Article(id=1154429760240345975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429758340326256, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1684252800000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167103109, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167103109, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167103109, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167103109, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154429758340326256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='6', pageStart='710', pageEnd='852', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167102656, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694592332, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642210440401438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429758340326256, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642210440401439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429758340326256, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=750, endPage=759, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154429760756245369, articleId=1154429760240345975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Investigation on the layout and parameter sensitivity for the pumping-recharging wells of water source heat pump of the abandoned mines, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The abandoned mines contains abundant geothermal resources.This article takes the mine water of gob area as the research object; in order to ensure the stability of pumping temperature during the heating season, the layout and parameter sensitivity of pumpingrecharging wells of water source heat pump of abandoned mine are studied. Firstly, based on the Darcy's law and the theory of heat transfer in porous media, the twodimensional numerical calculation models of the coupled multiphysical fields of the pumpingrecharged well are established.Secondly, the pumping water's temperature variation of 14 arrangement forms of pumpingrecharging wells are analyzed while the theoretical models are employed. The most reasonable arrangement form can be selected according to the degree of the heat transfixion. Finally, when the selected pumping recharging wells'arrangement form is taken into consideration, the effects of different factors including the recharge temperature, the pumpingrecharging water's flow rate, the wells' spacing, the hydraulic slope, the aquifer thickness and the porosity on the pumping temperature are discussed. The results of the analysis show that the well placement method of triangle 4 only decreases the pumping temperature by 0.148 K at the end of the system operation, and the occurrence of "thermal penetration" is the least and the well placement method is the most reasonable. The occurrence of "heat transfixion" in the aquifer is more sensitive to parameters such as pumping flow rate, well spacing, hydraulic gradient, and aquifer thickness, while it is less sensitive to recharge temperature and porosity.

