Article(id=1154429765114122801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429758340326256, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683907200000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167104271, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167104271, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167104271, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167104271, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154429758340326256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='6', pageStart='710', pageEnd='852', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167102656, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694592332, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642210440401438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429758340326256, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642210440401439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429758340326256, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=740, endPage=749, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154429765609050675, articleId=1154429765114122801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Study on the performence of solar energy and heat pump complementary drive desiccant wheel evaporative cooling air conditioning system in data center, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In view of the problem that data center evaporative cooling technology limited by the ambient wet bulb temperature, a solar energy and heat pump complementary drive the desiccant wheel evaporative cooling air conditioning system in data center was proposed. The system uses the waste heat of photovoltaic modules to provide thermal energy complementary heat pump system to drive the dehumidification regeneration. According to the outdoor meteorological conditions, the system can realize three operation modes: fresh air, evaporative cooling and dehumidification & evaporative cooling. The TRNSYS software is used to simulate the thermal, power and energy consumption characteristics of the three typical regional data centers in Shanghai, Guangzhou and Kunming. The results show that in the typical daily dehumidification +evaporative cooling mode in Shanghai, Guangzhou and Kunming area, the desiccant wheel pretreatment reduced the air wet bulb temperature by 10.9 °C, 11.6 °C and 10.3 °C on average compared with the outdoor wet bulb temperature. The average typical monthly system COP values in Shanghai, Guangzhou and Kunming were 4.9, 5.1 and 3.6, respectively, and the maximum instantaneous COP value was 12.1, 11.4 and 8.1.

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针对数据中心蒸发冷却技术受限于环境湿球温度的问题,文章构建了一种太阳能与热泵互补转轮除湿蒸发冷却系统,该系统利用光伏组件发电余热提供的热能,与热泵系统互补驱动转轮除湿再生。系统根据室外气象条件可实现新风、蒸发冷却和除湿+蒸发冷却3种运行模式。应用 TRNSYS 软件模拟上海、广州和昆明3个典型地区数据中心的系统热力、电力及能耗特性。结果表明:在上海、广州和昆明地区典型日除湿+蒸发冷却模式下,转轮除湿预处理分别使空气湿球温度平均降低了 10.9,11.6,10.3℃。在上海、广州和昆明地区典型月系统平均 COP值分别为4.9,5.1,3.6,最大瞬时COP达到12.1, 11.4, 8.1。

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陈柳(1975-),女,博士,副教授,主要从事太阳能驱动转轮除湿空调系统方面的研究。E-mail:
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Open cycle desiccant cooling -component models and system simulations[D]. Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1982., articleTitle=Open cycle desiccant cooling -component models and system simulations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154429828137734445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429765114122801, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=197, issue=null, pageStart=22, pageEnd=37, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Farooq A S, Badar A W, Sajid M B, journalName=Solar Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Farooq A S, Badar A W, Sajid M B, et al. Dynamic simulation and parametric analysis of solar assisted desiccant cooling system with three configuration schemes[J]. 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名称 参数 数值
外墙 传热系数 $/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( {\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.63
南北向面积 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 160
东西向面积 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 120
外窗 传热系数 $/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( {\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 1.26
面积 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 32
窗墙比 0.2
屋顶 传热系数 $/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( {\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.85
面积 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 1 200
数据机柜 满载功率/kW 4
个数/个 420
