Article(id=1154429172387668750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429165668393604, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689004800000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166962954, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1721404800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166962954, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166962954, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166962954, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154429165668393604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='7', pageStart='853', pageEnd='994', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166961351, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694581412, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642164642796057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429165668393604, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642164646990362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429165668393604, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=860, endPage=867, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154429173394301735, articleId=1154429172387668750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Thermogravimetric assessment of blended fuel for bituminous coal, miscellaneous wood pellets and oil sludge, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the combustion characteristics of a blended fuel consisting of bituminous coal, miscellaneous wood pellets, and oil sludge, thermogravimetric analysis is conducted on the blended fuel to analyze its combustion behavior. The FWO method is employed for kinetic analysis of the blended fuel. The results show that the combustion process of bituminous coal is primarily fixed carbon combustion, while the combustion process of miscellaneous wood pellets is more complex and exhibits the best combustion performance, with a comprehensive combustion characteristic index as high as 1.93×10⁻⁷. Cofiring with miscellaneous wood pellets effectively enhances the combustion performance of bituminous coal. When bituminous coal and miscellaneous wood pellets are blended in a mass ratio of 1:4, the ignition temperature of the blended fuel decreases by 35% compared to bituminous coal alone. The comprehensive combustion characteristic index increases by 7.2% compared to miscellaneous wood pellets. The most probable function for the cofiring of bituminous coal and miscellaneous wood pellets is [ln (1x)]⁻³/⁴. When the blending ratio of miscellaneous wood pellets reaches 45%, the appropriate addition of oil sludge can improve the combustion performance of the fuel. The most probable function for the combustion reaction of the blended fuel consisting of all three components is [ln (1x)]². When the blending ratios of bituminous coal, miscellaneous wood pellets, and oil sludge are 40:40:20 and 45:45:10, respectively, the corresponding activation energies of the blended fuel are significantly lower than those of other blending ratios, and the comprehensive combustion characteristic index is approximately 1.5 times that of pure bituminous coal.

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为了研究烟煤、杂木颗粒和油泥的掺混燃烧特性,通过热重试验对三者的掺混燃料进行燃烧特性分析,利用FWO 法对掺混燃料进行动力学分析。研究结果表明:烟煤燃烧过程主要为固定碳燃烧,杂木颗粒的燃烧过程更复杂、燃烧性能最好,其综合燃烧特性指数高达1.93×10⁻⁷;掺烧杂木颗粒可有效改善烟煤的燃烧性能,当烟煤和杂木颗粒以 1:4 的质量比掺混燃烧时,掺混燃料的着火温度较烟煤降低了35%,综合燃烧特性指数比杂木颗粒提高了7.2%;烟煤和杂木颗粒掺烧的最概然函数为[ln(1x)]⁻³/⁴;当杂木颗粒掺混比高达45%时,适量掺混油泥有助于提升燃料燃烧性能;三者掺混燃料的燃烧反应最概然函数为[ln(1x)]²;当烟煤、杂木颗粒和油泥的掺混比例为40:40:20和45:45:10时,掺混燃料对应的活化能较其它比例掺混燃料有明显降低,综合燃烧特性指数是纯烟煤的1.5倍左右。

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侯秀芹(1992-),女,硕士,工程师,研究方向为油田生态利用。E-mail:

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侯秀芹(1992-),女,硕士,工程师,研究方向为油田生态利用。E-mail:

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侯秀芹(1992-),女,硕士,工程师,研究方向为油田生态利用。E-mail:

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companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 西安交通大学 能源与动力工程学院 陕西 西安 710049)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1154429221897232736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429172387668750, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Schematic exhibiting the ignition point determination method, figureFileSmall=xtLa1sINU/JxSspnYmtjFA==, figureFileBig=W7wmZiiGA2lne13avilNvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429221964341602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429172387668750, language=CN, label=图 1, caption=着火温度及燃尽温度确定方法示意图, figureFileSmall=xtLa1sINU/JxSspnYmtjFA==, figureFileBig=W7wmZiiGA2lne13avilNvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429222035644772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429172387668750, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=TG-DTG curves of SC, HTB and OS, figureFileSmall=w2QGwy2XBWT+TdcpoM3w6A==, figureFileBig=OMxUWBlWrLVK/iTTRoBzKg==, tableContent=null), 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样品 工业分析/% 元素分析 低位发热 量/kJ·kg
灰分 挥发分 固定碳 C H 0 S
SC 12.38 32.38 55.24 67.61 3.54 14.36 1.33 0.78 26 090
HTB 7.08 75.68 17.24 46.40 5.52 40.47 0.49 0.04 18 580
OS 34.24 23.64 42.12 36.20 5.31 23.07 0.29 0.89 16410
), ArticleFig(id=1154429222874505596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429172387668750, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=试验样品的工业分析、元素分析和低位发热量, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 工业分析/% 元素分析 低位发热 量/kJ·kg
灰分 挥发分 固定碳 C H 0 S
SC 12.38 32.38 55.24 67.61 3.54 14.36 1.33 0.78 26 090
HTB 7.08 75.68 17.24 46.40 5.52 40.47 0.49 0.04 18 580
OS 34.24 23.64 42.12 36.20 5.31 23.07 0.29 0.89 16410
), ArticleFig(id=1154429222970974590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429172387668750, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=The mixing ratio of the experimental samples ${\mathcal{C}}_{0}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 SC HTB OS S40H60 S60H40 S80H20 S50H30020
SC 100 0 0 40 60 80 50
HTB 0 100 0 60 40 20 30
OS 0 0 100 0 0 0 20
样品 S45H45010 S40H40O20 S40H45015 S30H50020
SC 45 40 40 30
HTB 45 40 45 50
OS 10 20 15 20
), ArticleFig(id=1154429223029694848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429172387668750, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=实验样品的掺混比例, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 SC HTB OS S40H60 S60H40 S80H20 S50H30020
SC 100 0 0 40 60 80 50
HTB 0 100 0 60 40 20 30
OS 0 0 100 0 0 0 20
样品 S45H45010 S40H40O20 S40H45015 S30H50020
SC 45 40 40 30
HTB 45 40 45 50
OS 10 20 15 20
), ArticleFig(id=1154429223100998018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429172387668750, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Combustion characteristic parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 %/min %/min
SC 1.00 4.21 398.28 577.82 0.46
HTB 0.96 6.17 278.63 395.87 1.93
OS 0.38 1.93 288.48 524.48 0.17
S60H40 1.03 5.87 339.22 534.33 0.99
S40H60 0.97 5.77 349.19 473.22 0.97
S20H80 0.93 6.47 258.95 432.61 2.07
S50H30020 0.57 2.82 310.27 492.11 0.34
S45H45010 0.94 5.20 354.90 514.31 0.75
S40H40O20 0.87 4.75 338.64 498.48 0.72
S40H45015 0.67 4.11 353.59 494.52 0.45
S30H50020 0.74 3.47 313.13 313.13 0.52
), ArticleFig(id=1154429223172301188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429172387668750, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=燃烧特性参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 %/min %/min
SC 1.00 4.21 398.28 577.82 0.46
HTB 0.96 6.17 278.63 395.87 1.93
OS 0.38 1.93 288.48 524.48 0.17
S60H40 1.03 5.87 339.22 534.33 0.99
S40H60 0.97 5.77 349.19 473.22 0.97
S20H80 0.93 6.47 258.95 432.61 2.07
S50H30020 0.57 2.82 310.27 492.11 0.34
S45H45010 0.94 5.20 354.90 514.31 0.75
S40H40O20 0.87 4.75 338.64 498.48 0.72
S40H45015 0.67 4.11 353.59 494.52 0.45
S30H50020 0.74 3.47 313.13 313.13 0.52
), ArticleFig(id=1154429223256187270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429172387668750, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Kinetic parameters of samples, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 温度/℃ 最概然函数
SC 386~643 ${\left( 1 - \alpha \right) }^{3.2}$ 63.49 7 610.96
S60H40 300~510 ${\left\lbrack -\ln \left( 1 - \alpha \right) \right\rbrack }^{-3/4}$ 64.98 6486.72
S40H60 380~608 ${\left\lbrack -\ln \left( 1 - \alpha \right) \right\rbrack }^{-3/4}$ 55.52 7 268.52
S20H80 210~480 ${\left\lbrack -\ln \left( 1 - \alpha \right) \right\rbrack }^{-3/4}$ 50.74 6 879.39
S50H30020 290~510 ${\left\lbrack -\ln \left( 1 - \alpha \right) \right\rbrack }^{2}$ 52.62 7 191.39
S45H45010 235~522 ${\left\lbrack -\ln \left( 1 - \alpha \right) \right\rbrack }^{2}$ 45.38 7 291.20
S40H40O20 260~325 ${\left\lbrack -\ln \left( 1 - \alpha \right) \right\rbrack }^{2}$ 41.06 7 147.39
S40H45015 215~510 ${\left\lbrack -\ln \left( 1 - \alpha \right) \right\rbrack }^{2}$ 55.59 7041.00
S30H50020 250~505 ${\left\lbrack -\ln \left( 1 - \alpha \right) \right\rbrack }^{2}$ 47.58 7156.91
), ArticleFig(id=1154429223319101832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429172387668750, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=各样品的反应动力学参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 温度/℃ 最概然函数
SC 386~643 ${\left( 1 - \alpha \right) }^{3.2}$ 63.49 7 610.96
S60H40 300~510 ${\left\lbrack -\ln \left( 1 - \alpha \right) \right\rbrack }^{-3/4}$ 64.98 6486.72
S40H60 380~608 ${\left\lbrack -\ln \left( 1 - \alpha \right) \right\rbrack }^{-3/4}$ 55.52 7 268.52
S20H80 210~480 ${\left\lbrack -\ln \left( 1 - \alpha \right) \right\rbrack }^{-3/4}$ 50.74 6 879.39
S50H30020 290~510 ${\left\lbrack -\ln \left( 1 - \alpha \right) \right\rbrack }^{2}$ 52.62 7 191.39
S45H45010 235~522 ${\left\lbrack -\ln \left( 1 - \alpha \right) \right\rbrack }^{2}$ 45.38 7 291.20
S40H40O20 260~325 ${\left\lbrack -\ln \left( 1 - \alpha \right) \right\rbrack }^{2}$ 41.06 7 147.39
S40H45015 215~510 ${\left\lbrack -\ln \left( 1 - \alpha \right) \right\rbrack }^{2}$ 55.59 7041.00
S30H50020 250~505 ${\left\lbrack -\ln \left( 1 - \alpha \right) \right\rbrack }^{2}$ 47.58 7156.91
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烟煤、杂木颗粒和油泥混燃特性的热重分析
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侯秀芹 1 , 周凯 1 , 邓骏 1 , 栾明煜 1 , 马能亮 1 , 董凌霄 2 , 白杨 2 , 邓磊 2 , 车得福 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(7): 860-867
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(7): 860-867
烟煤、杂木颗粒和油泥混燃特性的热重分析
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侯秀芹1 , 周凯1, 邓骏1, 栾明煜1, 马能亮1, 董凌霄2, 白杨2, 邓磊2, 车得福2
作者信息
  • 1 中石油新疆油田分公司工程技术研究院 新疆 克拉玛依 834000
  • 2 西安交通大学 能源与动力工程学院 陕西 西安 710049
  • 侯秀芹(1992-),女,硕士,工程师,研究方向为油田生态利用。E-mail:

Thermogravimetric assessment of blended fuel for bituminous coal, miscellaneous wood pellets and oil sludge
Xiuqin Hou1 , Kai Zhou1, Jun Deng1, Mingyu Luan1, Nengliang Ma1, Lingxiao Dong2, Yang Bai2, Lei Deng2, Defu Che2
Affiliations
  • 1 Engineering Technology Research Institute PetroChina Xinjiang Oilfield Company Kelamayi 834000 China
  • 2 School of Energy and Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
出版时间: 2024-07-20
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为了研究烟煤、杂木颗粒和油泥的掺混燃烧特性,通过热重试验对三者的掺混燃料进行燃烧特性分析,利用FWO 法对掺混燃料进行动力学分析。研究结果表明:烟煤燃烧过程主要为固定碳燃烧,杂木颗粒的燃烧过程更复杂、燃烧性能最好,其综合燃烧特性指数高达1.93×10⁻⁷;掺烧杂木颗粒可有效改善烟煤的燃烧性能,当烟煤和杂木颗粒以 1:4 的质量比掺混燃烧时,掺混燃料的着火温度较烟煤降低了35%,综合燃烧特性指数比杂木颗粒提高了7.2%;烟煤和杂木颗粒掺烧的最概然函数为[ln(1x)]⁻³/⁴;当杂木颗粒掺混比高达45%时,适量掺混油泥有助于提升燃料燃烧性能;三者掺混燃料的燃烧反应最概然函数为[ln(1x)]²;当烟煤、杂木颗粒和油泥的掺混比例为40:40:20和45:45:10时,掺混燃料对应的活化能较其它比例掺混燃料有明显降低,综合燃烧特性指数是纯烟煤的1.5倍左右。

