Article(id=1154429759590224420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429758340326256, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1676390400000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167102954, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167102954, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167102954, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167102954, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154429758340326256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='6', pageStart='710', pageEnd='852', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167102656, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694592332, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642210440401438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429758340326256, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642210440401439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429758340326256, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=725, endPage=731, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154429759992877605, articleId=1154429759590224420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Process simulation and energy storage performance analysis of methanol synthesis from CO2 and green hydrogen, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper studied the simulation of methanol synthesis from CO2 and green hydrogen, and proposed an indicator of the energy storage density of CO2. Then influences of multiple variables on the performance indicators were analyzed. The results show that the systematic energy efficiency and energetic yield of methanol increase with the increase in the electrolysis efficiency, per pass CO2 conversion rate, electrolysis pressure, and initial CO2 pressure. However, these indicators decrease with the increase in the methanol synthesis pressure. The variations of the energy storage density of CO2 with these variables are opposite to the systematic energy efficiency and energetic yield. The electrolysis efficiency and per pass CO2 conversion rate are the sensitive and key variables of this process. Under the optimal conditions, the systematic energy efficiencies based on the higher and lower heating values are 68.0% and 59.6%, respectively, the energy storage density of CO2 is 6.07 kWh/kg, and the energetic yield of methanol is 0.108 kg/(kW·h), indicating the powertomethanol system using CO2 as feedstock is unsatisfactory in term of systematic energy efficiency, but has significant advantage in the energy storage density.

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文章模拟了 CO2 与绿氢合成甲醇的过程,提出了CO2储能密度指标,研究了多个参数对甲醇储能性能的影响。研究结果表明:系统能效和甲醇能量产率随着电解水效率、单程 CO2转化率、电解水压力和 CO2 初始压力的升高而升高,随着甲醇合成压力的升高而降低;CO2 储能密度随以上参数的变化趋势与系统能效和甲醇能量产率相反;电解水效率和单程 CO2转化率是敏感关键的参数;在最优组合工况下,基于甲醇高位和低位热值的系统能效分别为68.0%和59.6%,CO2 储能密度为6.07 kW·h/kg,能量产率为0.108 kg/(kW·h),表明以CO2为原料的电制甲醇的系统能效不够理想,但储能密度优势显著。

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宋国辉(1984-),男,副教授,博士,研究方向为新能源系统设计与建模、评价与优化。E-mail:
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Houston: Deloitte Center for Energy Solutions, 2015., articleTitle=Electricity storage: Technologies, impacts, and prospects, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154429796911141617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429759590224420, awardId=TB202203052, language=CN, fundingSource=南京工程学院大学生科技创新基金(TB202203052), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154429796969861874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429759590224420, awardId=YKJ201818, language=CN, fundingSource=南京工程学院引进人才科研启动基金(YKJ201818), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154429791706010225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429759590224420, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154429791710204530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429759590224420, companyId=1154429791706010225, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, 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journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429759590224420, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Variations of $\mathbf{\eta }$ and ${D}_{\mathrm{E}}$ with ${p}_{\mathrm{{MSR}}}$, figureFileSmall=nIXQe4I3g8Fkgu8OogmWZg==, figureFileBig=C+HIa+lhhtBxGAzB+EDu9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429796483322602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429759590224420, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=系统能效和 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 储能密度随甲醇合成压力的变化, figureFileSmall=nIXQe4I3g8Fkgu8OogmWZg==, figureFileBig=C+HIa+lhhtBxGAzB+EDu9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429796529459947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429759590224420, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Variations of $\eta$ and ${D}_{\mathrm{E}}$ with ${X}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}$, figureFileSmall=BZOkTxR8ptC9ozuBI8xqOQ==, figureFileBig=lZoDG6t5jxQCMfYbxO1ljg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429796571402988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429759590224420, language=CN, label=图 6, caption=系统能效和 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 储能密度随单程 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 转化率的变化, figureFileSmall=BZOkTxR8ptC9ozuBI8xqOQ==, figureFileBig=lZoDG6t5jxQCMfYbxO1ljg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429796625928941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429759590224420, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Models and property methods for modeling of key devices, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对象 模型 物性方法