内部负荷 照明/W·m ${}^{-2}$ 12.5
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名称 参数 数值
外墙 传热系数 $/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( {\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.63
南北向面积 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 160
东西向面积 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 120
外窗 传热系数 $/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( {\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 1.26
面积 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 32
窗墙比 0.2
屋顶 传热系数 $/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( {\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.85
面积 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 1 200
数据机柜 满载功率/kW 4
个数/个 420
内部负荷 照明/W·m ${}^{-2}$ 12.5
), ArticleFig(id=1154429826925580570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429765114122801, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Performance parameters of the air-conditioning system components in the data center, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件名称 Type 主要性能
转轮除湿机 1716b F1 有效系数: 0.08 F2 有效系数: 0.90 再生温度:55℃
间接蒸发 冷却器 162b,91 传质常数: 4.8 传质指数:-0.9 间接换热效率:0.95
太阳能光伏/ 光热集热器 50b 面积: ${2400}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ 倾斜角: 30。 单位集热区质量流量: ${0.0046}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\left( {\mathrm{s} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{2}}\right)$ 容积利用系数:0.8 太阳能电池效率:0.2 电池覆盖因子:0.744
水源热泵 927 制热容量:960 kW COP:4
蓄热水箱 4c 分层数:6 热损失系数:0.833 W/( ${\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}$ )
逆变器 48b 调节器效率:0.89 逆变器效率: 0.95
蓄电池 47 电池容量:500 kW·h
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部件名称 Type 主要性能
转轮除湿机 1716b F1 有效系数: 0.08 F2 有效系数: 0.90 再生温度:55℃
间接蒸发 冷却器 162b,91 传质常数: 4.8 传质指数:-0.9 间接换热效率:0.95
太阳能光伏/ 光热集热器 50b 面积: ${2400}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ 倾斜角: 30。 单位集热区质量流量: ${0.0046}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\left( {\mathrm{s} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{2}}\right)$ 容积利用系数:0.8 太阳能电池效率:0.2 电池覆盖因子:0.744
水源热泵 927 制热容量:960 kW COP:4
蓄热水箱 4c 分层数:6 热损失系数:0.833 W/( ${\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}$ )
逆变器 48b 调节器效率:0.89 逆变器效率: 0.95
蓄电池 47 电池容量:500 kW·h
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数据中心用太阳能与热泵互补转轮除湿蒸发冷却系统性能研究
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杨婷婷 , 陈柳 , 封媛 , 赵玉娇
可再生能源 | 2024,42(6): 740-749
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(6): 740-749
数据中心用太阳能与热泵互补转轮除湿蒸发冷却系统性能研究
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杨婷婷, 陈柳 , 封媛, 赵玉娇
作者信息
  • 1 西安科技大学 能源学院 陕西 西安 710054

通讯作者:

陈柳(1975-),女,博士,副教授,主要从事太阳能驱动转轮除湿空调系统方面的研究。E-mail:
Study on the performence of solar energy and heat pump complementary drive desiccant wheel evaporative cooling air conditioning system in data center
Tingting Yang, Liu Chen , Yuan Feng, Yujiao Zhao
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Energy Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 China
出版时间: 2024-06-20
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针对数据中心蒸发冷却技术受限于环境湿球温度的问题,文章构建了一种太阳能与热泵互补转轮除湿蒸发冷却系统,该系统利用光伏组件发电余热提供的热能,与热泵系统互补驱动转轮除湿再生。系统根据室外气象条件可实现新风、蒸发冷却和除湿+蒸发冷却3种运行模式。应用 TRNSYS 软件模拟上海、广州和昆明3个典型地区数据中心的系统热力、电力及能耗特性。结果表明:在上海、广州和昆明地区典型日除湿+蒸发冷却模式下,转轮除湿预处理分别使空气湿球温度平均降低了 10.9,11.6,10.3℃。在上海、广州和昆明地区典型月系统平均 COP值分别为4.9,5.1,3.6,最大瞬时COP达到12.1, 11.4, 8.1。

数据中心  /  转轮除湿  /  蒸发冷却  /  PV/T

In view of the problem that data center evaporative cooling technology limited by the ambient wet bulb temperature, a solar energy and heat pump complementary drive the desiccant wheel evaporative cooling air conditioning system in data center was proposed. The system uses the waste heat of photovoltaic modules to provide thermal energy complementary heat pump system to drive the dehumidification regeneration. According to the outdoor meteorological conditions, the system can realize three operation modes: fresh air, evaporative cooling and dehumidification & evaporative cooling. The TRNSYS software is used to simulate the thermal, power and energy consumption characteristics of the three typical regional data centers in Shanghai, Guangzhou and Kunming. The results show that in the typical daily dehumidification +evaporative cooling mode in Shanghai, Guangzhou and Kunming area, the desiccant wheel pretreatment reduced the air wet bulb temperature by 10.9 °C, 11.6 °C and 10.3 °C on average compared with the outdoor wet bulb temperature. The average typical monthly system COP values in Shanghai, Guangzhou and Kunming were 4.9, 5.1 and 3.6, respectively, and the maximum instantaneous COP value was 12.1, 11.4 and 8.1.

