Article(id=1154430436051772155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428293831975813, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1656604800000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167264234, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1708358400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167264234, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167264234, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167264234, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154428293831975813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='2', pageStart='143', pageEnd='284', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166753490, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694636757, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642396780745248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428293831975813, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642396780745249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428293831975813, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=143, endPage=150, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154430436555088636, articleId=1154430436051772155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Thermodynamic study on adsorption enhanced biomass steam reforming gasification for hydrogen production, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, Aspen Plus process simulation software was used to compare the effects of adding CO2 adsorbent on hydrogen production by steam reforming of biomass under different conditions [gasification temperature, mass ratio of water to carbon in biomass (S/C), reaction pressure]. Based on the energy consumption and material consumption required for producing hydrogen per unit volume, the matrix analysis method was used to optimize, and the best conditions of adsorption enhanced biomass steam reforming gasification were obtained: When the gasification temperature is 500 °C, S/C=2 and the gasification pressure is 0.1 MPa, under this condition, the hydrogen production is 1.56 m³/kg, the hydrogen concentration is 98.3%, and the energy consumption and material consumption required for producing the unit volume of hydrogen are 4.16 MJ/m³ and 0.64 kg/m³, respectively.

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文章利用 Aspen Plus 流程模拟软件对比研究了在不同条件[气化温度、水与生物质中碳的物质的量比(S/C)、反应压力等]下,是否添加 CO2 吸附剂对生物质蒸汽重整气化制氢的影响。以制取单位体积氢气所需的能耗和物耗为考察指标,利用矩阵分析方法进行优化,得到吸附强化生物质蒸汽重整气化的最佳条件:气化温度为500℃,S/C=2,气化压力为0.1 MPa,在此条件下,氢气产量为1.56 m³/kg,氢气浓度为98.3%,制取单位体积氢气所需的能耗和物耗分别为4.16 MJ/m³ 和 0.64 kg/m³。

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谢华清(1987-),男,博士,副教授,主要从事能源高效转化与洁净利用的研究。E-mail:
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journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430436051772155, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Effect of gasification temperature and S/C on weight matrix, figureFileSmall=BYqVNYcmWn+zLE5LlCbyOw==, figureFileBig=TALtkkxi/qaIW0kxFzlXCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430461150487360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430436051772155, language=CN, label=图 7, caption=气化温度和 $\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}$ 对权矩阵的影响, figureFileSmall=BYqVNYcmWn+zLE5LlCbyOw==, figureFileBig=TALtkkxi/qaIW0kxFzlXCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154430461205013313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430436051772155, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Industrial analysis and elemental analysis of corn cobs, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工业分析/% 元素分析/%
灰分 挥发分 固定碳 水分 C H 0 $\mathrm{N}$ S
3.09 80.46 16.45 4.60 44.62 5.92 48.86 0.45 0.15
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工业分析/% 元素分析/%
灰分 挥发分 固定碳 水分 C H 0 $\mathrm{N}$ S
3.09 80.46 16.45 4.60 44.62 5.92 48.86 0.45 0.15
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参数 数值
环境温度 ${\rho }^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 25
环境压力/MPa 0.1
再生反应器(B2)温度 ${\rho }^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 900
生物质质量流量 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 10000
反应器温度/℃ 200~1 000
S/C 2~6
反应器压力/MPa 0.1~0.5
Abs/C 0~4
), ArticleFig(id=1154430461385368388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430436051772155, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=气化制氢过程中主要的操作参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
环境温度 ${\rho }^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 25
环境压力/MPa 0.1
再生反应器(B2)温度 ${\rho }^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 900
生物质质量流量 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 10000