电解器 RStoic PR-BM
甲醇合成反应器 RStoic PR-BM
精馏塔 RadFrac NRTL
PUMP PR-BM
多级压缩机 MComp Polytropic using ASME method
), ArticleFig(id=1154429796676260590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429759590224420, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=主要设备的建模模型及物性方法, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对象 模型 物性方法
电解器 RStoic PR-BM
甲醇合成反应器 RStoic PR-BM
精馏塔 RadFrac NRTL
PUMP PR-BM
多级压缩机 MComp Polytropic using ASME method
), ArticleFig(id=1154429796722397935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429759590224420, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Validation of process simulation of methanol synthesis from ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 模拟值 文献值
${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 流量 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 44000 44 000
${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 流量 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 5 488 5 588
${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}\mathrm{O}$ 流量 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 28814 28 757
甲醇纯度 $/\%$ 99.9 99.9
), ArticleFig(id=1154429796781118192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429759590224420, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 与 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 合成甲醇过程模拟的校验, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 模拟值 文献值
${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 流量 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 44000 44 000
${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 流量 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 5 488 5 588
${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}\mathrm{O}$ 流量 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 28814 28 757
甲醇纯度 $/\%$ 99.9 99.9
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CO2 与绿氢合成甲醇的过程模拟及储能性能分析
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宋国辉 1 , 梁珑鑫 1 , 叶荣昕 1 , 汝翊尧 1 , 崔晓波 1, 2 , 顾海明 1
可再生能源 | 2024,42(6): 725-731
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(6): 725-731
CO2 与绿氢合成甲醇的过程模拟及储能性能分析
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宋国辉1 , 梁珑鑫1, 叶荣昕1, 汝翊尧1, 崔晓波1, 2, 顾海明1
作者信息
  • 1 南京工程学院 能源与动力工程学院 江苏 南京 211167
  • 2 东南大学 能源与环境学院 江苏 南京 210096

通讯作者:

宋国辉(1984-),男,副教授,博士,研究方向为新能源系统设计与建模、评价与优化。E-mail:
Process simulation and energy storage performance analysis of methanol synthesis from CO2 and green hydrogen
Guohui Song1 , Longxin Liang1, Rongxin Ye1, Yiyao Ru1, Xiaobo Cui1, 2, Haiming Gu1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Energy and Power Engineering Nanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 China
  • 2 School of Energy and Environment Southeast University Nanjing 210096 China
出版时间: 2024-06-20
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文章模拟了 CO2 与绿氢合成甲醇的过程,提出了CO2储能密度指标,研究了多个参数对甲醇储能性能的影响。研究结果表明:系统能效和甲醇能量产率随着电解水效率、单程 CO2转化率、电解水压力和 CO2 初始压力的升高而升高,随着甲醇合成压力的升高而降低;CO2 储能密度随以上参数的变化趋势与系统能效和甲醇能量产率相反;电解水效率和单程 CO2转化率是敏感关键的参数;在最优组合工况下,基于甲醇高位和低位热值的系统能效分别为68.0%和59.6%,CO2 储能密度为6.07 kW·h/kg,能量产率为0.108 kg/(kW·h),表明以CO2为原料的电制甲醇的系统能效不够理想,但储能密度优势显著。

电解水  /  CO2利用  /  甲醇  /  流程模拟  /  系统能效  /  储能密度

This paper studied the simulation of methanol synthesis from CO2 and green hydrogen, and proposed an indicator of the energy storage density of CO2. Then influences of multiple variables on the performance indicators were analyzed. The results show that the systematic energy efficiency and energetic yield of methanol increase with the increase in the electrolysis efficiency, per pass CO2 conversion rate, electrolysis pressure, and initial CO2 pressure. However, these indicators decrease with the increase in the methanol synthesis pressure. The variations of the energy storage density of CO2 with these variables are opposite to the systematic energy efficiency and energetic yield. The electrolysis efficiency and per pass CO2 conversion rate are the sensitive and key variables of this process. Under the optimal conditions, the systematic energy efficiencies based on the higher and lower heating values are 68.0% and 59.6%, respectively, the energy storage density of CO2 is 6.07 kWh/kg, and the energetic yield of methanol is 0.108 kg/(kW·h), indicating the powertomethanol system using CO2 as feedstock is unsatisfactory in term of systematic energy efficiency, but has significant advantage in the energy storage density.

