Article(id=1154429759405679475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429758340326256, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1653580800000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753167102910, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753167102910, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753167102910, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753167102910, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154429758340326256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='6', pageStart='710', pageEnd='852', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753167102656, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694592332, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642210440401438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429758340326256, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642210440401439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429758340326256, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=796, endPage=803, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154429759778972533, articleId=1154429759405679475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Coordinated control strategy of integrated energy system based on virtual energy storage, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Integrated energy system is an important means to improve the permeability of distributed new energy and enhance the flexibility of terminal energy consumption. In view of the shortcomings of existing technologies in the modeling of external energy characteristics of multienergy systems and the research of multisystem interaction strategies, this paper proposes a coordinated control method of integrated energy system based on virtual energy storage, and constructs threelayer energy architecture in terms of building layer, agent layer and distribution network layer based on multiagent technology.Based on the interactive architecture, the virtual energy storage model describing the external characteristics of the system is used as the interactive interface to quantitatively analyze and control the virtual energy storage of agents which regulates multi energy distributed resources, such as multi buildings, grid connected energy storage, micro gas turbine, etc. Furthermore, according to the system spatial scope, the hierarchical expansion and progressive analysis are carried out to build a multiagent based integrated energy system coordinated control strategy. The decisionmaking goal is to maximize the resource endowment of the building, park and other comprehensive energy systems so as to meet the energy demand as much as possible and realize autonomous operation.

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多能互补综合能源系统(Integrated Energy System, IES)是提高分布式新能源渗透率和增强终端能源消费灵活性的重要手段,针对现有技术在多能系统对外能量特性建模和多系统交互策略方面研究的不足,文章提出了一种基于虚拟储能的综合能源系统用能协调控制方法,基于多代理技术构建楼宇代理商配网三层能量交互架构,以描述系统对外特性的虚拟储能模型为交互接口,量化分析管控多楼宇和并网储能、微燃机等多能分布式资源的代理商的虚拟储能。在此基础上,按照系统空间范围扩大递进分析,构建基于多代理的综合能源系统用能协调控制策略,该策略能够根据决策目标最大化利用以配电网为核心的楼宇、园区等各层级综合能源系统的资源,尽可能实现自治运行。

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王琦(1989-),男,博士,研究方向为电力系统稳定分析与控制、电网信息物理系统等。E-mail:
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IEEE Access, 2019(7): 139548-139559., articleTitle=Coordinated control strategy for multi micro energy systems within distribution grid considering dynamic characteristics and contradictory interests, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154429810630713604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429759405679475, awardId=51707032, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(51707032), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154429810689433862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429759405679475, awardId=K201906, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏方天电力技术有限公司科技项目(K201906), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154429804922265647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429759405679475, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154429804926459952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429759405679475, companyId=1154429804922265647, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Jiangsu Fangtian Electric Power Technology Co., Ltd. Nanjing 210000 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154429804934848561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429759405679475, companyId=1154429804922265647, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 江苏方天电力技术有限公司 江苏 南京 210000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1154429804997763122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429759405679475, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154429805001957427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429759405679475, companyId=1154429804997763122, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Electrical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 210096 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154429805006151732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429759405679475, companyId=1154429804997763122, 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figureFileBig=BpZDZlvestiG20ZFrHTUhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429810089648363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429759405679475, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Basic parameters of building envelope, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 墙体传热系数 墙体总面积 窗体传热系数 窗占比/% 长/m 宽/m 高/m
