Article(id=1154429760768828282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429758340326256, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1681747200000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167103235, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167103235, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167103235, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167103235, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154429758340326256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='6', pageStart='710', pageEnd='852', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167102656, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694592332, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642210440401438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429758340326256, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642210440401439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429758340326256, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=732, endPage=739, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154429761284727676, articleId=1154429760768828282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Influence of heat storage on energy efficiency improvement of medium-deep coaxial borehole heating systems, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the longterm operation of the mediumdeep coaxial borehole heating system which has issues of cold accumulation in rocksoil and decrease in the heat extraction capacity of the system, in this research, a numerical heat transfer model for MDGSHPs was established, the governing equations were discretized based on the finite difference method, and the accuracy of the model was verified with experimental data. This research separately studied the effects of heat storage temperature (Tin) and flow rate of hot water injection (G) on BHE heat extraction rate (Q), system energy consumption(W) and the coefficient of system performance (CSP) in the next heating period. The results show that the first step to realize heat storage is to determine the threshold value for the temperature of heat storage water. Below the threshold, heat storage will not be achieved, and the threshold temperature for this study is 50 °C. After operating for 500 hours, when the inlet water temperature increases from 50 °C to 80 °C, Q, W and CSP increase by 54.41 kW, 8.96 kW and 0.17. Furthermore, when the flow rate of hot water injection increases from 1 kg/s to 7 kg/s, the growth rate of Q, W and CSP are 7.71%, 6.34% and 1.19%. Therefore, a small flow rate with high temperature of heat storage water is recommended during the heat storage period which will improve heat storage effect and reduce energy consumption. This study provides a theoretical basis for heat storage in MDGSHPs.

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针对中深层套管式地埋管供热系统长期运行存在地下岩土冷堆积、系统取热能力下降等问题,文章建立了中深层套管式地埋管换热器传热数值模型,基于有限差分法对控制方程进行离散,采用实验数据验证模型的准确性。分别研究了储热水温以及储热水质量流量对次年供暖季地埋管取热功率、系统能耗和系统能效的影响。研究结果表明:储热首先应确定储热水温的阈值,进口水温低于阈值将无法实现向岩土储热,该研究工况下的储热水温阈值为50℃,运行500h后,当进口水温从50 ℃增加到80℃时,取热功率、系统能耗、能效分别提高 54.41 kW,8.96 kW,0.17;当储热水质量流量从1 kg/s 提高到7 kg/s 时,取热功率、系统能耗、能效分别提高 7.71%,6.34%, 1.19%。因此,建议采用小流量高水温进行储热,能够提高储热效果并减少能耗。该研究为中深层地源热泵系统储热提供理论基础。

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苗艳妹(1977-),女,讲师,研究方向为热泵空调技术。E-mail:
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tableContent=
物理参数 数值
井孔深度 $H/\mathrm{m}$ 2000
井孔直径 ${d}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.28
模拟深度 ${H}_{\mathrm{m}}/\mathrm{m}$ 2 200
外管内径 ${d}_{\mathrm{{li}}}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.177 04
外管外径 ${d}_{1\mathrm{o}}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.1937
外管导热系数 ${k}_{1}/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 41
外管定容比热 ${\rho }_{1}{c}_{1}/\mathrm{J} \cdot \left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{-3} \cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}}\right)$ ${3.8} \times {10}^{6}$
内管内径 ${d}_{2\mathrm{i}}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.1022
内管外径 ${d}_{2\mathrm{o}}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.125
内管导热系数 ${k}_{2}/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.4
内管定容比热 ${\rho }_{2}{c}_{2}/\mathrm{J} \cdot \left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{-3} \cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}}\right)$ ${2.2} \times {10}^{6}$
水运动粘度 $v/{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ ${8.05} \times {10}^{-7}$
地表温度 ${t}_{\mathrm{a}}/{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 10
地层对流换热系数 [ 20 ] 15
回填材料定容比热 ${\rho }_{\mathrm{g}}{c}_{\mathrm{g}}/\mathrm{J} \cdot \left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{-3} \cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}}\right)$ ${2.5} \times {10}^{6}$
大地热流 ${q}_{\mathrm{g}}/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-2}$ ${7.5} \times {10}^{-2}$