data center  /  desiccant wheel  /  evaporative  /  PV/T
杨婷婷, 陈柳, 封媛, 赵玉娇. 数据中心用太阳能与热泵互补转轮除湿蒸发冷却系统性能研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (6) : 740 -749 .
Tingting Yang, Liu Chen, Yuan Feng, Yujiao Zhao. Study on the performence of solar energy and heat pump complementary drive desiccant wheel evaporative cooling air conditioning system in data center[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (6) : 740 -749 .
蒸发冷却技术利用水蒸发吸热的自然特性来降低冷却介质的温度。基于该技术的空调系统在空气干燥地区的数据中心具有较好的应用效果 [ 1 ] , 但在湿热环境下使用这种空调系统, 应辅以除湿装置 [ 2 ] 对进入空调系统的室外空气进行处理。为提高蒸发冷却效率, 许多研究者对湿热地区蒸发冷却技术的适用性进行了研究。
Jing Y [ 3 ] 分析了 3 种水侧蒸发冷却技术在全球 16 个城市的适用性和局限性, 结果表明, 北京、 堪培拉、广州和昆明等中高湿度地区输出水温较高,其中广州最高达 ${24}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,需要蒸汽压缩冷水机来补充冷却能力。杨立然 [ 4 ] 研究了蒸发冷却与机械制冷协同耦合空调关键技术,结果表明,湿热地区单纯采用蒸发冷却无法满足冷却要求, 整个制冷季机械制冷承担的冷量高达 85%。黄翔时对蒸发冷却与机械制冷复合空调系统在中湿度地区的运行模式进行了研究, 结果表明, 在中湿度地区, 将蒸发冷却与机械制冷相结合使用, 在夏季可利用蒸发冷却对新风进行预冷来降低机械制冷能耗。 以上研究表明,当前数据中心冷却系统中,蒸发冷却技术是解决自然冷源利用率低问题的重要手段之一, 虽然该技术能够利用自然冷源对新风和水进行降温, 降低空调系统的能耗, 但其在炎热、潮湿的气候下受到室外环境的限制, 须要用机械制冷系统对蒸发冷却系统进行补冷,增加了冷却系统能耗 [ 6 ]
在“双碳”目标指引下, 提高可再生能源利用率, 采用低碳节能的新型补冷技术是降低湿热地区数据中心能耗的可行途径 [ 7 ] 。转轮除湿空调系统能够实现深度除湿, 采用转轮除湿空调系统对进风进行除湿后再利用蒸发冷却技术, 可以拓宽蒸发冷却技术在湿热地区冷却的应用范围 [ 8 ] 。转轮除湿空调系统结合太阳能光伏/光热(PV/T)系统可以减少碳排放, PV/T 产生的低温热水为转轮除湿机再生提供热源的同时, 还提高了光伏组件的发电效率 [ 9 , 10 ] 。此外,转轮除湿空调系统由转轮除湿机处理潜热,转轮除湿机在吸附过程中,产生的吸附热会使空气温度升高,应使用高温冷源处理吸附热等显热负荷。因此,转轮除湿蒸发冷却技术可以采用地下水、江河湖海水、废弃矿井水等作为自然冷却源, 承担吸附热等显热负荷并补充蒸发损失 [ 11 ] 。同时,地下水等还可以用于水源热泵辅助太阳能对转轮再生提供热量。
本文构建一种用于数据中心的太阳能与热泵互补转轮除湿蒸发冷却系统。该系统在高温、高湿条件下,利用 PV/T 及热泵互补提供热量驱动转轮除湿系统运行,降低空气湿球温度,再利用蒸发冷却技术降温; 在高温低湿条件下, 直接采用蒸发冷却方案;在低温条件下,采用室外新风方案。本文提出的系统有效利用了天然冷源冷能、光伏组件的发电余热及热泵提供的热量, 可大大降低数据中心的能耗,同时提高光伏发电效率。
本文构建的太阳能与热泵互补转轮除湿蒸发冷却系统原理如 图 1 所示。
图 1 可知, 本系统由 3 个子系统组成。① PV/T、热泵互补再生热子系统:使用PV/T集热器与水源热泵联合提供转轮除湿所需的再生热量, 且光伏系统为冷却系统和数据中心供电;②转轮除湿预处理子系统:双级转轮除湿系统能在 55 ${}^{c}$ C的低温再生温度实现深度除湿 [ 12 ] ,应用双级转轮除湿系统对空气进行预处理,降低湿球温度。该子系统由两级转轮除湿机和三级空气冷却器组成,转轮除湿机的再生热量来自 $\mathrm{{PV}}/\mathrm{T}$ 、热泵互补再生热子系统, 空气冷却器冷量来自高温天然冷源, 本文以地下水为天然冷源, 地下水用于转轮除湿和蒸发冷却系统的冷源及补水水源;③蒸发冷却冷水 (冷风) 子系统:利用转轮除湿预处理子系统提供低湿球温度的二次空气处理空气, 达到理想的送风状态。
系统根据室外气象参数的变化以 3 种模式运行, 图 2 为运行模式示意图。
图 2(a)为新风模式。将室外新风直接引入机房,与回风混合再送入冷风通道。 图 2(b)为蒸发冷却模式。利用蒸发冷却制取低温冷水,送入机房换热末端。 图 2(c) 为除湿+蒸发冷却模式。高温天然冷源的地下水为冷源;PV/T 为再生热源,在 PV/T组件产生低温热水不满足再生要求时,用水源热泵作为补充。通过转轮除湿子系统对空气预处理,再利用直接蒸发冷却与显热换热器结合成的间接蒸发冷却同时获取冷风和冷水,冷风送入冷风通道,冷水送入机房换热末端。
除湿+蒸发冷却模式的空气热力学处理过程如 图 3 所示。
