Article(id=1154430576623866187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430573813682498, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1666022400000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167297749, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1713542400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167297749, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167297749, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167297749, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154430573813682498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='4', pageStart='427', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167297080, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694614436, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642303142912908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430573813682498, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642303142912909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154430573813682498, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=448, endPage=454, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154430577139765582, articleId=1154430576623866187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=A green synthetic route to fischer-tropsch catalysts by complexing and dissolving iron powder with citric acid, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Citric acid is one of the most productive biomass organic acids in the world and has been widely used. In this paper, we used reduced iron powder as iron source, citric acid as multidentate ligand and carbon source, and used ammonia to enhance the coordination solubilization ability of citric acid to iron powder, so that it could quickly form a homogeneous complex solgel, which was then carbonized to obtain carboncoated coreshell ironbased FischerTropsch catalyst. In the performance test, the catalyst synthesized by direct dissolution of iron powder with citric acid exhibited remarkable catalytic activity and stability, giving the CO conversion of 99.2%, C5+ hydrocarbon selectivity of 53%, and the CO conversion activity was stably kept above 97.3% for a time on stream of 168 h. The citric acid coordination method is greener and safer, which avoid the use of iron salts such as ferric nitrate, and the risk of explosion and toxic gases in the reduction process of iron salts. This synthesis method provides a new idea for the green and safe production of catalysts.

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柠檬酸是目前世界上产量最大的生物质有机酸之一,应用十分广泛。文章以还原铁粉为铁源,柠檬酸为多齿络合剂和碳源,采用氨水强化柠檬酸络合溶解能力的策略,使其能较快溶解铁粉形成均相的溶胶凝胶络合物,再经过原位炭化直接获得碳包覆核壳型铁基费托催化剂。在催化剂的费托合成反应性能测试中,使用柠檬酸直接溶解铁粉制备得到的催化剂表现出了优异的催化活性和稳定性,CO转化率达到99.2%,C5+烃类选择性为53%,经过168h的稳定性测试后,CO转化率仍稳定保持在97.3%以上。柠檬酸络合法可以避免硝酸铁等铁盐的使用,以及铁盐还原过程中易爆和有害气体的产生,具有更加绿色安全的特点,该合成方法为催化剂的绿色安全生产提供了一种新思路。

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仇松柏(1981-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为生物质能源。E-mail:
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催化剂 比表面积 孔体积 孔径/nm
Fe@C-1/2-700 219.6 0.25 4.0
Fe@C-1/3-700 292.8 0.23 3.8
$\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C} - {\mathrm{{FeSO}}}_{4}$ 115.9 0.16 11.4
$\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C} - \mathrm{{Fe}}{\left( {\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}\right) }_{3}$ 60.6 0.08 4.5
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催化剂 比表面积 孔体积 孔径/nm
Fe@C-1/2-700 219.6 0.25 4.0
Fe@C-1/3-700 292.8 0.23 3.8
$\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C} - {\mathrm{{FeSO}}}_{4}$ 115.9 0.16 11.4
$\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C} - \mathrm{{Fe}}{\left( {\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}\right) }_{3}$ 60.6 0.08 4.5
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催化剂 CO 转化率/% 选择性 烃类选择性(除去 )
O/P
Fe@C-1/2-700 99.2 46.9 12.1 10.0 23.6 54.3 2.2
Fe@C-1/3-700 43.3 39.4 24.1 17.6 27.0 31.3 1.5
$\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C} - {\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ 71.4 40.3 22.1 14.6 21.8 41.5 1.5
