Article(id=1154429764153627181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429758340326256, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1665244800000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167104042, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167104042, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167104042, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167104042, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154429758340326256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='6', pageStart='710', pageEnd='852', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167102656, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694592332, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642210440401438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429758340326256, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642210440401439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429758340326256, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=760, endPage=765, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154429764581446190, articleId=1154429764153627181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Aerodynamic characteristics analysis of downstream wind turbine considering yaw of upstream wind turbine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The downstream wind turbines suffered by the deflected wake are subjected to unbalanced aerodynamic loads and resulting in a significant increase in fatigue loads. Two NREL 5 MW wind turbines have been adopted to study the influence of the yaw control of upstream wind turbine on the aerodynamic characteristics of downstream wind turbine under staggered arrangement, based on open source software FAST.Farm. The results show that the downstream wind turbine is gradually in the core area of wind velocity deficit with the increase of yaw angle of the upstream wind turbine, the reduction of rotor power of the downstream wind turbine is significantly increased, and the rotor thrust suffered by the downstream wind turbine is gradually reduced. The yaw control of the upstream wind turbine will significantly affect the fluctuation characteristics of the aerodynamic load of the downstream wind turbine. When the yaw angle of the upstream wind turbine is 40°, the standard deviation of the flapwise moment at the blade root of the downstream wind turbine increases by 50.5% compared with the case that the upstream wind turbine is not yawed. This study can provide a reference for the whole wind farm control collaborative optimization and aerodynamic characteristics analysis under yaw inflow.

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针对倾斜尾迹导致下游风力机受到不平衡的气动载荷,疲劳载荷显著增加的问题,文章基于 FAST.Farm 开源软件,研究了在NREL 5 MW 风力机错列布局下,上游风力机偏航对于下游风力机气动特性的影响。研究结果表明:随着上游风力机偏航角度的增加,下游风力机逐渐处于尾流风速亏损的核心区域,其风轮输出功率的减少量显著增大,风轮所承受的推力逐渐降低;相较于上游风力机未偏航的情况,当上游风力机偏航角度为40°时,下游风力机叶根处倾覆力矩的标准差增加了50.5%,波动性显著增大。该研究结果可为整场控制协同优化和偏航入流下的风力机气动特性分析提供参考。

