Article(id=1154429763063108136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429758340326256, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1672848000000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167103782, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167103782, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167103782, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167103782, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154429758340326256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='6', pageStart='710', pageEnd='852', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167102656, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694592332, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642210440401438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429758340326256, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642210440401439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429758340326256, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=710, endPage=718, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154429763960689196, articleId=1154429763063108136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Preparation of platform chemicals by hydrothermal conversion of citrus peel in Choline Chloride/Carboxylic acid based deep eutectic solvent, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the potential of fruit peel waste conversion to produce highvalue platform chemicals, the hydrothermal conversion of citrus peel to furfural (FF) and 5hydroxymethylfurfural (5HMF) was conducted in the choline chloride (ChCl)/ carboxylic acid based deep eutectic solvents (DES) system. Conclusions can be drawn from experiments in xylose and glucose: The carboxylic acid performance was ranked lactic acid > acetic acid > glycolic acid. The optimal molar ratio of choline chloride to carboxylic was 1:2. The optimal water content of solvent system was 20%. The effects of temperature and time on citrus peel conversion were studied based on the optimized operating conditions. Since the pectin component in the citrus peel was mainly converted to 5HMF in DES, the yield of the peel converted to 5HMF was significantly higher than that of FF. The maximum mass yield of 5HMF from citrus peel was 8.6% (molar yield was 43.1%). The maximum mass yield of furfural reached 2.4% (molar yield was 19.1%).

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为了探索果皮废弃物转化制备高价值平台化合物的潜力,文章以柑橘果皮为原料,在氯化胆碱(ChCl)/羧酸基低共熔溶剂(DES)中进行了果皮水热转化制备糠醛(FF)和5羟甲基糠醛(5HMF)的实验。通过在木糖和葡萄糖中的实验结果表明:羧酸种类对 DES 催化效果为乳酸>乙酸>乙醇酸;ChCl 与羧酸的最佳物质的量比为1:2;体系最佳含水率为20%。基于优化后的工况研究了温度和时间对柑橘果皮转化的影响。由于柑橘果皮中的果胶成分在低共熔溶剂中主要转化为5HMF,所以果皮转化为5–HMF 的产率明显高于 FF,果皮生成5HMF 的最大质量收率为8.6%(摩尔产率为43.1%),而FF 最大质量收率为2.4%(摩尔产率为19.1%)。

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王树荣(1972-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为生物质热化学转化。E-mail:
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peel in $\mathrm{{ChCl}}/$ lactic acid DES, figureFileSmall=/6KMSOyx7UgGrxRhIkpxuw==, figureFileBig=1xWG6FkqIwM989iT6I1hWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429798077158153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429763063108136, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=ChCl/乳酸 DES 中反应时间和温度对柑橘果皮制备 5-HMF 的影响, figureFileSmall=/6KMSOyx7UgGrxRhIkpxuw==, figureFileBig=1xWG6FkqIwM989iT6I1hWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429798119101194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429763063108136, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Effects of reaction time and temperature on the preparation of FF from citrus peel in $\mathrm{{ChCl}}/$ lactic acid DES, figureFileSmall=o+jEFRUu0CJk9Q8Og91G5g==, figureFileBig=F+OxbeAi9n5eYPvgnz6EpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429798165238539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429763063108136, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=ChCl/乳酸 DES 中反应时间和温度对柑橘果皮制备 $\mathrm{{FF}}$ 的影响, figureFileSmall=o+jEFRUu0CJk9Q8Og91G5g==, figureFileBig=F+OxbeAi9n5eYPvgnz6EpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429798207181580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429763063108136, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Main composition of citrus peel, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分 纤维素 半纤维素 木质素 果胶 还原糖 黄酮 灰分
含量 18.84 17.01 9.16 23.1 9.62 2.56 4.32
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成分 纤维素 半纤维素 木质素 果胶 还原糖 黄酮 灰分
含量 18.84 17.01 9.16 23.1 9.62 2.56 4.32
), ArticleFig(id=1154429798303650574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429763063108136, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Effect of carboxylic acid types on catalytic effect of DES, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
羧酸种类 质量收率
5-HMF FF
乳酸 17.0 41.6
乙酸 16.4 40.3
乙醇酸 11.9 28.2