A 1.092 1000 2.800 45 30 20 9
B 0.908 2400 2.750 75 40 20 30
C 1.146 1500 2.800 60 30 20 20
D 0.820 2700 2.500 65 50 30 20
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编号 墙体传热系数 墙体总面积 窗体传热系数 窗占比/% 长/m 宽/m 高/m
A 1.092 1000 2.800 45 30 20 9
B 0.908 2400 2.750 75 40 20 30
C 1.146 1500 2.800 60 30 20 20
D 0.820 2700 2.500 65 50 30 20
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编号 楼宇类型 运行时段
A 居民楼 ${00} : {00} - {09} : {00},{18} : {00} - {23} : {00}$
B 办公楼 08:00-20:00
C 公寓楼 全天
D 商场楼 10:00-22:00
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编号 楼宇类型 运行时段
A 居民楼 ${00} : {00} - {09} : {00},{18} : {00} - {23} : {00}$
B 办公楼 08:00-20:00
C 公寓楼 全天
D 商场楼 10:00-22:00
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名称 充放 效率 自损 耗率 最大充 能倍率 最大释 能倍率 最小荷 电状态 最大荷 电状态
电储能 0.9 0.001 0.25 0.25 0.2 0.8
), ArticleFig(id=1154429810404221181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429759405679475, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=并网储能设备参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 充放 效率 自损 耗率 最大充 能倍率 最大释 能倍率 最小荷 电状态 最大荷 电状态
电储能 0.9 0.001 0.25 0.25 0.2 0.8
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three agents kW/h
编号 名称 ${P}_{\min }$ ${P}_{\max }$ ${R}_{\text{down }}$ ${R}_{\mathrm{{up}}}$
1 Agent1 50 100 25 50
2 Agent2 40 150 30 75
3 Agent3 30 200 40 100
), ArticleFig(id=1154429810517467393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429759405679475, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=3 个 Agents 微燃机设备参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
three agents kW/h
编号 名称 ${P}_{\min }$ ${P}_{\max }$ ${R}_{\text{down }}$ ${R}_{\mathrm{{up}}}$
1 Agent1 50 100 25 50
2 Agent2 40 150 30 75
3 Agent3 30 200 40 100
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基于虚拟储能的综合能源系统用能协调控制策略
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陈国琳 1 , 陶苏朦 2 , 王灿 1 , 崔强 1 , 王琦 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(6): 796-803
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(6): 796-803
基于虚拟储能的综合能源系统用能协调控制策略
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陈国琳1, 陶苏朦2, 王灿1, 崔强1, 王琦2
作者信息
  • 1 江苏方天电力技术有限公司 江苏 南京 210000
  • 2 东南大学 电气工程学院 江苏 南京 210096

通讯作者:

王琦(1989-),男,博士,研究方向为电力系统稳定分析与控制、电网信息物理系统等。E-mail:
Coordinated control strategy of integrated energy system based on virtual energy storage
Guolin Chen1, Sumeng Tao2, Can Wang1, Qiang Cui1, Qi Wang2
Affiliations
  • 1 Jiangsu Fangtian Electric Power Technology Co., Ltd. Nanjing 210000 China
  • 2 School of Electrical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 210096 China
出版时间: 2024-06-20
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多能互补综合能源系统(Integrated Energy System, IES)是提高分布式新能源渗透率和增强终端能源消费灵活性的重要手段,针对现有技术在多能系统对外能量特性建模和多系统交互策略方面研究的不足,文章提出了一种基于虚拟储能的综合能源系统用能协调控制方法,基于多代理技术构建楼宇代理商配网三层能量交互架构,以描述系统对外特性的虚拟储能模型为交互接口,量化分析管控多楼宇和并网储能、微燃机等多能分布式资源的代理商的虚拟储能。在此基础上,按照系统空间范围扩大递进分析,构建基于多代理的综合能源系统用能协调控制策略,该策略能够根据决策目标最大化利用以配电网为核心的楼宇、园区等各层级综合能源系统的资源,尽可能实现自治运行。

综合能源  /  虚拟储能  /  电能交互  /  多代理

Integrated energy system is an important means to improve the permeability of distributed new energy and enhance the flexibility of terminal energy consumption. In view of the shortcomings of existing technologies in the modeling of external energy characteristics of multienergy systems and the research of multisystem interaction strategies, this paper proposes a coordinated control method of integrated energy system based on virtual energy storage, and constructs threelayer energy architecture in terms of building layer, agent layer and distribution network layer based on multiagent technology.Based on the interactive architecture, the virtual energy storage model describing the external characteristics of the system is used as the interactive interface to quantitatively analyze and control the virtual energy storage of agents which regulates multi energy distributed resources, such as multi buildings, grid connected energy storage, micro gas turbine, etc. Furthermore, according to the system spatial scope, the hierarchical expansion and progressive analysis are carried out to build a multiagent based integrated energy system coordinated control strategy. The decisionmaking goal is to maximize the resource endowment of the building, park and other comprehensive energy systems so as to meet the energy demand as much as possible and realize autonomous operation.

