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As the proportion of renewable energy and variable loads in the distribution system gradually increases, the uncertainty of power flow in the distribution network will affect the optimal network topology. Since distributed generation and demand response are affected by the time factor, the topology obtained by modeling at a single time period is difficult to be optimized at different times of the day. To address this uncertainty, this paper proposes a secondorder cone optimizationbased distribution network reconfiguration model for multitemporal tidal flow analysis for billing and demand response. By considering the "sourcestorageload" structure of the actual distribution system, an optimization problem with the objectives of network operation cost and switching operation cost is established, and the secondorder cone relaxation is used to transform the nonconvex search space into a convex feasible domain for fast solution. Experimental results on an improved IEEE 33 node distribution network show the superiority of the proposed method over traditional methods in terms of accuracy and solution speed.

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随着可再生能源和可变负荷在配电系统中比例的逐步提高,配电网中电力流向的不确定性对最优网络拓扑结构的影响越来越显著。由于分布式发电和需求响应受时间因素影响,按单时段建模所得到的拓扑结构在一天中的不同时段难以达到最优。为解决这种不确定因素的影响,文章提出了一种基于二阶锥优化的配电网重构模型,进行计及需求响应的多时段潮流分析。基于实际配网系统所存在的“源—储–荷”结构,建立了以网络运行成本和开关运行成本为目标的约束条件,利用二阶锥松弛将非凸形式搜索空间转化为凸可行域,从而进行快速求解。在改进的IEEE 33节点配电网上进行测试分析,结果表明,文章提出的方法比传统方法具有更高的准确性和更快的求解速度。

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潘凯岩(1973-),男,山东烟台人,博士研究生,研究员,主要从事调度自动化系统、配网自动化系统的研制与开发工作。E-mail:

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潘凯岩(1973-),男,山东烟台人,博士研究生,研究员,主要从事调度自动化系统、配网自动化系统的研制与开发工作。E-mail:

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潘凯岩(1973-),男,山东烟台人,博士研究生,研究员,主要从事调度自动化系统、配网自动化系统的研制与开发工作。E-mail:

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Guangzhou 510000 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154430611608556068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430575382352197, companyId=1154430611591778850, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 广东电网有限责任公司 电力调度控制中心 广东 广州 510000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1154430614880113253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430575382352197, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=IEEE 33 bus distribution network with wind, PV and energy storage, figureFileSmall=fhLXqcmlicvUpi6UVtC+hw==, figureFileBig=YLAHZ8yONKiqwPLtdXqCpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430614934639206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430575382352197, language=CN, label=图 1, caption=含风-光-储的 IEEE 33 节点配电网, figureFileSmall=fhLXqcmlicvUpi6UVtC+hw==, figureFileBig=YLAHZ8yONKiqwPLtdXqCpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430614989165159, 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考虑电力负荷需求和分布式电源不确定性的配电网重构