室外空气通过一级空气冷却器进行预冷(状态点 1~2),然后进入一级转轮除湿机进行等焓减湿处理(状态点 2~3),吸附热使得空气温度升高, 高温低湿的空气进入二级空气冷却器等湿冷却 (状态点 3~4),再进入二级转轮除湿机进一步除湿降低空气湿球温度(状态点 4~5),高温低湿的空气进入三级空气冷却器进行等湿冷却(状态点 5~6),空气在间接蒸发冷却器中与喷淋水进行热湿交换,使得二次空气温度逼近其湿球温度,并与一次空气进行等湿换热(状态点 6~7),最终送入数据机房。PV/T 集热器产生的热水进入蓄热水箱, 当水箱水温未达到转轮除湿机再生侧所需温度时, 通过水源热泵进一步升温得到高温热水, 回风与来自水源热泵的高温热水在空气-水换热器中换热(状态点 8~9),使空气温度升高,高温空气通过转轮再生侧对干燥剂材料解吸脱附后排出 (状态点 9~10)。
太阳能与热泵互补转轮除湿蒸发冷却系统运行调节方式选择主要决定于自然冷源(新风或蒸发冷却) 可承担机房制冷负荷的能力 [ 13 ] 。因此,根据室外气象参数来决定系统运行策略。设定冷通道进风温度为 ${19}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,相对湿度为 ${60}\%$ ,此时焓值为 ${39.9}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 。根据自然冷源状态的变化实现以下 3 种运行策略。
①新风模式(模式一)。当室外空气温度低于 19°C,含湿量小于 ${8.2}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 时,系统开启阀门 ${\mathrm{{CV}}}_{3}$ ,关闭其他阀门,室外新风直接送入数据机房冷通道进行降温。
②蒸发冷却模式(模式二)。当室外空气焓值小于 ${39.9}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ ,且温度大于 ${19}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 或含湿量小于 ${8.2}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 时,开启阀门 ${\mathrm{{CV}}}_{2},{\mathrm{{WV}}}_{2},{\mathrm{{WV}}}_{3}$ ,关闭其余阀门,此时室外新风与循环水蒸发换热,得到接近室外空气湿球温度的冷水,送入机房内显热末端。
③除湿+蒸发冷却模式(模式三)。当室外空气焓值大于 ${39.9}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ ,关闭阀门 ${\mathrm{{CV}}}_{2},{\mathrm{{CV}}}_{3}$ ,开启其余阀门, 此时, 该系统通过转轮除湿预处理与间接蒸发冷却相结合,同时制备冷风与冷水。
图 4 为系统全年运行模式切换分区图。为减少蓄热水箱热损失, PV/T 采取温差控制策略[ 14 ], PV/T 在出口流体温度与蓄热水箱温差大于 ${8}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时开始工作,小于 2 ℃时关闭 [ 15 ] 。热泵通过温度控制, 当蓄热水箱出口温度达不到再生温度时, 热泵开启。
①转轮除湿机
转轮除湿机空气入口的潜在势函数 ${F}_{1}$${F}_{2}$ 的值, 用于确定处理空气的理想温度。由 Jurinak J J [ 16 ] 推导的求解硅胶除湿转轮 ${F}_{1}$${F}_{2}$ 的方程为
${F}_{1}= \frac{-{2865}}{{\left( T +{237}\right)}^{1.490}}+ {4.344}{\left(\frac{d}{1000}\right)}^{0.8644}$
${F}_{2}= \frac{{\left( T +{237}\right)}^{1.490}}{6360}- {1.127}{\left(\frac{d}{1000}\right)}^{0.07969}$
式中: $T$ 为转轮除湿机处理空气温度, ${}^{o}\mathrm{C};d$ 为转轮除湿机处理空气含湿量, g/kg。
②间接蒸发冷却器
当空气进口状态已知时, 间接蒸发冷却器出口水温为
${T}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{o}}= \frac{{m}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{i}}{c}_{\mathrm{{pw}}}\left({{T}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{i}}- {T}_{\mathrm{{ref}}}}\right)- {Q}_{\text{cell }}}{{m}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{o}}{c}_{\mathrm{{pw}}}}+ {T}_{\mathrm{{ref}}}$