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朱霄珣(1985-),男,博士,讲师,研究方向为电站设备状态监测及智慧运行。E-mail:
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参数 数值
叶片数 3
转子、轮毂直径/m 126,3
轮毂高度/m 90
切入、额定、切出风速 $/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 3,11.4,25
切入、额定转速/ $\mathrm{r} \cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}$ 6.9,12.1
仰角/(°) 5
锥角/(°) 2.5
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参数 数值
叶片数 3
转子、轮毂直径/m 126,3
轮毂高度/m 90
切入、额定、切出风速 $/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 3,11.4,25
切入、额定转速/ $\mathrm{r} \cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}$ 6.9,12.1
仰角/(°) 5
锥角/(°) 2.5
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时的标准差 时的标准差
0 537.41 599.72
10 570.93 608.92
20 655.40 612.14
30 759.64 607.61
40 809.07 600.06
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时的标准差 时的标准差
0 537.41 599.72
10 570.93 608.92
20 655.40 612.14
30 759.64 607.61
40 809.07 600.06
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上游风力机偏航对于下游风力机气动特性的影响
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徐强 1 , 徐宗原 2 , 朱霄珣 2 , 陈军 1 , 高晓霞 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(6): 760-765
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(6): 760-765
上游风力机偏航对于下游风力机气动特性的影响
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徐强1, 徐宗原2, 朱霄珣2 , 陈军1, 高晓霞2
作者信息
  • 1 国网新疆电科院 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011
  • 2 华北电力大学 河北 保定 071003

通讯作者:

朱霄珣(1985-),男,博士,讲师,研究方向为电站设备状态监测及智慧运行。E-mail:
Aerodynamic characteristics analysis of downstream wind turbine considering yaw of upstream wind turbine
Qiang Xu1, Zongyuan Xu2, Xiaoxun Zhu2 , Jun Chen1, Xiaoxia Gao2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Research Institute Urumqi 830011 China
  • 2 North China Electric Power University Baoding 071003 China
出版时间: 2024-06-20
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针对倾斜尾迹导致下游风力机受到不平衡的气动载荷,疲劳载荷显著增加的问题,文章基于 FAST.Farm 开源软件,研究了在NREL 5 MW 风力机错列布局下,上游风力机偏航对于下游风力机气动特性的影响。研究结果表明:随着上游风力机偏航角度的增加,下游风力机逐渐处于尾流风速亏损的核心区域,其风轮输出功率的减少量显著增大,风轮所承受的推力逐渐降低;相较于上游风力机未偏航的情况,当上游风力机偏航角度为40°时,下游风力机叶根处倾覆力矩的标准差增加了50.5%,波动性显著增大。该研究结果可为整场控制协同优化和偏航入流下的风力机气动特性分析提供参考。

风力机  /  错列布局  /  FAST.Farm  /  偏航控制  /  气动特性

The downstream wind turbines suffered by the deflected wake are subjected to unbalanced aerodynamic loads and resulting in a significant increase in fatigue loads. Two NREL 5 MW wind turbines have been adopted to study the influence of the yaw control of upstream wind turbine on the aerodynamic characteristics of downstream wind turbine under staggered arrangement, based on open source software FAST.Farm. The results show that the downstream wind turbine is gradually in the