water electrolysis  /  CO2 utilization  /  methanol  /  process simulation  /  systematic energy efficiency  /  density of energy storage
宋国辉, 梁珑鑫, 叶荣昕, 汝翊尧, 崔晓波, 顾海明. CO2 与绿氢合成甲醇的过程模拟及储能性能分析. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (6) : 725 -731 .
Guohui Song, Longxin Liang, Rongxin Ye, Yiyao Ru, Xiaobo Cui, Haiming Gu. Process simulation and energy storage performance analysis of methanol synthesis from CO2 and green hydrogen[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (6) : 725 -731 .
在电力行业,不断提高可再生能源电力(也称绿电)的比例,最终实现 100% 可再生能源发电是有效的减碳措施之一。然而, 可再生能源本身具有较强的间歇性、波动性、随机性,绿电比例的提高将对电网运行产生不利影响。因此, 满足电力系统需求的新型储能技术对电力系统稳定、安全和经济运行具有重要意义。电力多元转化技术 (Power-to-X, PTX) 是一种新型的极具应用前景的大规模储能技术, 是实现可再生能源规模化消纳的重要技术手段,其中产品 “X” 包括氢气、甲烷、甲醇、氨气等 [ 1 ] 。氢气是当前备受关注的零碳储能载体 [ 2 ] ,但氢能的发展也面临着一些严峻的挑战,如高压存储技术难度大且成本高 [ 3 ]
甲醇具有易于液化、储能密度高、存储和运输安全性高、成本低等优点, 是理想的储能载体之一。电制甲醇能够利用捕集的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ ,产生低碳的清洁燃料。张欢欢 [ 4 ] 总结了电解水制氢、 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 捕集、甲醇合成等技术的示范项目实施情况,为 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 加氢合成甲醇的产业化提供了发展建议。闫泽 [ 5 ] 基于 “双碳”背景,详细分析测算了我国多个地区不同情景下 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 加氢合成甲醇的经济性和碳减排效益以及碳减排能力。 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 加氢合成甲醇已经在基础研究和技术应用方面取得了重要进展, 然而, 在 PTX 理念下, 甲醇是储能载体, 应重视其系统能效和储能密度等性能的研究。
祝贺 [ 6 ] 采用吉布斯自由能最小法分析了 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 加氢合成甲醇的过程, 研究了压力、温度和碳氢比等参数对合成转化率的影响, 但未开展系统能效等指标的研究。Van-Dal é S [ 7 ] 使用 Aspen Plus 软件研究了以燃煤电厂烟气捕集的富 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 气体和电解水制得的 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 为原料合成甲醇的过程,分析了该过程的质量平衡、能量平衡以及 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 减排能力。 Anicic B [ 8 ] 研究了 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 合成甲醇的两步合成法和一步合成法的经济性和能量转换效率, 但考虑的参数范围及组合较少。李佳蓉 0 对比了电制氨、甲烷、甲醇和汽油等产品的能效、电耗、边际电价、等效产量及市场占比等技术、经济指标,但该工作对甲醇相关参数的考虑不够丰富, 有待深化研究。
综合来看,在 PTX 理念下,有关 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 与绿氢电制甲醇的储能性能研究还不够深入。本文重点研究了 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 与绿氢合成甲醇的系统能效、甲醇的能量产率和 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 的储能能力。首先使用 Aspen Plus 软件开展流程建模,根据系统功能定义 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 储能密度、甲醇能量产率等指标;进而系统研究多个过程变量对以上指标的影响, 并进行合成工况优化。本研究为后续的复杂建模、生命周期能效、 碳减排等方面的研究提供了基础。
${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 与绿氢合成甲醇系统如 图 1 所示。该系统主要包括电解水制氢、甲醇合成、甲醇精馏以及余热利用单元。
图 1 中:CM1, CM2 和 CM3 为压缩机;PM1 和 PM2 为水泵; WE 为电解装置; D1 和 D2 分别为一、二级精馏塔; $\mathrm{F}1$$\mathrm{F}2$ 分别为一、二级闪蒸器; MSR 为甲醇合成反应器; ORC 为有机朗肯循环发电单元; $\mathrm{{HD}}1$$\mathrm{{HD}}2$ 为换热器; $\mathrm{{PSA}}$ 为变压吸附单元。
电解水的产物有 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{2},{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 的利用不在本文研究范围内。电解水制氢主要有碱性电解、质子交换膜电解和固体氧化物电解 3 种技术, 3 种电解水技术的能效为 ${62}\%\sim {90}\%$ (基于 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 的高位热值) [ 9 ] 。前两者的运行温度为 ${50}\sim {80}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,后者的运行温度为 ${650}\sim {1000}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ; 质子交换膜电解的运行压力高达 ${20}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,其余两者的运行压力不超过 3MPa [ 10 ] 。质子交换膜电解水技术具有运行电流密度高、能耗低、产氢压力高等优点,是绿电制氢的适宜技术 [ 11 ] 。本文使用 RStoic 模型 ( 表 1 ) 模拟电解水过程,使用 $\mathrm{{Sep}}$ 模型分离 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 。水先经过水泵 PM1 适当升压,然后进入电解装置,产生的 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 经过压缩机 $\mathrm{{CM}}1$ 提压,出口压力比甲醇合成反应器的压力高 ${0.005}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,用于模拟管路和设备上的压力损失及相应能耗。电解水压力 $\left({p}_{\mathrm{{WE}}}\right)$ 和系统效率 $\left({\eta }_{\mathrm{{WE}}}\right.$ ,基于 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 的高位热值)是本文的研究变量,其值分别为 ${0.55}\sim {5.05}\mathrm{{MPa}}$${68}\%\sim {84}\%{}^{\left( 9\right)}$ , 典型值分别为 ${3.05}\mathrm{{MPa}}$${80}\%$