式中: ${T}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{o}}$ 为出口水温, $\mathrm{C};{m}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{i}}$ 为进口水质量流量, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s};{C}_{\mathrm{{pw}}}$ 为水的定压比热, $\mathrm{J}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right);{T}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{i}}$ 为进口水温, ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C};{T}_{\text{ref }}$ 为参考水温,取 ${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C};{Q}_{\text{cell }}$ 为传热速率, $\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};{m}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{o}}$ 为出口水的质量流量, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$
③太阳能光伏/光热集热器
本文使用峰值功率下运行的平板集热器, 并利用阵列的 $I - V$ 曲线求解峰值功率或某些外加电压下的电流输出。根据总辐射量、透射率、吸收率和孔径-集热器比计算太阳增益 $S$
$ S =\operatorname{Hr}\left({\tau \alpha }\right){A}_{\text{ratio }}$
式中: ${Hr}$ 为总辐射量, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\left({\mathrm{s}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{2}}\right);\tau$ 为透射率; $\alpha$ 为吸收率; ${A}_{\text{ratio }}$ 为孔径和集热器面积之比。
④水源热泵
水源热泵两个液体流的出口温度定义为
${T}_{\mathrm{s},\text{ out }}= {T}_{\mathrm{s},\text{ in }}- \frac{Q}{{M}_{\mathrm{s}}{C}_{\mathrm{p}}}$
${T}_{1,\text{ out }}= {T}_{1,\text{ in }}- \frac{Q}{{M}_{1}{C}_{\mathrm{p}}}$
式中: ${T}_{\mathrm{s},\text{ out }}$ 为热泵蒸发器侧出口水温, $\mathrm{C};{T}_{\mathrm{s},\text{ in }}$ 为热泵蒸发器侧进口水温, ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C};Q$ 为热泵在加热模式下所吸收的能量, $\mathrm{{kW}};{M}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为热泵蒸发器侧水的质量流量, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s};{C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为水的定压比热, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right);{T}_{1,\text{ out }}$ 为热泵冷凝器侧出口水温, $\mathrm{C};{T}_{1,\text{ in }}$ 为热泵冷凝器侧进口水温, ${}^{2}\mathrm{C};{M}_{1}$ 为热泵冷凝器侧水的质量流量, $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{s}}_{\circ }$
应用 TRNSYS 模拟软件中的 TRNBUILD 对数据中心进行建筑建模,建筑面积 ${1200}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ ,层高 $4\mathrm{\;m}$ ,窗户位于南北向,窗墙比为 0.2 。建筑内设置数据机柜 420 个,单个机柜散热量为 $4\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,详细参数见 表 1
该系统在 TRNSYS 中建模, 模拟时长为 1a, 各主要部件具体参数如 表 2 所示。分别应用于上海、广州和昆明 3 个地区某数据中心,系统 TRNSYS 仿真模型如 图 5 所示。
①系统性能系数(COP)
系统性能系数定义为系统总制冷量与系统总能耗的比值 [ 14 ] ,其表达式为
$\mathrm{{COP}}= \frac{{Q}_{\mathrm{c}}}{{E}_{\mathrm{t}}}$
${Q}_{\mathrm{c}}= {m}_{\mathrm{s}}\left({{h}_{1}- {h}_{7}}\right)+ {c}_{\mathrm{w}}{m}_{\mathrm{w}}\left({{t}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{o}}- {t}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{i}}}\right)$
