909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430573813682498, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=479, endPage=485, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154430578444198751, articleId=1154430577907327838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Structural response analysis of large MW wind turbine under the combined action of operating load and seismic excitation, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The wind turbines are subjected to continuous wind loads during their whole service life and are inevitably resisted earthquake action. In this paper, a large megawatt wind turbine is taken as the research object to simulate and analyze its deformation and mechanical responses under the conditions of normal operation, earthquake during shutdown and earthquake during operation. The results show that the deformation of wind turbine increases with the increase of tower height, and the horizontal displacement of the wind turbine under the earthquake is obviously less than that under the wind turbine operation state. With the increase of earthquake level, the horizontal displacement of the wind turbine is gradually increased. The deformation shape of the wind turbine remains unchanged, and the deformation of tower top is large. The influence of the wind turbine operating load on structural deformation response is significantly greater than that of small and medium earthquake actions. Meanwhile, the deformation response of the wind turbine under the combined action of operating load and earthquake is significantly greater than that under the separate action of two loads. In the structural design of the wind turbine, it is necessary to consider the coupling effect of the operating state and the earthquake. The stress response at the top of the tower is the largest, and its crosssection should be checked in the design.

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风电机组在其全寿命服役期间持续受到风作用的同时会不可避免地遭受地震作用。文章以某大兆瓦风电机组作为研究对象,对其分别在正常运行、停机时发生地震和运行时发生地震情况下的结构变形和力学响应进行模拟分析。结果表明:风电机组变形随着塔筒高度的增加而增大,仅在地震作用下的水平位移明显小于风电机组运行状态;风电机组水平位移随着地震水平的增大而增大,且变形形态不变,越靠近塔顶,变形越明显;风电机组运行载荷对结构变形响应的影响明显大于小震和中震作用;此外,运行载荷和地震共同作用下的风电机组变形响应明显大于两种荷载单独作用下的变形响应的简单叠加,在风电机组的结构设计中,需考虑运行状态和地震激励的耦合作用;塔顶处应力响应最大,在设计中应对其截面进行重点验算。

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刘嘉琳(1992-),女,博士,工程师,主要从事风电机组载荷计算和钢结构抗震的研究工作。E-mail:

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刘嘉琳(1992-),女,博士,工程师,主要从事风电机组载荷计算和钢结构抗震的研究工作。E-mail:

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刘嘉琳(1992-),女,博士,工程师,主要从事风电机组载荷计算和钢结构抗震的研究工作。E-mail:

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阶数 频率/Hz 周期/s
1 0.23 4.34
2 0.23 4.28
3 0.87 1.14
), ArticleFig(id=1154430629614707082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430577907327838, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=模型频率及自振周期, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶数 频率/Hz 周期/s
1 0.23 4.34
2 0.23 4.28
3 0.87 1.14
), ArticleFig(id=1154430629673427338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430577907327838, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Detailed information of the ground motions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震 记录 事件 年份 站台 震级
GM-1 Northwest Calif-02 1941 Ferndale City Hall 6.6
GM-2 Borrego 1942 El Centro Array #9 6.5
GM-3 Northern Calif-04 1960 Ferndale City Hall 5.7
GM-4 Parkfield 1966 Cholame-Shandon Array#12 6.19
GM-5 San Fernando 1971 Puddingstone Dam 6.61
GM-6 San Fernando 1971 Wrightwood-6074 Pa 6.61
GM-7 Friuli_ Italy-01 1976 Codroipo 6.5
), ArticleFig(id=1154430629753119116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430577907327838, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=地震动详细信息, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震 记录 事件 年份 站台 震级
GM-1 Northwest Calif-02 1941 Ferndale City Hall 6.6
GM-2 Borrego 1942 El Centro Array #9 6.5
GM-3 Northern Calif-04 1960 Ferndale City Hall 5.7
GM-4 Parkfield 1966 Cholame-Shandon Array#12 6.19
GM-5 San Fernando 1971 Puddingstone Dam 6.61
GM-6 San Fernando 1971 Wrightwood-6074 Pa 6.61
GM-7 Friuli_ Italy-01 1976 Codroipo 6.5
), ArticleFig(id=1154430629824422285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430577907327838, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Load combination of various working conditions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 状态 风荷载/kN·m 地震荷载 计算组数
1 风电机组运行 16000 (塔顶弯矩) 1
2 风电机组停机时 发生地震 28 条地震波 28
3 风电机组运行中 发生地震 16000 (塔顶弯矩) 28 条地震波 28
), ArticleFig(id=1154430629937668497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430577907327838, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=各工况荷载组合, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 状态 风荷载/kN·m 地震荷载 计算组数
1 风电机组运行 16000 (塔顶弯矩) 1
2 风电机组停机时 发生地震 28 条地震波 28
3 风电机组运行中 发生地震 16000 (塔顶弯矩) 28 条地震波 28
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大兆瓦风力发电机组运行载荷与地震激励共同作用下的结构响应分析
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刘嘉琳 , 史久畅 , 张林中 , 韩新月
可再生能源 | 2024,42(4): 479-485
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(4): 479-485
大兆瓦风力发电机组运行载荷与地震激励共同作用下的结构响应分析
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刘嘉琳 , 史久畅, 张林中, 韩新月
作者信息
  • 1 国电联合动力技术有限公司 北京 100039
  • 刘嘉琳(1992-),女,博士,工程师,主要从事风电机组载荷计算和钢结构抗震的研究工作。E-mail:

Structural response analysis of large MW wind turbine under the combined action of operating load and seismic excitation
Jialin Liu , Jiuchang Shi, Linzhong Zhang, Xinyue Han
Affiliations
  • 1 Guodian United Power Technology Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 China
出版时间: 2024-04-20
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风电机组在其全寿命服役期间持续受到风作用的同时会不可避免地遭受地震作用。文章以某大兆瓦风电机组作为研究对象,对其分别在正常运行、停机时发生地震和运行时发生地震情况下的结构变形和力学响应进行模拟分析。结果表明:风电机组变形随着塔筒高度的增加而增大,仅在地震作用下的水平位移明显小于风电机组运行状态;风电机组水平位移随着地震水平的增大而增大,且变形形态不变,越靠近塔顶,变形越明显;风电机组运行载荷对结构变形响应的影响明显大于小震和中震作用;此外,运行载荷和地震共同作用下的风电机组变形响应明显大于两种荷载单独作用下的变形响应的简单叠加,在风电机组的结构设计中,需考虑运行状态和地震激励的耦合作用;塔顶处应力响应最大,在设计中应对其截面进行重点验算。

风力发电机组  /  运行载荷  /  地震作用  /  变形响应  /  力学响应

The wind turbines are subjected to continuous wind loads during their whole service life and are inevitably resisted earthquake action. In this paper, a large megawatt wind turbine is taken as the research object to simulate and analyze its deformation and mechanical responses under the conditions of normal operation, earthquake during shutdown and earthquake during operation. The results show that the deformation of wind turbine increases with the increase of tower height, and the horizontal displacement of the wind turbine under the earthquake is obviously less than that under the wind turbine operation state. With the increase of earthquake level, the horizontal displacement of the wind turbine is gradually increased. The deformation shape of the wind turbine remains unchanged, and the deformation of tower top is large. The influence of the wind turbine operating load on structural deformation response is significantly greater than that of small and medium earthquake actions. Meanwhile, the deformation response of the wind turbine under the combined action of operating load and earthquake is significantly greater than that under the separate action of two loads. In the structural design of the wind turbine, it is necessary to consider the coupling effect of the operating state and the earthquake. The stress response at the top of the tower is the largest, and its crosssection should be checked in the design.