$\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C} - \mathrm{{Fe}}{\left( {\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}\right) }_{3}$ 95.0 47.0 17.1 10.6 17.9 54.5 1.7
$\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C} - {\mathrm{{FeCl}}}_{3}$ 10.3 0.0 28.1 15.6 35.2 21.1 2.3
$\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C} - {\mathrm{{FeSO}}}_{4}$ 0.0
), ArticleFig(id=1154430627999896423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430576623866187, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=催化剂的费托合成催化活性, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
催化剂 CO 转化率/% 选择性 烃类选择性(除去 )
O/P
Fe@C-1/2-700 99.2 46.9 12.1 10.0 23.6 54.3 2.2
Fe@C-1/3-700 43.3 39.4 24.1 17.6 27.0 31.3 1.5
$\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C} - {\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ 71.4 40.3 22.1 14.6 21.8 41.5 1.5
$\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C} - \mathrm{{Fe}}{\left( {\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}\right) }_{3}$ 95.0 47.0 17.1 10.6 17.9 54.5 1.7
$\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C} - {\mathrm{{FeCl}}}_{3}$ 10.3 0.0 28.1 15.6 35.2 21.1 2.3
$\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C} - {\mathrm{{FeSO}}}_{4}$ 0.0
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柠檬酸络合溶解铁粉绿色合成费托催化剂
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范宇健 1 , 韦龙猛 1 , 梁正 2 , 古桔文 1 , 仇松柏 1, 3 , 王铁军 1, 3
可再生能源 | 2024,42(4): 448-454
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(4): 448-454
柠檬酸络合溶解铁粉绿色合成费托催化剂
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范宇健1, 韦龙猛1, 梁正2, 古桔文1, 仇松柏1, 3 , 王铁军1, 3
作者信息
  • 1 广东工业大学 轻工化工学院 广东 广州 510006
  • 2 中国科学院 广州能源研究所 广东 广州 510640
  • 3 广东省植物资源生物炼制重点实验室 广东 广州 510006

通讯作者:

仇松柏(1981-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为生物质能源。E-mail:
A green synthetic route to fischer-tropsch catalysts by complexing and dissolving iron powder with citric acid
Yujian Fan1, Longmeng Wei1, Zheng Liang2, Juwen Gu1, Songbai Qiu1, 3 , Tiejun Wang1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
  • 2 Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China
  • 3 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery Guangzhou 510006 China
出版时间: 2024-04-20
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柠檬酸是目前世界上产量最大的生物质有机酸之一,应用十分广泛。文章以还原铁粉为铁源,柠檬酸为多齿络合剂和碳源,采用氨水强化柠檬酸络合溶解能力的策略,使其能较快溶解铁粉形成均相的溶胶凝胶络合物,再经过原位炭化直接获得碳包覆核壳型铁基费托催化剂。在催化剂的费托合成反应性能测试中,使用柠檬酸直接溶解铁粉制备得到的催化剂表现出了优异的催化活性和稳定性,CO转化率达到99.2%,C5+烃类选择性为53%,经过168h的稳定性测试后,CO转化率仍稳定保持在97.3%以上。柠檬酸络合法可以避免硝酸铁等铁盐的使用,以及铁盐还原过程中易爆和有害气体的产生,具有更加绿色安全的特点,该合成方法为催化剂的绿色安全生产提供了一种新思路。

柠檬酸  /  费托催化剂  /  生物质衍生物  /  络合溶解

Citric acid is one of the most productive biomass organic acids in the world and has been widely used. In this paper, we used reduced iron powder as iron source, citric acid as multidentate ligand and carbon source, and used ammonia to enhance the coordination solubilization ability of citric acid to iron powder, so that it could quickly form a homogeneous complex solgel, which was then carbonized to obtain carboncoated coreshell ironbased FischerTropsch catalyst. In the performance test, the catalyst synthesized by direct dissolution of iron powder with citric acid exhibited remarkable catalytic activity and stability, giving the CO conversion of 99.2%, C5+ hydrocarbon selectivity of 53%, and the CO conversion activity was stably kept above 97.3% for a time on stream of 168 h. The citric acid coordination method is greener and safer, which avoid the use of iron salts such as ferric nitrate, and the risk of explosion and toxic gases in the reduction process of iron salts. This synthesis method provides a new idea for the green and safe production of catalysts.

citric acid  /  fischer-tropsch catalyst  /  biomass-derived  /  coordination dissolution
范宇健, 韦龙猛, 梁正, 古桔文, 仇松柏, 王铁军. 柠檬酸络合溶解铁粉绿色合成费托催化剂. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (4) : 448 -454 .
Yujian Fan, Longmeng Wei, Zheng Liang, Juwen Gu, Songbai Qiu, Tiejun Wang. A green synthetic route to fischer-tropsch catalysts by complexing and dissolving iron powder with citric acid[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (4) : 448 -454 .