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废弃矿井中储存着丰富的地热资源。文章以采空区矿井水为研究对象,为保证采暖季抽水温度的稳定,对废弃矿井水源热泵抽灌井布置及参数敏感度进行了研究。首先,基于达西定律及多孔介质传热理论,建立了废弃矿井水源热泵抽灌井的多物理场耦合的二维数值计算模型;其次,基于理论模型进行计算分析,模拟了14种不同抽灌井布置形式下的抽水温度变化,并根据“热贯通”发生程度,选取最为合理的抽灌井布置方案;最后,根据选取的抽灌井布置方案,研究了不同回灌温度、抽灌流量、井间距、水力坡度、含水层厚度、孔隙率等因素对抽水温度的影响。分析结果表明:三角4的布井方式在系统运行末期抽水温度仅下降了0.148 K,“热贯通”发生程度最小,布井方式最合理;含水层“热贯通”的现象对抽灌流量、井间距、水力坡度、含水层厚度等参数变化较为敏感,而对回灌温度及孔隙率的敏感度较小。

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张文科(1982-),男,博士,教授,研究方为建筑节能与能源利用、地源热泵技术。E-mail:
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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429760240345975, language=CN, label=图 14, caption=不同水力坡度下含水层温度及流体流线, figureFileSmall=YiaOB3uwJhw25wrWIoh7mw==, figureFileBig=vjeQZ2TjmYVMvzvL/BK98A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429841936999132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429760240345975, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Variation of pumping temperature under different aquifer thickness, figureFileSmall=1GmSyjps4iaS9jowlBAvbw==, figureFileBig=REgjxcr8mNQ8kKe6Tk6W9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429841991525085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429760240345975, language=CN, label=图 15, caption=不同含水层厚度下抽水温度变化, figureFileSmall=1GmSyjps4iaS9jowlBAvbw==, figureFileBig=REgjxcr8mNQ8kKe6Tk6W9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429842041856734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429760240345975, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Aquifer temperature and fluid flow lines at different aquifer thicknesses, figureFileSmall=anKuM/jbimTsWIpK3WOO7Q==, figureFileBig=jp2dWg+ABWycQVrzKWowJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429842092188383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429760240345975, language=CN, label=图 16, caption=不同含水层厚度下含水层温度及流体流线, figureFileSmall=anKuM/jbimTsWIpK3WOO7Q==, figureFileBig=jp2dWg+ABWycQVrzKWowJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429842146714336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429760240345975, language=EN, label=Fig. 17, caption=Aquifer pressure and fluid flow diagram under different porosity, figureFileSmall=v5U+eplYn3ZYKL78EXx5AA==, figureFileBig=ZeW9inJfsKgdVjyr27Opmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429842213823201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429760240345975, language=CN, label=图 