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潘凯岩 1, 2 , 赵瑞锋 3 , 刘尚伟 2 , 卢建刚 3 , 刘宏达 1 , 陈奕杉 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(4): 545-552
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(4): 545-552
考虑电力负荷需求和分布式电源不确定性的配电网重构
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潘凯岩1, 2 , 赵瑞锋3, 刘尚伟2, 卢建刚3, 刘宏达1, 陈奕杉2
作者信息
  • 1 哈尔滨工程大学 智能科学与工程学院 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150000
  • 2 东方电子股份有限公司 山东 烟台 264000
  • 3 广东电网有限责任公司 电力调度控制中心 广东 广州 510000
  • 潘凯岩(1973-),男,山东烟台人,博士研究生,研究员,主要从事调度自动化系统、配网自动化系统的研制与开发工作。E-mail:

Distribution network reconfiguration considering power load demand and distributed power source uncertainty
Kaiyan Pan1, 2 , Ruifeng Zhao3, Shangwei Liu2, Jiangang Lu3, Hongda Liu1, Yishan Chen2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150000 China
  • 2 Dongfang Electronics Cooperation Yantai 264000 China
  • 3 Electric Power Dispatching and Control Center Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd. Guangzhou 510000 China
出版时间: 2024-04-20
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随着可再生能源和可变负荷在配电系统中比例的逐步提高,配电网中电力流向的不确定性对最优网络拓扑结构的影响越来越显著。由于分布式发电和需求响应受时间因素影响,按单时段建模所得到的拓扑结构在一天中的不同时段难以达到最优。为解决这种不确定因素的影响,文章提出了一种基于二阶锥优化的配电网重构模型,进行计及需求响应的多时段潮流分析。基于实际配网系统所存在的“源—储–荷”结构,建立了以网络运行成本和开关运行成本为目标的约束条件,利用二阶锥松弛将非凸形式搜索空间转化为凸可行域,从而进行快速求解。在改进的IEEE 33节点配电网上进行测试分析,结果表明,文章提出的方法比传统方法具有更高的准确性和更快的求解速度。

配电网重构  /  需求响应  /  分布式发电  /  二阶锥优化

As the proportion of renewable energy and variable loads in the distribution system gradually increases, the uncertainty of power flow in the distribution network will affect the optimal network topology. Since distributed generation and demand response are affected by the time factor, the topology obtained by modeling at a single time period is difficult to be optimized at different times of the day. To address this uncertainty, this paper proposes a secondorder cone optimizationbased distribution network reconfiguration model for multitemporal tidal flow analysis for billing and demand response. By considering the "sourcestorageload" structure of the actual distribution system, an optimization problem with the objectives of network operation cost and switching operation cost is established, and the secondorder cone relaxation is used to transform the nonconvex search space into a convex feasible domain for fast solution. Experimental results on an improved IEEE 33 node distribution network show the superiority of the proposed method over traditional methods in terms of accuracy and solution speed.