反应器温度/℃ 200~1 000
S/C 2~6
反应器压力/MPa 0.1~0.5
Abs/C 0~4
), ArticleFig(id=1154430461448282949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430436051772155, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Experimental data structure model, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标层
因素层 $\left( {A}_{i}\right)$ 水平层 $\left( {A}_{ij}\right)$ 气化温度 $\left( {A}_{1}\right)$ $\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}\left( {A}_{2}\right)$
${A}_{11}$${A}_{1j}$${A}_{16}$ ${A}_{21}$ ${A}_{2j}$ $\cdots {A}_{25}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154430461502808902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430436051772155, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=实验数据结构模型, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标层
因素层 $\left( {A}_{i}\right)$ 水平层 $\left( {A}_{ij}\right)$ 气化温度 $\left( {A}_{1}\right)$ $\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}\left( {A}_{2}\right)$
${A}_{11}$${A}_{1j}$${A}_{16}$ ${A}_{21}$ ${A}_{2j}$ $\cdots {A}_{25}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154430461574112071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430436051772155, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Analysis of results with and without ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ adsorbent under optimal operating parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 未添加 吸附剂 添加 吸附剂
生物质转化率1% 100 100
氢气产量 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot {\mathrm{{kg}}}^{-1}$ 1.47 1.56
氢气浓度1% 65 98.3
CO 浓度1% 6.0 0.082
${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 浓度 $1\%$ 29 0.128
${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 浓度 $/\%$ 0.00 1.49
生产单位氢气体积的能耗/MJ·m ${}^{-3}$ 9.71 4.16
生产单位氢气体积的物耗 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$ 0.67 0.64
), ArticleFig(id=1154430461632832328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154430436051772155, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=在最佳操作参数下,有无 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 吸附剂的结果分析, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 未添加 吸附剂 添加 吸附剂
生物质转化率1% 100 100
氢气产量 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot {\mathrm{{kg}}}^{-1}$ 1.47 1.56
氢气浓度1% 65 98.3
CO 浓度1% 6.0 0.082
${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 浓度 $1\%$ 29 0.128
${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 浓度 $/\%$ 0.00 1.49
生产单位氢气体积的能耗/MJ·m ${}^{-3}$ 9.71 4.16
生产单位氢气体积的物耗 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$ 0.67 0.64
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吸附强化生物质蒸汽重整气化制氢的热力学研究
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家丽非 1 , 秦梦鑫 1 , 邵正日 2 , 谢华清 1 , 李荣泉 1
可再生能源 | 2024,42(2): 143-150
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(2): 143-150
吸附强化生物质蒸汽重整气化制氢的热力学研究
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家丽非1, 秦梦鑫1, 邵正日2, 谢华清1 , 李荣泉1
作者信息
  • 1 东北大学 冶金学院 辽宁 沈阳 110819
  • 2 营口理工学院 辽宁省储能与能源利用技术重点实验室 辽宁 营口 115000

通讯作者:

谢华清(1987-),男,博士,副教授,主要从事能源高效转化与洁净利用的研究。E-mail:
Thermodynamic study on adsorption enhanced biomass steam reforming gasification for hydrogen production
Lifei Jia1, Mengxin Qin1, Zhengri Shao2, Huaqing Xie1 , Rongquan Li1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Metallurgy Northeastern University Shenyang 110819 China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Utilization Technology in Liaoning Province Yingkou Institute of Technology Yingkou 115000 China
出版时间: 2024-02-20
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文章利用 Aspen Plus 流程模拟软件对比研究了在不同条件[气化温度、水与生物质中碳的物质的量比(S/C)、反应压力等]下,是否添加 CO2 吸附剂对生物质蒸汽重整气化制氢的影响。以制取单位体积氢气所需的能耗和物耗为考察指标,利用矩阵分析方法进行优化,得到吸附强化生物质蒸汽重整气化的最佳条件:气化温度为500℃,S/C=2,气化压力为0.1 MPa,在此条件下,氢气产量为1.56 m³/kg,氢气浓度为98.3%,制取单位体积氢气所需的能耗和物耗分别为4.16 MJ/m³ 和 0.64 kg/m³。

生物质  /  吸附强化  /  蒸汽气化  /  氢气

In this paper, Aspen Plus process simulation software was used to compare the effects of adding CO2 adsorbent on hydrogen production by steam reforming of biomass under different conditions [gasification temperature, mass ratio of water to carbon in biomass (S/C), reaction pressure]. Based on the energy consumption and material consumption required for producing hydrogen per unit volume, the matrix analysis method was used to optimize, and the best conditions of adsorption enhanced biomass steam reforming gasification were obtained: When the gasification temperature is 500 °C, S/C=2 and the gasification pressure is 0.1 MPa, under this condition, the hydrogen production is 1.56 m³/kg, the hydrogen concentration is 98.3%, and the energy consumption and material consumption required for producing the unit volume of hydrogen are 4.16 MJ/m³ and 0.64 kg/m³, respectively.