假设 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 来自其他工艺的捕集或提纯,如沼气提纯副产物, 通过管道输送至甲醇合成工厂。由于 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 来源多样,且状态参数可能差别较大,本文不考虑 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 的捕集或提纯环节,仅考虑 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 输送环节。输送 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 一般有两个方案: 高压 $\left({ \geq 8\mathrm{{MPa}}}\right)$ 输送或低压( $\leq$ 4.8 MPa)气相输送。高压输气压力与甲醇合成压力相当,几乎不须要增压。但对于低压输气,须要考虑 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 在甲醇合成工厂内的增压。 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 初始压力 $\left({p}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}\right)$${0.5}\sim 5\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,典型压力为 1 $\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,经过压缩机 $\mathrm{{CM}}2$ 提升至与甲醇合成匹配的压力(比甲醇合成的压力高 ${0.005}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ )。压力合格的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 和循环气混合后,一并经过预热器加热至 ${200}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,所需热量来自本流程内的余热回收。 达到适宜温度的混合气进入甲醇合成反应器进行甲醇合成,甲醇合成的压力为 $5 \sim {10}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,温度为 220~280 [ 12 ] 。由于甲醇合成反应的研究较为充分,本文将甲醇反应温度设置为 ${240}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,着重研究甲醇合成压力 $\left({p}_{\mathrm{{MSR}}}\right)$ 对系统性能的影响。
甲醇合成的总反应为 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}+ 3{\mathrm{H}}_{2}= {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}\mathrm{O}+ {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ , 为了达到理想的合成效果, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 的物质的量比应为 3 左右。通过 Aspen Plus 软件的 Design Spec 功能, 以进入甲醇合成反应器前原料(包含反应循环乏气) 中 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 的物质的量比为目标, 调整电解水的量, 从而控制向合成气中加入 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 的量,实现所需的物质的量比。单程 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 转化率 $\left({X}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}\right)$${14}\%\sim {30}\%$ [ 6, 8 ] ,本文选取典型值 20%。 基于以上信息,使用 Aspen Plus 软件提供的 RStoic 模型对甲醇合成反应进行模拟,使用 $\mathrm{{PR}}- \mathrm{{BM}}$ 物性方法。
甲醇合成产物中含有大量的 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ ,为了提高原料的利用率, 采用两级闪蒸回收有用乏气, 然后循环使用 [ 12 ] 。具体步骤:甲醇合成产物先降压至 ${2.5}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,后降温至 ${25}^{\circ }{\mathrm{C}}$ [ 13 ] ,随后进行一级闪蒸获得富含 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 的乏气; 为防止不凝性气体的累积, 3%的乏气作为弛放气排出系统, 其余作为合成原料循环使用,即经过压缩机 CM3 升压后返回合成反应器; 液态产物经过降压器降压至 0.35 $\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 左右,然后进入二级闪蒸继续分离出 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ ,获得的液相产物被称为粗甲醇;一级闪蒸的驰放气和二级闪蒸的乏气进入变压吸附单元,分离提取 90% 的氢气作为合成原料,通过压缩机 CM3 增压利用。
粗甲醇送入双塔精馏系统中分离甲醇和水。 精馏塔的模拟采用 RadFrac 模型, 应用 NRTL 物性方法 [ 14 ] ,第一、二级精馏塔的塔板数分别为 45 和 65,塔顶温度分别为 ${65}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${132}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,回流比分别为 0.668 和 3 , 精馏后甲醇的质量分数不低于 99.85%。
可回收利用的热量包括甲醇合成过程释放的热量、高温产物冷却精馏时释放的热量以及甲醇精馏单元的产物冷凝时释放的热量。在用热方面, 甲醇合成前和精馏前均须要对相应的原料进行预热。本文将以上热量按温度匹配的原则进行利用, 多余的热量送入有机朗肯循环(ORC)发电单元, 以减少系统的电耗,并提高系统的能效。ORC 的净发电效率设为 25%, 采用 Aspen Plus 软件的用户自定义功能根据相应的热量计算发电量。
采用文献[ 8 ]中 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 合成甲醇的数据作为校验参考,本文的模拟值和文献值见 表 2