distribution network reconfiguration  /  demand response  /  distributed generation  /  second-order cone optimization
潘凯岩, 赵瑞锋, 刘尚伟, 卢建刚, 刘宏达, 陈奕杉. 考虑电力负荷需求和分布式电源不确定性的配电网重构. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (4) : 545 -552 .
Kaiyan Pan, Ruifeng Zhao, Shangwei Liu, Jiangang Lu, Hongda Liu, Yishan Chen. Distribution network reconfiguration considering power load demand and distributed power source uncertainty[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (4) : 545 -552 .
随着“碳中和、碳达峰”目标的提出, 电力系统在建设过程中开发并部署了很多智能电网技术, 如分布式发电 (Distributed Generation, DG) 在配电系统中的比例逐年增加。虽然这对于降低网络损耗、提高经济性具有一定的优势 [ 1 - 6 ] ,但 DG 输出功率的不确定性和负荷的可变性增加了电力系统的运行风险和运营成本,按单时段建模所得到的拓扑结构易出现电压调节能力差、损耗高等问题 [ 7 - 11 ] 。配电系统通常以径向拓扑结构运行,网络重新配置就是改变网络配置、改变常开和常闭开关状态, 以实现预期目标并满足预先确定的运行限制 [ 12 , 13 ]
通过引入一定渗透率的风电可以有效地减少能源损耗并平衡网络上的负荷水平 [ 14 , 15 ] 。当风电渗透率较高时,会造成电网内的负荷转移,引发系统内摩擦 [ 14 ] 。随着 $\mathrm{{DG}}$ 机组的集成度越来越高, 利用软开路点(Soft Open Points, SOP)设备可以提高 DG 机组的网络承载能力。SOP 能够提供有功潮流补偿所产生的无功能量 [ 16 - 18 ] 。无功功率影响着设备线圈 (电机、风扇、泵系统等) 的磁化,通常采用电容器组进行控制, 但是这些设备无法持续产生可变的无功能量。为了解决这个问题, 分布式柔性交流输电系统应运而生。通过集成分布式静态补偿设备可以提高配电系统的效率和可靠性 [ 14 , 19 , 20 ] ,从而减少能量损失并改善电压曲线。尽管这些设备在各自的应用环境中具有很强的优势,但为了消除这些设备所带来的不规则性, 有必要开发出相关的算法来确定这些设备在网络中的最优位置和配置。
研究人员围绕配电网重构问题建立了很多优化模型 [ 21 - 25 ] 。文献[ 21 ]考虑了配电网中的电压源逆变器和实际功率损耗, 以最小化有功损耗为目标, 解决了含 DG 的配电网重构问题。文献[ 22 ]以损耗最小化、线路负载最小化和改善系统电压曲线为优化目标建立了配电网重构模型。文献[ 23 ]以减少损耗和改善系统电压曲线为目标,同时对配电网重构与分布式电源选址的优化问题进行了求解。
进行配电网重构时, 一旦找到了开路点的最佳位置, 就可以验证优化方法所产生的效益, 研究不同配置之间的损耗改善情况。由于实际情况下负荷需求是不断变化的, 改变配置前的负载可能与改变配置后的不同,因此很难实现网络验证。需求响应的目标是在用电高峰期减少电能需求, 本文综合考虑了“源-荷-储”的拓扑结构,构建起需求响应运行特性的约束条件, 最终提出了考虑负荷需求和分布式发电的配电网重构优化模型。通过引入二阶锥松弛将优化模型的非凸搜索空间转化为凸可行域, 从而对相应的混合整数模型进行求解。
将分布式电源和储能设备接入现有系统后, 配电网须要改变传统的运行模式。本文所提出的模型旨在实现运行约束条件下的最低成本。网络成本等于整个系统的网络运行成本和开关运行成本的总和。假设所有线路都配备了分段开关和联结开关, 问题的目标函数可表示为
$\min \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left({{C}_{1}{P}_{0}^{t}+ {C}_{2}{P}_{1}^{t}}\right)+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{l = 1}}^{L}{C}_{3}{S}_{l}$
式中: ${P}_{0}^{t}$$t$ 时刻的网络损耗; ${P}_{1}^{t}$$t$ 时刻系统的弃风弃光量; ${S}_{l}$ 为开关动作时间; ${C}_{1},{C}_{2},{C}_{3}$ 分别为网络损耗成本系数、弃风弃光惩罚系数和分段开关操作惩罚成本系数; $T$ 为配电网重构持续的时间集合, $t \in T$ ,时间间隔为 ${\Delta t};L$ 为输电线路集合。
线路 ${ij}$ 的功率损失为
${P}_{0}^{t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{{ij}= N}}{R}_{ij}{\left({I}_{ij}^{t}\right)}^{2}{\Delta t}$