式中: ${Q}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为系统制冷量, $\mathrm{{kW}};{E}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为空调系统总能耗 (风机、水泵和水源热泵能耗之和), $\mathrm{{kW}};{m}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为处理空气的质量流量, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s};{h}_{1},{h}_{7}$ 分别为状态点 1,7 的空气焓值, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}};{c}_{\mathrm{w}}$ 为水的比热, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ ; ${m}_{\mathrm{w}}$ 为显热末端的冷水流量, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s};{t}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{o}}$ 为冷水回水温度,℃; ${t}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{i}}$ 为冷水供水温度,℃。
②太阳能贡献率(SF)
太阳能贡献率是系统重要的性能指标, 表示 PV/T 系统提供的热能和电能占空调系统所使用总热能和电能的比例 [ 17 ] 。由于涉及两种不同的能量,即热能和电能,太阳能热贡献率 ${\mathrm{{SF}}}_{\mathrm{{th}}}$ 和电贡献率 ${\mathrm{{SF}}}_{\text{ele }}$ 分别定义为
${\mathrm{{SF}}}_{\mathrm{{th}}}= \frac{{Q}_{\mathrm{u}}}{{Q}_{\mathrm{u}}+ {Q}_{\mathrm{{aux}}}}$
${\mathrm{{SF}}}_{\mathrm{{ele}}}= \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{u}}}{{P}_{\mathrm{u}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{aux}}}}$
式中: ${Q}_{\mathrm{u}}$$\mathrm{{PV}}/\mathrm{T}$ 集热器收集的热量, $\mathrm{{kW}};{Q}_{\mathrm{{aux}}}$ 为水源热泵提供的热量, $\mathrm{{kW}};{P}_{\mathrm{u}}$$\mathrm{{PV}}/\mathrm{T}$ 发电模块提供的电量 $\mathrm{{kW}};{P}_{\mathrm{{aux}}}$ 为热泵耗电量, $\mathrm{{kW}}$
实验装置包括恒温恒湿空调机组(为设备提供恒温恒湿的空气)、转轮除湿机(含再生电加热器)、间接蒸发冷却器(由直接蒸发冷却器和间接热交换器组成) 以及数据采集系统。风速传感器测量值为 $0 \sim {15}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,精度为 $\pm {0.1}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ;温度传感器为 Pt100 型,精度为 $\pm {0.15}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ; 湿度传感器为电容式, 精度为 $\pm 2\%$ 。设备实物图如 图 6 所示。
为了检验模拟的真实性, 对系统主要设备 (转轮除湿机和间接蒸发冷却器)进行实验验证。通过改变一个参数而保持其他参数不变的方法, 对转轮除湿机与间接蒸发冷却器进行了实验研究, 将实验结果与模拟结果对照,验证本系统主要设备。 温度和湿度传感器分别布置于转轮除湿机处理空气入口和出口、转轮除湿机再生空气入口、间接蒸发冷却器一次空气入口和出口、间接蒸发冷却器二次空气入口和出口。风速传感器分别布置于转轮除湿机处理空气入口、转轮除湿机再生空气入口、间接蒸发冷却器一次空气入口以及间接蒸发冷却器二次空气入口。
实验条件与模拟条件: 转轮除湿机处理空气的进风量为 ${500}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{h}$ ,转轮除湿机再生空气的进风量为 ${167}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{h}$ ,转轮除湿机再生温度为 ${80}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ , 转轮除湿机处理空气入口含湿量为 ${19.2}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ ,转轮除湿机处理空气入口温度从 30 ℃变化至 40 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,对比转轮除湿机处理空气的出口温度对其进行验证。间接蒸发冷却器模拟与实验条件: 二次风量与一次风量为 ${200}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{h}$ ,气水比为1.4,二次空气入口温度稳定在 ${23.5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,相对湿度为 ${50}\%$ ,将一次空气入口温度从 ${20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 变化至 ${40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,通过对比其一次空气出口温度进行验证。验证结果如 图 7 所示。