integrated energy  /  virtual storage system  /  electric exchange  /  multi energy
陈国琳, 陶苏朦, 王灿, 崔强, 王琦. 基于虚拟储能的综合能源系统用能协调控制策略. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (6) : 796 -803 .
Guolin Chen, Sumeng Tao, Can Wang, Qiang Cui, Qi Wang. Coordinated control strategy of integrated energy system based on virtual energy storage[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (6) : 796 -803 .
近年,集成风电、光伏发电、并网储能、热电联产机组等分布式可再生能源和零能耗建筑、智慧楼宇的复杂综合能源系统快速发展,提高了电网系统渗透率,增强了终端能源消费灵活性和经济性。
IES 从空间范围上自下而上依次划分为楼宇级、区域级以及跨区级 3 类 [ 1 - 9 ] 。部分学者关注到多楼宇以及多微网间电能共享可以达到优化 IES 运行的效果,并对此展开相应研究。文献 [ 10 , 11 ] 考虑将缺电楼宇和余电楼宇联合形成智能楼宇集群, 通过建筑集群内部资源共享实现楼宇群协调控制。文献[ 12 , 13 ]考虑微网间功率交互和微源出力协调, 对比分析了微网独立运行和多微网协调运行两种方式下系统运行情况。文献[ 14 ]考虑风光出力和负荷需求的不确定性, 并通过多场景划分构建了多微网双层协同优化配置模型。文献 [ 15 ]考虑电力共享模式对清洁能源消纳方面的影响, 在社区电能日前优化模型中同时考虑了用电总费用和清洁能源消纳量两个目标。
通过现有文献分析可知,随着分布式能源、并网储能等在楼宇 IES、园区 IES 等层级的广泛接入, 传统的楼宇用能系统逐渐向具有源-荷双重特性和多能耦合特性的产消者系统转变, 现有研究多针对单一空间层级的 IES 展开研究, 且缺乏有效模型对单一层级 IES 的对外能量特性进行评估。此外,以配电网为核心的楼宇、园区等各层级 IES 均具有各自不同的资源禀赋和用能需求, 因而呈现不同的对外能量充放特性, 对多层级 IESs 分层控制和资源共享可以实现功率互济,现有文献在多能系统对外能量特性建模和多系统交互策略方面研究不足。
本文提出了一种基于虚拟储能的综合能源系统用能协调控制策略。首先,考虑源-荷双重特性和多能耦合特性, 对综合能源系统的最小系统即智慧楼宇 IES 展开详细的动态特性建模, 并提出一种可以描述楼宇 IES 对外能量特性的虚拟储能模型; 接着, 构建基于多代理的楼宇-代理商-配网三层能量交互架构,基于楼宇虚拟储能模型,考虑代理所管控的多楼宇功率互济和并网储能、微燃机等其他资源,量化分析基于单代理(Agent)的虚拟储能模型, 进一步提出基于多 Agents 的 IES 用能协调控制策略。
基于多代理的 IES 用能架构如 图 1 所示, 该架构为智慧楼宇-代理商-配电网三层结构。
基于多 Agents 的 IES 用能协调控制策略,按空间分层优化主要包括 3 个层级:①在单体楼宇层面,考虑楼宇运行的动态热特性,各智慧楼宇能够在满足楼宇自身负荷需求和楼宇制冷温度舒适度区间要求的基础上, 尽可能实现以经济性为目标优化运行, 并对描述楼宇对外特性的虚拟储能进行量化分析;②多楼宇与 Agent 交互层面,基于单体楼宇虚拟储能量化分析结果, 考虑楼宇间功率互济、并网储能和微燃机等可控资源,分析单 Agent 优化运行和虚拟储能量化分析;③在多 Agents 与配电网交互层面, 基于单 Agent 虚拟储能量化分析结果, 考虑 Agent 管控的可控机组增出力和多 Agents 间功率互济,分析多 Agents 优化运行。
本文研究的综合能源系统涉及楼宇级至代理级至区域级多个层级,无论在哪个层级,单体智慧楼宇 IES 都是最小单元, 智慧楼宇元件级综合能源建模和虚拟储能模型都是制定其他层级 IES 优化运行策略的基础。因此该节在智慧楼宇优化运行的基础上,构建能反映楼宇 IES 对外能量特性的虚拟储能模型并量化分析。本文所构建的智慧楼宇综合能源系统涵盖的设备包括风电、光伏、电制冷机、电储能和微燃机等,其中风电和光伏采用日前预测出力数据,微燃机、电制冷机和电储能的设备模型同文献[ 15 ]。
智慧楼宇优化运行模型采用经济性运行方案,控制目标为使含智慧楼宇的总运行费用最小, 其数学表达式为
$\min {F}_{\mathrm{{IES}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{{N}_{r}}\left\lbrack {{C}_{\text{grid }}{P}_{\text{ex }}^{\text{building }, i}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack {\Delta t}$
式中: ${C}_{\text{grid }}$ 为电网购售电价; ${P}_{\text{ex }}^{\text{building,}i}\left( t\right)$ 为第 $i$ 个楼宇级 IES 与电网交互功率。