), ArticleFig(id=1154429798349787919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429763063108136, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=羧酸种类对 DES 催化效果的影响, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
羧酸种类 质量收率
5-HMF FF
乳酸 17.0 41.6
乙酸 16.4 40.3
乙醇酸 11.9 28.2
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catalytic effect of DES %
质量收率 ${q}_{6}$ 氢键受体与氢键供体的物质的量比
1:3 1:2 1:1 1:0 0:1
5-HMF 16.0 17.0 18.7 3.1 8.6
FF 40.2 41.5 43.5 8.1 18.0
), ArticleFig(id=1154429798437868305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429763063108136, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=$\mathrm{{ChCl}}$ 与乳酸物质的量比对 DES 催化效果的影响, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
catalytic effect of DES %
质量收率 ${q}_{6}$ 氢键受体与氢键供体的物质的量比
1:3 1:2 1:1 1:0 0:1
5-HMF 16.0 17.0 18.7 3.1 8.6
FF 40.2 41.5 43.5 8.1 18.0
), ArticleFig(id=1154429798484005650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429763063108136, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Comparison of yields of 5-HMF and FF in this study with related studies, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料 DES 类型 催化剂 反应条件 5-HMF 摩尔产率1% FF 摩尔产率1% 文献
废棉纤维 ChCl:p-TSA=1:1.3 100 °C, 90 min 10.2 [ 15 ]
油棕叶 ChCl:草酸=1:1 ${\mathrm{{SnCl}}}_{4}$ 120 °C, 45 min 59.4 [ 16 ]
甘蔗渣 ChCl:草酸=1:10(质量比) 110 C, 240 min 24.14 2.25 [ 17 ]
柑橘皮 ChCl:乳酸=1:2 ${120}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},{20}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 43.1 5.7 本研究
柑橘皮 ChCl:乳酸=1:2 140 °C, 90 min 23.8 19.1 本研究
), ArticleFig(id=1154429798534337299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429763063108136, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=本研究中 5-HMF 与 FF 摩尔产率与其他相关研究的比较, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料 DES 类型 催化剂 反应条件 5-HMF 摩尔产率1% FF 摩尔产率1% 文献
废棉纤维 ChCl:p-TSA=1:1.3 100 °C, 90 min 10.2 [ 15 ]
油棕叶 ChCl:草酸=1:1 ${\mathrm{{SnCl}}}_{4}$ 120 °C, 45 min 59.4 [ 16 ]
甘蔗渣 ChCl:草酸=1:10(质量比) 110 C, 240 min 24.14 2.25 [ 17 ]
柑橘皮 ChCl:乳酸=1:2 ${120}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},{20}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 43.1 5.7 本研究
柑橘皮 ChCl:乳酸=1:2 140 °C, 90 min 23.8 19.1 本研究
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柑橘果皮在氯化胆碱/羧酸基低共熔溶剂中水热转化制备平台化合物的研究
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管映沙 1, 2 , 尹小燕 3 , 娄瑞 4 , 谭卫红 3 , 朱玲君 1, 2 , 王树荣 1, 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(6): 710-718
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(6): 710-718
柑橘果皮在氯化胆碱/羧酸基低共熔溶剂中水热转化制备平台化合物的研究
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管映沙1, 2, 尹小燕3, 娄瑞4, 谭卫红3, 朱玲君1, 2, 王树荣1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 浙江大学 能源清洁利用国家重点实验室 浙江 杭州 310027
  • 2 浙江大学 能源工程学院 浙江 杭州 310027
  • 3 中国林业科学研究院 林产化学工业研究所 江苏 南京 210042
  • 4 陕西科技大学 物理与能源学院 陕西 西安 710021

通讯作者:

王树荣(1972-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为生物质热化学转化。E-mail:
Preparation of platform chemicals by hydrothermal conversion of citrus peel in Choline Chloride/Carboxylic acid based deep eutectic solvent
Yingsha Guan1, 2, Xiaoyan Yin3, Rui Lou4, Weihong Tan3, Lingjun Zhu1, 2, Shurong Wang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
  • 2 School of Energy Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
  • 3 Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products Chinese Academy of Forestry Nanjing 210042 China
  • 4 College of Physics and Energy Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
出版时间: 2024-06-20
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为了探索果皮废弃物转化制备高价值平台化合物的潜力,文章以柑橘果皮为原料,在氯化胆碱(ChCl)/羧酸基低共熔溶剂(DES)中进行了果皮水热转化制备糠醛(FF)和5羟甲基糠醛(5HMF)的实验。通过在木糖和葡萄糖中的实验结果表明:羧酸种类对 DES 催化效果为乳酸>乙酸>乙醇酸;ChCl 与羧酸的最佳物质的量比为1:2;体系最佳含水率为20%。基于优化后的工况研究了温度和时间对柑橘果皮转化的影响。由于柑橘果皮中的果胶成分在低共熔溶剂中主要转化为5HMF,所以果皮转化为5–HMF 的产率明显高于 FF,果皮生成5HMF 的最大质量收率为8.6%(摩尔产率为43.1%),而FF 最大质量收率为2.4%(摩尔产率为19.1%)。

低共熔溶剂  /  柑橘果皮  /  水热转化  /  5-羟甲基糠醛  /  糠醛

In order to explore the potential of fruit peel waste conversion to produce highvalue platform chemicals, the hydrothermal conversion of citrus peel to furfural (FF) and 5hydroxymethylfurfural (5HMF) was conducted in the choline chloride (ChCl)/ carboxylic acid based deep eutectic solvents (DES) system. Conclusions can be drawn from experiments in xylose and glucose: The carboxylic acid performance was ranked lactic acid > acetic acid > glycolic acid. The optimal molar ratio of choline chloride to carboxylic was 1:2. The optimal water content of solvent system was 20%. The effects of temperature and time on citrus peel conversion were studied based on the optimized operating conditions. Since the pectin component in the citrus peel was mainly converted to 5HMF in DES, the yield of the peel converted to 5HMF was significantly higher than that of FF. The maximum mass yield of 5HMF from citrus peel was 8.6% (molar yield was 43.1%). The maximum mass yield of furfural reached 2.4% (molar yield was 19.1%).