地温梯度 ${q}_{\mathrm{t}}/\mathrm{C} \cdot \left( {{10}^{-2} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}}\right)$ 3
), ArticleFig(id=1154429814204260786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429760768828282, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=系统基本参数的设定, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物理参数 数值
井孔深度 $H/\mathrm{m}$ 2000
井孔直径 ${d}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.28
模拟深度 ${H}_{\mathrm{m}}/\mathrm{m}$ 2 200
外管内径 ${d}_{\mathrm{{li}}}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.177 04
外管外径 ${d}_{1\mathrm{o}}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.1937
外管导热系数 ${k}_{1}/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 41
外管定容比热 ${\rho }_{1}{c}_{1}/\mathrm{J} \cdot \left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{-3} \cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}}\right)$ ${3.8} \times {10}^{6}$
内管内径 ${d}_{2\mathrm{i}}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.1022
内管外径 ${d}_{2\mathrm{o}}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.125
内管导热系数 ${k}_{2}/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.4
内管定容比热 ${\rho }_{2}{c}_{2}/\mathrm{J} \cdot \left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{-3} \cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}}\right)$ ${2.2} \times {10}^{6}$
水运动粘度 $v/{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ ${8.05} \times {10}^{-7}$
地表温度 ${t}_{\mathrm{a}}/{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 10
地层对流换热系数 [ 20 ] 15
回填材料定容比热 ${\rho }_{\mathrm{g}}{c}_{\mathrm{g}}/\mathrm{J} \cdot \left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{-3} \cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}}\right)$ ${2.5} \times {10}^{6}$
大地热流 ${q}_{\mathrm{g}}/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-2}$ ${7.5} \times {10}^{-2}$
地温梯度 ${q}_{\mathrm{t}}/\mathrm{C} \cdot \left( {{10}^{-2} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}}\right)$ 3
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储热对中深层套管式地埋管供热系统能效提升的影响
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董建锴 1 , 林朵童 1 , 黄帅 1 , 苗艳妹 1, 2 , 姜益强 1
可再生能源 | 2024,42(6): 732-739
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(6): 732-739
储热对中深层套管式地埋管供热系统能效提升的影响
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董建锴1, 林朵童1, 黄帅1, 苗艳妹1, 2 , 姜益强1
作者信息
  • 1 哈尔滨工业大学 建筑学院,寒地城乡人居环境科学与技术工业和信息化部重点实验室 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150090
  • 2 建筑节能安徽省工程技术研究中心 安徽 合肥 230601

通讯作者:

苗艳妹(1977-),女,讲师,研究方向为热泵空调技术。E-mail:
Influence of heat storage on energy efficiency improvement of medium-deep coaxial borehole heating systems
Jiankai Dong1, Duotong Lin1, Shuai Huang1, Yanshu Miao1, 2 , Yiqiang Jiang1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Architecture, Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150090 China
  • 2 Building Energy-Saving Engineering Technology Center Hefei 230601 China
出版时间: 2024-06-20
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针对中深层套管式地埋管供热系统长期运行存在地下岩土冷堆积、系统取热能力下降等问题,文章建立了中深层套管式地埋管换热器传热数值模型,基于有限差分法对控制方程进行离散,采用实验数据验证模型的准确性。分别研究了储热水温以及储热水质量流量对次年供暖季地埋管取热功率、系统能耗和系统能效的影响。研究结果表明:储热首先应确定储热水温的阈值,进口水温低于阈值将无法实现向岩土储热,该研究工况下的储热水温阈值为50℃,运行500h后,当进口水温从50 ℃增加到80℃时,取热功率、系统能耗、能效分别提高 54.41 kW,8.96 kW,0.17;当储热水质量流量从1 kg/s 提高到7 kg/s 时,取热功率、系统能耗、能效分别提高 7.71%,6.34%, 1.19%。因此,建议采用小流量高水温进行储热,能够提高储热效果并减少能耗。该研究为中深层地源热泵系统储热提供理论基础。

中深层地热  /  套管式地源热泵系统  /  跨季节储热  /  系统性能  /  能耗

Aiming at the longterm operation of the mediumdeep coaxial borehole heating system which has issues of cold accumulation in rocksoil and decrease in the heat extraction capacity of the system, in this research, a numerical heat transfer model for MDGSHPs was established, the governing equations were discretized based on the finite difference method, and the accuracy of the model was verified with experimental data. This research separately studied the effects of heat storage temperature (Tin) and flow rate of hot water injection (G) on BHE heat extraction rate (Q), system energy consumption(W) and the coefficient of system performance (CSP) in the next heating period. The results show that the first step to realize heat storage is to determine the threshold value for the temperature of heat storage water. Below the threshold, heat storage will not be achieved, and the threshold temperature for this study is 50 °C. After operating for 500 hours, when the inlet water temperature increases from 50 °C to 80 °C, Q, W and CSP increase by 54.41 kW, 8.96 kW and 0.17. Furthermore, when the flow rate of hot water injection increases from 1 kg/s to 7 kg/s, the growth rate of Q, W and CSP are 7.71%, 6.34% and 1.19%. Therefore, a small flow rate with high temperature of heat storage water is recommended during the heat storage period which will improve heat storage effect and reduce energy consumption. This study provides a theoretical basis for heat storage in MDGSHPs.