图 7 可知, 转轮除湿机模拟出口温度误差值为 $\pm 3\%$ ,间接蒸发冷却器模拟与实验最大误差为 $\pm 4\%$ ,表明模拟与实验之间具有一致性。
选取典型日 8 月 27 日分析该系统在上海、广州和昆明 3 个地区, 在除湿+蒸发冷却模式下的日动态性能。模拟条件:二次风量为 ${62.3}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ ,二次/一次风量比取1.0,循环水量为 ${44.5}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ ,转轮再生温度为 ${55}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,冷源水温为 ${20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,模拟参数的确定依据是要保证数据中心温度为 ${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,相对湿度为 40%。
图 8 为该系统在上海、广州和昆明 3 个地区典型日 8 月 27 日,全天系统处理侧各设备出口湿球温度 $\left({t}_{\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 、送风干球温度 $\left({t}_{\mathrm{f}}\right)$ 及供水温度 $\left({t}_{\mathrm{w}}\right)$ 逐时变化值。空气状态点如 图 1 所示。
图 8 可知,上海、广州和昆明 3 个地区室外空气湿球温度 $\left({t}_{\mathrm{s}1}\right)$ 较高。3 个地区室外日平均湿球温度 ${t}_{\mathrm{{SI}}}$ 分别为 ${26.6},{27.7},{21.5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。通过一级空气冷却器、一级转轮除湿及二级空气冷却器后,湿球温度 ${t}_{\mathrm{S}4}$ 分别降至 ${20.0},{20.8},{15.3}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ;通过二级转轮除湿及三级空气冷却器后,空气湿球温度 ${t}_{\mathrm{{S6}}}$ 分别降至 ${15.3},{16.1},{11.2}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,其波动趋势均与室外情况相同。室外空气通过转轮除湿子系统预处理后, 3 个地区湿球温度平均降低 10.9, 11.6, 10.3 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。系统日平均送风温度分别为18.4,19.2,14.6 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,日平均供水温度分别为 ${15.9},{16.6},{12.2}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
图 9 为系统在上海、广州和昆明 3 个地区 8 月太阳能热贡献率 ${\mathrm{{SF}}}_{\mathrm{{th}}}$ 和电贡献率 ${\mathrm{{SF}}}_{\mathrm{{ele}}}$ 的逐时变化值。
图 9 可知, 3 个地区太阳能热贡献率在 0~ 1 内波动, 月平均为 0.20, 0.26 和 0.29。太阳能热贡献率主要受室外空气温度和太阳辐射量的影响, 当收集的太阳能热量可以达到转轮除湿的再生温度时,太阳能热贡献率为 1 。由于夜晚温度降低且无太阳辐射量,此时太阳能热贡献率为 0 。
3 个地区太阳能电贡献率也在 0~1 内波动, 当收集的太阳能热量低于所需的再生温度时,须要通过水源热泵使温度升高,此时电贡献率降低; 当收集的太阳能热量满足所需再生温度时, 无须开启水源热泵辅助升温, 此时太阳能电贡献率为 1。在典型月,上海、广州和昆明 3 个地区的平均太阳能电贡献率分别为 0.18,0.21 和 0.25。
图 10 为 8 月该系统在上海、广州和昆明 3 个地区 (5088~5 808 h) 的 COP 逐时变化值。
图 10 可知,上海、广州和昆明 3 个地区在典型月平均 COP 值分别为 4.9, 5.1 和 3.6, 最大瞬时 COP 值为 12.1, 11.4 和 8.1 。这是因为当 PV/T 收集的热量可以满足除湿再生热量时, 无须开启水源热泵辅助升温, 此时冷却系统的能耗仅存在于风机和水泵,因此可获得较大的瞬时 COP 值。