智慧楼宇 IES 优化运行模型约束条件包括楼宇热特性平衡约束、室内温度约束、楼宇电功率平衡约束以及电制冷机设备约束。电制冷机设备约束与文献[ 15 ]相同。
①楼宇热特性平衡约束
${\Delta t}\left\lbrack {{Q}_{\text{wall }}^{i}+ {Q}_{\text{win }}^{i}+ {Q}_{\text{in }}^{i}+ {Q}_{\text{sw }}^{i}+ {Q}_{\text{sg }}^{i}- {Q}_{\text{EC }}^{i}}\right\rbrack =\\\rho \times {C}_{h}\times V \times \left({{T}_{\mathrm{{in}}, t + 1}^{i}- {T}_{\mathrm{{in}}, t}^{i}}\right)$
式中: $\rho$ 为空气密度; ${C}_{h}$ 为空气比热容; $V$ 为室内空气容量; ${T}_{\mathrm{{in}}, t + 1}^{i}$ 为第 $i$ 个楼宇 $t + 1$ 时刻室内温度变化; ${T}_{\mathrm{{in}}, t}^{i}$ 为第 $i$ 个楼宇 $t$ 时刻室内温度变化; ${Q}_{\mathrm{{EC}}}^{i}$ 为第 $i$ 个楼宇中由制冷设备产生的制冷量; ${Q}_{\text{wall }}^{i}$ 为第 $i$ 个楼宇通过建筑物外墙与室外环境的传热量; ${Q}_{\mathrm{{win}}}^{i}$ 为第 $i$ 个楼宇通过建筑物外窗与室外环境的传热量; ${Q}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}^{i}$ 为第 $i$ 个楼宇太阳辐射通过建筑物外墙的传热量; ${Q}_{\mathrm{{sg}}}^{i}$ 为第 $i$ 个楼宇太阳辐射通过建筑物外窗的传热量; ${Q}_{\mathrm{{in}}}^{i}$ 为第 $i$ 个楼宇的室内热扰量。
②楼宇室内温度约束
${T}_{\mathrm{{in}},\min }\leq {T}_{\mathrm{{in}},{t}_{\sigma }}^{i}\leq {T}_{\mathrm{{in}},\max }\;\sigma \in {S}_{\mathrm{{EC}}}^{i}$
式中: ${T}_{\mathrm{{in}},\max },{T}_{\mathrm{{in}},\min }$ 分别为楼宇温度舒适度区间的上下限; ${S}_{\mathrm{{EC}}}^{i}$ 为电制冷机的启停状态, ${T}_{\mathrm{{in}},{t}_{\sigma }}^{i}$ 为第 ${t}_{\sigma }$ 时刻楼宇 $i$ 的室内温度。
③楼宇电功率平衡约束
${P}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}^{i}\left( t\right)+ {P}_{\mathrm{{WT}}}^{i}\left( t\right)+ {P}_{\mathrm{{ES}}}^{i}\left( t\right)+ {P}_{\mathrm{{ex}}}^{\text{building }, i}\left( t\right)= \\{P}_{\text{unload }}^{i}\left( t\right)+ {P}_{\mathrm{{EC}}}^{i}\left( t\right)\;\forall t \in {N}_{T}$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}^{i}\left( t\right),{P}_{\mathrm{{WT}}}^{i}\left( t\right),{P}_{\mathrm{{ES}}}^{i}\left( t\right),{P}_{\text{unload }}^{i}\left( t\right),{P}_{\mathrm{{EC}}}^{i}\left( t\right)$ 分别为 $t$ 时刻第 $i$ 个楼宇 IES 光伏、风电、电储能、不可控负荷和电制冷机的功率值。
将智慧楼宇与配网间的购售电量等效为楼宇虚拟电储能, 楼宇虚拟储能的蓄电/释电功率为
${P}_{\mathrm{{VESS}}}^{\text{building }, i}\left( t\right)= {P}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}^{i}\left( t\right)+ {P}_{\mathrm{{WT}}}^{i}\left( t\right)+ {P}_{\mathrm{{ES}}}^{i}\left( t\right)- \\\left\lbrack {{P}_{\text{unload }}^{i}\left( t\right)+ {P}_{\mathrm{{EC}}}^{i}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack $
由于各楼宇间不存在信息交互,因而不能预先准确知道楼宇间以及楼宇通过代理商与电网功率交互值, 但两者之和等于单体楼宇功率缺额量或盈余量, 该值与单体楼宇独立运行时向配网购售电功率相等, 即等于楼宇的虚拟电储能大小。代理商从电网购售电功率等于各楼宇与电网间的购售电功率之和。因此, 集成楼宇虚拟储能模型为
${P}_{\text{grid }}\left( t\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in N}}{P}_{\mathrm{{EX}}}^{i}\left( t\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in N}}{P}_{\text{VESS }}^{i}\left( t\right)= \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in N}}\left\lbrack {\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in N \smallsetminus i}}{P}_{ij}^{i}\left( t\right)+ {P}_{\mathrm{{EX}}}^{i}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack $
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{{VESS}}}^{i}\left( t\right)$$t$ 时段第 $i$ 个楼宇的虚拟电储能功率值。
由于各个 Agent 之间不存在信息交互,不能预先准确得到 Agents 间以及 Agent 与电网间的功率交互值, 但可以将两者之和用 Agent 的功率缺额量和盈余量表示, 该值与某个 Agent 单独运行时向配电网购售电功率相等, 即等于 Agent 的虚拟电储能大小;站在配电网的角度,区别于多个楼宇间的功率互济,分析多个 Agents 间的功率互济时, 须要考虑一个 Agent 管辖区域内微燃机等机组可增发电能的存在。因此, Agents 从电网购售电功率等于各个 Agent 与电网进行的购售电功率之和, 亦等于各个 Agent 虚拟电储能大小之和减去微燃机增发电能之和,其表达式为
${P}_{\mathrm{{ex}}}\left( t\right)+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{K}{P}_{\mathrm{{MT}}, k}^{\text{add }}\left( t\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{M}{P}_{\mathrm{{ex}}}^{m}\left( t\right)$
对于一个 Agent 来说, 为优先鼓励楼宇间进行功率互济行为, 楼宇间购售电价低于电网购售电价, Agent 层级 IES 优化运行目标为代理商运行总成本最小以及尽可能充分利用区域资源减少和电网间的交互功率,其中第 $k$ 个 Agent 的运行成本包括电网购售电成本、楼宇间购售电成本、微燃机燃料成本和启停成本, 其运行目标函数为
$\begin{array}{l}{C}_{\text{grap }}^{k}= \max \left\lbrack {{O}_{\text{grid }}\left|{{P}_{\mathrm{{EX}}}\left( t\right)}\right|+ {C}_{\text{grid }}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}\left|{{P}_{\mathrm{{EX}}}^{i}\left( t\right)}\right|+ }\right\rbrack \\\;\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{{N}_{T}}\left|{{C}_{\mathrm{B}2}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}\left|{{P}_{ij}\left( t\right)}\right|+ {C}_{\mathrm{{AT}}}\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{{MT}}}^{k}\left( t\right)}{{\eta }_{\mathrm{{MT}}}^{k}\left( t\right)} +}\right|\cdot {\Delta t}\\\;{C}_{\text{group }}^{k}= \max \left\lbrack {{Q}_{\mathrm{{FX}}}^{k},\max \left\lbrack {{Q}_{\mathrm{{FX}}}\left( t\right),{S}_{\mathrm{{FX}}}^{k}\left({t - 1}\right)}\right\rbrack }\right\rbrack .\end{array}$