式中: ${I}_{ij}{}^{t},{R}_{ij}$ 分别为 $t$ 时刻线路 ${ij}$ 电流有效值和电阻值; $N$ 为系统支路数。
系统的弃风弃光量可以表示为
${P}_{1}^{t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i ={M}_{\text{wind }}}}\left({{P}_{\text{wind }i}^{t, f}- {P}_{\text{wind }i}^{t}}\right){\Delta t}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i ={M}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}}}\left({{P}_{\mathrm{{PV}}i}^{t, f}- {P}_{\mathrm{{PV}}i}^{t}}\right){\Delta t}$
式中: ${M}_{\text{wind }},{M}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}$ 分别为接入风机和光伏的节点集合; ${P}_{\text{wind }}^{t, f},{P}_{\mathrm{{PVi}}}^{t, f}$ 分别为 $t$ 时刻风机和光伏的输出功率; ${P}_{\text{wind }i}^{t},{P}_{\mathrm{{PV}}i}^{t}$ 分别为 $t$ 时刻风机和光伏注入节点 $i$ 的实际功率。
分段开关的动作次数为
${S}_{l}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{{ij}= N}}\left|{{\alpha }_{ij}- {\alpha }_{{ij},0}}\right|$
式中: ${\alpha }_{{ij},0},{\alpha }_{ij}$ 分别为重构前后线路 ${ij}$ 的开关状态, ${\alpha }_{ij}\in \{ 0,1\}$
配电网运行须满足以下约束条件。
①有功/无功功率平衡约束条件
${P}_{\mathrm{G}i}^{t}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{DG}}i}^{t}- {P}_{\text{Load }i}^{t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in N}}{\alpha }_{ij}\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}- {G}_{ij}{\left({V}_{i}^{t}\right)}^{2}+ {V}_{i}^{t}{V}_{j}^{t}\cdot \\\left({{G}_{ij}\cos {\theta }_{ij}+ {B}_{ij}\sin {\theta }_{ij}}\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack $
${Q}_{\mathrm{G}i}^{t}+ {Q}_{\mathrm{{Com}}i}^{t}- {Q}_{\mathrm{{Load}}i}^{t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in N}}{\alpha }_{ij}\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{B}_{ij}{\left({V}_{i}^{t}\right)}^{2}+ {V}_{i}^{t}{V}_{j}^{t}\cdot \\\left({{G}_{ij}\sin {\theta }_{ij}- {B}_{ij}\cos {\theta }_{ij}}\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack $
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{G}i}^{t},{Q}_{\mathrm{G}i}^{t}$ 分别为 $t$ 时刻母线 $i$ 输出的有功功率和无功功率; ${P}_{\mathrm{{DG}}i}^{t}$$t$ 时刻母线 $i$ 处分布式电源输出的有功功率; ${P}_{\text{Load }i}^{t},{Q}_{\text{Load }i}^{t}$ 分别为 $t$ 时刻母线 $i$ 的有功和无功负载需求; ${Q}_{\mathrm{{Com}}i}^{t}$$t$ 时刻母线 $i$ 的无功功率补偿; ${V}_{i}^{t},{V}_{j}^{t}$ 分别为 $t$ 时刻母线 $i$$j$ 的电压; ${G}_{ij},{B}_{ij}$ 分别为节点 $i$$j$ 之间的电导和电纳; ${\theta }_{ij}$ 为母线 $i$$j$ 的电压相角差; ${\alpha }_{ij}$ 为节点 $i$$j$ 之间开关的通断状态。
②节点电压约束
${V}_{i,\min }^{t}\leq {V}_{i}^{t}\leq {V}_{i,\max }^{t}$
式中: ${V}_{i,\min }^{t},{V}_{i,\max }^{t}$ 分别为节点 $i$ 所允许的最小和最大电压。
③输电线路的最大允许载流能力
${\left({I}_{ij}^{t}\right)}^{2}= {\alpha }_{ij}\left({{G}_{ij}+ {B}_{ij}}\right)\left\lbrack \frac{{\left({V}_{i}^{t}\right)}^{2}+ \frac{{\left({V}_{j}^{t}\right)}^{2}}{2}- 1}{2{V}_{i}^{t}{V}_{j}^{t}\cos {\theta }_{ij}}\right\rbrack \leq {I}_{{ij},\max }^{2}$