${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 流量模拟值是通过文献[ 8 ]中某个工况的 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 流量数据折算获得的。对比 表 2 中的模拟值和文献值可知, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}\mathrm{O}$ 流量的误差分别为-1.8% 和 ${0.2}\%$ ,甲醇纯度一致。在文献[ 8 ]中,扣除 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 捕集能耗后,生产 $1\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ 甲醇所需的电耗约为 10.79 $\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,而本文的模拟值为 ${10.62}\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,两者非常接近。以上对比说明本文建立的模型准确可靠。
由于本文主要研究合成甲醇的储能性能, 除了 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 转化率之外,其他变量对甲醇的质量产率 $\left({Y}_{\mathrm{e}}\right)$ 影响较小。因此,本文重点研究 ${Y}_{\mathrm{e}}$ ,用以衡量绿氢和 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 加氢合成甲醇的生产能力。 ${Y}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 的计算式为
${Y}_{\mathrm{e}}= \frac{{m}_{\mathrm{{GM}}}}{{P}_{\mathrm{{RE}}}}$
式中: ${m}_{\mathrm{{GM}}}$ 为产出甲醇的质量流量, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{h};{P}_{\mathrm{{RE}}}$ 为系统消耗的绿电功率, kW。
系统能效 $\left(\eta \right)$ 是能量转换系统最重要的考查指标之一。根据本系统投入和产出的能量流, 基于甲醇高位热值和低位热值的系统能效 $\left({\eta }_{\mathrm{{HHV}}}\right.$${\mathbf{\eta }}_{\mathrm{{LHV}}}$ )的计算式分别为
${\eta }_{\mathrm{{HHV}}}= \frac{\mathrm{{HHV}}\cdot {m}_{\mathrm{{GM}}}}{{3.6}{P}_{\mathrm{{RE}}}}\times {100}\%$
${\eta }_{\mathrm{{LHV}}}= \frac{\mathrm{{LHV}}\cdot {m}_{\mathrm{{GM}}}}{{3.6}{P}_{\mathrm{{RE}}}}\times {100}\%$
式中:HHV 和 LHV 分别为甲醇的高位热值(22.7 MJ/kg)和低位热值 ${\left({19.9}\mathrm{{MJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}}\right)}$ [ 9 ]
从整个系统的角度来看, 电制甲醇过程的物质原料是 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ ,因此 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 是原料端的储能载体。为了研究原料端的储能密度, 借鉴电池储能密度的概念,本文提出了 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 储能密度 $\left({D}_{\mathrm{E}}\right)$ 的概念,其计算式为
${D}_{\mathrm{E}}= \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{{RE}}}}{{m}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}}$
式中: ${m}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}$${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 质量流量, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{h}$
为研究不同变量对评价指标的影响程度, 本文使用敏感度系数(SC)进行分析,其计算式为
$\mathrm{{SC}}= {\Delta I}/{\Delta V}$
式中: ${\Delta V}$ 为变量 $V$ 的变化率, $\%;{\Delta I}$ 为评价指标 $I$ 的变化率,%。
${SC}$ 的绝对值越大,表明评价指标 $I$ 对于变量 $V$ 越敏感,反之,则越不敏感。
在电解水压力为 ${3.05}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,电解水效率为 ${80}\%$ ,甲醇合成压力为 $5\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,单程 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 转化率为 0.2 的条件下,系统能效和 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 储能密度随 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 初始压力的变化情况如 图 2 所示。
图 2 可以看出:随着 ${p}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}$ 的升高, $\eta$ 略微升高, ${D}_{\mathrm{E}}$ 略有下降; ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{HHV}}}$${\eta }_{\mathrm{{LHV}}}$ 分别为 ${59.9}\%\sim$ 60.4%和 52.5%~52.9%, ${D}_{\mathrm{E}}$${6.53}\sim {6.59}\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 。 当 ${p}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}$ 升高时,压缩机 CM2 功耗降低,从而导致系统总能耗减少, $\eta$ 升高。另外, $\eta$${D}_{\mathrm{E}}$ 的变化趋势相反,这是由于 ${P}_{\mathrm{{RE}}}$$\eta$ 的计算式中位于分母, 而在 ${D}_{\mathrm{E}}$ 的计算式中位于分子。这说明,当使用甲醇类的绿色燃料作为储能载体时, 可能面临系统效率与储能密度之间的矛盾。