17, caption=不同孔隙率下含水层压力及流体流线, figureFileSmall=v5U+eplYn3ZYKL78EXx5AA==, figureFileBig=ZeW9inJfsKgdVjyr27Opmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429842264154850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429760240345975, language=EN, label=Fig. 18, caption=Variation of pumping temperature with different porosity, figureFileSmall=2UKXRBk6qSeofc7PTSMHrA==, figureFileBig=TKEpvLxMRNKeZVsAgS9qwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429842314486499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429760240345975, language=CN, label=图 18, caption=不同孔隙率下抽水温度变化, figureFileSmall=2UKXRBk6qSeofc7PTSMHrA==, figureFileBig=TKEpvLxMRNKeZVsAgS9qwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429842360623844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429760240345975, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Parameter settings for the model of pumping-recharging wells of water source heat pump of the abandoned mines, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 参数名称 数值
含水层(固体) 密度 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$ 1900
导热系数 $/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 3
渗透率 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ $1 \times {10}^{-{10}}$
孔隙率 0.2~0.4
恒温热容/J $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 850
其他参数 井长/m 10~30
井间距/m 60~100
抽灌井半径/m 0.6
抽灌流量 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 0.02~0.04
水头梯度 0.001~0.100
含水层初始温度/K 298.05
回灌温度/K 276.5~286.5
), ArticleFig(id=1154429842423538405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429760240345975, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=废弃矿井水源热泵抽灌井模型参数设置, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 参数名称 数值
含水层(固体) 密度 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$ 1900
导热系数 $/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 3
渗透率 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ $1 \times {10}^{-{10}}$
孔隙率 0.2~0.4
恒温热容/J $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 850
其他参数 井长/m 10~30
井间距/m 60~100
抽灌井半径/m 0.6
抽灌流量 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 0.02~0.04
水头梯度 0.001~0.100
含水层初始温度/K 298.05
回灌温度/K 276.5~286.5
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废弃矿井水源热泵抽灌井布置及参数敏感度的研究
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张志强 1 , 黄体士 2 , 张文科 1 , 黄峰 2 , 王科荀 1 , 马雪晴 1
可再生能源 | 2024,42(6): 750-759
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(6): 750-759
废弃矿井水源热泵抽灌井布置及参数敏感度的研究
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张志强1, 黄体士2, 张文科1 , 黄峰2, 王科荀1, 马雪晴1
作者信息
  • 1 山东建筑大学 热能工程学院 山东 济南 250101
  • 2 山东地矿新能源有限公司 山东 济南 250013