式中: ${I}_{{ij},\max }$ 为线路 $i$$j$ 允许流过的最大电流。
④DG 的有功和无功功率输出约束
$ 0 \leq {P}_{\mathrm{{DG}}i}^{t}\leq {P}_{\mathrm{{DG}}i,\max }$
${Q}_{\mathrm{{DG}}i}^{t}= {P}_{\mathrm{{DG}}i}^{t}\tan \delta $
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{{DG}}i,\max }$ 为线路 $i$ 允许的分布式发电最大有功功率; $\tan \delta$ 为分布式发电的功率因数。
⑤网络辐射状态约束
为了保证开关设备的使用寿命, 有必要限制开关动作的次数。本文采用两个二进制变量 ${\beta }_{ij}$${\beta }_{ji}$ 代替 ${\alpha }_{ij}$ ,可以用以下约束限制开关操作。
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{N}{\alpha }_{ij}= N - 1 $
${\beta }_{ij}+ {\beta }_{ji}= {\alpha }_{ij}$
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in N}}{\beta }_{ij}= 1 $
${\beta }_{0j}= 1 $
${\beta }_{ij}\in \{ 0,1\}$
$ 0 \leq {\alpha }_{ij}\leq 1 $
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{l = 1}}^{L}{S}_{l}\leq {N}_{\text{action }}$
${S}_{l}\geq {\alpha }_{ij}- {\alpha }_{{ij},0},{S}_{l}\geq {\alpha }_{{ij},0}- {\alpha }_{ij}$
式中: ${N}_{\text{action }}$ 为开关的最大动作时间。
式(12)表示每个节点除了分站节点外都有一个父节点, 而式 (13) 表示分站节点没有父节点。
⑥储能功率及容量约束
$- {P}_{\text{ESS, chi,}\max }\leq {P}_{\text{ESS,}i}^{t}\leq {P}_{\text{ESS, dis}i,\max }$
${E}_{\mathrm{{ESS}}, i}^{t}= \left\{\begin{array}{l}{E}_{\mathrm{{ESS}}, i}^{t - 1}- {\eta }_{\mathrm{{ch}}}{P}_{\mathrm{{ESS}}, i}^{t},{P}_{\mathrm{{ESS}}, i}^{t}< 0 \\{E}_{\mathrm{{ESS}}, i}^{t - 1}- {\eta }_{\mathrm{{dis}}}{P}_{\mathrm{{ESS}}, i}^{t},{P}_{\mathrm{{ESS}}, i}^{t}\geq 0 \end{array}\right.$
$ 0 \leq {E}_{\mathrm{{ESS}}, i}^{t}\leq {E}_{\mathrm{{ESS}}, i,\max }$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{{ESS}},\text{ chi, max }},{P}_{\mathrm{{ESS}},\text{ disi }i,\max }$ 分别为储能最大充、放电功率; ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{ch}}},{\eta }_{\mathrm{{dis}}}$ 分别为充、放电效率; ${E}_{\mathrm{{ESS}}, i}^{t}$$t$ 时段内节点 $i$ 的储能电效率; ${E}_{\mathrm{{ESS}}, i,\max }$ 为储能容量上限。
⑦需求响应约束
${e}_{i}^{t}= \frac{{P}_{\text{cur }, i}^{t}- {P}_{i}^{t}}{{\rho }_{\text{cur }, i}^{t}- {\rho }_{i}^{t}}$
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}{P}_{\text{cur }, i}^{t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}{P}_{i}^{t}$
${\rho }_{\text{cur }, i}^{t}= \left\{\begin{array}{l}{\rho }_{\text{peak }}, t \in {T}_{\text{peak }}\\{\rho }_{\text{valley }}, t \in {T}_{\text{valley }}\end{array}\right.$
${\rho }_{\text{cur }, i,\min }^{t}\leq {\rho }_{\text{cur }, i}^{t}\leq {\rho }_{\text{cur }, i,\max }^{t}$
式中: ${e}_{i}^{t}$$t$ 时段节点 $i$ 的电价弹性系数; ${P}_{i}^{t},{P}_{\mathrm{{cur}}, i}^{t}$ 分别为 $t$ 时段节点 $i$ 需求响应前、后的负荷量; ${\rho }_{i}^{t}$ , ${\rho }_{\mathrm{{cur}}, i}^{t}$ 分别为 $t$ 时段节点 $i$ 需求响应前、后的电价; ${\rho }_{\text{cur }, i,\max }^{t},{\rho }_{\text{cur }, i,\min }^{t}$ 分别为 $t$ 时段节点 $i$ 电价上、下限。