wind turbine  /  operating load  /  earthquake action  /  deformation response  /  mechanical response
刘嘉琳, 史久畅, 张林中, 韩新月. 大兆瓦风力发电机组运行载荷与地震激励共同作用下的结构响应分析. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (4) : 479 -485 .
Jialin Liu, Jiuchang Shi, Linzhong Zhang, Xinyue Han. Structural response analysis of large MW wind turbine under the combined action of operating load and seismic excitation[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (4) : 479 -485 .
风电因其可再生、清洁化、分布灵活、成本低等优势被广泛应用于发电系统中 [ 1 ] 。随着我国“双碳”政策的提出, 作为可再生能源的一分子, 风电迎来了全新的机遇, 风力发电机组装机量大幅度提升 [ 2 , 3 ]
早期并网的风力发电机组多处于高风速地区,随着风电技术的发展及市场倾向的转变,装机地区逐渐由高风速区向中、低风速区发展,这意味着风电机组叶片长度和塔筒高度需进一步增加以捕捉更多风能,保证发电量。与此同时,在 “平价上网”的大环境下, 需要降低风电机组生产成本, 在保证塔筒高度的基础上应尽可能减小塔筒壁厚, 使得风电机组向着“更轻”、“更柔”的方向发展 [ 4 , 5 ] 。 风力发电机组由塔筒基础、塔筒及质量很大的机舱、风轮组成,是一种“头重脚轻”的特殊高耸结构。
在以往的载荷计算中, 将风载荷作为风电机组的控制性载荷, 并进行了大量的有关风致破坏的研究 [ 6 - 9 ] 。然而,随着越来越多的风力发电机组建立于地震活跃地带, 学者们开始对风电机组在地震作用下的动力学响应进行研究。陈俊岭 [ 10 ] 通过振动台试验研究了近场地震滑冲效应对风电机组结构的影响, 发现近断层地震滑冲效应脉冲使结构响应明显增大,设计建造在地震带上的大功率风电机组时宜考虑其不利影响。戴靠山 [ 11 ] 对风电机组塔筒模型在近场、远场地震动输入条件下的响应差异进行了试验对比研究,结果表明,风电机组结构主次方向的地震响应具有耦合现象,同时表现出高阶振型效应。Kjørlaug R A [ 12 ] 研究了风电机组在水平和竖直地震作用下的动力响应, 结果表明, 水平和竖直地震加速度会导致机舱风轮和塔筒结构损坏,发电机在震后发生故障。
本文以大兆瓦风电机组为研究对象, 建立其有限元仿真模型,并验证模型有效性。对风电机组分别在正常运行载荷、地震激励作用及两者共同作用下的结构响应进行数值模拟研究, 并分析地震作用对结构变形及力学响应的影响。
将某大兆瓦风电机组作为研究对象, 假设其安装于某中低风速区,处于 II 类场地,第二地震动分组, 地震设防烈度为 8 度, 设计基本地震加速度为 ${0.2}\mathrm{g}$图 1 为风电机组效果图。
风电机组塔筒为壁厚变化的锥形钢结构, 轮毂高度为 ${92}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,塔底外径和壁厚分别为 ${4.524}\mathrm{\;m}$${36}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,塔筒截面的外径和壁厚随着截面高度的增加而均匀减小,当达到塔顶高度时,塔筒外径和壁厚分别为 ${3.748}\mathrm{\;m}$${14}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
塔筒由 4 段锥形钢筒组成, 每段高度自下而上分别为 ${17.2},{21.6},{26.0}\mathrm{\;m}$${27.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,各段间以法兰连接,法兰连接总质量为 ${15}\mathrm{t}$ 。风轮和机舱质量分别为 ${90}\mathrm{t}$${130}\mathrm{t}$
基于有限元仿真软件 ANSYS,建立如 图 2 所示的风电机组数值模型。
模型由塔筒、机舱及风轮组成。其中,塔筒采用变截面梁单元(BEAM188)进行模拟,塔筒底部与基底固定连接, 机舱、风轮及法兰连接分别简化为质量点(MASS21),并赋予各部件真实质量及刚度。以模型的一阶频率为指标, 对模型进行了网格无关性验证,当单元最大宽度小于 ${0.73}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,一阶频率基本不再发生变化,因此,以 ${0.73}\mathrm{\;m}$ 为最大的网格尺寸对模型进行划分。根据风电机组真实构造, 各质量点与主体结构采用刚性连接。塔筒钢材为 Q345 钢,屈服强度取值为 ${345}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,弹性模量和泊松比分别为 ${2.06}\times {10}^{5}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 和 0.3,采用双线性等向强化本构模型, 材料应变强化率为 $1\%$