deep eutectic solvent  /  citrus peel  /  hydrothermal conversion  /  5-hydroxymethylfurfural  /  furfural
管映沙, 尹小燕, 娄瑞, 谭卫红, 朱玲君, 王树荣. 柑橘果皮在氯化胆碱/羧酸基低共熔溶剂中水热转化制备平台化合物的研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (6) : 710 -718 .
Yingsha Guan, Xiaoyan Yin, Rui Lou, Weihong Tan, Lingjun Zhu, Shurong Wang. Preparation of platform chemicals by hydrothermal conversion of citrus peel in Choline Chloride/Carboxylic acid based deep eutectic solvent[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (6) : 710 -718 .
柑橘是全球种植最广泛的水果作物之一, 所含的营养成分、功能性成分较为丰富。柑橘加工会伴随产生大量的果皮废弃物, 目前这些果皮除少量用于医药等领域,大部分被当作废物丢弃。 事实上, 柑橘果皮含有丰富的木质纤维素(纤维素、半纤维素和木质素)、可溶性糖(葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖)、果胶等,这为其成为生产高附加值产品的原料提供了可能性。5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)和糠醛(FF)是两种常见的高附加值平台化合物, 化学性质活泼, 可通过加氢还原、氧化、缩合等反应制取众多衍生物, 是各类化学品和生物航空煤油的重要前驱体。5-HMF 和 FF 可分别由生物质中的六碳糖和五碳糖组分制备 [ 1 , 2 ] 。目前,5-HMF/FF 的生产中主要使用硫酸、盐酸等矿物酸作为催化剂 [ 3 ] ,普遍存在高腐蚀性、高污染、难以回收的缺点, 不符合绿色化工的理念。低共熔溶剂(DES) 是近年来引起人们广泛研究的一种兼具催化剂和溶剂功能的绿色溶剂 [ 4 ] ,是由至少一个氢键供体 (HBD)和一个氢键受体(HBA)通过氢键相互作用紧密结合形成的二元或三元低共溶混合物, 具有成本低、毒性低、制备简单等特点。近年来,通过 DES 将木质纤维素生物质转化为增值能源产品的方式备受关注。由于生物质具有致密复杂的超分子结构,因此常常使用单糖作为反应物来探索产物生成规律,少有研究直接使用生物质为原料。
目前还没有关于柑橘果皮在 DES 中进行资源化利用的研究。本文以廉价、无毒的氯化胆碱 (ChCl) 为氢键受体,以羧酸为氢键供体,制备了多种酸性 DES。首先研究了以木糖和葡萄糖为原料时不同 DES 氢键供体、组成物质的量比、溶剂体系含水率等因素对 FF 和 5-HMF 产率的影响; 然后基于优化后的工况,考察了 DES 在柑橘果皮水解制备平台化合物过程中的催化作用及产物产率随时间和温度的变化趋势, 并对 DES 进行回收利用。该方法为柑橘果皮在 DES 体系中的转化利用提供了一条可行路线。
柑橘果皮取自福建省某柑橘深加工企业,将其在 ${80}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 烘箱中干燥 ${24}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后用粉碎机进行粉碎, 经 40 目的筛网筛分后装入密封袋, 并放置于干燥器中备用。 5-HMF、FF、木糖、葡萄糖、乳酸均购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。乙酸、乙醇酸、ChCl 均购自上海麦克林科技有限公司。乙醇和乙酸乙酯均购自国药化学试剂有限公司。所使用的化学品均为分析级, 且在使用前未经过进一步纯化和预处理。
按一定物质的量比 $\left({1 : 1,1 : 2,1 : 3}\right)$ 分别称取一定量的 $\mathrm{{ChCl}}$ 和羧酸(本文使用乳酸、乙酸、乙醇酸),并混合在烧杯中,然后将其放入 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的油浴锅中,在磁力搅拌下加热 ${30}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,直至混合物变为澄清透明的均相液体。待冷却后, 将 DES 装入密封性好的小试剂瓶中,置于干燥器中保存备用。
${0.1}\mathrm{\;g}$ 原料 (木糖、葡萄糖、果胶或果皮) 和制备的 $5\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ DES 加入内衬管为石英管的 CEM Discover SP 微波反应釜(CEM, 美国)中, 并向其中加入磁力转子,密封后在 ${100}\sim {160}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 条件下反应 5~120 min。反应结束后,使用空气压缩机对仪器进行快速降温。待反应釜温度降至室温后,先用移液枪吸取 $1\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 上清液置于离心管中,加入去离子水稀释 10 倍,再使用孔径为 ${0.22\mu }\mathrm{m}$ 的有机滤膜进行过滤, 并用 UltiMate 3000 (Thermo Scientific, 美国)高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)进行产物组分测定。色谱柱为 Bio-radHPX-87H ( ${7.8}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {300}$ $\mathrm{{mm}}$ )。检测器使用 RI2000 型示差折光检测器 (Schambeck SFD,德国),流动相使用 ${0.005}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}$ 的稀硫酸溶液,设置流量为 ${0.6}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ,柱温为 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,检测器温度为 ${35}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