从上述数学描述中可以看出, 电力系统中负荷需求和分布式电源不确定性对重构优化问题的目标函数和约束条件均有影响。描述风速最佳分布的常用函数是威布尔概率密度函数, 风速的随机模型为
$ p\left( v\right)= \frac{{\xi }_{k}}{{\xi }_{c}}{\left(\frac{v}{{\xi }_{c}}\right)}^{{\xi }_{k}- 1}\exp \left\lbrack {-{\left(\frac{v}{{\xi }_{c}}\right)}^{{\xi }_{k}}}\right\rbrack ,{\xi }_{k},{\xi }_{c}\sim \left({{r}_{1},{r}_{2},{r}_{3}}\right)$
式中: $v$ 为实际风速; ${\xi }_{k},{\xi }_{c}$ 分别为形状参数和比例参数。
风力发电机的输出功率可通过以下公式进行评估:
${P}_{\text{wind }}= \left\{\begin{array}{l} 0, v \leq {v}_{i}\text{ 或 }v \leq {v}_{\mathrm{o}}\\{k}_{1}v +{k}_{2},{v}_{\mathrm{i}}\leq v \leq {v}_{\mathrm{r}}\\{P}_{vv},{v}_{\mathrm{r}}\leq v \leq {v}_{\mathrm{o}}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${P}_{\text{wind }}$ 为风力发电机的实际输出功率; ${P}_{rw}$ 为风力发电机的额定功率; ${v}_{\mathrm{i}},{v}_{\mathrm{r}},{v}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 分别为切入风速、 额定风速和切出风速。
${k}_{1}= \frac{{P}_{rw}}{{v}_{r}- {v}_{i}},{k}_{2}= -{k}_{1}{v}_{i}$
描述太阳辐照度规律最佳分布的常用函数是贝塔概率密度函数, 太阳辐照度的随机模型为
$ p\left( r\right)= \frac{\Gamma \left({{\xi }_{a}+ {\xi }_{b}}\right)}{\Gamma \left({\xi }_{a}\right)\Gamma \left({\xi }_{b}\right)}{\left(\frac{r}{{r}_{\max }}\right)}^{{\xi }_{a}- 1}{\left( 1 -\frac{r}{{r}_{\max }}\right)}^{{\xi }_{b}- 1},{\xi }_{a},{\xi }_{b}\sim \left({{r}_{1},{r}_{2},{r}_{3}}\right)$
式中: $\Gamma$ 为伽马函数; $r,{r}_{\max }$ 分别为实际太阳辐照度和最大太阳辐照度; ${\xi }_{a},{\xi }_{b}$ 为概率密度函数形状参数。
光伏系统的输出功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}$
${P}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}= {Ar\eta }$
式中: $A$ 为光伏阵列的总面积; $\eta$ 为光电转换效率。
负荷的出力常常受天气、温度和湿度等因素影响, 从而呈现出时变性与随机性。对于特定区域的负荷可用正态分布进行描述。
$ p\left({P}_{\text{Load }}\right)= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }{\sigma }_{p}}\exp \left\lbrack {-{\left(\frac{{P}_{\text{Load }}- {\mu }_{p}}{2{\sigma }_{p}}\right)}^{2}}\right\rbrack $
$ p\left({Q}_{\text{Load }}\right)= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }{\sigma }_{q}}\exp \left\lbrack {-{\left(\frac{{Q}_{\text{Load }}- {\mu }_{q}}{2{\sigma }_{q}}\right)}^{2}}\right\rbrack $
式中: ${\mathbf{\mu }}_{p},{\mathbf{\sigma }}_{p}$ 分别为负荷有功功率的均值和标准差; ${\mu }_{q}$ , ${\sigma }_{q}$ 分别为负荷无功功率的均值和标准差。
利用蒙特卡洛法可以模拟太阳辐照度、风速和负荷的随机变量,生成具有 $m$ 个场景的结构。
$\left\lbrack {{P}_{\mathrm{{pv}}, i}^{m},{P}_{\text{wind }, i}^{m},{P}_{\text{Load }, i}^{m},{Q}_{\text{Load }, i}^{m}}\right\rbrack \times \left({2{M}_{\text{Load }+ {M}_{\text{wind }}+ {M}_{\text{pv }}}}\right)$
式中: ${M}_{\text{Load }}$ 为负荷数量。
对生成的场景样本进行 $k$ 均值聚类,从而选择出具有代表性的样本作为场景代表。