柠檬酸是一种广泛存在于自然界中的有机酸,其结构由两个末端羧酸、一个中心羧酸和一个中心羟基组成 [ 1 ] 。目前,通过使用淀粉、葡萄糖、 木薯粉等含糖类生物质进行发酵实现了大规模工业生产,并在食品添加剂、药品、化妆品等诸多领域得到了广泛应用 [ 2 ] 。在催化剂合成领域,富含官能团的柠檬酸可以作为优良的多齿配体对金属进行络合组装,并在原位热解炭化后直接形成碳包覆核壳结构 [ 3 ]
费托合成(Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis, FTS)是一项将合成气(CO和 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}}$) 转化为高附加值化学品和洁净燃料的技术, 它可以扩大煤、天然气、生物质等含碳资源的应用范围 [ 4 ] 。铁基催化剂是 FTS 常用的一种金属催化剂, 具有成本低、操作范围宽等优点, 其活性相为碳化铁。目前已报道的碳化铁类型有 $\chi -{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{5}{\mathrm{C}}_{2}$ (Hägg Carbide), $\theta -{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}\mathrm{C}$ (Cementite), $\varepsilon -{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{2}\mathrm{C},{\varepsilon }^{\prime }- {\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{2.2}\mathrm{C}$${\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{7}{\mathrm{C}}_{3}$ (Adcock Eckstrom) [ 5 ] 等,一般需要经过较长时间的合成气渗碳处理得到。铁基催化剂合成中,铁源通常采用硝酸铁、硫酸铁、氯化铁等铁盐, 这些铁盐生产过程中不可避免地使用各种无机强酸, 且在随后的铁盐还原过程中会释放出有毒有害气体(如氮氧化物、硫氧化物或氯化氢),存在潜在的环境问题。因此, 直接使用金属铁作为铁源进行合成铁基费托催化剂具有一定优势。
本研究使用柠檬酸溶解铁粉形成溶胶-凝胶并炭化得到铁基费托催化剂, 在溶解过程中添加氨水,强化柠檬酸对铁粉的络合溶解能力,从而能快速溶解铁粉。直接使用铁粉作为铁源相比铁盐成本更低, 且在热解过程中有效避免生成有毒气体、剧烈膨胀或爆炸的危险。采用 FTIR, TG, XRD, XPS, 氮气等温吸附脱附, TEM, SEM 等分析技术系统地考察了催化剂的结构和理化性质, 对催化剂的原料配比、炭化温度等关键因素进行了优化, 并在固定床反应器中评价了 FTS 反应性能。
还原铁粉 $\left({\mathrm{{Fe}},{99}\%,{100}\mathrm{目}}\right)$ 、六水合氯化铁 $\left({{\mathrm{{FeCl}}}_{3}\cdot 6{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O},{99}\%}\right)$ 、九水合硝酸铁 $\left\lbrack {\mathrm{{Fe}}{\left({\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}\right)}_{3}\cdot }\right.$ $\left.{9{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O},{98.5}\%}\right\rbrack$ 、七水合硫酸铁( ${\mathrm{{FeSO}}}_{4}\cdot 7{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O},\mathrm{{AR}}$ )、 四氧化三铁 $\left({{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4},{99}\%}\right)$ 购于上海麦克林生化科技有限公司。一水合柠檬酸 $\left({{\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{H}}_{8}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}\cdot {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O},{99.5}\%}\right)$ 和氨水 $\left({{\mathrm{{NH}}}_{3}\cdot {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O},{25}\%\sim {28}\%}\right)$ 购于上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。
使用柠檬酸对铁粉进行络合溶解形成溶胶- 凝胶并炭化合成催化剂。首先,将还原铁粉(Fe)和一水合柠檬酸(CA)按一定摩尔比与 ${40}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 去离子水混合,在搅拌下加入氨水调节 $\mathrm{{pH}}$$3 \sim 4$ 。在 80°C下持续搅拌使铁粉溶解,随后继续加热搅拌以去除溶剂并形成均相的凝胶。进一步在 80 ℃烘箱下干燥过夜使水分充分蒸发,得到前驱体。最后,充分干燥后的凝胶在氮气气氛下,以 5 ℃/min 的升温速率加热至炭化温度并保持 $2\mathrm{\;h}$ ,获得催化剂产品,被命名为 $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- M - T$ ,其中 $M$$\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{CA}}$ 的摩尔比, $T$ 为炭化温度。
$M = 1/2, T ={700}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 条件下,以 ${\mathrm{{FeCl}}}_{3},\mathrm{{Fe}}{\left({\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}\right)}_{3}$ , ${\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$${\mathrm{{FeSO}}}_{4}$ 作为铁源替代还原铁粉制备得到催化剂,命名为 $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- S$ ,其中 $S$ 为铁源的化学式。