通讯作者:

张文科(1982-),男,博士,教授,研究方为建筑节能与能源利用、地源热泵技术。E-mail:
Investigation on the layout and parameter sensitivity for the pumping-recharging wells of water source heat pump of the abandoned mines
Zhiqiang Zhang1, Tishi Huang2, Wenke Zhang1 , Feng Huang2, Kexun Wang1, Xueqing Ma1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Thermal Engineering Shandong Jianzhu University Jinan 250101 China
  • 2 Shandong Geo-Mineral New Energy CO., LTD Jinan 250013 China
出版时间: 2024-06-20
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废弃矿井中储存着丰富的地热资源。文章以采空区矿井水为研究对象,为保证采暖季抽水温度的稳定,对废弃矿井水源热泵抽灌井布置及参数敏感度进行了研究。首先,基于达西定律及多孔介质传热理论,建立了废弃矿井水源热泵抽灌井的多物理场耦合的二维数值计算模型;其次,基于理论模型进行计算分析,模拟了14种不同抽灌井布置形式下的抽水温度变化,并根据“热贯通”发生程度,选取最为合理的抽灌井布置方案;最后,根据选取的抽灌井布置方案,研究了不同回灌温度、抽灌流量、井间距、水力坡度、含水层厚度、孔隙率等因素对抽水温度的影响。分析结果表明:三角4的布井方式在系统运行末期抽水温度仅下降了0.148 K,“热贯通”发生程度最小,布井方式最合理;含水层“热贯通”的现象对抽灌流量、井间距、水力坡度、含水层厚度等参数变化较为敏感,而对回灌温度及孔隙率的敏感度较小。

废弃矿井  /  水源热泵  /  抽回灌井  /  热贯通  /  合理布置  /  参数敏感度  /  数值模型

The abandoned mines contains abundant geothermal resources.This article takes the mine water of gob area as the research object; in order to ensure the stability of pumping temperature during the heating season, the layout and parameter sensitivity of pumpingrecharging wells of water source heat pump of abandoned mine are studied. Firstly, based on the Darcy's law and the theory of heat transfer in porous media, the twodimensional numerical calculation models of the coupled multiphysical fields of the pumpingrecharged well are established.Secondly, the pumping water's temperature variation of 14 arrangement forms of pumpingrecharging wells are analyzed while the theoretical models are employed. The most reasonable arrangement form can be selected according to the degree of the heat transfixion. Finally, when the selected pumping recharging wells'arrangement form is taken into consideration, the effects of different factors including the recharge temperature, the pumpingrecharging water's flow rate, the wells' spacing, the hydraulic slope, the aquifer thickness and the porosity on the pumping temperature are discussed. The results of the analysis show that the well placement method of triangle 4 only decreases the pumping temperature by 0.148 K at the end of the system operation, and the occurrence of "thermal penetration" is the least and the well placement method is the most reasonable. The occurrence of "heat transfixion" in the aquifer is more sensitive to parameters such as pumping flow rate, well spacing, hydraulic gradient, and aquifer thickness, while it is less sensitive to recharge temperature and porosity.

abandoned mine  /  water source heat pump  /  pumping -recharging well  /  heat transfixion  /  reasonable arrangement  /  parameter sensitivity  /  numerical models