经过计算可知: $\eta$${D}_{\mathrm{E}}$${p}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}$ 的敏感度系数的绝对值均不超过 0.003,说明 ${p}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}$ 对以上指标的影响较弱; 随着 ${p}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}$ 的升高, ${Y}_{\mathrm{e}}$${0.095}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ 略微增至 ${0.096}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ ,变化很小,说明 ${p}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}$ 不是重要变量。因此, 从系统能效上看, 该系统可以接收各种压力的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ ,但当原料为低压 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 时, 须要配置多级压缩机,会导致生产成本升高。
${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 初始压力为 $1\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,电解水效率为 ${80}\%$ ,甲醇合成压力为 $5\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,单程 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 转化率为 0.2 的条件下,系统能效和 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 储能密度随电解水压力 $\left({p}_{\mathrm{{WE}}}\right)$ 的变化情况如 图 3 所示。
图 3 可以看出:随着 ${p}_{\mathrm{{WE}}}$ 的升高, $\eta$ 先明显升高,再缓慢增加,而 ${D}_{\mathrm{E}}$ 呈现相反的变化; ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{HHV}}}$${\eta }_{\mathrm{{LHV}}}$ 分别为 ${59.0}\%\sim {60.3}\%$${51.7}\%\sim {52.9}\%,{D}_{\mathrm{E}}$${6.54}\sim {6.69}\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 。当 ${p}_{\mathrm{{WE}}}$ 升高时,虽然水泵 PM1 的功耗略有增加,但 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 压缩机 $\mathrm{{CM}}1$ 功耗的降幅更大,由此导致系统总能耗减少, $\eta$ 升高, ${D}_{\mathrm{E}}$ 降低。
经过计算可知: 随着 ${p}_{\mathrm{{WE}}}$ 的升高, ${Y}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 从 0.094 $\mathrm{{kg}}/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ 逐渐升至 ${0.096}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ ,变化很小, 说明 ${p}_{\mathrm{{WE}}}$${Y}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 的次要影响参数; $\eta$${D}_{\mathrm{E}}$${p}_{\mathrm{{WE}}}$ 的敏感度系数的绝对值均不超过 0.010,说明 ${p}_{\mathrm{{WE}}}$ 对以上指标的影响较弱,但其重要性强于 ${p}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}$ 。原因如下: 为了实现 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 的充分转化, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 物质的量比约为 3 ,为了产生相同的压升, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 压缩机的功耗明显大于 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 压缩机,通过水泵提高电解水压力,则可有效节省 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 压缩机功耗。因此,应发展和选用高压电解水制氢技术。
${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 初始压力为 $1\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,电解水压力为 ${3.05}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,甲醇合成压力为 $5\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,单程 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 转化率为 0.2 的条件下,系统能效和 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 储能密度随电解水效率 $\left({\eta }_{\mathrm{{WE}}}\right)$ 的变化情况如 图 4 所示。
图 4 可以看出:随着 ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{WE}}}$${68}\%$ 升高至 ${84}\%,\eta$ 线性升高, ${D}_{\mathrm{E}}$ 则线性降低; ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{HHV}}}$${\eta }_{\mathrm{{LHV}}}$ 分别为 ${51.8}\%\sim {62.7}\%$${45.4}\%\sim {55.0}\%,{D}_{\mathrm{E}}$${6.29}\sim$ ${7.61}\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 。经过计算可知:随着 ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{WE}}}$ 的升高, ${Y}_{\mathrm{e}}$${0.082}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ 逐渐升至 ${0.100}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ , 增幅明显; $\eta$${D}_{\mathrm{E}}$${\eta }_{\mathrm{{WE}}}$ 的敏感度系数分别约为 0.927 和 -0.905,说明 ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{WE}}}$ 是以上指标的重要影响参数。李佳蓉 [ 1 ] 研究发现,当电解水效率为 60% 时, ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 合成甲醇的综合效率为 ${39}\%$ ,根据 图 4 的趋势进行预测,本文中 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 合成甲醇的综合效率约为 40%, 这与李佳蓉的研究结论基本一致, 说明本文建模合理, 同时表明, 合成甲醇时必须优先采用高效电解水制氢技术。