X 射线衍射 (XRD) 采用 Rigaku 公司 Smart Lab 型 X 射线衍射仪测试,衍射仪的 X 射线为 $\mathrm{{Cu}}\mathrm{K}\alpha$ 射线 $\left({\lambda ={0.154}\mathrm{\;{nm}}}\right)$ ,工作电压为 ${40}\mathrm{{kV}}$ ,工作电流为 ${30}\mathrm{\;{mA}}$ ,扫描值为 ${10}\sim {80}^{\circ }$$\mathrm{X}$ 射线光电子能谱(XPS)采用 Leybold 公司 LH 10型 X 射线光电子能谱测试,采用 $\mathrm{{Al}}\mathrm{K}\alpha$ 射线 $(\mathrm{h}v ={1253.6}$ eV),根据 ${284.8}\mathrm{{eV}}$$\mathrm{C}1\mathrm{\;s}$ 峰对所有结合能进行校正。透射电子显微镜(TEM)采用 JEOL 公司 JEM-2100F 型透射电子显微镜测试。SEM 采用 Hitachi 公司 SU8220 型扫描电子显微镜测试。氮气等温吸附-脱附采用 Micromeritics 公司 ASAP 2460 型自动物理吸附仪测试,在 -196.15 ℃下测得氮气物理吸附, 利用 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)方程计算样品比表面积,利用 Barret-Joyner-Halenda(BJH)模型计算样品孔体积和孔径分布。 热重(TG)采用 NETZSCH 公司 STA409PC 型仪器测试,升温速率为 ${10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ,温度为 ${26}\sim {900}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ , 氮气流量为 ${40}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 。傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR) 采用 Thermo Fisher 公司 Nicolet IS50 型仪器测试,扫描值为 ${500}\sim {4000}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$
FTS 反应在连续流动固定床管式反应器(不锈钢材质,内径 ${10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,长度 ${350}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ )中进行。将 ${1.0}\mathrm{\;g}$ 催化剂与 ${2.0}\mathrm{\;g}$ 石英砂(60~80 目)混合装入反应器中,在 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}/\mathrm{{CO}}= 1,{300}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,常压, $\mathrm{{GHSV}}= {3000}$ $\mathrm{{mL}}/\left({{\mathrm{g}}_{\mathrm{{cat}}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ 的条件下对催化剂进行 ${12}\mathrm{\;h}$ 的还原, 随后升压至 ${2.0}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 进行费托催化性能测试 [ 4 ] ,反应时间 (TOS) 为 ${24}\mathrm{\;h}$ 。为测试催化剂的稳定性,进行了 ${168}\mathrm{\;h}$ 的 FTS 反应测试。
在反应过程中, 采用装有 TCD 和 FID 检测器的气相色谱(GC)每隔 $4\mathrm{\;h}$ 对气态产物进行一次在线分析。用氮气内标法计算 CO 转化率。根据峰面积归一化法测定各组分的相对含量, 并确定各组分在产品中的分布,其中烃类物质用 ${\mathrm{C}}_{1}$ 表示甲烷, ${\mathrm{C}}_{2 - 4}{}^{\circ }$ 表示碳数为 $2 \sim 4$ 的烷烃, ${\mathrm{C}}_{2 - 4}=$ 表示碳数为 2~4 的烯烃, ${\mathrm{C}}_{54}$ 表示碳数大于等于 5 的烃。在所有性能测试中,碳平衡均超过 90%。
柠檬酸由于存在电离平衡,在 $\mathrm{{pH}}\approx 2$ 时仅电离出少部分 ${\mathrm{H}}^{+ }$ ,因此对铁粉进行的酸溶解和络合溶解十分缓慢。加入氨水,使 pH 上升到 3~4 后, 柠檬酸去质子化形成 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ 酸根,更多羧酸基团作为结合位点吸附在铁表面络合形成柠檬酸铁铵络合物 [ 1 ] ,溶解速率加快。
为了研究 $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- 1/2 -{700}$ 的官能团,对其前驱体[ 图 1(a)]和催化剂[ 图 1(b)]进行了 FTIR 测试。从前驱体的测试结果中可以观察到柠檬酸的大量含氧官能团, 这些含氧官能团能够充分络合并固定金属铁,其中: ${1715}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$${1620}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$ 两处的特征吸附带为 $\mathrm{C}= \mathrm{O}$ 的伸缩振动,这是柠檬酸特有的分裂结构, 表示两个末端羧酸与中心羧酸基团之间不同 [ 6 ] ; ${3200}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$ 处铵根的拉伸振动来源于氨水的加入。经过热解炭化后,含氧官能团和铵根得到了充分分解。