biomass  /  adsorption enhancement  /  steam gasification  /  hydrogen
家丽非, 秦梦鑫, 邵正日, 谢华清, 李荣泉. 吸附强化生物质蒸汽重整气化制氢的热力学研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (2) : 143 -150 .
Lifei Jia, Mengxin Qin, Zhengri Shao, Huaqing Xie, Rongquan Li. Thermodynamic study on adsorption enhanced biomass steam reforming gasification for hydrogen production[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (2) : 143 -150 .
为实现“碳达峰、碳中和”的目标, 对能源结构进行低碳化转型是必然所趋。在我国能源转型中, 氢能将扮演“高效低碳的二次能源,灵活智慧的能源载体,绿色清洁的工业原料”的角色。与目前广泛利用的化石能源制氢、电解水制氢等技术相比, 生物质气化制氢技术具有低污染、低能耗、低成本等优势。
生物质气化过程易产生焦油和积碳,焦油的存在易造成管道阻塞、设备受损等,积碳则会引起催化剂失活 [ 1 , 2 ] ; 同时,生物质气化产生的合成气的氢气浓度较低,以上缺陷限制了生物质气化制氢技术的应用。针对上述问题,许多学者研究了气化剂对生物质气化制氢的影响, 常用气化剂有氧气、二氧化碳、水蒸气。研究发现,气化剂可与焦油和煤焦发生反应,促进生物质的热解/气化,减少积碳和焦油的产生 [ 3 , 4 ] ; 当使用不同的气化剂(氧气、二氧化碳、水蒸气)进行生物质重整制氢反应时, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2},\mathrm{{CO}}$ 产率以及产气率均随着气化温度的升高而增加 [ 5 , 6 ] 。Park S W [ 7 ] 研究了在富氧条件下去除木屑气化过程中的焦油, 结果显示, 较高的氧气浓度可以提高生物质重整气体的质量,当氧气浓度为 ${30}\%$ 时,合成气 $\left({{\mathrm{H}}_{2}+ \mathrm{{CO}}}\right)$ 浓度达到最大值 47.64%,焦油还原效率为 72.46% [ 8 ] 。袁文华 [ 9 ] 利用 Aspen Plus 软件模拟了稻壳使用 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 气化剂的气化过程,结果表明,当 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 质量流量为 ${200}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 的生成率高达 ${43}\%$ 。Isla M W [ 10 ] 研究发现,将氧气、空气、二氧化碳、水蒸气作为气化剂对松木屑进行气化反应时, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$$\mathrm{{CO}}$ 的物质的量比 $\left({{\mathrm{H}}_{2}/\mathrm{{CO}}}\right)$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 产量在水蒸气为气化剂时最高,且两者均随着水蒸气与松木屑的物质的量比(S/B)的增大而增大,当 $\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{B}$ 为 0.59 时, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}/\mathrm{{CO}}$${1.81},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 产量为 ${78}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 。使用水蒸气作为气化剂虽可提升生物质重整制氢的 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 产量,但 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 浓度却会因 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2},\mathrm{{CO}}$ 等气体的存在而偏低,且 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 还会降低合成气的热值 [ 11 ] 。Wu Y [ 12 ] 在固定床上进行了生物质的化学链气化试验,证实了 $\mathrm{{CaO}}$ 起到了 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 吸附剂作用, 可显著提高 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 产率。Panlei Wang [ 13 ] 的研究表明,在生物质蒸汽重整反应中加入 $\mathrm{{CaO}}$ ,可降低 $\mathrm{{CO}}$ 浓度和碳的生成,大幅提高 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 产量。刘世宇 [ 14 ] $\mathrm{{CaO}}$ 作为 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 吸收剂对甲苯进行蒸汽强化重整制氢反应,结果表明,甲苯可全部裂解,当气化温度为 550~600 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 浓度可以达到 98%以上。