为了求解上述优化问题, 须要对变量进行扩展,以构造出半正定阵,从而通过二阶锥优化方法建立潮流方程。这里引入中间变量 ${\lambda }_{i}^{t},{\lambda }_{j}^{t},{f}_{pi}^{+ }$${f}_{pi}$ ,分别表示如下:
${\lambda }_{i}^{t}= {\left({V}_{i}^{t}\right)}^{2}/2 $
${\lambda }_{j}^{t}= {\left({V}_{j}^{t}\right)}^{2}/2 $
${\dot{f}}_{pi}^{+ }= {V}_{i}^{t}{V}_{j}^{t}\cos {\theta }_{ij}$
${f}_{pi}= {V}_{i}^{t}{V}_{j}^{t}\sin {\theta }_{ij}$
从式(35),(36)中的三角函数项可以得到:
${\left({f}_{pi}^{+ }\right)}^{2}+ {\left({f}_{pi}^{- }\right)}^{2}= {\left({V}_{i}^{t}{V}_{j}^{t}\right)}^{2}= 4{\lambda }_{i}^{t}{\lambda }_{j}^{t}$
优化问题中的有功/无功功率平衡约束条件可以变为
${P}_{\mathrm{G}i}^{t}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{DG}}i}^{t}- {P}_{\text{Load }i}^{t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in N}}{\alpha }_{ij}\left\lbrack {-{G}_{ij}{\lambda }_{i}^{t}+ {G}_{ij}{f}_{pi}^{\dagger }+ {B}_{ij}{f}_{pi}^{- }}\right\rbrack $
${Q}_{\mathrm{G}i}^{t}+ {Q}_{\mathrm{{Com}}i}^{t}- {Q}_{\mathrm{{Load}}i}^{t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in N}}{\alpha }_{ij}\left\lbrack {{B}_{ij}{\lambda }_{i}^{t}+ {G}_{ij}{f}_{pi}^{- }- {B}_{ij}{f}_{pi}^{+ }}\right\rbrack $
$\text{假设}{\widetilde{x}}_{i}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\left({V}_{i}^{t}\right)}^{2}/2 -{\left({V}_{j}^{t}\right)}^{2}/2,{V}_{i}^{t}{V}_{j}^{t}\cos {\theta }_{ij},\\{V}_{i}^{t}{V}_{j}^{t}\sin {\theta }_{ij}\end{array}\right\rbrack \text{是二}$
阶锥优化的一个可行解, 则:
${\widetilde{x}}_{i}= \left\lbrack {{f}_{pi}^{+ }{f}_{pi}^{- }}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\lambda }_{i}^{t}\\{\lambda }_{j}^{t}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 1/2 & 1/2 \\\frac{2{x}_{i}}{2\begin{Vmatrix}{x}_{i}\end{Vmatrix}}& -\frac{2{x}_{i}}{2\begin{Vmatrix}{x}_{i}\end{Vmatrix}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\lambda }_{i}^{t}\\{\lambda }_{j}^{t}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\\\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\frac{{\lambda }_{i}^{t}+ {\lambda }_{j}^{t}}{2}\\\frac{\left({{\lambda }_{i}^{t}- {\lambda }_{j}^{t}}\right){x}_{i}}{2\begin{Vmatrix}{x}_{i}\end{Vmatrix}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
从式 $\left({33}\right),\left({34}\right)$ 可以看出, ${\lambda }_{i}^{t}\geq 0,{\lambda }_{j}^{t}\geq 0$ ,将其带入式(40),有:
$\begin{Vmatrix}{\widetilde{x}}_{i}\end{Vmatrix}= \sqrt{{\left({\lambda }_{i}^{t}- {\lambda }_{j}^{t}\right)}^{2}+ {\left({f}_{pi}^{+ }\right)}^{2}+ {\left({f}_{pi}^{- }\right)}^{2}}\leq {\lambda }_{i}^{t}+ {\lambda }_{j}^{t}= \\{\left({V}_{i}^{t}\right)}^{2}/2 +{\left({V}_{j}^{t}\right)}^{2}/2 $
因此, 利用二阶锥松弛可以将搜索空间由非凸形式转化为凸形式, 从而通过调用 MOSEK 算法包进行模型求解。