约束条件主要单代理功率平衡约束、楼宇虚拟储能功率平衡约束、电网联络线功率约束、储能动态特性约束、微燃机动态特性约束 [ 15 ]
① 第 $k$ 个Agent 的功率平衡约束
${P}_{\mathrm{{ex}}}^{k}\left( t\right)+ {P}_{\mathrm{{MT}}}^{k}\left( t\right)- {P}_{\mathrm{{ESch}}}^{k}\left( t\right)+ {P}_{\mathrm{{ESdis}}}^{k}\left( t\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{P}_{\mathrm{{EX}}}^{i}\left( t\right)\left( 9\right)$
②楼宇虚拟储能功率平衡约束
${P}_{\text{VESS }}^{i}\left( t\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in N \smallsetminus i}}{P}_{ij}^{i}\left( t\right)+ {P}_{\mathrm{{EX}}}^{i}\left( t\right)$
$k$ 个 Agent 不仅管控区域内的多座楼宇, 还管控区域范围内的并网储能、微燃机等资源。因此,单代理的虚拟储能模型需要在考虑楼宇间功率互济后, 进一步考虑优先利用区域内的并网储能将功率盈余时段转移至功率缺额时段, 再利用微燃机进行补充供能, 功率仍然不平衡的部分则与电网进行交互,在此顺序基础上, IES 与配电网间的购售电功率可以进一步等效为单代理的虚拟电储能功率,即:
${P}_{\mathrm{{VESS}}}^{\text{agent }, k}\left( t\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in N}}{P}_{\mathrm{{VESS}}}^{i}\left( t\right)- {P}_{\mathrm{{MT}}}^{k}\left( t\right)+ {P}_{\mathrm{{ESch}}}^{k}\left( t\right)- {P}_{\mathrm{{ESdis}}}^{k}\left( t\right)$
4.2 基于多 Agents 的 IES 用能协控策略
在多 Agents 与配网交互层面, 为优先鼓励 Agents 间进行功率互济行为, Agents 间购售电价低于电网购售电价, 考虑 Agents 功率互济和微燃机功率增发的基于多 Agents 的用能控制策略的优化运行目标为
$\begin{array}{l}\min {F}_{\text{agents }}= \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{N}_{r}}\left|\begin{matrix}{C}_{\text{gid }}\left|{{P}_{\mathrm{{ex}}}\left( t\right)}\right|+ {C}_{\text{grid }}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{K}\left|{{P}_{\mathrm{{ex}}}^{k}\left( t\right)}\right|+ \\{C}_{\text{ged }}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1, k \neq m}}^{K}\left|{{P}_{\text{lm }}\left( t\right)}\right|+ {C}_{\text{MT }}\frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{K}{P}_{\text{MT }, k}^{\text{dd }}}{{M}_{\text{WT }}^{k}}+ L \end{matrix}\right|\cdot {\Delta t}\\{C}_{\text{ged }}^{k}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1, i \neq m}}^{K}\max \left({0,\frac{{S}_{\text{eff }}^{k}}{{N}_{\text{eff }}}\left( t\right)- {S}_{\text{ref }}^{k}\left({t - 1}\right)}\right)\end{array}$
① 多代理商功率交互平衡约束
${P}_{\mathrm{{ex}}}\left( t\right)+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{K}{P}_{\mathrm{{MT}}, k}^{\mathrm{{add}}}\left( t\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{K}{P}_{\mathrm{{ex}}}^{k}\left( t\right)$
②各代理商功率平衡约束