目前,针对吸附强化生物质蒸汽重整制氢的研究大多关注产氢量,很少有研究讨论生物质蒸汽重整气化反应过程的能耗和物耗。因此, 本文利用 Aspen Plus 软件,基于 Gibbs 自由能最小原理, 模拟分析了气化温度、水与生物质中碳的物质的量比 $\left({\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 、反应压力、 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 吸附剂添加量与生物质中碳的物质的量比 $\left({\mathrm{{Abs}}/\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 对生物质蒸汽重整气化制氢反应的影响, 并利用矩阵分析方法评估了气化温度和 $\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}$ 等参数对系统能耗、物耗的影响, 利用得到的最优操作参数验证了吸附强化生物质蒸汽制氢技术的可行性。
生物质蒸汽气化产物中氢气的来源有两个: 一是生物质原料中的 $\mathrm{H}$ ,另一个是水蒸气中的 ${\mathrm{H}}_{\circ }$ 本文选用玉米芯作为生物质原料, 玉米芯的工业分析和元素分析结果(以收到基为准)见 表 1
吸附强化生物质蒸汽重整制氢流程见 图 1 (S1~S18 指的是生物质蒸汽气化制氢流程中的热量输送过程)。由 图 1 可知:水经过换热器(B13) 吸热气化为水蒸气,生物质经过非常规组分设定, 先在化学计量反应器内进行热解, 经过换热器 (B12)后,与 $\mathrm{{CaO}}$ 、水蒸气通入气化反应器进行气化反应;气化产物经过旋风分离器分离后,气体先经过换热器(B9)进行换热再依次通过 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 分离器进行分离收集, 剩余可燃气体通入燃烧反应器进行燃烧,放出的热量通过换热器(B10)进行收集; 经旋风分离器分离的固体进入再生反应器发生高温脱附 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 反应,实现吸附剂 $\mathrm{{CaO}}$ 的再生, 随后通过旋风分离器进行气固分离, 生成的 $\mathrm{{CaO}}$ 循环使用。收集 3 个换热器(B9, B10, B11)中的余热并通入分配器对生物质和水流进行换热。 普通蒸汽重整制氢不包括吸附剂回收利用部分 (图中右下角虚线框部分),其他部分与吸附强化蒸汽气化制氢流程一样。
生物质蒸汽重整制氢的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 吸附剂选用 $\mathrm{{CaO}}$ ,其解吸温度设定为 ${900}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。生物质蒸汽气化制氢流程中主要的操作参数见 表 2
单位质量生物质的氢气产量 ${Y}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}$ 的计算式为
${Y}_{\mathrm{H}}= {V}_{\mathrm{{He}}}/\mathrm{m}$
式中: ${V}_{\mathrm{{Hz}}}$ 为气化反应生成的氢气体积, ${\mathrm{m}}^{3};m$ 为生物质的质量, kg。
气体浓度 ${c}_{i}$ 的计算式为
${c}_{i}= \left({{M}_{i}/M}\right)\times {100}\%$
式中: ${M}_{i}$ 为产气摩尔质量, $\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{mol}}, i$ 代表产气中的 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2},\mathrm{{CO}},{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2},{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4};M$ 为气体的总摩尔质量, $\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{mol}}$
制取单位体积氢气的能量需求 (能耗) ${E}_{\mathrm{R}}$ 的计算式为
${E}_{\mathrm{R}}= R/{V}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}$
式中: $R$ 为气化过程中的总能耗, $\mathrm{{kJ}}$
制取单位体积氢气的生物质质量需求(物耗) ${B}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 的计算式为
${B}_{\mathrm{m}}= m/{V}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}$
当气化压力为 ${0.1}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时,生物质蒸汽重整气化反应产物随气化温度的变化曲线如 图 2 所示。从 图 2(a),(c)可以看出:对普通生物质蒸汽气化而言,气化温度的升高,促进了强吸热的生物质蒸汽重整制氢反应, 氢气产量和氢气浓度均逐渐增加; 当气化温度超过 600 °C后,氢气产量出现略微下降,氢气浓度没有明显变化,稳定在 60% 左右,这主要是因为放热的水煤气转换反应(CO+ ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}\rightarrow {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}+ {\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ ) 是生物质蒸汽重整反应的限制环节,高温不利于该反应的进行,这也是导致高温时 CO 浓度升高的原因; 随着气化温度的升高, ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 浓度持续降低直至消耗殆尽,这主要归因于强吸热的甲烷重整反应 $\left({{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}+ {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}\rightarrow \mathrm{{CO}}+ 3{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}\right)$ 的发生。