参照中国国家食品成分检测标准 [ 5 ] ,测定了柑橘果皮中的灰分、蔗糖、纤维素、果胶和半纤维素等的含量。根据本课题组前期的研究结果 [ 6 ] , 本文使用的柑橘果皮的主要成分含量如 表 1 所示。
使用 HPLC 对稀释过滤后的水解产物进行定量分析,5-HMF 和 FF 的保留时间分别为 29.1 $\min$${43.8}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 。通过与标准校准曲线比较,测定水解液中 $\mathrm{{FF}}$$5 -\mathrm{{HMF}}$ 的浓度,分别记为 ${c}_{\mathrm{{FF}}}$${c}_{5 -\mathrm{{HMF}}}$ 。FF产率和 $5 -\mathrm{{HMF}}$ 产率计算如下:
${y}_{\mathrm{{FF}}}= \frac{{c}_{\mathrm{{FF}}}\times V}{m}\times {100}\%$
${y}_{5 -\mathrm{{HMF}}}= \frac{{c}_{5 -\mathrm{{HMF}}}\times V}{m}\times {100}\%$
${Y}_{\mathrm{{FF}}}= \frac{{c}_{\mathrm{{FF}}}\times {M}_{\text{xylose }}\times V}{{M}_{\mathrm{{FF}}}\times m \times {w}_{\text{xylose }}}\times {100}\%$
${Y}_{5 -\mathrm{{HMF}}}= \frac{{c}_{5 -\mathrm{{HMF}}}\times {M}_{\text{glucose }}\times V}{{M}_{5 -\mathrm{{HMF}}}\times m \times {w}_{\text{glucose }}}\times {100}\%$
式中: ${y}_{\mathrm{{FF}}}$$\mathrm{{FF}}$ 的质量收率, $\%;{c}_{\mathrm{{FF}}}$$\mathrm{{FF}}$ 的浓度, $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{{mL}}$$V$ 为反应液体的体积, $\mathrm{{mL}}$$m$ 为原料质量, $\mathrm{{mg}};{y}_{5 -\mathrm{{HMF}}}$$5 -\mathrm{{HMF}}$ 的质量收率, $\%;{c}_{5 -\mathrm{{HMF}}}$$5 -$ HMF 的浓度, $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{{mL}};{Y}_{\mathrm{{FF}}}$ 为 FF 的摩尔产率, $\%$ ; ${M}_{\text{xylose }}$ 为木糖的摩尔质量, ${150}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{{mol}};{M}_{\mathrm{{FF}}}$$\mathrm{{FF}}$ 的摩尔质量, ${96}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{{mol}};{w}_{\text{xylose }}$ 为果皮中经过折算的木糖质量分数, $\%;{Y}_{5 -\mathrm{{HMF}}}$ 为 5-HMF 的摩尔产率, $\%$ ; ${M}_{\text{glucose }}$ 为葡萄糖的摩尔质量, ${180}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{{mol}};{M}_{5 -\mathrm{{HMF}}}$ 为 5-HMF 的摩尔质量, ${126}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{{mol}};{w}_{\text{glucose }}$ 为果皮中经过折算的葡萄糖质量分数,%。
${0.1}\mathrm{\;g}$ 柑橘果皮中加入 $4\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 的 DES 和 1 $\mathrm{{mL}}$ 的去离子水,在 ${120}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下反应 ${20}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 。向反应后的液体中加入一定量的去离子水以降低粘度, 然后进行过滤。将液相转移到分液漏斗中,加入足量的乙酸乙酯用于萃取 5-HMF。经 8 次萃取后, 取少量 DES 相,用去离子水稀释后制成液相样品, 检测 DES 相中残留的 5-HMF 含量, 以便后续对重复利用效果进行准确的数据计算。将被萃取 8 次后的液体先用分液漏斗进行分离, 分离后得到的 DES 相移入茄型瓶中,使用 EYELA NV11SB11 型直立冷凝旋转蒸发仪(EYELA,日本),在 ${70}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下旋转蒸发 $1\mathrm{\;h}$ 以去除液体中多余的水分和乙酸乙酯。随后将回收的 DES 作为新一轮的溶剂,与去离子水混合后加入柑橘果皮,进行重复利用实验。
羧酸作为氢键供体,其性质决定了 DES 的物理性质和酸度。因此, 有必要考察不同氢键供体对反应结果的影响。以 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;g}$ 葡萄糖或木糖为原料, 反应工况为 ${140}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},{60}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,在由 $4\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 的 DES (ChCl 和羧酸的物质的量比为 $1 : 2$ ) 和 $1\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 的水组成的溶剂体系中水热转化制备 5-HMF 和 FF。 乳酸、乙酸、乙醇酸 3 种常见的羧酸作为氢键供体对两种产物质量收率的影响如 表 2 所示。在 3 种 DES 体系中, FF 产率始终明显高于 5-HMF。 Jiang S [ 7 ] 的研究表明,在 $\mathrm{{ChCl}}$ 存在下木糖能够形成具有更高反应性的胆碱木糖苷中间体, 从而促进 FF 的产生。5-HMF 和 FF 的最大质量收率均出现在以乳酸为氢键供体时与 $\mathrm{{ChCl}}$ 组成的 DES 体系中,分别为 ${17.0}\%$${41.6}\%$ 。