medium-deep geothermal energy  /  coaxial borehole ground source heat pump system  /  trans-seasonal heat storage  /  system performance  /  energy consumption
董建锴, 林朵童, 黄帅, 苗艳妹, 姜益强. 储热对中深层套管式地埋管供热系统能效提升的影响. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (6) : 732 -739 .
Jiankai Dong, Duotong Lin, Shuai Huang, Yanshu Miao, Yiqiang Jiang. Influence of heat storage on energy efficiency improvement of medium-deep coaxial borehole heating systems[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (6) : 732 -739 .
近年来, 凭借着清洁可再生的优势, 中深层地热的开发与利用发展较快 [ 1 ] ,其运行原理也成为国内外研究的焦点, 其中, 地埋管的取热特性直接影响着系统的性能, 因而备受关注。研究表明, 地埋管出口水温随系统使用年限的延长而降低,系统运行 $5\mathrm{a}$ 后,名义取热量衰减 ${6.27}{\%}$ [ 2 ] ,运行 ${10}\mathrm{a}$ 后,系统的季节性能系数下降 ${14.10}{\%}$ [ 3 ] , 且证实地埋管长期运行后换热性能的下降与周围岩土的温度降低有关 [ 4 ] 。这是由于随着系统使用年限的增加,地下岩土出现冷堆积, 导致中深层地源热泵系统性能逐渐衰减 [ 5 ] ,影响系统使用寿命。为此,采取在非采暖期对岩土储热的措施, 辅助岩土进行热恢复, 可以提高地埋管换热器的取热能力,改善系统供热稳定性。
目前, 关于中深层地源热泵系统储热已经开展了很多研究。方亮 [ 6 ] 鉴于浅层储热存在的储热温度较低的问题, 建议使用中深层地埋管技术进行跨季节储热。Fu H [ 2 ] 建立了中深层套管式地埋管换热器的非稳态传热模型, 研究结果表明, 长期储热有利于换热器取热,进口水温与取热功率几乎呈线性关系,并推荐储热循环流量选择 4~6 $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 。Li ${\mathrm{C}}^{\left( 7\right)}$ 对比分析了太阳能辅助深层地埋管换热器在不同储、取模式下的储热容量与取热功率变化,证实相同取热工况下,岩土储热能力与储热水温直接相关, 且热量主要储存在温度较低的浅层。以上研究表明,储热进口水温与储热水的质量流量是影响中深层地热能储热效果的关键参数。 但上述相关研究仅从地埋管取热功率的角度分析储热对其影响, 而缺乏对系统性能的整体评价, 且未揭示跨季节储热对于系统能效以及能耗的影响程度。
为此,本研究讨论储热水温 ${T}_{\text{in }}$ 与储热水的质量流量 $G$ 对地埋管换热器取热功率 $Q$ 、系统能效 CSP 和系统能耗 $W$ 的影响。分析不同储热水温、 流量下系统的性能, 明确储热对系统取热与节能的提升效果, 为中深层地埋管地源热泵系统长期稳定运行提供理论参考。
图 1 为中深层套管式地埋管换热器原理。取热工况下,循环泵将工质从热泵蒸发器输送到换热器套管外部环腔,经过外管底部后进入内管,这个过程吸收岩土的热量,然后向上流出换热器,再进入热泵蒸发器完成循环。热泵机组利用吸收的热量为用户采暖。与取热工况不同,储热采用内进外出的流动形式, 太阳能集热器中的高温水沿内管进入地埋管底部,然后从外管向上流动,在这个过程中热水向周围岩土散热, 并将热量储存在地下岩土中,这种流动方式储热效果更佳 [ 8 ]
中深层岩土具有不确定性, 并且套管式地埋管换热器与岩土间的传热过程复杂, 主要涉及内外管流体在内管壁沿轴向对流换热, 外管流体在外管壁沿轴向对流换热以及周围岩土径向导热。 因此,在建立模型时做出如下假设 [ 9 ] :
①忽略地下对流换热,岩土中传热过程视作纯导热过程;
②地下岩层分为 4 层均质水平地层 [ 10 - 12 ]
③径向边界处岩土的温度分布不受取热与储热过程的影响 [ 10 , 13 ] ;
④流体在轴向仅存在对流换热,忽略导热 [ 14 ]
⑤地表温度为定值 [ 15 ]
岩土导热控制方程为
$\frac{1}{a}\frac{\partial T}{\partial \tau }= \frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial }{\partial r}\left({r\frac{\partial T}{\partial r}}\right)+ \frac{\partial {T}^{2}}{\partial {z}^{2}}$
式中: $a$ 为岩土热扩散率, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s};T$ 为岩土温度, ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C};\tau$ 为时间步长, $\mathrm{s};r, z$ 分别为径向与轴向长度, $\mathrm{m}$
径向采用变步长,设定新坐标 $\sigma$ ,进行坐标变换, 可得:
$\sigma =\ln \left(\frac{r}{{r}_{0}}\right)$
式中: ${r}_{0}$ 为钻孔半径, $\mathrm{m}$
新坐标下, 式 (1) 可以改写为
$\frac{1}{a}\frac{\partial T}{\partial \tau }= \frac{1}{{r}^{2}}\frac{\partial {T}^{2}}{\partial {\sigma }^{2}}+ \frac{\partial {T}^{2}}{\partial {z}^{2}}$
取热阶段, 外部环腔内工质能量方程可表示为