从 图 2(b),(d)可以看出:对吸附强化生物质蒸汽气化而言, ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 吸附剂(CaO)的添加降低了产气中的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 浓度,使反应平衡向 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 生成方向移动, 导致氢气产量和浓度得到显著提升; 当气化温度为 ${400}\sim {600}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,氢气产量和浓度可分别达到 ${1.5}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{{kg}}$${98}\%$ 以上; 当气化温度升至 ${600}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 后, $\mathrm{{CaO}}$ 吸附 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 的能力开始变弱,强化气化效果下降;当气化温度升至 ${750}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时, $\mathrm{{CaO}}$ 基本不再吸附 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ ,此后气化产气组成基本与普通气化一致。
当气化压力为 ${0.1}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时,生物质蒸汽重整气化反应产物随 $\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}$ 的变化曲线如 图 3 所示。依据勒夏特勒原理, $\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}$ 的增加意味着增加反应体系中水蒸气的浓度, 将加速生物质蒸汽重整气化反应的进程,故而导致氢气产量随 $\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}$ 的增加而增加。从 图 3(a),(b) 可以看出: 相较于普通生物质蒸汽重整气化, 吸附强化生物质蒸汽重整气化的氢气产量增幅明显,氢气产量可达到约 1.6 ${\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ ,氢气浓度可达到 ${98}\%$ 以上;但是,当 $\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}> 4$ 后,氢气浓度和产量增速放缓,系统加热过量水蒸气消耗的能量与获得的微量产气收益相比得不偿失,因此,为提高氢气产量而盲目增大 $\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}$ 并不可取。从 图 3(c),(d)可以看出:S/C 的增加将促进 $\mathrm{{CO}},{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 等中间产物与水蒸气的反应,使得产气中 $\mathrm{{CO}},{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 的浓度逐渐减低; 而添加 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 吸附剂后,产气中 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$$\mathrm{{CO}}$ 的浓度几乎可以忽略不计;与普通生物质蒸汽气化反应相比,随着 $\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}$ 的增大, ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 浓度急剧下降,这是因为 $\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}$ 的升高以及 $\mathrm{{CO}}$${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 浓度的降低均促进了 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 重整反应。