为了研究 $\theta -{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}\mathrm{C}$ 活性相的原位形成过程,在氮气气氛下对催化剂的前驱体进行 TG 分析,结果如 图 2 所示。位于 ${30}\sim {150}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的第一个失重峰是水分的蒸发,失重率约为 3%;当温度升高到 200~ ${500}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,失重率约为 ${46}\%$ ,含氧基团热解释放出还原气氛 ${\left({\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4},\mathrm{{CO}},{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\right)}$ [ 7 ] ,开始对铁种进行还原;当温度升高到 600~700 ℃时,碳在铁的催化下发生石墨化,同时与铁反应生成 $\theta -{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}\mathrm{C}$ ,产生了第三个失重峰。由于 $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- 1/2 -{700}$ 的含碳量相比 Fe@C-1/3-700 要少, 热解出气体的速率更快, 表现在微分热重 DTG 结果中 $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- 1/2 -{700}$ 的失重峰更尖锐。
本文使用 XRD 研究了炭化温度和 $\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{CA}}$ 摩尔比对催化剂的影响。如 图 3(a)所示,当样品在 ${500}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 进行炭化处理时,仅在 ${24}^{\circ }$ 左右出现了非晶态碳的衍射峰。温度升高到 ${550}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,在 ${35.3}^{\circ }$ , ${43.0}^{\circ }$${62.3}^{\circ }$ 出现了 ${\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ (JCPDS, NO.88-0866) 的弱衍射峰 [ 8 ] ,说明在该温度下铁种并未被完全还原。经过 ${700}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的炭化处理后形成了具有良好结晶度的 $\theta -{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}\mathrm{C}$ (JCPDS, NO.76-1877)。进一步升高温度至 ${900}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,位于 ${44.9}^{\circ }$${65.3}^{\circ }$$\alpha -\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 衍射峰逐渐增强,这是由于 $\theta -{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}\mathrm{C}$ 会在更高的温度下分解为 $\alpha -{\mathrm{{Fe}}}$ [ 9 ] 。同时碳的衍射峰变得尖锐,表明在高温下发生了石墨化。催化剂 Fe@C-1/3-700与 $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- 1/2 -{700}$ 均形成了 $\theta -{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}\mathrm{C}$ 相,但前者的衍射峰更宽一些,说明其金属颗粒粒径更小,在FTS 中一般并不利于碳链的增长。结果表明, 700 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 是形成高纯度 $\theta -{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}\mathrm{C}$ 费托活性相的最适温度, 且柠檬酸用量的增加会减小 ${\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}\mathrm{C}$ 纳米颗粒的粒径。
本文对不同铁源合成的催化剂进行了 XRD 表征,以研究铁源对催化剂相态和结构造成的影响。从 图 3(b)可以看出, $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{{Fe}}{\left({\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}\right)}_{3},\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}-$ ${\mathrm{{FeCl}}}_{3}$$\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- {\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ 催化剂均形成了 $\theta -{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}\mathrm{C}$ 相, 其中 $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{{Fe}}{\left({\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}\right)}_{3}$$\alpha -\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 衍射峰更强。 $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}-$ ${\mathrm{{FeCl}}}_{3}$ 除了能观察到 $\theta -{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}\mathrm{C}$ 相和 ${\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ 相以外,还出现了 ${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}\mathrm{{Cl}}$ (JCPDS, NO.73-0365),这源于前驱体热解出的氯化氢与氨在气相中再次反应生成 ${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}\mathrm{{Cl}}$ 固体。与 $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- 1/2 -{700}$ 相比, $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- {\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$$\theta -{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}\mathrm{C}$ 衍射峰更宽矮,说明其金属颗粒粒径更小。 $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- {\mathrm{{FeSO}}}_{4}$ 催化剂中没有观察到 $\theta -{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}\mathrm{C}$ ,但出现了 ${\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ , FeS (JCPDS, NO.65-6841) 和 $\mathrm{{FeO}}$ (JCPDS, NO.75-1550),这与硫会使 $\theta -{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}\mathrm{C}$ 更难形成的结论相一致 [ 10 ]
本文采用 XPS 对 Fe@C-1/2-700 催化剂的表面性质进行了研究。在 图 4(a)中, $\sim {707.6}\mathrm{{eV}}$$\sim {720.4}\mathrm{{eV}}$ 处的峰对应 $\theta -{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}\mathrm{C}$ ,而 $\sim {711.2}\mathrm{{eV}}$$\sim {725.1}\mathrm{{eV}}$ 处的峰对应 ${\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ [ 11, 12 ] ,表面上的氧化物是由于催化剂暴露在空气中氧化生成的。在 图4 $\left(\mathrm{\;b}\right)$ 中,~ ${284.0},\sim {285.8}\mathrm{{eV}}$$\sim {287.0}\mathrm{{eV}}$ 处的峰分别对应 $\mathrm{{Fe}}- \mathrm{C},\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{O}$$\mathrm{C}- {\mathrm{N}}$ [ 13 ] ,$\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{O}$$\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{N}$ 是由催化剂表面上的碳与空气接触形成的,而 $\mathrm{{Fe}}-$ $\mathrm{C}$ 的存在进一步证实了该催化剂形成了 $\theta -{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}\mathrm{C}$ 相。
本文使用氮气等温吸附-脱附研究了催化剂的结构, 结果如 图 5图 6表 1 所示。所有催化剂均表现为 IV 型回滞曲线,表明均为介孔结构 [ 14 ]
在较低的相对压力下, 催化剂首先进行单层吸附, 随后是多层吸附, 在较高的相对压力下, 介孔内的毛细管发生缩合使吸附体积不断增加。由铁粉和硝酸铁合成的催化剂在相对压力 $P/{P}_{0}\approx {0.43}$ 时回滞曲线紧急闭合, 这说明了存在入口狭窄但内部空间较大的“墨水瓶”孔结构。 $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- {\mathrm{{FeSO}}}_{4}$ 的回滞曲线在较高 $P/{P}_{0}$ 区未表现出吸附饱和,说明孔结构不规整,对应了孔径分布图上的孔分布较宽。 $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- 1/2 -{700}$ 的比表面积相比 $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- {\mathrm{{FeSO}}}_{4}$$\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{{Fe}}{\left({\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}\right)}_{3}$ 更大,这保证了其在催化过程中能提供更多的活性位点。对于不同 $\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{CA}}$ 摩尔比制备的催化剂,更多的铁会堵塞孔洞,使得 $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- 1/2 -{700}$$\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- 1/3 -{700}$ 的比表面积更小 [ 15 ] ,同时对碳的石墨化催化作用更强,碳发生非均质收缩导致孔体积和孔径膨胀增大。
本文使用 TEM 和 SEM 进一步研究了催化剂的微观结构,结果如 图 7图 8 所示。由 图 7 可以看出, 使用还原铁粉合成的催化剂均形成了碳包覆的核壳结构,且随着柠檬酸含量的增加, $\theta -{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}\mathrm{C}$ 颗粒的分散性更好,粒径更小, $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- 1/2 -{700}$ 催化剂的平均粒径为 ${31.1}\mathrm{\;{nm}},\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- 1/3 -{700}$ 的平均粒径为 ${18.4}\mathrm{\;{nm}}$ ,这与 $\mathrm{{XRD}}$ 图谱中 $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- 1/3 -$ 700 相比 Fe@C-1/2-700 的衍射峰更宽矮的现象一致。