张志强, 黄体士, 张文科, 黄峰, 王科荀, 马雪晴. 废弃矿井水源热泵抽灌井布置及参数敏感度的研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (6) : 750 -759 .
Zhiqiang Zhang, Tishi Huang, Wenke Zhang, Feng Huang, Kexun Wang, Xueqing Ma. Investigation on the layout and parameter sensitivity for the pumping-recharging wells of water source heat pump of the abandoned mines[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (6) : 750 -759 .
随着我国去产能政策的推行, 截至 2020 年, 我国已经关闭、废弃矿井达 12000 处,预计到 2030 年这个数字会达到 15000 处 [ 1 ] 。矿井废弃仅代表井田内矿物已经开采完毕, 但是巷道及采空区仍有转型利用的价值 [ 2 ] ,地热资源就是其中之一。对于废弃矿井地热资源的利用, 须要对抽灌井进行合理地布置, 若抽灌井布置不合理, 回灌至含水层的低温水会导致抽水井的水温在一定程度上波动,进而降低水源热泵机组的效率,这种回灌水导致抽水井水温变化的现象称为“热贯通”[ 3 ]。
关于地下水源热泵抽灌井布置对温度场的影响,国内外学者已经做了大量的研究,文韬刚模拟了在对齐型、交错型及叉排型抽灌井布置形式下的抽水温度变化,结果表明,对齐型布置形式“热贯通”发生程度最小。康文凯 [ 5 ] 对中深层抽灌井系统取热性能进行模拟,分别研究了抽灌井间距、抽灌流量、回灌温度、水力坡度等参数对抽灌井系统取热系能的影响。魏凯 [ 6 ] 建立了含裂缝地热储层的渗流-传热弱耦合模型, 分析了裂隙倾角、长度、宽度等参数变化对地热储层物理场的影响程度。Beier R A [ 7 ] 应用拉普拉斯变化分析了回灌井水温度对抽水井温度的影响。Pophillat W [ 8 ] 模拟了地热系统长期运行下对地下温度场的影响, 结果表明,减少抽灌温差可以有效降低“热贯通”的影响。宋伟 [ 9 ] 利用表皮效应统一了地下水源热泵系统中循环单井、抽灌同井和填砾抽灌同井 3 种不同热源井近井壁处的渗透系数, 并得到渗透系数转换关系式。曾召田 [ 10 ] 建立了岩溶地下水渗流-传热地埋管试验平台, 分析了岩溶地下水渗流对地埋管换热器的影响规律。
已有的研究大多以一般地下水源热泵抽灌井为研究对象, 对于废弃矿井水为热源的水源热泵抽灌井研究较少。本文以废弃矿井水源热泵抽灌井为研究对象, 利用 COMSOL Multiphysics 软件, 建立废弃矿井水源热泵抽灌井的多物理场耦合二维数值计算模型,模拟了 14 种不同抽灌井布置方式下的“热贯通”发生程度, 通过对比分析, 获得了合理的布井方式。同时,探究不同回灌温度、抽灌流量、井间距、水力坡度、含水层厚度、孔隙率 6 种参数对该布井方式下抽水温度的影响。
废弃矿井地热资源的开采通常按照矿井水矿化度 [ 1 ] 的不同,采用水源热泵与开式或闭式环路相结合的形式进行 [ 12 ] 。当矿井水的矿化度 $<$ 350 mg/L 时, 宜采用开式环路系统; 当矿井水的矿化度> ${350}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ 时,宜采用闭式环路系统。开式环路系统适用于水量较大,水质较好的矿井水 [ 12 ] 。一般矿井水的矿化度较高, 故对废弃矿井地热资源的取用大多采用水源热泵结合闭式环路的系统形式, 图 1 为该系统的示意图。
在该系统中, 潜水泵从采空区含水层中抽出温度较高的矿井水,流经旋流除砂器去除杂质,然后进入板式换热器进行换热, 换热后的低温矿井水再经回水井回灌至含水层中, 以此实现对废弃矿井地热资源的取用。闭式环路系统易受地下水温变化的影响, 为了避免地下水温变化对机组效率的影响, 应对抽灌井进行合理地布置。
地下含水层热量运移是一个极其复杂的传热过程 [ 13 ] 。为了简化计算,对废弃矿井水源热泵抽灌井模型做出如下假设:①废弃矿井采空区已用回填材料回填, 且已充水形成含水层, 回填材料认为是多孔介质材料; ②同一地层岩体各向同性, 厚度不变, 产状水平; ③含水层水流为水平流动, 忽略上下层之间的渗流, 水流运动符合达西定律, 且满足质量守恒定律;④抽灌水量相同,且能全部回灌,含水层总水量保持不变;⑤含水层温度不受地表环境的影响。
假设废弃矿井采空区已用饱和多孔介质回填, 在饱和多孔介质流动中, 一般采用达西定律描述地下水在多孔介质中的流动, 其表达式为
$ U =- K\frac{\mathrm{d}H}{\mathrm{\;d}L}$
式中: $U$ 为通过断面的水流速, $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{d};K$ 为含水层渗透系数, $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{d}$$\mathrm{d}H$ 为多孔介质中水流的起点与终点的水头差, $\mathrm{m};\mathrm{d}L$ 为多孔介质中水流的起点与终点的水平距离, m。
在达西定律及质量守恒定律下,二维含水层的水流渗流运动方程可以表示为 [ 14 - 17 ]