图 11 为上海、广州和昆明 3 个地区在 PV/T 集热器面积 ${2400}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ 、光伏电池覆盖因子0.744、倾角 ${30}^{\circ }$ 、最佳循环水量 ${10.08}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 时的逐月产热量分布。
图 11 可知,该系统在昆明地区可得到最高的年产热量为 ${2195826.9}\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,其次是广州地区为 ${1861399.8}\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,上海地区最低为 1687025.3 $\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot {\mathrm{h}}_{0}3$ 个地区均在夏季得到最高的月产热量, 这是因为在夏季太阳辐射照度更高。产热全部供给冷却系统用于提供再生能耗,产热不够时由热泵互补。
图 12 为 PV/T 系统在上海、广州和昆明 3 个地区的逐月产电量分布。
图 12 可知, 该系统在昆明地区可得到最高的年产电量 ${521972.9}\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,其次是广州地区为 425 129.9 kW·h,上海地区最低为 413676.3 kW·h。7 月,该系统在上海、广州和昆明均得到最高的月产电量, 这是因为在最炎热的 7 月太阳辐射照度与空气温度全年最高。
图 13 为冷却系统在上海、广州和昆明 3 个地区的逐月电能消耗。系统的总电耗主要来自水源热泵、风机和水泵 3 部分。
图 13 可知, 系统在广州地区年电能消耗最高为 ${3624371.1}\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,其次是上海地区,为 3 301 873.6 kW·h,昆明最低为 3 172 741.7 kW·h。 当产电供给冷却系统有剩余时, 多余电量送入数据中心。
本文构建了一种数据中心用太阳能与热泵互补转轮除湿蒸发冷却系统,系统包括新风、蒸发冷却和除湿+蒸发冷却 3 种运行模式。应用 TRNSYS 软件对系统性能进行模拟,以上海、广州和昆明 3 个典型城市为例, 分析其在夏热冬暖地区、夏热冬冷地区及温和地区的适用性,得到以下结论。
①在上海、广州和昆明地区除湿+蒸发冷却模式下,转轮除湿子系统分别降低典型日平均湿球温度差为 ${10.9},{11.6},{10.3}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。预处理后的空气作为二次空气进入间接蒸发冷却器,制备出 18.4 , ${19.2},{14.6}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的日平均送风温度以及15.9,16.6, 12.1 °C的日平均送水温度。
②上海、广州和昆明 3 个地区典型月太阳能热贡献率在 $0 \sim 1$ 内波动,月平均为0.20,0.26和 0.29; 平均太阳能电贡献率分别为 0.18,0.21 和 0.25。冷却系统平均 COP 值分别为 4.9,5.1 和 3.6, 最大瞬时 COP 值达到 12.1, 11.4 和 8.1。
③ 昆明地区全年最高的产热量为 2 195 826.9 kW·h、产电量为 ${521972.9}\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,最低的电能消耗为 ${3172741.7}\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ;上海地区全年最低的产热量为 ${1687025.3}\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,产电量为 ${413676.3}\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ;广州地区全年电能消耗最高为 3 624 371.1 kW·h。根据系统全年电能消耗,该系统在昆明地区和上海地区更能体现出节能潜力。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目“基于相变蓄热充填体的太阳能-地热能跨季节热运移及优化调控研究”(52104148)
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  • 接收时间:2023-05-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-13
基金
国家自然科学基金项目“基于相变蓄热充填体的太阳能-地热能跨季节热运移及优化调控研究”(52104148)
作者信息
    1 西安科技大学 能源学院 陕西 西安 710054

通讯作者:

陈柳(1975-),女,博士,副教授,主要从事太阳能驱动转轮除湿空调系统方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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