在 $\mathrm{{ChCl}}$ 与乙酸组成的 DES 体系中,5-HMF 和 FF 的质量收率均略低于 $\mathrm{{ChCl}}$ /乳酸 DES 体系,分别为 ${16.4}\%$${40.3}\%$ 。最低的是 $\mathrm{{ChCl}}/$ 乙醇酸组成的 DES 体系, 5-HMF 和 FF 的质量收率分别为 11.9% 和 28.2%。溶剂的溶解能力与其酸性密切相关,更低的 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值更有利于纤维素、半纤维素的水解转化。 乳酸的酸度系数 $\left({{pKa}= {3.86}}\right)$ 小于乙酸 $({pKa}=$ 4.74),所形成的 DES 的 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值也最低,因而能起到更好的催化效果。虽然乙醇酸 $\left({{pKa}= {3.83}}\right)$ 的酸性稍强于乳酸, 但是所生成的产物的质量收率明显低于另外两种羧酸。根据 Asghari F S [ 8 ] 的研究, 在葡萄糖转化为 5-HMF 的过程中,虽然乳酸、乙酸和乙醇酸均作为副反应产物出现,但是前两者的产率远高于乙醇酸。此外, Sert M [ 9 ] 在对木糖转化 FF 的研究中也得到了类似的 3 种羧酸的产率分布规律。因此, 在使用乳酸或乙酸作为氢键供体时, 液相中对应酸浓度的增大可以抑制葡萄糖或木糖向副产物的转变, 从而获得更高的产物产率。根据这一阶段的结果, 在下面的研究中, 主要考察乳酸作为 DES 中氢键供体对反应的影响。
DES 是氢键供体和氢键受体以一定比例混合而成的物质, 因此, 氢键供受体比例的选取不仅会影响到二者能否形成均一相的液体, 也会影响 DES 的性质。以 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;g}$ 葡萄糖或木糖为原料,以 $\mathrm{{ChCl}}$ 和乳酸制备 DES,在由 $4\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 的 DES 和 $1\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 的水组成的溶剂体系中进行水热转化,反应工况为 ${140}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},{60}\mathrm{\;{min}}$表 3 显示了不同物质的量比 $(0$ : $1,1 : 0,1 : 1,1 : 2,1 : 3)$ 组成的 DES 对柑橘果皮转化制备 5-HMF 和 FF 催化效果的影响。在极端情况下(ChCl 与乳酸的物质的量比为 $1 : 0$$0 : 1$ 时), FF 的质量收率不超过 ${10}\%,5 -\mathrm{{HMF}}$ 的质量收率不超过 20%,明显低于二者组合为 DES 时的效果。 这说明 $\mathrm{{ChCl}}$ 与乳酸之间的协同作用能够有效地促进原料的转化和产物的生成。5-HMF 和 FF 的最高质量收率均出现在物质的量比为 $1 : 1$ 的 DES 体系中,分别为 18.7% 和 43.5%。从整体上来看,在 3 种 DES 体系中, 随着 DES 组成中羧酸物质的量比的降低,两种产物的质量收率均出现了上升趋势, 但是 3 种 DES 的反应效果差别并不大。5-HMF 质量收率为 ${16.0}\%\sim {18.0}\%,\mathrm{{FF}}$ 质量收率为 ${40.0}\%\sim$ 43.0%。因此,虽然改变 DES 中氢键受体和供体的比例会导致 DES 的酸性发生变化, 但这种改变对 DES 性质的影响并不显著。这一结论也在其他相关研究中得到了证实 [ 10 ] 。在后续实验中所使用的 DES 的氢键受供体物质的量比均为 1:2。
纯 DES 的粘性较大,一般需要向体系中加入一定量的水来改善流动性, 因此本文研究了在 ChCl/乳酸 DES 体系中, 含水率对 FF 和 5-HMF质量收率的影响。当反应温度为 ${140}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,反应时间为 ${60}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时,在 $5\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 的 DES/水溶剂体系中进行葡萄糖/木糖的转化,考察了溶剂体系含水率对5- HMF 和 FF 质量收率的影响, 结果如 图 1 所示。当 DES 为反应体系中唯一的溶剂时,反应效果并不理想, 此时 FF 和 5-HMF 的质量收率分别为 31.0%和 14.1%。值得注意的是,当向溶剂体系中加入 ${20}\%$ 的水后, FF 和 5-HMF 的质量收率显著升高,分别为 40.6% 和 16.6%。少量水的加入降低了 DES 的粘度,促进了 ${\mathrm{H}}^{+ }$ 的电离和Cl ${}^{- }$ 的离域,形成新的 $\mathrm{{Cl}}- {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ 离子氢,改善了溶剂特性 [ 11 ] ,加速了反应物的转化。此外, 添加到 DES 体系中的水还可参与到反应过程中水解和脱水反应的平衡。 当进一步增加水的含量时, FF 和 5-HMF 的质量收率均出现了明显下降。当溶剂体系为纯水相时, 转化效果最差, 这可能是由于在较高含水率下 DES 的氢键网络结构遭到破坏, 从而减弱了 DES 的催化作用。水作为一种极性溶剂, 过量的水会增加副反应的发生, 同时 5-HMF 发生水合作用转化为乙酰丙酸,导致质量收率的降低。因此,选择 20%的含水率为最佳的 DES 体系含水率。