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left({{K}_{xx}\frac{\partial H}{\partial x}}\right)+ \frac{\partial }{\partial y}\left({{K}_{yy}\frac{\partial H}{\partial y}}\right)+ W = S\frac{\partial H}{\partial t}\\{\left. H\left( x, y, t\right)\right|}_{t = 0}= {H}_{0}\left({x, y}\right)\;\left({x, y \in \Omega }\right)\\{\left. H\left( x, y, t\right)\right|}_{{\Gamma }_{1}}= {H}_{0}^{\prime }\left({x, y, t}\right)\;\left({x, y, t \in {\Gamma }_{1}}\right)\\{\left. K\frac{\partial H}{\partial x}\right|}_{{\Gamma }_{2}}= q\left({x, y, t}\right)\;\left({x, y, t \in {\Gamma }_{2}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${K}_{xx}$$x$ 轴方向含水层渗透系数, $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{d};{K}_{yy}$$y$ 轴方向含水层渗透系数, $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{d}$$W$ 为源(汇)项, ${\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$$S$ 为贮水率, ${\mathrm{m}}^{-1};H$ 为含水层水头, $\mathrm{m};x$$x$ 轴方向长度, $\mathrm{m};y$$y$ 轴方向长度, $\mathrm{m};t$ 为时间, $\mathrm{s}$ ; ${H}_{0}$ 为初始水位, $\mathrm{m};\Omega$ 为求解区域; ${H}_{0}^{\prime }$ 为第一类边界上的水位, $\mathrm{m};{\Gamma }_{1}$ 为第一类边界; ${\Gamma }_{2}$ 为第二类边界; $n$ 为第二类边界上的外法线方向; $q\left({x, y, t}\right)$ 为第二类边界上的流量函数。
废弃矿井含水层矿井水流动传热控制方程可以表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\nabla \left({{k}_{\text{eff }}\nabla T}\right)- \rho {C}_{\mathrm{p}}u \cdot \nabla T + Q ={\left(\rho {C}_{\mathrm{p}}\right)}_{\text{eff }}\frac{\partial T}{\partial t}& \\{\left. T\left( x, y, t\right)\right|}_{t = 0}= {T}_{0}\left({x, y}\right)& \left({x, y \in \Omega }\right)\\{\left. T\left( x, y, t\right)\right|}_{{\Gamma }_{1}}= {T}_{0}^{\prime }\left({x, y, t}\right)& \left({x, y, t \in {\Gamma }_{1}}\right)\\{\left.{k}_{\text{eff }}\frac{\partial T}{\partial x}\right|}_{{\Gamma }_{2}}= {q}^{\prime }\left({x, y, t}\right)& \left({x, y \in {\Gamma }_{2}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${k}_{\mathrm{{eff}}}$ 为有效导热系数, $\mathrm{W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$$T$ 为温度, $\mathrm{K}$$\rho$ 为水的密度, $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为水的常压比热容, $\mathrm{J}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);u$ 为达西速度, $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};Q$ 为热源 (汇); ${\left(\rho {C}_{\mathrm{p}}\right)}_{\text{eff }}$ 为常压下的有效体积热容, $\mathrm{J}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{3}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{T}_{0}$ 为初始温度, $\mathrm{K};{T}_{0}$ 为第一类边界上的温度, $\mathrm{K};{q}^{\prime }(x$ , $y, t)$ 为第二类边界上的热通量函数。
为了模拟由回灌井引起的热源项, 将线热源的特征表示为
$ Q ={C}_{\mathrm{p}}\frac{M}{l}\left({{T}_{\mathrm{{in}}}- T}\right)$
式中: $M$ 为回灌井的质量流量, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s};l$ 为回灌井井长, $\mathrm{m};{T}_{\text{in }}$ 为回灌温度, ${\mathrm{K}}_{\circ }$
含水层的固体参数及其他参数设置如 表 1 所示。
为探究“热贯通”发生程度最小的抽灌井布置形式, 本文模拟了 3 种 “一抽一灌”、 5 种 “一抽两灌直线式”、6 种 “一抽两灌三角式” 共 14 种不同抽灌井布置形式下的抽水温度变化。这 14 种不同的抽灌井布置形式如 图 2 所示。