${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 初始压力为 $1\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,电解水压力和效率分别为 ${3.05}\mathrm{{MPa}}$${80}\%$ ,单程 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 转化率为 0.2 的条件下,系统能效和 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 储能密度随甲醇合成压力 $\left({p}_{\mathrm{{MSR}}}\right)$ 的变化情况如 图 5 所示。
图 5 可以看出:随着 ${p}_{\mathrm{{MSR}}}$$5\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 升高至 ${10}\mathrm{{MPa}},\eta$ 逐渐下降,而 ${D}_{\mathrm{E}}$ 逐渐升高; ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{HHV}}}$${\eta }_{\mathrm{{LHV}}}$ 分别为 ${57.0}\%\sim {60.1}\%$${50.0}\%\sim {52.7}\%,{D}_{\mathrm{E}}$${6.57}\sim {6.92}\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 。这是因为随着 ${p}_{\mathrm{{MSR}}}$ 的升高,原料 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 以及循环乏气的增压需求更大,压缩机的功耗升高。经过计算可知:随着 ${p}_{\mathrm{{MSR}}}$ 的升高, ${Y}_{\mathrm{e}}$${0.095}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ 逐渐降至 ${0.090}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ , 降幅明显; $\eta$${D}_{\mathrm{E}}$${p}_{\mathrm{{MSR}}}$ 的敏感度系数的绝对值均约为 0.078,说明 ${p}_{\mathrm{{MSR}}}$ 对以上指标的影响作用强于 ${p}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}$${p}_{\mathrm{{WE}}}$ ,但其重要程度远低于 ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{WE}}}$
${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 初始压力为 $1\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 、电解水压力和效率分别为 ${3.05}\mathrm{{MPa}}$${80}\%$ 、甲醇合成压力为 5 $\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 的条件下,系统能效和 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 储能密度随单程 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 转化率的变化情况如 图 6 所示。
图 6 可以看出,随着 ${X}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}$ 从 0.14 升至 ${0.30},{\eta }_{\mathrm{{HHV}}}$${55.4}\%$ 升至 ${64.2}\%,{\eta }_{\mathrm{{LHV}}}$${48.6}\%$ 升至 ${56.3}\%$ ,而 ${D}_{\mathrm{E}}$ 逐渐从 ${6.73}\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 下降至 ${6.43}\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 。这是因为随着 ${X}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}$ 的升高,更多的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 经历单程转化为甲醇,通过一、二级闪蒸分离并循环使用的乏气减少,排出系统的驰放气也减少。在物流特征方面,随着 ${X}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}$ 的升高,排出系统的驰放气减少,甲醇质量产率从 0.592 $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 增至 ${0.655}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ ,增幅明显,而其他参数对甲醇质量产率几乎没有影响, 典型工况下的甲醇质量产率为 ${0.626}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 。在能耗和能效方面,随着 ${X}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}$ 的升高,压缩机 $\mathrm{{CM}}3$ 的功耗明显降低,系统能效提高。Anicic B [ 8 ] 研究发现,当 ${X}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}$ 为 0.14 时, ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 合成甲醇的电耗为 ${10.79}\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,相应的 ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{HHV}}}$${58.4}\%$ ,略大于本文的 ${55.4}\%$ ,这可能是甲醇合成压力的差异造成的。经过计算可知: 随着 ${X}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}$ 的升高, ${Y}_{\mathrm{e}}$${0.088}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ 提高至 ${0.102}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ ,升幅明显; $\eta$${D}_{\mathrm{E}}$${X}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}$ 的敏感度系数分别约为 0.178 和 -0.056,说明 ${X}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}$ 对以上指标的影响较强, 是该系统的一个重要参数。因此, 应加强高性能催化剂的开发, 尽量提高单程 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 转化率。