反应时间和温度是水热转化过程中要考虑的两个重要因素。分别以 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;g}$ 葡萄糖和木糖为原料,在 $4\mathrm{\;{mL}}$$\mathrm{{DES}}(\mathrm{{ChCl}}$ 和乳酸物质的量比为 1:2) 和 $1\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 的水组成的溶剂体系中进行水热转化实验,研究了反应温度 $\left({{120},{140},{160}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 和反应时间 $\left({5 \sim {120}\mathrm{\;{min}}}\right)$ 对单糖在 DES 体系中生成 5- HMF和FF 的影响, 结果如 图 2 所示。当温度为 ${120}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,两种产物质量收率均随时间延长而不断上升。在 ${140}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},{60}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时,5-HMF 和 FF 的质量收率均随时间延长而不断增大,最终分别达到最大值 14.9%和 41.2%。当反应时间进一步增加时, 这两种产物的质量收率均出现小幅度的下降。当反应温度上升到 ${160}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,由于高温的促进作用, 原料在很短的时间内迅速发生反应, 在 5 $\min$ 后, FF 和 5-HMF 质量收率分别达到了 46.3% 和 ${19.5}\%$ 。二者的质量收率在 ${120}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 的时间内均呈现单调递减的趋势。这种下降趋势在葡萄糖转化过程中尤为明显,当反应时间为 ${120}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时, 5-HMF 质量收率甚至低于 ${120}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时的结果。该现象可以被归因于不同物质生成胡敏素的难易程度。根据 Shi N [ 12 ] 的研究,在高温条件下反应时间较长时,5-HMF 和葡萄糖生成的胡敏素产率远高于 FF 和木糖。从反应液的外观上看,随着反应温度的上升和时间的增加, 液体的颜色逐渐变深, 从较温和工况下的橘黄色转变为棕褐色,推断是由于伴随副反应生成了大量难溶性的胡敏素。
除了纤维素和半纤维素外, 果胶也是柑橘果皮主要的组成部分。由于果胶的成分相比前二者更为复杂, 因此有必要单独考察果胶在 DES 中的转化效果。以 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;g}$ 果胶为原料,在 $4\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 的 DES (ChCl 和乳酸物质的量比为 $1 : 2$ )和 $1\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 的水组成的溶剂体系中进行水热转化制备 5-HMF 和FF 实验,考察了反应温度 $\left({{120},{140},{160}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 和反应时间 $\left({5 \sim {120}\mathrm{\;{min}}}\right)$$5 -\mathrm{{HMF}}$$\mathrm{{FF}}$ 质量收率的影响, 结果如 图3 所示。在与木糖和葡萄糖为原料时的相同反应条件下, 果胶产生 5-HMF 的效果始终明显优于FF。这可能是在果胶水解的后期产生的半乳糖和鼠李糖进一步转化为 FF, 但果胶中这两种戊糖的含量相对较低,导致 FF 产量较低 [ 13 ] 。 如 图 3(a)所示,与葡萄糖的转化规律类似, 在 120 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,5-HMF 的质量收率随反应时间延长而不断增加。当温度升高到 ${140}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,5-HMF 的质量收率在 ${60}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 内不断升高,最高达到 ${12.9}\%$ ;随着时间的继续延长, 由于副反应的发生, 5-HMF 进一步发生反应转化为胡敏素等副产物, 导致 5- HMF 的质量收率下降。在 ${160}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的高温条件下, 在很短的时间(10min)内果胶转化的 5-HMF 就达到了最大质量收率 (14.3%),当反应时间超过 ${30}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 后,5-HMF 质量收率发生明显下降;当反应时间为 ${120}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时, $5 -\mathrm{{HMF}}$ 质量收率仅为 3.5%,为 3 个温度条件下的最小值。当反应时间为 $5\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时,3 种反应温度条件下几乎都没有 FF 的生成。在 ${120}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${140}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下反应时, FF 的质量收率均随时间的延长先增大后减小,质量收率均在 ${90}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时达到最大。高温条件不仅有利于 $\mathrm{{FF}}$ 的生成,同时也能够加快果胶转化的速度。当反应温度达到 ${160}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,仅需要 ${30}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 就可以达到 140 ${}^{o}$ C下反应 ${90}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时相似的质量收率,最大质量收率为 0.36%。然而在该温度下,由于发生更剧烈的副反应, FF 的质量收率在 ${30}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 后快速下降。