${P}_{\mathrm{{AGENT}}}^{k}\left( t\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m \in K \smallsetminus k}}{P}_{\mathrm{{km}}}^{k}\left( t\right)+ {P}_{\mathrm{{ex}}}^{k}\left( t\right)+ {P}_{\mathrm{{MT}}, k}^{\text{add }}\left( t\right)$
③微燃机动态特性约束
${S}_{\mathrm{{MT}}}^{k}\left\lbrack {{P}_{\mathrm{{MT}},\min }^{k}- {P}_{\mathrm{{MT}}}^{k}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack \leq {P}_{\mathrm{{MT}}, k}^{\text{add }}\left( t\right)\leq {S}_{\mathrm{{MT}}}^{k}\left\lbrack {{P}_{\mathrm{{MT}},\max }^{k}- {P}_{\mathrm{{MT}}}^{k}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack \\{R}_{\text{down }}^{k}{\Delta t}\leq {P}_{\mathrm{{MT}}}^{k}\left( t\right)- {P}_{\mathrm{{MT}}}^{k}\left({t - 1}\right)+ {P}_{\mathrm{{MT}}, k}^{\text{add }}\left( t\right)- {P}_{\mathrm{{MT}}, k}^{\text{add }}\left({t - 1}\right)\leq \\{R}_{\mathrm{{up}}}^{k}{\Delta t}$
为了验证所提模型方法的效果, 分析基于虚拟储能的 IES 用能协调控制策略有效性, 本文基于夏季典型制冷场景, 研究含有 3 个 Agents 的区域综合能源系统用能情况。算例考虑的 Agent1 下的居民楼、办公楼、公寓楼和商场楼 4 类,它们的楼宇围护结构基本参数(墙体传热系数、窗体传热系数、窗占比等)和制冷需求时间段有所差异, 具体的楼宇基本参数、楼宇类型和运行时段参数如 表 1 ,2 所示。
Agent2, Agent3 下的楼宇基本参数参考设置同 Agent1, 楼宇在制冷时段内室内温度舒适度设定为 ${20}\sim {25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,温度设定值为 ${22.5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。电制冷机只在楼宇运行时段开启。第 1 个 Agent 管控的各楼宇的光伏、风电和负荷预测数据如 图 2 所示。图中, ${P}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}$ 为楼宇的光伏预测功率, ${P}_{\mathrm{{WT}}}$ 为楼宇的风电预测功率, ${P}_{1}$ 为楼宇的负荷预测功率,后缀 $\mathrm{A}\sim \mathrm{D}$ 分别代 表 4 座不同的楼宇。
Agent2 , Agent3 的光伏、风电和负荷预测数据与此类似; 3 个 Agents 配置的并网储能容量分别为 ${1000},{1200},{1500}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,初始电量均为储能容量的 20%, 储能其他参数如 表 3 所示。3 个 Agents 配置的微燃机参数如 表 4 所示。空气密度 $\rho$ 和空气比热容 ${C}_{h}$ 分别为 ${1.2}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$${1000}\mathrm{\;J}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$
根据单体楼宇虚拟储能功率计算方法, 得到的第 1 个 Agent 管控的 4 座楼宇虚拟储能功率如 图 3 所示。
${23}: {00}- 6 :{00}$ ,除了楼宇 $\mathrm{D}$ 电能不足,其他楼宇均有盈余电量,因而该时段内楼宇 D 可以考虑从其他楼宇优先购电,既降低运行成本亦可以对其他楼宇的盈余电量进行消纳; 在 10:00- 16:00,由于日内光伏发电,楼宇A存在盈余电量, 而其他楼宇负荷需求均大于新能源供应, 因而电能供应不足, 该时段其他楼宇可以考虑从楼宇 A 进行购电; 在 16:00-22:00,由于光伏出力较小,甚至为 0,且负荷处于晚高峰时段,因而各楼宇电能需求均大于楼宇自身新能源供应, 此时段集成楼宇代理商需要考虑利用集成楼宇区域内的并网储能、微燃机和电网功率交互等提供电能支撑。
基于单个代理商下的集成楼宇虚拟储能量化分析方法, 对 4 座楼宇的功率平衡情况进行分析, 可以得到楼宇间功率交互、并网储能、微燃机、电网功率交互等资源运行情况, 如 图 4 ,5 所示。