计算风电机组模型的频率及自振周期( 表 1 ),前三阶频率分别为 ${0.23},{0.23}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$${0.87}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ , 与风电机组载荷报告 [ 13 ] 一致,验证了数值模型的有效性。
根据拟建风电机组地区的地震目标加速度反应谱, 从 PEER 地震动数据库中选取 7 条不同的天然地震波,地震动信息如 表 2 所示。
图 3 为 7 条地震波加速度反应谱与目标加速度反应谱的对比。
图 3 可知, 所选地震波的加速度均值反应谱与规范谱吻合良好。
为研究风电机组在小震、中震、大震和特大震下的抗震性能, 将 7 条地震波的峰值加速度 (PGA)分别调整为 ${0.07},{0.196},{0.4}\mathrm{\;g}$${0.588}{\mathrm{\;g}}$ [ 14 ] , 并在每条地震波记录的末尾加一个 ${10}\mathrm{\;s}$ 的空白波 [ 15 ] ,使风电机组在震后能够自由振动,进而得到贴近现实情况的结构变形响应。
根据风电机组设计 IEC 规范 [ 16 ] ,计算风电机组载荷需考虑正常发电、正常控制系统故障、电网掉电、极端风况等上千种荷载组合。本文着重研究风电机组在不同水准地震作用下的结构响应, 因此,在塔筒顶部施加一个弯矩 ${M}_{z}$ ( 图 2 ),用以模拟运行状态的风电机组载荷, 该弯矩等于风电机组载荷报告中的塔顶弯矩极限值, 塔顶弯矩极限值为 ${16000}\mathrm{{kN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ 。地震荷载通过对模型中所有节点施加地震加速度实现,加速度值随着时间的变化而变化。
在模拟分析中,共考虑 3 种工况,分别为风电机组正常运行、风电机组停机时发生地震和风电机组运行时发生地震( 表 3 )。
当模拟风电机组正常运行时, 仅在塔顶施加弯矩 ${M}_{z}$ ,共计 1 组计算;当模拟风电机组停机且发生地震时, 仅对模型施加如 表 2 所示的 7 种地震动。将 7 条地震波幅值分别调至0.07,0.196, ${0.4}\mathrm{\;g}$${0.588}\mathrm{\;g}$ (共 28 条地震波),共计 28 组计算;当模拟风电机组运行且发生地震时,对模型同时施加弯矩和 28 条地震波,共计 28 组计算。
图 4 为在风电机组正常运行状态下塔筒各高度截面的水平位移。由 图 4 可知, 在运行载荷的作用下, 风电机组结构发生了较为明显的水平方向变形, 且变形随着截面高度的增加而逐渐增大, 呈现出先缓慢后加速的变化规律,塔顶位移达到 ${454}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,约为塔筒中部位移(78.8mm)的 5.7 倍。
图 5 为风电机组结构在 7 条地震波作用下的每个高度截面最大水平位移及平均值。
图 5 可知: 相较于工况 1 , 风电机组结构仅在地震作用下的变形呈现出更为“缓和”的形态; 在 PGA 为 ${0.07}\mathrm{\;g}$ 的小震作用下,风电机组结构的塔顶平均水平位移为 ${54.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,明显小于风电机组运行状态下的塔顶水平位移;随着地震波 PGA 的增大, 风电机组结构的变形响应随之明显增加, 当 PGA 分别达到中震和大震对应的 ${0.196}\mathrm{\;g}$${0.4}\mathrm{\;g}$ 时,风电机组结构塔顶的平均最大水平位移分别增大到 ${151.6}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$${309.3}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,分别为小震时的 2.8 倍和 5.7 倍;当输入的地震波 PGA 增大至 ${0.588}\mathrm{\;g}$ 时,风电机组结构的平均最大水平位移达到 ${454.7}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,为小震时的 8 倍,且与风电机组运行状态下的塔顶水平位移基本相等。风电机组结构的水平位移随着 PGA 的增大而增大,且结构的变形形态不变,越靠近塔顶,变形越明显。
图 6 为风电机组结构同时受到运行载荷和 4 个水平地震作用的最大水平位移及平均值。
图 6 可知: 与 图 5 所示的变形结果相比, 在塔顶弯矩的影响下, 风电机组结构的变形形态与工况 1 结果更为相似; 当地震波 PGA 从 0.07 g 增大到 ${0.196}\mathrm{\;g}$ 时,风电机组结构的变形没有发生明显的增大, 且风电机组结构在各条地震波作用下的变形响应基本相同, 说明风电机组运行载荷对结构变形响应的影响明显大于小震和中震作用; 当地震波 PGA 分别达到 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;g}$${0.588}\mathrm{\;g}$ 时,风电机组结构的变形明显增大,塔顶平均最大水平位移分别增大至 ${964.6}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$${1028.2}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,当地震水准为大震及特大震时, 在各条地震波作用下的风电机组结构的变形发生较为明显的变化, 说明地震作用对风电机组结构变形响应的影响随着地震水平的提升而增大。