根据实际矿井含水层的所在位置, 划定 500 $\mathrm{m}\times {500}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的区域为含水层计算区域。在多孔介质传热及达西定律设置中定义含水层厚度, 井长与含水层厚度同高。由于模型是基于二维层面建立的, 故抽灌井在模型中以点的形式体现。本文设计了 14 种不同的抽灌井布置形式,以其中三角 4 为例, 其几何模型如 图 3 所示。
含水层网格采用超细化的自由三角形划分, 对抽灌井附近的区域采用极细化网格划分, 共划分了 6606 个网格单元。以三角 4 为例, 其网格划分如 图 4 所示。
在供暖季, 温度较低的矿井水回灌至含水层中会影响抽水井的温度, 故本文以抽水温度的变化幅度判断该布井方式下是否发生 “热贯通”现象。以抽水温度下降 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;K}$ 为临界“热贯通”点 [ 18 ] , 当抽水温度下降小于 0.5K,认为未发生 “热贯通”;当抽水温度下降 ${0.5}\sim 1\mathrm{\;K}$ ,认为发生轻度 “热贯通”;当温度下降 $1 \sim 2\mathrm{\;K}$ ,认为发生中度 “热贯通”;当温度下降 $2\mathrm{\;K}$ 以上,认为发生重度 “热贯通”[ 19 ]。
由于本文所研究的废弃矿井含水层水温常年维持在 24.9 °C 左右,该水源是一个良好的热源, 不宜作为冷源使用, 故仅研究在供暖季含水层温度变化情况,取一个供暖季(120 d)为研究周期, 时间步长设置为 $1\mathrm{\;d}$
为了探究 14 种抽灌井布置形式中 “热贯通” 发生程度最小的布置方案,对模型进行了如下设置:设置一抽一灌抽、灌水流量均为 ${0.030}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{s}$ ,一抽两灌布置形式中抽水流量为 ${0.030}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{s}$ ,回灌井 1 及回灌井 2 流量为 ${0.015}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{s}$ ; 水力坡度为 0.001 ; 回灌温度为 ${286.5}\mathrm{\;K}$ 。计算每种布置方案抽水温度变化,如 图 5 所示。
图 5 可以看出: 一抽一灌 3 种布置方案均发生了“热贯通”现象,其中,一抽一灌 1 发生了中度 “热贯通”,一抽一灌 2 及一抽一灌 3 发生了重度“热贯通”;一抽两灌直线式中仅直线 1 未发生 “热贯通”,其他布置方案均发生“热贯通”现象;一抽两灌三角式中三角 2 及三角 4 未发生 “热贯通”,其他布置方案均发生“热贯通”现象。
选取布井方案中抽水温度下降幅度最小的 3 组:一抽两灌直线 1、一抽两灌三角 2、一抽两灌三角 4 进行对比, 效果如 图 6 所示。
图 6 可以看出, 系统运行末期, 一抽两灌三角 4 布置方案“热贯通”发生程度最小,故 14 种布井方式中选取一抽两灌三角 4 的布井方式最为理想。
抽灌井系统的设计参数直接影响抽灌井系统在含水层的取热性能 [ 5 ] 。在 3.1 节中通过对 14 种不同布井方案的抽水温度比较, 最终选取三角 4 为最佳布井方案。以三角 4 为研究对象, 分析不同回灌温度、抽灌流量、井间距、水力坡度、含水层厚度、孔隙率等因素对抽水温度的影响。模型初始设置:回灌温度为 ${286.5}\mathrm{\;K}$ ,抽水流量为 ${0.030}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{s}$ , 回灌井 1 及回灌井 2 流量均为 ${0.015}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{s}$ ,井间距为 ${100}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,水力坡度为 0.001,含水层厚度为 ${30}\mathrm{\;m}$ , 孔隙率为 0.4 。当对某一参数进行敏感度分析时, 仅改变该参数的数值,其他参数设置不变。
回灌温度的变化会对抽水温度带来影响。为了分析回灌温度对含水层温度的影响程度, 本文模拟了 3 种不同回灌温度下含水层温度场的情景以及抽水温度的变化,结果如 图 7 ,8 所示。
图 7 ,8 可以看出,不同回灌温度下,抽水温度开始下降的时间及下降的幅度较为相近, 但随着回灌温度的降低, 抽水温度下降时间略有提前, 同时抽水温度下降幅度略有增加。这是因为回灌温度降低, 回灌的低温矿井水与含水层初始水温温差增大, 回灌井附近的冷流体对抽水井附近热流体的影响增大,故抽水温度出现略微下降。
抽灌流量的变化同样会对抽水温度带来影响。为了分析抽灌流量对含水层温度的影响程度, 本文模拟了 3 种不同抽灌流量下抽水温度的变化以及含水层温度场的情景, 结果如 图 9 ,10 所示。
图 9 ,10 可以看出:在系统运行期间,抽水流量为 ${0.02},{0.03}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,含水层未发生 “热贯通” 现象;抽水流量为 ${0.04}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,系统运行至 ${70}\mathrm{\;d}$ 抽水温度开始明显下降,且在 ${100}\mathrm{\;d}$ 时发生 “热贯通”现象。简而言之, 回灌流量越大, 抽水温度开始下降的时间越早,下降的幅度越大,同时,回灌量增加,回灌井影响范围扩大,回灌井周围含水层温度降低。这是因为, 抽灌井流量加大, 含水层流体的流速加快, 在抽灌井运行的强迫对流作用下, 回灌井附近的冷流体向抽水井转运加快, 抽水井附近含水层温度开始下降的时间也就越早, 同时抽水温度下降幅度也就越大。
为了分析井间距对含水层温度的影响程度, 本文模拟了 3 种不同井间距下抽水温度的变化以及含水层温度场的情景,结果如 图 11 ,12 所示。