${C}_{1}\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{f}1}}{\partial \tau }= \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{f}2}- {T}_{\mathrm{f}1}}{{R}_{12}}+ \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{b}}- {T}_{\mathrm{f}1}}{{R}_{1}}- C\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{f}1}}{\partial z}$
式中: ${C}_{1}$ 为单位长度外管热容量, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);C =$ $m{C}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为循环液热容流量, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\left({\mathrm{s}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{C}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为水的比热容, ${C}_{\mathrm{f}}= {4174}\mathrm{\;J}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);m$ 为质量流量, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s};{R}_{1}$ 为外管与钻孔壁之间的传热热阻, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}/\mathrm{W};{R}_{12}$ 为内外管间传热热阻, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}/\mathrm{W};{T}_{\mathrm{f}1},{T}_{\mathrm{f}2}$ 分别为外管与内管中流体的温度, $\mathrm{C};{T}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为钻井壁面温度, ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
内管流体的能量方程为
${C}_{2}\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{f}2}}{\partial \tau }= \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{f}1}- {T}_{\mathrm{f}2}}{{R}_{12}}+ C\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{f}2}}{\partial z}$
式中: ${C}_{2}$ 为单位长度内管热容量, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$
储热时,外管内流体的能量方程为
${C}_{1}\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{f}1}}{\partial \tau }= \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{f}2}- {T}_{\mathrm{f}1}}{{R}_{12}}- \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{f}1}- {T}_{\mathrm{b}}}{{R}_{1}}+ C\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{f}1}}{\partial z}$
内管流体的能量方程为
${C}_{2}\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{f}2}}{\partial \tau }= -\frac{{T}_{\mathrm{f}2}- {T}_{\mathrm{f}1}}{{R}_{12}}- C\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{f}2}}{\partial z}$
其中:
${C}_{1}= \frac{\pi }{4}\left({{d}_{11}^{2}- {d}_{20}^{2}}\right){\rho c}+ \frac{\pi }{4}\left({{d}_{10}^{2}- {d}_{11}^{2}}\right){\rho }_{2}{c}_{2}+ \frac{\pi }{4}\left({{d}_{b}^{2}- {d}_{10}^{2}}\right){\rho }_{g}{c}_{g}$
${C}_{2}= \frac{\pi }{4}{d}_{2\mathrm{i}}^{2}{\rho c}+ \frac{\pi }{4}\left({{d}_{2\mathrm{o}}^{2}- {d}_{2\mathrm{i}}^{2}}\right){\rho }_{1}{c}_{1}$
${R}_{1}= \frac{1}{\pi {d}_{\mathrm{{li}}}{h}_{1}}+ \frac{1}{{2\pi }{k}_{1}}\ln \left(\frac{{d}_{\text{lo }}}{{d}_{\text{li }}}\right)+ \frac{1}{{2\pi }{k}_{\mathrm{g}}}\ln \left(\frac{{d}_{\mathrm{b}}}{{d}_{\text{lo }}}\right)$