$\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}= 4$ 时,生物质蒸汽重整气化产物随气化压力的变化曲线如 图 4 所示。从 图 4(a),(b)可以看出:不论是普通生物质蒸汽重整气化还是吸附强化生物质蒸汽重整气化,随着气化压力的升高,氢气产量和浓度均逐渐下降,这是由于生物质蒸汽重整制氢是熵增过程, 高压促使气化反应逆向移动,还会迫使部分 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 转化为 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ ; 相较于普通生物质蒸汽重整气化,由于 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 吸附剂的添加,吸附强化生物质蒸汽重整气化会促使蒸汽重整气化反应和水煤气转换反应正向进行, 使得氢气产量和浓度随气化压力的增加而下降的幅度较为缓慢,在相同压力条件下,氢气产量和浓度均高于普通生物质蒸汽重整气化。从 图 4(c),(d)可以看出:随着气化压力的增加,普通生物质蒸汽重整气化的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 浓度保持在相对较高的水平,一定程度上导致了 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 浓度的增加; 而吸附强化生物质蒸汽重整气化的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 浓度随气化压力的增加而逐渐减小, ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 浓度虽在不断增加,但远小于普通生物质蒸汽重整气化的 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 浓度。
当气化温度为 ${500}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,气化压力为 ${0.1}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时,氢气产量和浓度随 Abs/C 的变化曲线如 图 5 所示。从 图 5 可以看出:当 $\mathrm{{Abs}}/\mathrm{C}< 1$ 时,随着 $\mathrm{{Abs}}/\mathrm{C}$ 的增大,氢气产量和浓度均大幅提高;当 $\mathrm{{Abs}}/\mathrm{C}= 1$ 时,氢气产量达到 ${1.5}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ ,相较于普通生物质蒸汽重整制氢的氢气产量增加了约 50%, 氢气浓度也由 55%升至 99%; 当 Abs/C>1 后,继续增大Abs/ C. 氢气产量和浓度基本不变,却需要消耗大量的热量进行加热和分解。因此, 在下文的流程模拟过程中,吸附强化生物质蒸汽重整制氢的 Abs/C 取为 1。
生物质蒸汽重整气化反应是强吸热反应,随着气化温度和 $\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}$ 的增加,加热生物质和水至反应温度所需的热量将会增加,由此导致系统能耗增加, 因此, 本文利用出口处的高温热流通过换热器对生物质和水进行加热, 以减少外界热量的供给。考虑到换热器在实际工况下的换热效率,设定换热器热流出口温度为 ${200}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
生物质蒸汽重整制氢系统的热量形式主要有:原料的加热热量、气化反应所需的热量、回收热量以及吸附强化生物质蒸汽重整制氢系统所需的吸附剂再生热量。由前文的结果分析来看,当气化温度为 ${400}\sim {650}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}$ 为 2~6 时,生物质蒸汽重整制氢的氢气产量和浓度均较高。在上述条件下,当气化压力为 ${0.1}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时,生产单位体积氢气的能耗和物耗如 图 6 所示。由 图 6 可知: 相较于普通生物质蒸汽重整制氢, 吸附强化生物质蒸汽重整制氢生产单位体积氢气时所需的能耗和物耗显著降低;随着气化温度的升高,生产单位体积氢气所需的能耗和物耗均降低;随着 $\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}$ 的增大,更多的水蒸气被加热,拓宽了氢气来源,提高了氢气产量,故生产单位体积氢气所需的物耗逐渐降低,但是, 氢气产量的增加高于系统能耗的增加, 因此, 生产单位体积氢气所需的能耗逐渐增加。
由前文可知, 生产单位体积氢气所需的能耗和物耗均随着气化温度的升高而降低,随着 $\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}$ 的增加, 生产单位体积氢气所需的能耗和物耗的变化趋势相反。因此,为实现高产氢、低能耗、低物耗,需进一步分析以得到最优的气化操作参数。本文利用矩阵分析方法, 对多目标 (能耗和物耗) 进行优化,建立了三层结构模型 [ 15 ] ( 表 3 ),经过计算得出不同因素、水平对考察指标影响的权重值, 由此获得操作条件的最佳方案及影响因素的主次顺序。
将因素 ${A}_{i}$ 在第 $j$ 水平的平均值定义为 ${k}_{ij}$ ,建立因素层矩阵 $\mathbf{T}$ 、水平层矩阵 $\mathbf{S}$ 及指标层矩阵 ${M}$ [ 1 ] :
$\mathbf{T}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{T}_{1}& 0 \\ 0 &{T}_{2}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
$\mathbf{S}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{S}_{1}\\{S}_{2}\end{array}\right\rbrack $
$\mathbf{M}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{K}_{11}& 0 \\{K}_{12}& 0 \\\cdots &\cdots \\{K}_{16}& 0 \\ 0 &{C}_{21}\\ 0 &{C}_{22}\\\cdots &\cdots \\ 0 &{K}_{n1}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