图 11 ,12 可以看出:在井间距设置为 ${60}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,系统仅运行至 ${40}\mathrm{\;d}$ 便发生了“热贯通”现象; 当井间距设置为 ${80}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,系统运行至 ${85}\mathrm{\;d}$ 发生了“热贯通”现象;井间距设置为 ${100}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,在 100 $\mathrm{d}$ 时抽水温度虽有些许下降,但到供暖季结束时, 抽水温度未发生 “热贯通”现象。总之,随着井间距的减小,“热贯通”发生程度加大;同时,从回灌井等温线图中可以看出, 井间距越小, 回灌井对抽水井附近的温度场影响越大。这是因为当抽灌系统运行时, 在回灌井附近会出现椭圆形冷水区域, 随着时间的推进,该冷水区域逐渐扩大,同时受到抽水井强迫对流的影响, 冷水区域逐渐扩散到抽水井附近,致使抽水温度下降。
当含水层水力坡度发生变化时, 对系统的取热会带来很大的影响。为了分析水力坡度对含水层温度的影响程度, 本文模拟了 3 种不同水力坡度下抽水温度的变化以及含水层温度场的情景, 结果如 图 13 ,14 所示。
图 13 ,14 可以看出:在系统运行期间,3 种不同水力坡度,含水层均未发生“热贯通”;同时, 随着水力坡度的增大, 以回灌井为中心的冷水区域不再呈现圆形分布,且水力坡度越大,回灌井冷水区域影响范围越扁平。这是因为抽水井设置在回水井 1 及回水井 2 的上游, 随着水力坡度的增加, 自然对流增强, 且自然对流强度逐渐大于由抽水井引发的强迫对流, 故回灌井的冷流体对抽水井附近流体的影响减小, 抽水温度变化幅度也就减小。
含水层厚度是一项重要的水文地质条件, 不同厚度的含水层,系统取热效果也不同。为了分析含水层厚度对含水层温度的影响程度, 本文模拟了 3 种不同含水层厚度下抽水温度的变化以及含水层温度场的情景,结果如 图 15 ,16 所示。
图 15 ,16 可以看出:含水层厚度减小,抽水温度下降提前,且下降幅度增大;含水层厚度越小,回灌井冷水区域影响范围越大。这是因为含水层厚度减小,在竖直方向传递的热量减少,在水平方向传递的热量增加, 同时抽灌井之间的压力梯度增大, 导致渗流速度增大。随着渗流速度的增大,抽水井与回水井之间的热对流强度也随之增大,故回灌井影响范围增大,抽水井的水温下降更加显著。
含水层孔隙率也会对含水层的取热性能造成影响。本文模拟了 3 种不同孔隙率下含水层温度场的情景以及抽水温度的变化, 结果如 图 17 ,18 所示。
图 17 ,18 可以看出:孔隙率设置为 0.2 时, 系统运行至 ${80}\mathrm{\;d}$ 抽水温度开始下降,且到 ${115}\mathrm{\;d}$ 时,抽水温度下降幅度 $>{0.5}\mathrm{\;K}$ ,系统发生 “热贯通” 现象; 孔隙率设置为 0.3 时,系统运行到 ${90}\mathrm{\;d}$ 抽水温度开始下降;孔隙率设置为 0.4 时,系统运行至 ${100}\mathrm{\;d}$ 抽水温度开始下降。简而言之,随着孔隙率的降低, 抽水温度也随着降低。这是因为孔隙率减小,含水层的等效导热系数增大,多孔介质的热传导能力增强, 回灌井对抽水井的影响也就增加 [ 20 ]
通过以上参数敏感性分析, 回灌温度及孔隙率的变化对含水层温度的影响并不大, 而抽灌流量、井间距、水力坡度及含水层厚度的改变, 会较为明显地对抽水温度造成影响。这是因为抽灌井系统中含水层热量转移主要以对流换热为主,对流换热的主要影响参数是渗流速度, 而回灌温度及孔隙率的改变对渗流速度的变化影响很小,但是抽水流量、井间距、水力坡度及含水层厚度的改变会较为明显地改变含水层渗流速度, 故在抽灌系统中的含水层温度对抽水流量、井间距、水力坡度及含水层厚度参数变化较为敏感。
本文通过对废弃矿井水源热泵抽灌井合理布置及参数敏感度研究,得出以下结论。
①废弃矿井矿井水中蕴含着丰富的地热资源,一般按照矿化度的不同,利用水源热泵机组结合开式或闭式环路的系统形式进行取热。废弃矿井水源热泵系统搭建前要对抽灌井进行合理的布置,若抽灌井布置不合理,回灌至含水层的低温水会导致抽水井的水温在一定程度上波动, 发生 “热贯通”现象,进而降低水源热泵机组的效率。
②本文的 14 种布井方式中, 在系统运行完一个供暖季后, 一抽两灌布井方案优于一抽一灌布井方案, 其中三角 4 的布井方式运行末期抽水温度仅下降 0.148 K,“热贯通”发生程度最小, 布井方式最为合理。
③在三角 4 布井方式下,“热贯通” 发生程度与回灌温度、井间距、水力坡度、含水层厚度、孔隙率大小成负相关,与抽灌流量大小成正相关。回灌温度及孔隙率的改变对含水层温度变化影响较小,相比之下,抽水流量、井间距、水力坡度及含水层厚度的改变对含水层温度变化影响较大。由此可见,在废弃矿井抽灌系统中的含水层温度对抽水流量、井间距、水力坡度及含水层厚度参数变化较为敏感。
本文对废弃矿井水源热泵抽灌井布置及参数敏感度的研究, 有利于矿井地热资源的开发, 助力废弃矿井的转型再利用, 为工程实际提供技术和理论指导。
  • 山东省自然科学基金面上项目(ZR2022ME079)
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2024年第42卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2023-05-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-17
基金
山东省自然科学基金面上项目(ZR2022ME079)
作者信息
    1 山东建筑大学 热能工程学院 山东 济南 250101
    2 山东地矿新能源有限公司 山东 济南 250013

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张文科(1982-),男,博士,教授,研究方为建筑节能与能源利用、地源热泵技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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