${R}_{12}= \frac{1}{\pi {d}_{2\mathrm{i}}{h}_{2}}+ \frac{1}{{2\pi }{k}_{2}}\ln \left(\frac{{d}_{2\mathrm{o}}}{{d}_{2\mathrm{i}}}\right)+ \frac{1}{\pi {d}_{2\mathrm{o}}{h}_{1}}$
式中: ${d}_{1\mathrm{i}},{d}_{1\mathrm{o}},{d}_{2\mathrm{i}},{d}_{2\mathrm{o}}$ 分别为外管内径、外管外径、内管内径、内管外径, $\mathrm{m};{r}_{\mathrm{b}},{d}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 分别为钻孔半径、直径, $\mathrm{m};c,{c}_{1},{c}_{2},{c}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 分别为流体、外管、内管、回填材料的比热容, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);\rho ,{\rho }_{1},{\rho }_{2},{\rho }_{\mathrm{g}}$ 分别为工质、 外管管材、内管管材、回填材料的密度, $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{k}_{\mathrm{g}}$ , ${k}_{1},{k}_{2}$ 分别为回填材料、外管、内管的导热系数, $\mathrm{W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{h}_{1}$${h}_{2}$ 分别为外管壁和内管壁的对流换热系数, $\mathrm{W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$
根据假设③,径向边界设为第一类边界条件, 根据假设⑤,地表设置第三类边界条件,近地面气温 ${T}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 与地面对流换热系数 ${h}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 保持不变。
${\lambda }_{1}\frac{\partial T}{\partial z}= {h}_{\mathrm{a}}\left({{T}_{\left( 0\right)} -{T}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)$
式中: ${\lambda }_{1}$ 为地表岩土导热系数, $\mathrm{W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{T}_{\left( 0\right)}$ 为地表温度,℃。
地下第 $m$ 层中 $z$ 深度处初始地温表示为
${T}_{\left( z\right)} ={T}_{\left( 0\right)} +\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{{m - 1}}\frac{{q}_{\mathrm{g}}}{{k}_{\mathrm{s}j}}\left({{H}_{j}- {H}_{j - 1}}\right)+ \frac{{q}_{\mathrm{g}}}{{k}_{\mathrm{s}m}}\left({z -{H}_{m - 1}}\right)$
式中: ${H}_{j},{H}_{j - 1},{H}_{m - 1}$ 分别为第 $j, j - 1, m - 1$ 层地层底部深度, $\mathrm{m};{q}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为大地热流, $\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};{k}_{\mathrm{s}m},{k}_{\mathrm{s}j}$ 分别为第 $m$ 层、第 $j$ 层岩土的传热系数, $\mathrm{W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$
外部环腔流体与内管流体的边界条件为
${T}_{\mathrm{{fl}}}= {T}_{\mathrm{f}2}- \frac{Q}{C}, z = 0 $
${T}_{\mathrm{{fl}}}= {T}_{\mathrm{f}2}, z = H $
式中: $Q$ 为取热功率, $\mathrm{{kW}};H$ 为埋管深度, $\mathrm{m}$
储热水温与流量对系统次年取热的影响包括储热前后系统性能与能耗的变化规律。用系统能效 CSP 评估系统性能; 用系统能耗 $W$ 衡量节能效果。
取热功率反映地埋管换热器换热能力, 地埋管换热器取热功率 $Q$
$ Q = C\left({{T}_{\text{fout-}}{T}_{\text{fin }}}\right)$
式中: ${T}_{\text{fin }},{T}_{\text{fout }}$ 分别为地理管换热器进、出口水温,℃。
系统供热量是经过热泵提升后的热量 ${Q}_{\text{building }}$ ,其表达式为
${Q}_{\text{building }}= \frac{\mathrm{{COP}}}{\mathrm{{COP}}- 1}Q $
式中: $\mathrm{{COP}}$ 为热泵机组性能系数,中深层地源热泵系统中 COP 仅与地埋管换热器出口水温相关 [ 16 , 17 ]
$\mathrm{{COP}}= a + b{T}_{\text{fout }}$
式中: $a, b$ 为地源热泵特定运行下的常数,取 $a =$ ${3.925}, b ={0.083}$ [ 18, 19 ]