为验证混合整数二阶锥规划方法求解主动配电网优化重构问题的效果, 在含有风电、光电和储能的 IEEE 33 节点配电网系统上进行测试分析。 测试系统为 ${100}\mathrm{{kV}}\cdot \mathrm{A},{12.66}\mathrm{{kV}}$ 电压水平的径向配电系统,具有 33 个节点、32个分支和 5 条联络线,总分支数为 37。该系统总的实际功率为 202.3 kW,最大负荷为 ${3715}\mathrm{\;{kW}}+ {2300}\mathrm{{kVar}}$ ,其网络拓扑结构如 图 1 所示。在节点10,16,30处分别接入容量为 ${500},{400},{400}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 风电机组,在节点 7, 13,27 处分别接入容量为 ${500},{300},{400}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 光伏发电机组,在节点4,15,29处分别接入储能装置。 相同类型 DG 和负荷在 ${24}\mathrm{\;h}$ 内的功率分布如 图 2 所示。从 图 2 中可以看出, 光伏发电在 7:00-19:00 出现峰值,负荷在 $6 :{00}- {20}: {00}$ 出现峰值,风电在 ${24}\mathrm{\;h}$ 内的分布较为平均。
图 3 显示了本文所提出的方法与 PSO 算法在 33 节点标准配电网测试系统中收敛特性的对比情况,其中最大迭代次数为 200 。虽然 PSO 算法在第 2 次迭代时呈现出明显的下降趋势, 但是最优解是在第 110 次迭代时得到的。混合整数二阶锥规划方法在第 38 次迭代时达到最优解。这说明本文所提出的方法具有更快速的收敛性。
本文所讨论的优化目标在计及需求响应的同时,最大限度地降低网络损耗,减少电能消耗。 IEEE 33 节点配电网系统峰时段电价为 1.025 元/ $\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ ,谷时段电价为 0.425 元 $/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ ,平时电价为 0.725 元/( $\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ )。系统的原始负荷及实施需求响应之后的负荷曲线如 图 4 所示。从 图 4 中可以看出,在 11:00-14:00,17:00-22:00 用电高峰时段的负荷经需求响应策略被转移到 00:00- 6:00 用电低谷时段, 这说明在考虑需求响应之后所提出的优化策略可以对配电系统的负荷需求起到削峰填谷的作用。经优化重构后的配电系统如 图 5 所示,即断开支路 $\mathrm{s}5,\mathrm{\;s}6,\mathrm{\;s}{14}$$\mathrm{s}{19}$ 。通过断开这些高耗能支路, 并配合分布式电源及储能设备,可以使负荷响应起到削峰填谷的作用。
在计及需求响应前后, 系统各节点电压随时间的变化曲线如 图 6 所示。计及需求响应前后配电网重构的节点电压最小值分别为 0.9761 p.u., 0.9791 p.u.。由 图 6 可以看出,与未计及需求响应 (图中深颜色部分)的重构策略相比, 本文所提出的重构方法对节点电压具有提升作用。从节点电压分布来看, 本文所提出的重构策略对应的节点电压高于未计及需求响应的节点电压, 这同样说明本文所提重构策略对电压提升率具有积极的影响。
在用电高峰时段和用电低谷时段计及需求响应前后配电网节点电压如 图 7 所示。从 图 7 中可以看出,在 12:00 用电高峰时段,本文所提出的配电网重构策略节点电压要高于未考虑需求响应的节点电压, 这说明本文所提出的策略利用配电网的重构降低了总负荷。在 3:00 用电低谷时段, 本文所提出的重构策略节点电压要低于未考虑需求响应的节点电压, 这说明在用电低谷时段本文所提出的策略提升了配电网系统的总负荷。上述结果说明, 在配网重构中通过考虑需求响应和分布式发电的不确定性可以有效提升系统峰-谷时段的电压质量。
本文首先提出了一种计及需求响应和 “源- 荷-储”的配电系统重构模型, 然后对该模型进行测试, 以确定需求响应和 DG 对配电网重构结果的影响。综合考虑了整个系统的网络运行成本和开关运行成本, 为了解决由分段开关的动作次数所带来的非凸性, 在求解阶段引入了二阶锥松弛优化方法, 将搜索空间转化为凸规划问题。通过在改进的 IEEE 33 节点配电网的实验分析, 表明本文所提出的模型在计及需求响应和分布式发电的不确定性后, 可以有效提升系统峰-谷运行时段的电压质量。
  • 南方电网科技项目(030400KK52190115)
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2024年第42卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2023-08-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-04
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南方电网科技项目(030400KK52190115)
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    1 哈尔滨工程大学 智能科学与工程学院 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150000
    2 东方电子股份有限公司 山东 烟台 264000
    3 广东电网有限责任公司 电力调度控制中心 广东 广州 510000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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