core area of wind velocity deficit with the increase of yaw angle of the upstream wind turbine, the reduction of rotor power of the downstream wind turbine is significantly increased, and the rotor thrust suffered by the downstream wind turbine is gradually reduced. The yaw control of the upstream wind turbine will significantly affect the fluctuation characteristics of the aerodynamic load of the downstream wind turbine. When the yaw angle of the upstream wind turbine is 40°, the standard deviation of the flapwise moment at the blade root of the downstream wind turbine increases by 50.5% compared with the case that the upstream wind turbine is not yawed. This study can provide a reference for the whole wind farm control collaborative optimization and aerodynamic characteristics analysis under yaw inflow.

wind turbine  /  staggered layout  /  FAST.Farm  /  yaw control  /  aerodynamic characteristics
徐强, 徐宗原, 朱霄珣, 陈军, 高晓霞. 上游风力机偏航对于下游风力机气动特性的影响. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (6) : 760 -765 .
Qiang Xu, Zongyuan Xu, Xiaoxun Zhu, Jun Chen, Xiaoxia Gao. Aerodynamic characteristics analysis of downstream wind turbine considering yaw of upstream wind turbine[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (6) : 760 -765 .
随着风电场规模逐步扩大, 风电场内部风力机数量增多,导致风电场内部尾流效应更加复杂, 尾流区域湍流度更高,风速亏损严重,成为影响风电场经济性和安全性的关键因素。
由于风向的不稳定性及上游风电机组主动偏航等原因, 下游风力机常处于上游风力机的倾斜尾迹之下 [ 1 ] 。Qian G W [ 2 ] 研究了提升整场功率的主动偏航控制策略。郭茂丰 [ 3 ] 分析了不同偏航角工况尾迹中心的偏移情况以及尾迹处湍流强度的变化情况,发现偏航下风力机尾迹上、下侧湍流强度分布不对称,湍流强度变化不同,使得风力机尾迹湍流环境更复杂。杨从新 [ 4 ] 基于 OpenFOAM,使用大涡模拟(LES)结合制动线的方法分析了由于上游风力机偏航而产生的倾斜尾迹对于下游风力机气动特性的影响。上述研究仅考虑了风力机在串列排布下的气动特性,而在实际风电场中,风力机大多采取错列布局的方式 [ 5 ] 。已有研究大多采用计算流体力学(CFD)结合制动线或制动盘开展模拟计算 [ 6 ] ,虽然计算结果具有较高精度,但所需计算资源较多,不适用于大规模风电场的模拟仿真, 而采用工程尾流模型的方法 [ 7 ] ,难以对复杂工况进行准确预测。
倾斜尾迹导致下游风力机受到不平衡的气动载荷, 疲劳载荷显著增加。本文针对已有研究中计算方法难以兼顾精度与效率的问题, 采用美国可再生能源实验室 (NREL) 开发的开源软件 FAST. Farm [ 8 ] ,基于 NREL 改进的动态蜿蜒尾流模型 (DWM) 计算尾流速度亏损及尾流发展过程中的蜿蜒特性, 使用几何精确梁理论结合叶素-动量理论求解风力机叶片气弹响应,相较 CFD 及工程尾流模型的方法更好地兼顾了计算精度和效率。 为使研究更贴近工程实际, 本文分析了两台 5 MW 风力机在错列排布条件下, 上游偏航角度对下游风力机气动特性的影响。此研究可为风电场控制优化和复杂来流下风力机气动特性研究提供参考。
本文算例采用两台 NREL 5MW 风力机 [ 9 ] (主要参数见 表 1 ), 参考实际风电场中错列排布情况 [ 5 ] ,选取两台风力机间径向距离为 ${1D}(D$ 为风力机风轮直径) 或 ${1.5D}$ ,轴向距离均为 ${7D}$ ,两种错列排布方案如 图 1 所示。
FAST.Farm 将计算域划分为高精度网格区域和低精度网格区域, 以兼顾计算精度与效率。如 图 1 所示: 低精度区域设置 $x$ 向和 $y$ 向节点数分别为 201 个和 106 个,节点间距均为 ${12.6}\mathrm{\;m}, z$ 向节点数为 35 个,节点间距为 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ ; 高精度区域设置 $x$ 向和 $y$ 向节点数分别为 21 个和 41 个,节点间距均为 ${6.3}\mathrm{\;m}, z$ 向节点数为 33 个,节点间距为 $5\mathrm{\;m}$ 。 为确保计算结果的收敛性和准确性, 算例的仿真时长设置为 ${1000}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,时间步长设置为 ${0.0125}\mathrm{\;s}$
本文采用 FAST.Farm 开展相关仿真计算。相较于其他仿真模拟程序(如 SOWFA)需要集群计算机计算数十小时才可得出风电场数分钟动态响应的情况, FAST.Farm 对计算资源的需求较低, 仅需高性能计算机便可实现整场的仿真模拟需求。