系统总能耗主要由热泵机组耗电量与循环泵耗电量组成 [ 20 ] ,即:
$ W ={W}_{\mathrm{{HP}}}+ {W}_{\mathrm{{WP}}}$
式中: ${W}_{\mathrm{{HP}}}$ 为热泵耗电量, $\mathrm{{kW}};{W}_{\mathrm{{WP}}}$ 为热源侧循环泵耗电量, kW。
${W}_{\mathrm{{HP}}}= \frac{{Q}_{\text{building }}}{\mathrm{{COP}}}$
${W}_{\mathrm{{WP}}}= \frac{{Q}_{\mathrm{v}}}{\eta }\left({\frac{H}{d}\frac{\rho {Q}_{\mathrm{v}}^{2}}{2{A}^{2}}\frac{1}{{\left\lbrack {0.790}\ln \left( Re\right)- {1.64}\right\rbrack }^{2}}}\right)$
式中: ${Q}_{\mathrm{v}}$ 为循环工质体积流量, ${\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{s};\eta$ 为循环泵效率,取 ${70}\%;d$ 为水力直径, $\mathrm{m};A$ 为过流断面面积, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2};{Re}$ 为雷诺数。
${Re}= \frac{ud}{v}$
式中: $u$ 为流速, $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$$v$ 为流体运动粘度, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s}$
系统能效 CSP 为
$\mathrm{{CSP}}= \frac{{Q}_{\text{building }}}{W}$
基于有限差分法对控制方程进行离散, 根据初始及边界条件求解控制方程。网格如 图 2 所示。
轴向采取等步长划分,网格间距为 ${\Delta z}$ ,径向采用变步长划分, 在保证计算精度的前提下缩短模拟时长, 相邻网格中心到钻孔壁的距离呈等比数列,等比级数 $\beta ={1.2}$ ,网格无关性检验结果详见文献[ 21 - 23 ]。
求解过程中所用基本参数如 表 1 所示。
以某示范项目实测值验证传热模型的准确性。团队在西安市某住宅建筑项目开展现场实测, 记录连续运行 ${1100}\mathrm{\;h}$ 地埋管实时进、出口水温, 采用 ${650}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后的运行结果与模拟情况进行对比, 结果显示,实际出口水温高于模拟出口水温。出现这种情况是由于实际工况存在地下渗流的对流换热作用,地埋管换热器的传热得到强化,因此出口的水温更高。稳定运行后最大平均误差为 6.05%, 小于 10%, 证明模型能够满足工程实践要求。模型验证过程在文献[ 21 - 23 ]中已有详尽论述, 此处不再赘述。
通过对比储热后取热的工况与系统初次运行情况, 分析储热对系统取热的影响。本文将第一年取热工况用 $\mathrm{Y}1$ 表示;岩土自然热恢复阶段设置水泵为停机状态,系统停运;储热水温由 ${45}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 变化至 ${80}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,流量变化为 $1 \sim 7\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$
研究储热水温对系统性能的影响时, 储热时间设置为 8 个月连续储热, 流量设置为实测值 ${25.5}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ ,其他参数设置见 表 1
图 3 为储热水温 ${T}_{\text{in }}$ 对地埋管换热器取热功率的影响。
从 可见, 取热功率随进口水温的升高而增加。以 储热后正常运行 ,取热功率达到 ,略高于第一年取热水平 (214.80 ),证明储热临界水温 为 。当 为 45 ℃时,取热功率高于岩土自然热恢复水平,但仍低于第一年取热工况,此时储热水温低于 ,热量由岩土向工质传递, 岩土温度进一步降低, 使地埋管换热器次年取热能力下降。取热初期(0~500 h), 对取热功率影响显著,且影响程度随进口水温的升高而增大。50 °C储热后取热功率的降幅为 储热后取热功率降幅增至 44.75%。这是由于 的高温热水与岩土之间的温差大,地下储热量更大,取热初期同温度进水能够被加热到更高温度出水,周围岩土被取热后温度快速下降,岩土与工质温差减小,因此取热功率变化幅度较大。取热后期(2000~2 904 h),80°C储热时取热功率降幅仅为 5.56%,此时,岩土与工质间温差较小且随时间变化不大, 取热功率的变化幅度与前期相比明显减小。
图 4 为储热前后地下岩土温度分布。
图 4 可见:在距离钻孔壁 ${6.19}\mathrm{\;m}$ 、地下200 $\mathrm{m}$ 深度处,岩土取热后温度为 ${16.25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,储热后温度提升至 ${29.59}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,增幅 82.09%;距离钻孔壁 6.19 $\mathrm{m}$ 、地下 ${1500}\mathrm{\;m}$ 深度处,岩土取热后温度为 44.48 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,储热后温度提升至 ${55.89}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,增幅为 ${25.65}\%$ , 证明储热过程是靠热媒流至钻孔底部, 与深层地热换热后,流至浅层将热量释放,储热过程将热量储存在浅层地下, 实现非采暖季浅层地下热恢复。