式中: ${K}_{ij}= 1/{k}_{ij};{T}_{1}= 1/\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{6}{K}_{1j};{T}_{2}= 1/\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{5}{K}_{2j};{S}_{i}=$ ${s}_{i}/\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{2}{s}_{i},{s}_{i}$ 代表因素 ${A}_{i}$ 的极差。
可得各因素、各水平的目标矩阵:
$\mathbf{\Omega }= \mathbf{M}\cdot \mathbf{T}\cdot \mathbf{S}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{llllllll}{\omega }_{11}& {\omega }_{12}& \cdots &{\omega }_{16}& {\omega }_{21}& {\omega }_{22}& \cdots &{\omega }_{25}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}\left( 8\right)$
权矩阵 ${\mathbf{\Omega }}_{\mathrm{{com}}}$ 定义为生产单位体积氢气所需物耗目标矩阵 ${\mathbf{\Omega }}_{1}$ 和能耗目标矩阵 ${\mathbf{\Omega }}_{2}$ 的平均值:
${\mathbf{\Omega }}_{\mathrm{{com}}}= \left({{\mathbf{\Omega }}_{1}+ {\mathbf{\Omega }}_{2}}\right)/2 $
气化温度和 $\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}$ 两个因素对权矩阵的影响如 图 7 所示。从 图 7 可以看出:对普通生物质蒸汽重整制氢而言,气化温度对应的权重值较大,对考察指标的影响大; 而 S/C 对吸附强化生物质蒸汽重整制氢的能耗和物耗的影响大。由综合权重曲线得出的最大权重值对应的气化温度和 $\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}$ 是最佳反应条件。因此, 可得普通生物质蒸汽重整反应的最佳条件:气化温度为 ${650}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}= 6$ ;吸附强化生物质蒸汽重整反应的最佳条件: 气化温度为 500 ℃, S/C=2。
在最佳反应条件下,是否添加 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 吸附剂的结果分析见 表 4 。由 表 4 可知:吸附强化生物质蒸汽重整制氢的氢气产量为 ${1.56}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ ,氢气浓度为 98.3%;相较于普通生物质蒸汽重整制氢,吸附强化生物质蒸汽重整制氢的物耗只降低了 4.48%, 但能耗显著下降了 57.16%,且氢气产量和浓度均有了明显提高。
①通过 Aspen Plus 模拟发现, 随着气化温度和 $\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}$ 的升高,普通生物质蒸汽重整气化和吸附强化生物质蒸汽重整气化产气中的氢气产量和浓度均显著提高,增大气化压力会抑制生物质气化反应进行,不利于制氢, Abs/C 取值过大对制氢没有实质贡献。
②相较于普通生物质蒸汽重整制氢,吸附强化生物质蒸汽重整制氢的最佳气化温度和 $\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}$ 降低,氢气产量由 ${1.47}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 提升至 ${1.56}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ ,氢气浓度由 65%提升至 98.3%。
③利用矩阵分析法, 对多目标 (能耗和物耗) 进行了优化, 得到吸附强化生物质蒸汽重整制氢的最佳操作参数:气化温度为 ${500}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}= 2$ ,气化压力为 ${0.1}\mathrm{{MPa}},\mathrm{{Abs}}/\mathrm{C}= 1$ 。与普通生物质蒸汽重整制氢相比,吸附强化生物质蒸汽重整制氢降低了能耗和物耗,同时提升了氢气产量和浓度,因此, 吸附强化生物质蒸汽重整气化制氢技术具有可行性。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项(N2225043)
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2024年第42卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2022-07-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-01
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中央高校基本科研业务费专项(N2225043)
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    1 东北大学 冶金学院 辽宁 沈阳 110819
    2 营口理工学院 辽宁省储能与能源利用技术重点实验室 辽宁 营口 115000

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谢华清(1987-),男,博士,副教授,主要从事能源高效转化与洁净利用的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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