柑橘果皮的成分构成相较于单糖来说要更为复杂。本文以 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;g}$ 柑橘果皮为原料,在 $4\mathrm{\;{mL}}$$\mathrm{{DES}}\left({\mathrm{{ChCl}}\text{和乳酸物质的量比为}1 : 2}\right)$$1\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 的水组成的溶剂体系中进行果皮水热转化制备 5- HMF 和 FF 的研究,考察了反应时间(5~120 min)、反应温度 $\left({{100}\sim {160}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 对 5-HMF 和 FF 质量收率的影响。5-HMF 质量收率在不同反应温度条件下随时间的变化情况如 图 4 所示。5-HMF 的质量收率随温度和时间的变化比较显著。在反应温度 $\leq {120}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,5-HMF 质量收率随着时间的延长呈现先上升后下降的趋势。当反应时间为 20 $\min$ 、反应温度为 ${120}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,5-HMF 的质量收率达到最大值 8.6%(摩尔产率为 43.1%);当反应温度 $\geq {140}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,5-HMF 质量收率在 $5 \sim {120}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 内均不断下降, 并且这种下降的趋势随温度的增加和时间的延长越来越明显。这可归因于乳酸的特性, 有研究指出, 在高温和延长反应时间时, DES 中的乳酸会发生聚合,导致 DES 的催化性能减弱。Morais E S [ 14 ] 在使用 $\mathrm{{ChCl}}$ /乳酸组成的 DES 对多糖进行处理时, 通过 NMR 和 FTIR-ATR 对长时间反应后所获得的产物进行分析, 观察到在木聚糖主链接枝的乳酸低聚物以及乳酸的均聚现象。
当反应时间为 $5\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时,果皮在高温促进作用下快速发生反应,5-HMF 质量收率在 ${140}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 和 160 °C时分别达到最大值 8.3%和 8.5%;当反应时间达到 ${120}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时, ${140}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 条件下的 5-HMF 质量收率下降到 ${4.4}\%$ (摩尔产率为 ${22.0}\%$ ),而 ${160}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 条件下的 5-HMF 质量收率却下降到 1.5%(摩尔产率为 7.3%)。这种情况的出现可能是因为更加苛刻的反应条件促进了副反应的发生, 使 5-HMF 发生了降解。果皮中转化 5-HMF 的来源主要为果胶、蔗糖和纤维素, 其中纤维素先解聚为单糖才能发生反应, 理论上来说, 以果皮为原料制备 5-HMF 需要的反应条件比使用模型化合物为原料时更加苛刻。但是在本文中, 以果皮为原料转化 5-HMF 的最佳温度为 ${120}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,低于以果胶和葡萄糖为原料时的 160 °C。由于果皮中天然含有有机酸成分, 在反应过程中可以起到一定的自催化作用,因此能够在温和的反应条件下达到最佳产率。
从整体上看, 果皮转化 5-HMF 的效果要优于FF, 这是由于 5-HMF 可以从多种来源 (纤维素、果胶、蔗糖)转化,而 FF 基本上是由半纤维素转化而来。与 5-HMF 相比,生成 FF 所需要的反应条件更加苛刻,当反应温度为 ${100}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,未检测到FF的生成。FF 质量收率在不同反应温度条件下随时间的变化情况如 图 5 所示。由 图 5 可知, 在 110°C时,由于温度较低,延长反应时间有利于果皮解聚与反应,因此在 ${120}\mathrm{\;{min}}$$\mathrm{{FF}}$ 的质量收率不断上升。当反应温度为 ${120}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${140}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时, $\mathrm{{FF}}$ 质量收率随时间的延长先逐渐上升后逐渐下降, 最大质量收率为 ${140}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下反应 ${90}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时的 ${2.4}\%$ (摩尔产率为 ${19.1}\%$ )。当反应温度升到 ${160}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时, FF 质量收率在反应时间为 ${10}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 左右时达到最大值 2.3%, 之后由于副反应的增强, FF 的质量收率随时间延长而出现明显下降。以果皮为原料制备 FF 时, FF 质量收率的变化规律与使用木糖为原料时的基本一致,只是在相同的温度 $\left({{140}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 下,果皮的最大质量收率出现在 ${90}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时,而木糖仅需 60 min,因为相较于单糖而言,柑橘果皮结构更复杂, 因此由果皮制备 FF 的反应速度更加缓慢。
将本文与文献[ 15 - 17 ]采用 DES 法制备 5-HMF 和 FF 的研究进行对比,结果如 表 4 所示。本文使用 $4\mathrm{\;{mL}}$$\mathrm{{ChCl}}$ 和乳酸的物质的量比为 $1 : 2$ 制备的 DES 和 $1\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 的水组成的 DES 体系对柑橘果皮进行转化,在 ${120}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${20}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 的条件下,5- HMF 的摩尔产率为 43.1%,与已报道的研究相比,反应条件更温和、反应时间更短。相同的DES 体系在 ${140}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},{90}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 的条件下将柑橘果皮转化为 $\mathrm{{FF}}$ ,在不添加催化剂的情况下, $\mathrm{{FF}}$ 的摩尔产率能达到 19.1%,与其他文献相比,具有绿色、环保等优点。为柑橘果皮在 DES 体系中的研究应用提供理论依据。