本文通过 FTS 反应研究了 Fe/CA 摩尔比和铁源对催化剂催化性能的影响。 表 2 总结了在 ${300}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},{2.0}\mathrm{{MPa}},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}/\mathrm{{CO}}= 1,\mathrm{{GHSV}}= {3000}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\left({{\mathrm{g}}_{\text{cat }}\cdot }\right.$ h)的反应条件下,催化剂在固定床上反应 ${24}\mathrm{\;h}$ 的催化活性和碳氢化合物分布,其中 $\mathrm{O}/\mathrm{P}$ 表示烯烷质量比。结果表明, $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{M}- {700}$ 催化剂的 $\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{CA}}$ 摩尔比由 $1/3$ 提高到 $1/2$ 时, $\mathrm{{CO}}$ 转化率由 ${43.3}\%$ 提高到 ${99.2}\%$ ,且拥有较大粒径的 $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- 1/2 -{700}$ 对甲烷的选择性更低,对 ${\mathrm{C}}_{5 +}$ 的选择性更高,这与 XRD 和 TEM 的结果预测一致。
对于 $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- {\mathrm{{FeCl}}}_{3}$$\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- {\mathrm{{FeSO}}}_{4}$ 催化剂,可能由于 ${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}\mathrm{{Cl}}$ 杂质和硫的毒化作用使其丧失了催化活性。由 $\mathrm{{XRD}}$ 谱图可知, $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- {\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ 的金属颗粒粒径较小,因此在 FTS 反应中甲烷化较为严重。 $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{{Fe}}{\left({\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}\right)}_{3}$ 由于较低的比表面积和存在 $\alpha$ -Fe相,催化活性低于使用铁粉制备的催化剂。 在铁源的对比队列中 $\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- 1/2 -{700}$ 的综合性能最好,拥有最高催化活性(CO 转化率 99.2%) 的同时兼具较高的 ${\mathrm{C}}_{2 - 4}= \left({{23.6}\%}\right)$${\mathrm{C}}_{5 +}\left({{54.3}\%}\right)$ 选择性。
$\mathrm{{Fe}}@\mathrm{C}- 1/2 -{700}$ 催化剂经过 ${168}\mathrm{\;h}$ 的稳定性测试后, 催化活性和碳氢化合物分布结果如 图 9 所示。在 $8\mathrm{\;h}$ 内, $\mathrm{{CO}}$ 转化率上升到 ${98.9}\%$ ,经过 ${168}\mathrm{\;h}$$\mathrm{{CO}}$ 转化率仅降至 ${97.3}\%,{\mathrm{C}}_{5 +}$ 的选择性稳定在 ${53}\%$ 左右。较纯的 $\theta -{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}\mathrm{C}$ 相、良好的孔隙结构和碳包覆的核壳结构给予了该催化剂优异的催化活性和稳定性。
本文成功探索了一种绿色安全的高性能铁基费托催化剂合成策略, 在这一合成策略中, 通过添加氨水增强柠檬酸的络合溶解能力, 使其能快速溶解铁粉形成均相的溶胶-凝胶络合物, 随后经过热解炭化得到催化剂。对催化剂进行了 $\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{CA}}$ 摩尔比和炭化温度的优化,当 $\mathrm{{Fe}}/\mathrm{{CA}}$ 摩尔比为 $1/2$ 时, 催化剂孔径分布更均匀且能够形成利于碳链增长的大金属粒径,700 ℃的炭化温度能构建良好结晶度的 $\theta -{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}\mathrm{C}$ 费托活性相。使用金属铁粉直接作为铁源的合成工艺具有众多优势, 在原料方面,由含糖类生物质发酵得到的柠檬酸是绿色可再生的, 炼铁工艺得到的金属铁的成本低于铁盐; 在制备工艺方面,由柠檬酸络合铁粉得到的前驱体在热解过程中不会像使用铁盐合成的前驱体一样有发生剧烈膨胀、爆炸和生成有毒气体的危险, 降低了反应器和处理尾气的要求, 且能够直接原位合成 $\theta -{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}\mathrm{C}$ 费托活性相,无需进行合成气渗碳处理; 得益于较纯的 $\theta -{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}\mathrm{C}$ 相、良好的孔隙结构和碳包覆的核壳结构, 催化剂经过优化后表现出优异的催化活性和稳定性, Fe@C-1/2-700 催化剂的 $\mathrm{{CO}}$ 转化率达到 ${99.2}\%,{\mathrm{C}}_{5 +}$ 烃类选择性为 ${53}\%$ , 经过 ${168}\mathrm{\;h}$ 的稳定性测试后, $\mathrm{{CO}}$ 转化率仍稳定保持在 97.3%以上。该合成方法为催化剂的绿色安全生产提供了一种新思路。
  • 广东省植物资源生物炼制重点实验室开放基金(2021GDKLPRB05)
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2024年第42卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2022-10-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-18
基金
广东省植物资源生物炼制重点实验室开放基金(2021GDKLPRB05)
作者信息
    1 广东工业大学 轻工化工学院 广东 广州 510006
    2 中国科学院 广州能源研究所 广东 广州 510640
    3 广东省植物资源生物炼制重点实验室 广东 广州 510006

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仇松柏(1981-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为生物质能源。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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