FAST.Farm 采用的计算框架如 图 2 所示。 FAST.Farm 通过驱动 OpenFAST 模块计算风电场内部单台风力机的气弹响应情况 [ 10 ] ,将单台机组的气动、结构响应信息传递给尾流动力学和环境风模块, 尾流动力学模块通过相关信息计算出尾迹的蜿蜒和偏转, 对近尾流区和尾流亏损情况进行修正,结合环境风模块更新流场信息,流场信息与气弹耦合的结构场信息反复迭代计算, 模拟得到整场的动态响应情况。
OpenFAST 由多个子模块组成。AeroDyn 模块采用叶素-动量理论 (BEM) 和广义动态尾流 (GDW)方法进行气动计算,作用于叶素上的推力 $\mathrm{d}T$ 和转矩 $\mathrm{d}M$ 可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{d}T =\frac{1}{2}\rho {V}^{2}B\left({{C}_{1}\cos \varphi +{C}_{\mathrm{d}}\sin \varphi }\right) c\mathrm{\;d}r \\\mathrm{\;d}M =\frac{1}{2}\rho {V}^{2}B\left({{C}_{1}\sin \varphi -{C}_{\mathrm{d}}\cos \varphi }\right) c\mathrm{\;d}r \end{array}\right.$
式中: $\rho$ 为空气密度; $V$ 为入流速度; $B$ 为叶片数量; ${C}_{1}$ 为翼型升力系数; ${C}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为翼型阻力系数; $\varphi$ 为叶素入流角; $c$ 为弦长; $\mathrm{d}r$ 为叶素微元的截面长度。
为考虑叶片的三维旋转效应,采用 Du-Selig 模型对翼型气动参数进行了修正, 同时动态失速模型采用 Beddoes-Leishman 模型。
ElastoDyn 模块基于几何精确梁理论求解叶片在风载荷作用下的偏移, 基于多体动力学和模态法对风力机传动系统、机舱、塔架等结构进行多自由度的计算。ElastoDyn 与 AeroDyn 间信息相互传递以实现风力机的气弹耦合计算。ServoDyn 模块用于实现风力机的伺服控制。
FAST.Farm 基于 DWM 模型求解尾流的速度亏损和蜿蜒发展。假设风速亏损径向梯度远大于轴向梯度, 尾流关于中心线近似对称, 则可忽略 $\mathrm{N}- \mathrm{S}$ 方程中的压力项,利用薄剪切层理论近似求解 $\mathrm{N}- \mathrm{S}$ 方程 [ 11 ] ,其轴向动量方程为
$ U\frac{\partial U}{\partial x}+ V\frac{\partial \mathrm{U}}{\partial r}= -\left(\frac{{v}_{\mathrm{t}}}{r}\right)\left(\frac{\partial }{\partial r}\right)\left({r\frac{\partial U}{\partial r}}\right)$
式中: $U, V$ 分别为轴向平均速度和径向平均速度; $x, r$ 分别为轴向距离和径向距离; ${v}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为特征粘度。
为描述尾流的蜿蜒特性,假定 $k$ 时刻垂直于地面的横断面的尾迹中心坐标为 $\left({{x}_{k},{y}_{k},{z}_{k}}\right)$ ,则 $k + 1$ 时刻,横断面尾迹中心点位置坐标可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{k + 1}= {x}_{k}+ {U\Delta t}\\{y}_{k + 1}= {y}_{k}+ \overline{{v}_{k}}{\Delta t}\\{z}_{k + 1}= {z}_{k}+ \overline{{w}_{k}}{\Delta t}\end{array}\right.$
式中: $U$ 为横断面处平均风速; $\overline{{v}_{k}},\overline{{w}_{k}}$ 分别为以横断面尾迹中心点为圆心,以 $D$ (上游风力机风轮直径) 为半径的空间范围内的平均水平风速和垂直风速; ${\Delta t}$ 为计算时间步长。
为验证本文研究方法及相关参数设置的正确性, 计算了如 图 1 所示的串列排布时, 上游风力机 (未受尾流影响)输出功率与 NREL 5MW 风力机设计值的对比情况 ( 图 3 ) [ 9 ] 。由 图 3 可知,二者结果具有较好的一致性, 本文计算结果略低于设计值,当来流风速为 $5\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,相对误差最大为 5.04%,整体误差在可接受范围内。
在主风向确定的情况下, 风力机实际运行过程中的偏航角度不会过大, 如果偏航角度过大会显著降低上游风力机功率,不利于总功率的提升。 因此, 以 10 °偏航角为跨度, 计算两台风力机错列布局下,上游风力机偏航角度 $\theta$ 分别为 ${0}^{\circ },{10}^{\circ },{20}^{\circ }$ , ${30}^{\circ },{40}^{\circ }$ 时,下游风力机气动特性的变化情况。设置风电场来流风速为 ${11.4}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ (额定风速),采用风剪切模型,风切变指数设置为 0.2 。选取仿真时长内,风轮最后一个旋转周期(方位角为 $0 \sim {360}^{\circ }$ ) 内的稳态计算结果进行分析。
在上游风力机不同的偏航角度下, 计算域内轮毂高度处的速度分布情况如 图 4 ,5 所示。当上游风力机的倾斜尾流作用于下游风力机时, 继续进行尾流场的演化模拟不会对下游风力机的气动计算结果产生较大影响, 但显著增加了模拟所需的计算资源。因此, 为提升计算效率, 风力机尾流在 ${10D}$ 处被截断。
图 4 可知: 随着上游风力机偏航角度的增大,下游风力机受尾流影响的区域逐渐增大,风轮扫掠平面上的速度分布情况更加复杂;上游风力机产生的倾斜尾迹会诱导下游风力机的尾迹偏移,下游风力机尾迹的偏移程度随 $\theta$ 的增加而逐渐增大。对比 图 4图 5 可知, 增加机组间的径向间距可以降低尾流效应对下游风力机的影响。
风力机实际运行过程中的输出功率可以最直接地反映出风电场的经济性。本文分析了上游风力机处于不同偏航角度时下游风力机的风轮输出功率,如 图 6 所示。