图 4 ,5 可知, 楼宇间的功率交互方向和时段: 楼宇 A 在中午时段向楼宇 B 和楼宇 D 输送, 楼宇 B 和 C 在凌晨时段向楼宇 D 输送。通过楼宇间功率交互,可以一定程度上最大化消纳凌晨时段的风电和中午时段的光伏发电, 但楼宇间功率互补特性对晚高峰时段的高净负荷需求帮助几乎为 0 ,因此 Agent 需要充分利用自身资源保证晚高峰时段的电能有效供应。凌晨时段未能通过楼宇间功率互补进行消纳的盈余电量将优先存储至并网储能中, 如果并网储能达到最大存储容量则向电网进行输送, 这部分存储的电量将在日间新能源出力和楼宇间功率互补不足时对各楼宇进行供电。在日内并网储能电量消耗差不多的时候,开启微燃机, 一方面对下午时段功率供应不足进行补充, 另一方面提前向并网储能中充电, 为晚高峰时段的高净负荷需求做准备, 晚高峰时段来临时微燃机尽可能出力,并网储能放电进行功率补充。 一天时段内, 并网储能主要经历两次主要的充放电过程, 第一次为消纳夜间多余风电, 第二次为功率转移应对晚高峰负荷, 一天结束时储能电量保持初始电量。
根据单 Agent 的虚拟电储能功率量化分析方法, 计算得到单个 Agents 整体的虚拟电储能功率,见 图 6 。其中 ${\mathrm{{VESS}}}_{.\text{ Agentl }},{\mathrm{{VESS}}}_{.\text{ Agent2 }},{\mathrm{{VESS}}}_{.\text{ Agent3 }}$ 分别表示 Agent1, Agnet2 和 Agent3 的虚拟电储能功率。
图 6 可知: Agent2 和 Agent3 利用自身具备的风电、光伏等新能源,辅之配置的并网储能和微燃机,依据单 Agent 的优化运行算法,已经可以满足自身的负荷需求, 由于夜间风力发电较大, 在满足夜间负荷和提前给并网储能充电后仍有盈余, 因此对外呈现一定的释能特性, 可以向电网输送电能; Agent1 由于配置的并网储能容量和微燃机容量较小,因此夜间风电给并网储能充电后仍有大量盈余可以向电网输送, 在 6:00-9:00, 18:00- 23:00,区域内的并网储能和微燃机不足以支撑负荷需求, 因此虚拟电储能对外呈现蓄能特性, 即仍需向外界购买一定的电能。
为了验证基于多 Agents 的 IES 用能协调控制策略的有效性, 3 个 Agents 间的功率交互情况如 图 7 所示。图中, P.ex1 表示 Agent1 的消纳功率, P.mt1 表示 Agent1 微燃机出力功率, P.12 表示 Agent1 和 Agent2 之间的互济功率, P. 13 表示 Agent1 和 Agent3 之间的互济功率。
图 7 可以发现, 考虑多 Agents 间的功率互济, Agent3 的微燃机出力在满足自身管理范围的负荷需求后并未达到其出力上限,因此可以增出力并通过 Agent1 和 Agent3 之间的联络线向 Agent1 进行输送, 从而降低 Agent1 从电网购买的电能大小, 提高多 Agents 的资源利用率和运行经济性。
综合能源系统的可再生能源消纳情况如 图 8 所示。
图 8 可知,经过各楼宇自身优化运行,优先利用新能源对各楼宇进行供能后, 各楼宇的新能源均有了大幅度的消纳。在此基础上, 代理级利用楼宇功率互济、储能功率转移、微燃机增出力使新能源进一步消纳, 而代理级的互济主要为晚高峰时段的高净负荷需求互补出力, 对新能源消纳作用不大。
本文在基于多代理的智慧楼宇-代理商-配电网 3 层 IES 用能架构研究的基础上, 构建了基于楼宇虚拟储能的 IES 用能模型, 考虑楼宇间功率互济、代理区域内集中配置的并网储能、微燃机等资源对单个 Agent 的虚拟储能进行量化分析。 从尽可能利用区域资源自治运行、降低运行费用等角度, 制定基于多 Agents 的 IES 用能协调控制策略。对单个 Agent 的虚拟储能特性和多 Agents 的 IES 用能协调控制策略进行试验, 验证了本文所提策略的有效性。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(51707032)
  • 江苏方天电力技术有限公司科技项目(K201906)
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  • 接收时间:2022-05-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-27
基金
国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(51707032)
江苏方天电力技术有限公司科技项目(K201906)
作者信息
    1 江苏方天电力技术有限公司 江苏 南京 210000
    2 东南大学 电气工程学院 江苏 南京 210096

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王琦(1989-),男,博士,研究方向为电力系统稳定分析与控制、电网信息物理系统等。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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