DES 的循环使用对于降低生产成本有着重要的意义, 也符合绿色化工的发展理念。为了探究以 $\mathrm{{ChCl}}$ /乳酸组成的 DES 在柑橘果皮转化反应中的循环使用性能, 选取 5-HMF 摩尔产率最高的工况 $\left({{120}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},{20}\mathrm{\;{min}}}\right)$ ,对所使用的 DES 进行了 5 次循环实验。在新鲜的 DES 中 5-HMF 质量收率为 7.9%,而在经过一次循环后的 DES 中 5-HMF 质量收率下降到 6.2%,表明 DES 的催化性能下降较快。从 DES 外观上来看,新鲜的 DES 为无色的粘性透明液体,而回收的 DES 呈现棕色,粘性也有所下降。在之后的 3 次循环实验中, DES 的性能下降比较缓慢, 在第 5 次反应结束后, 5-HMF 的质量收率为 ${4.7}\%$ 。由于 DES 的回收是通过乙酸乙酯萃取和旋蒸实现的, 该步骤并不能去除 DES 中所有的生物质降解产物, 因此, 随着剩余降解产物的积累, 回收的 DES 性能会不可避免地降低。由于所使用的 DES 组分及其用途的不同, DES 的循环使用性能在不同文献中差异较大。 Morais E S [ 18 ] 使用以 $\mathrm{{ChCl}}/$ 苹果酸组成的 DES 与 $\mathrm{{LiBr}}$ 转化木聚糖生成 $\mathrm{{FF}}$ ,在 3 次循环后, $\mathrm{{DES}}$ 催化生成的 FF 摩尔产率仍然有 79.7%,与新鲜的 DES 相比几乎没有变化。Rusanen A [ 19 ] $\mathrm{{ChCl}}/$ 葡萄糖/水体系中催化糖混合物,在前 3 次循环中, FF 产率并未出现明显变化, 而 5-HMF 产率逐渐增加。研究推断, 这是由于 5-HMF 与 DES 之间存在相互作用,随着反应的进行,一部分的 5-HMF 会从 DES 中释放, 但从第 4 次循环开始, 5-HMF 和 FF 的产率均出现了明显的下降。相较于文献中报道的 DES 的循环性能, 本文中 DES 的循环性能有待提高。
本文以 ChCl/羧酸组成的 DES 作为溶剂和催化剂, 研究了其在生物质水热反应中对制备 FF 和 5-HMF 的影响。结果表明,以乳酸为氢键供体时和 $\mathrm{{ChCl}}$ 组成的 DES,在添加 ${20}\%$ 的水后所形成的 DES 体系是最高效的溶剂体系。在该体系中,当不加入其他催化剂时,在 ${160}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},5\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 的最佳反应工况下,葡萄糖和木糖转化为 5-HMF 和 FF 的最高质量收率分别为 19.5%和 46.3%。果胶在DES 体系中主要转化为 5-HMF, ${160}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},{10}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 下的最大质量收率为 14.3%。以柑橘果皮为原料时,5-HMF 质量收率远高于 FF 质量收率。在 $\mathrm{{ChCl}}$ /乳酸组成的 DES 体系中,5-HMF 的最大质量收率为 ${8.6}\%$ (摩尔产率为 ${43.1}\%$ ),在 ${120}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ , ${20}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时获得; 而 FF 的最大质量收率为 ${2.4}\%$ (摩尔产率为 ${19.1}\%$ ),在 ${140}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下反应 ${90}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时获得。通过对 DES 的循环使用性能进行研究发现, DES 的催化性能在一次循环后虽有较明显的下降, 但在之后的循环实验中保持相对稳定的状态。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFB1501500)
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  • 接收时间:2023-01-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-05
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国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFB1501500)
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    1 浙江大学 能源清洁利用国家重点实验室 浙江 杭州 310027
    2 浙江大学 能源工程学院 浙江 杭州 310027
    3 中国林业科学研究院 林产化学工业研究所 江苏 南京 210042
    4 陕西科技大学 物理与能源学院 陕西 西安 710021

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王树荣(1972-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为生物质热化学转化。E-mail:
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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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