图 5 为储热水温对系统能耗的影响。
图 5 可知,采暖期前 ${500}\mathrm{\;h}$ 系统能耗 $W$ 均处在较高水平,取热初期传热温差较大,地埋管供热量大,热泵机组消耗电能较多。回灌 45 ℃热水, 表现为对地下岩土进一步取热, 加重地下冷热不平衡,系统供热能力衰减。 ${50}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 储热后的 $W$ 高于自然热恢复后的运行能耗,这是因为 ${50}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 储热能够实现跨季节储热,供暖期向建筑供热量增加,产生较大能耗。当 ${T}_{\text{in }}$ 高于 ${50}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,系统能耗随进口水温的升高而增加。与使用 ${50}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 储热相比, ${80}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 储热后系统取热阶段能耗增加 16.74%。由于高温水与岩土传热温差大,岩土热恢复的效果好,系统的取热能力得到提升, ${W}_{\mathrm{{HP}}}$ 增加,由式 (21) 可知, 循环水泵耗电量 ${W}_{\mathrm{{WP}}}$ 保持不变,根据式 (23) 可知, 高温储热使得系统总能耗增加。工程实践应平衡地理管取热能力与系统能耗的关系, 合理设置储热水温。
图 6 为储热水温对于系统能效 CSP 的影响。
图 6 可以看出, ${50}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 储热,取热能效略高于第一年取热的情况,是因为 ${50}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 为储热的临界温度,实现储热并改善系统能效。以 60 ℃储热时, 系统运行至第 500 小时, 能效由 6.48 降为 5.94, 小于 80 °C 储热的能效 (6.81 降至 6.05 ),这是因为储热进口水温升高,浅层岩土能够被加热至更高温,取热时换热器出口水温高,故 CSP 提高。运行至 ${2500}\mathrm{\;h}$ 时,当储热水温由 ${50}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 增加到 ${80}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,系统能效的增长率分别为 ${0.35}\%,{0.52}\%,{0.35}\%$ ,增长率几乎保持不变, 储热水温与次年系统能效呈线性关系。工程上应严格控制储热水温不低于 ${50}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,否则会加重地下冷堆积,影响系统次年运行。
由前文可知,储热水温不宜低于 ${50}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。因此, 在储热水温为 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,其他参数与前文一致的条件下, 研究储热水质量流量对系统性能的影响。
图 7 为储热水质量流量对地埋管换热器取热功率的影响。
图 7 可知, 供暖初期流体与岩土之间的温差较大,地埋管换热器取热效果好。储热水质量流量对取热功率的影响显著, 取热功率的降幅随储热质量流量的提高而增大,取热前 ${500}\mathrm{\;h}, G$ 从 1 $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 提高至 $5\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ ,取热功率降幅由 ${34.85}\%$ 增加至38.71%。系统取热 ${2000}\mathrm{\;h}$ 至结束,流量由 5 $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 增至 $7\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ ,取热功率降幅分别为 ${4.24}\%$ , 4.33%,储热水质量流量的提高对取热功率的影响程度减弱。这是因为传热过程中的岩土导热热阻占据主导,对流换热热阻占比较小,流体的对流换热系数虽与流速大小有关, 但当流量达到一定值后, 对流换热的热阻变化很小, 对储热换热的影响较小,因此储热效果变化不显著,储热后岩土温度场变化较小, 取热阶段的地埋管取热功率差别不大。系统在小流量下储热, 流量的微小变化也会对地埋管取热功率产生明显影响, 推测储热水质量流量增大到一定值后,取热 ${2500}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后取热功率几乎不再发生变化。
图 8 为储热水质量流量对系统能耗的影响。