综上可知,在以上参数的变化范围内, ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{HHV}}}$${\eta }_{\mathrm{{LHV}}}$ 分别为 ${51.8}\%\sim {64.2}\%$${45.4}\%\sim {56.3}\%,{D}_{\mathrm{E}}$${6.29}\sim {7.61}\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}/\mathrm{{kg}},{Y}_{\mathrm{e}}$${0.082}\sim {0.102}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ 。 基于以上参数的影响规律,按系统能效最高进行优化,得到如下参数组成的优化工况: ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 初始压力为 $5\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,电解水压力和效率分别为 ${5.05}\mathrm{{MPa}}$${84}\%$ ,甲醇合成压力为 $5\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,单程 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 转化率为 0.3。在上述优化工况下, ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{HHV}}}$${\eta }_{\mathrm{{LHV}}}$ 分别为 ${68.0}\%$${59.6}\%,{D}_{\mathrm{E}}$ 降至 ${6.07}\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}/\mathrm{{kg}},{Y}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 升至 ${0.108}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,甲醇质量产率为 ${0.655}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$
抽水蓄能和电池储能的系统能效高达 70%~98% [ 15 ] ,考虑到甲醇发电的能量转换效率,以 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 为原料的电制甲醇储能技术在系统能效上的优势不突出。然而, 抽水蓄能和电池储能技术的储能密度分别为 ${0.2}\sim 2\mathrm{\;W}\cdot \mathrm{h}/\mathrm{{kg}}$${30}\sim {200}\mathrm{\;W}\cdot \mathrm{h}/{\mathrm{{kg}}}$ [ 15 ] ,${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 储能密度远超以上储能技术, 是电池储能密度的 30 倍以上。结合系统能效和储能密度来看,以 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 为原料的电制甲醇技术不适用于小规模短周期的储能场景, 仅适用于大规模长周期的不宜使用电池储能的场景。
本文使用 Aspen Plus 软件建立了 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 与绿氢合成甲醇的模型, 并基于模拟数据开展了系统能效、 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 储能密度和能量产率等指标的研究,得到如下结论。
① 系统能效和甲醇能量产率均随着 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 初始压力、电解水压力、电解水效率、单程 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 转化率等参数的升高而升高, 随着甲醇合成压力的升高而降低。 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 储能密度与系统能效的变化趋势相反, 在优化工作中, 应以系统能效的提高为主要目标。
② 电解水效率、单程 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 转化率是影响系统能效、 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 储能密度、甲醇能量产率等指标的主要参数,甲醇合成压力次之,电解水压力和 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 初始压力的影响比较微弱。
③基于甲醇高、低位热值的系统效率、 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 储能密度和甲醇能量产率的最优值分别为 ${68.0}\%$ , ${59.6}\%,{6.07}\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}/\mathrm{{kg}},{0.108}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ 。相比于抽水蓄能和电池储能, 该技术的系统能效不够理想, 但储能密度巨大, 适用于大规模长周期的储能场景。
电解水制氢是绿色甲醇生产的关键环节,未来应重视高效电解水制氢技术的研发。同时,应开发高效甲醇合成催化剂。另外,来源不同的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 可能造成绿色甲醇的生命周期能效和碳排放强度差异明显,未来可开展生命周期跨度的能效、碳排放和经济性研究。
  • 南京工程学院大学生科技创新基金(TB202203052)
  • 南京工程学院引进人才科研启动基金(YKJ201818)
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2024年第42卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2023-02-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-15
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南京工程学院大学生科技创新基金(TB202203052)
南京工程学院引进人才科研启动基金(YKJ201818)
作者信息
    1 南京工程学院 能源与动力工程学院 江苏 南京 211167
    2 东南大学 能源与环境学院 江苏 南京 210096

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宋国辉(1984-),男,副教授,博士,研究方向为新能源系统设计与建模、评价与优化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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