图 6 可知:随着 $\theta$ 的增加,由于受到尾流影响, 下游风力机风轮扫掠平面的面积逐渐增大, 下游风力机风轮逐渐处于速度亏损的中心区域, 因此下游风力机的风轮输出功率逐渐降低; 下游风力机风轮输出功率的减少量随 $\theta$ 的增加而逐渐增大,当两台机组轴向间距为 ${1D},\theta$${0}^{\circ }$ 增加到 ${10}^{\circ }$ 时,下游风力机风轮输出功率仅降低 ${72.99}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ , 而 $\theta$ 由 40 ${}^{\circ }$ 增加到 ${50}^{\circ }$ 时,下游风力机风轮输出功率降低了 ${647.55}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 。这主要是由于尾流区域的速度亏损主要集中于尾迹中心处, 在尾流区域, 随着尾流径向距离的增加, 风速亏损程度逐渐降低,速度分布梯度逐渐降低 [ 12 ] 。如 图 4 ,5 所示,随着上游风力机偏航角度的增加, 尾迹中心逐渐向下游风力机方向移动, 下游风力机逐渐处于尾流风速亏损的核心区域, 因而下游风力机风轮输出功率的减少量逐渐增大。
下游风力机在倾斜尾迹入流的影响下, 风轮平面上风速分布愈加不均匀,下游风力机所受非平衡载荷增加。因此, 本文进一步分析了错列排布下, 上游风力机偏航对下游风力机风轮转矩和风轮推力的影响。
图 7 为上游风力机处于不同偏航角度时, 下游风轮推力随方位角的变化曲线。
图 7 可知: 随着上游风力机偏航角度的增加,下游风力机风轮所承受的推力逐渐降低;当机组径向间距由 ${1D}$ 增加到 ${1.5D}$ 时,增加上游风力机的偏航角度会显著提升下游风力机风轮所受到的推力;当机组径向间距 $y ={1.5D},\theta ={40}^{\circ }$ 时,相较于上游风力机未偏航 $\left({\theta ={0}^{\circ }}\right)$ 时,下游风力机风轮所承受的平均推力降低了 16.27%;风轮推力的变化周期为风轮旋转周期的 3 倍, 风轮推力在风轮的一个旋转周期内出现了 3 次类似余弦函数的周期性变化, 这与文献[ 4 ]的结论一致。
由于来流风切变效应及倾斜尾流在垂直方向的风速扰动作用, 使得风轮旋转平面上的风速分布呈现非均匀性,导致风轮产生倾覆力矩的波动。 同时叶片的应力主要集中在叶根部分,因此,本文进一步分析了叶根处倾覆力矩随方位角变化的波动特性。
图 8 为上游风力机不同偏航角度下, 下游风力机叶根处倾覆力矩随方位角的变化曲线。
图 8 可知,当机组径向间距 $y ={1D}$$y ={1.5}$ $D$ 时,叶片所处的方位角超过 ${180}^{\circ }$ 后,不同上游风力机偏航角度下的叶根处倾覆力矩随方位角呈现出不同的变化规律, 而当叶片所处的方位角在 ${180}^{\circ }$ 之前时,不同上游风力机偏航角度下的叶根处倾覆力矩随方位角呈现出相似的变化规律。
图 7 ,8 可知,机组径向间距增加后,风轮上的风速分布不均匀性降低,故在旋转周期内叶根处倾覆力矩的变化规律相似。
叶根处倾覆力矩在一个风轮旋转周期内的变化近似呈正弦函数的变化规律。下游风力机所受到的倾覆力矩随 $\theta$ 的增加呈现出较为显著的提升。选取标准差作为定量衡量上游风力机偏航对下游风力机倾覆力矩波动性影响的评估参数。 表 2 列出了上游风力机不同偏航角度下,下游风力机叶根处倾覆力矩在一个旋转周期内的标准差。
当两台风力机的径向间距为 ${1D}$ 时,增加 $\theta$ 对于下游风力机叶根处倾覆力矩的波动性有显著影响。相较于 $\theta ={0}^{\circ }$ ,当 $\theta ={40}^{\circ }$ 时,下游风力机叶根处倾覆力矩的标准差增加了 50.50%。当径向间距增大时, 尾流对于下游风力机的影响降低, 故两台风力机的径向间距为 ${1.5D}$ 时,下游风力机叶根处倾覆力矩随 $\theta$ 的增加变化不大。
为使研究更加贴近实际工况, 同时更好地平衡计算精度与计算效率, 本文计算了两台风力机错列排布时, 上游风力机偏航对于下游风力机气动特性的影响,得到以下结论。
①随着上游风力机偏航角度的增大,下游风力机逐渐处于尾流风速亏损的核心区域, 下游风力机风轮输出功率的减少量出现显著的增大。增加机组间的径向距离可以提高下游风力机的输出功率。
②错列排布下,随着上游风力机偏航角度的增加, 下游风力机风轮所承受的推力逐渐降低。当机组径向间距 $y ={1.5D}$ ,上游风力机偏航角度 $\theta ={40}^{\circ }$ 时, 相较于上游风力机未偏航时, 下游风力机风轮所承受的平均推力降低了 16.27%。风轮推力在风轮的一个旋转周期内出现了 3 次类似余弦函数的周期性变化。
③上游风力机偏航所产生的倾斜尾迹对于下游风力机气动载荷波动特性会产生显著的影响, 当叶片所处的方位角超过 ${180}^{\circ }$ 后,不同上游风力机偏航角度下的叶根处倾覆力矩随方位角会呈现出不同的变化规律。相较于上游风力机未偏航时, 当上游风力机偏航角度 $\theta ={40}^{\circ }$ 时,下游风力机叶根处倾覆力矩的标准差增加了 50.5%。
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  • 接收时间:2022-10-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-09
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52076081)
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    1 国网新疆电科院 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011
    2 华北电力大学 河北 保定 071003

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朱霄珣(1985-),男,博士,讲师,研究方向为电站设备状态监测及智慧运行。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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