图 8 可以看出,系统运行至 ${500}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,以 $3 \sim 5$ $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 流量进行储热时,系统能耗由 ${55.35}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 增至 ${56.17}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,在小流量范围内储热水质量流量增加, 工质与岩土之间的换热量增大, 岩层被加热至更高温度,采暖季换热器出口水温较高,系统可供给用户的热量增加,机组的耗电量提高。储热水质量流量从 $5\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 增加到 $7\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ ,供暖结束时(2904h) 能耗由 ${46.44}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 提高至 ${46.59}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,增幅为 0.32%,这是由于储热水质量流量提高到一定程度后,对流换热热阻变化较小,地埋管取热能力变化不显著,系统总能耗降幅减小。储热水质量流量对系统能耗的影响程度随时间、流量的增加而减弱。储热水质量流量越大,系统能耗越高,小流量储热对系统低能耗运行有利。
图 9 为储热水质量流量对系统能效的影响情况。
图 9 可知, 储热后系统能效高于第一年同期水平,储热能够辅助热恢复、提高岩土温度,进而提高系统能效。以 $1\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 储热后,取热 ${500}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,系统能效降幅为 6.83%,表明储热水质量流量是系统能效的显著影响因素。低流量运行对于延缓系统能效衰减的效果较好。供热结束时(2904h),当 $G$$1\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 提高到 $7\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ , CSP 由5.72增加至5.75。 这是由于经过 8 个月连续储热, 岩土在大流量储热后储热量更多,系统取热性能提高,表现为系统的总能效 CSP 提高。储热流量达到 $5\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 后,储热水质量流量对于系统性能的提升效果不明显, 这是由于工质与岩土之间的传热热阻中对流换热热阻占比较小,流量不能显著影响对流换热系数, 外部岩土的温度场变化较小, 系统取热效果差别不大,系统能效变化较小。因此储热宜在小流量工况下进行。
为提高中深层套管式地埋管供热系统的运行性能, 本文分析了地埋管向地下岩土储热对于该供热系统能效的影响, 量化储热水温与流量对系统次年取热量以及能效的提升效果。主要结论如下。
①实现储热的前提条件是储热水温高于临界温度。只有储热水温高于临界值时热量才能够被储存在地下, 地埋管换热器取热功率与第一年取热功率相比有较大提升; 否则系统处于连续取热状态, 地下岩土出现冷堆积现象。本研究工况的临界水温为 ${50}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
②高温与高流量储热会产生较大运行能耗。 在供热最初 ${500}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,以 ${50}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 储热,能耗为53.51 $\mathrm{{kW}}$ ,采用 ${80}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 储热,则耗电能 ${62.47}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 。采暖结束时,采用 $1\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 进行储热与 $7\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 相比能耗减少 2.83%。小流量储热使系统在节能表现上优于大流量工况。
③进口水温对于系统能效的影响突出,高温储热显著提高系统性能。在系统运行的前 ${500}\mathrm{\;h}$ 内,储热水质量流量对能效影响显著,但运行至 ${2904}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,以 $1 \sim 7\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 流量进行储热,系统能效变化率不超过 1%。故推荐采用小流量高温储热以降低运行能耗。
  • 建筑节能安徽省工程技术研究中心开放课题资助(AHJZNX-2021-11)
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2024年第42卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2023-04-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-18
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建筑节能安徽省工程技术研究中心开放课题资助(AHJZNX-2021-11)
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    1 哈尔滨工业大学 建筑学院,寒地城乡人居环境科学与技术工业和信息化部重点实验室 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150090
    2 建筑节能安徽省工程技术研究中心 安徽 合肥 230601

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苗艳妹(1977-),女,讲师,研究方向为热泵空调技术。E-mail:
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