为了进一步研究地震作用和运行载荷对风电机组结构的影响, 将工况 1 和工况 2 的水平位移结果进行叠加, 与工况 3 的水平位移结果进行对比( 图 6 ),可以看到,两种荷载共同作用产生的变形明显大于两种荷载单独作用下的结构变形的简单叠加。这说明在风电机组的结构设计中, 有必要考虑运行载荷和地震激励的耦合作用。
通过分析风电机组变形响应可以发现, 风电机组结构在塔顶位置发生非常明显的水平位移, 为了进一步研究风电机组结构的力学响应, 提取工况 3 中地震波 PGA 分别为 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;g}$${0.588}\mathrm{\;g}$ 时的截面间位移角 ( 图 7 ), 截面间位移角为相邻截面相对变形与截面高度差的比值。
图 7 可知: 变形角随着塔筒高度的增大而增大, 且高度越高, 变形角增量越大; 当高度接近 ${92}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,即塔顶时,变形角发生突变;当地震波 $\mathrm{{PGA}}$${0.4}\mathrm{\;g}$ ,高度从 ${90.1}\mathrm{\;m}$ 增大至 ${92}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,变形角由 2.29%增大至 2.88%,增幅为 25.8%,当地震波 PGA 为 ${0.588}\mathrm{\;g}$ 时,增幅为 ${25.7}\%$
由变形角结果可知, 风电机组塔顶位置结构响应较大, 对该位置进行进一步的力学响应分析十分必要。通过分析变形响应结果, 发现风电机组结构在地震波 GM-5 作用下的变形响应最接近平均值, 因此, 提取风电机组结构在地震波 GM-5 作用下的应力分布图, 对风电机组力学响应进行分析。
图 8 为风电机组结构在运行载荷和地震波 GM-5 同时作用下的应力分布图。
图 8 可知: 应力随着塔筒高度的增大而增大,且受拉一侧应力明显大于受压一侧;当地震波 PGA 分别为 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;g}$${0.588}\mathrm{\;g}$ 时,最大应力均处于塔顶位置,分别为 ${153}\mathrm{{MPa}}$${156}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,均小于塔筒钢材的屈服强度。
不同于仅考虑风载荷作用的风电机组结构动力学响应研究, 本文对运行载荷与不同水平地震激励共同作用下的风电机组结构响应进行了分析。以某大兆瓦风电机组作为研究对象,建立了有限元仿真模型,对其分别在正常运行、停机时发生地震和运行时发生地震 3 种工况下的结构变形和力学响应进行数值模拟研究,并分析地震作用对结构变形及力学响应的影响,得到如下结论。
①风电机组结构在正常运行状态下会产生较为明显的水平方向变形, 且变形量随着高度的增加而逐渐增大,塔顶的水平位移达到 ${454}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,约为塔筒中部位移的 5.7 倍。风电机组结构的变形响应随着地震水平的增加而增大, 且变形形态不变,越靠近塔顶,变形越明显。当地震水平达到特大震时, 风电机组塔顶水平位移与风电机组正常运行时的水平位移基本相等。
②在小震及中震作用下,风电机组运行载荷对结构变形响应的影响大于地震作用, 当地震水平达到大震及特大震时, 风电机组结构变形明显增加。地震作用对风电机组结构变形响应的影响随着地震水平的提升而增大。
③风电机组运行载荷和地震共同作用下的结构变形响应明显大于两种荷载单独作用下的变形响应的简单叠加, 在风电机组的结构设计中需考虑运行载荷和地震激励的联合作用。塔筒应力随着高度的增加而逐渐增大, 且受拉一侧应力明显大于受压一侧。塔顶处应力响应最大,在设计中应对其截面进行重点验算。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFN1506700)
  • 国家能源集团联合动力技术有限公司科技创新项目(LHDL-2021-02)
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  • 接收时间:2022-08-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-09
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFN1506700)
国家能源集团联合动力技术有限公司科技创新项目(LHDL-2021-02)
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    1 国电联合动力技术有限公司 北京 100039
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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