烟煤  /  杂木颗粒  /  油泥  /  掺混燃烧  /  燃烧特性  /  动力学分析

To investigate the combustion characteristics of a blended fuel consisting of bituminous coal, miscellaneous wood pellets, and oil sludge, thermogravimetric analysis is conducted on the blended fuel to analyze its combustion behavior. The FWO method is employed for kinetic analysis of the blended fuel. The results show that the combustion process of bituminous coal is primarily fixed carbon combustion, while the combustion process of miscellaneous wood pellets is more complex and exhibits the best combustion performance, with a comprehensive combustion characteristic index as high as 1.93×10⁻⁷. Cofiring with miscellaneous wood pellets effectively enhances the combustion performance of bituminous coal. When bituminous coal and miscellaneous wood pellets are blended in a mass ratio of 1:4, the ignition temperature of the blended fuel decreases by 35% compared to bituminous coal alone. The comprehensive combustion characteristic index increases by 7.2% compared to miscellaneous wood pellets. The most probable function for the cofiring of bituminous coal and miscellaneous wood pellets is [ln (1x)]⁻³/⁴. When the blending ratio of miscellaneous wood pellets reaches 45%, the appropriate addition of oil sludge can improve the combustion performance of the fuel. The most probable function for the combustion reaction of the blended fuel consisting of all three components is [ln (1x)]². When the blending ratios of bituminous coal, miscellaneous wood pellets, and oil sludge are 40:40:20 and 45:45:10, respectively, the corresponding activation energies of the blended fuel are significantly lower than those of other blending ratios, and the comprehensive combustion characteristic index is approximately 1.5 times that of pure bituminous coal.

bituminous coal  /  miscellaneous wood pellets  /  oil sludge  /  co-combustion  /  thermo-gravimetry  /  kinetic characteristic
侯秀芹, 周凯, 邓骏, 栾明煜, 马能亮, 董凌霄, 白杨, 邓磊, 车得福. 烟煤、杂木颗粒和油泥混燃特性的热重分析. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (7) : 860 -867 .
Xiuqin Hou, Kai Zhou, Jun Deng, Mingyu Luan, Nengliang Ma, Lingxiao Dong, Yang Bai, Lei Deng, Defu Che. Thermogravimetric assessment of blended fuel for bituminous coal, miscellaneous wood pellets and oil sludge[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (7) : 860 -867 .
生物质是人类利用最悠久的能源物质, 目前, 生物质的利用总量位居煤、石油、天然气之后 [ 1 ] 。 作为一种可再生燃料, 生物质具备天然的碳减排优势。油泥是石油生产、炼制过程中产生的危险废弃物 [ 2 ] ,全球每年的油泥积累量超过 3 亿 ${\mathrm{t}}$ [ 3 ] 。油泥具有分解困难、成分复杂等特点,这造成其处置难度较大。近年来,包含生物质和油泥在内的有机固废的多角度利用受到越来越多的关注 [ 4 , 5 ] 。掺混燃烧为大规模利用生物质和油泥提供了一条很好的途径,除了能够消纳废料,掺混燃烧还可以减少污染物的排放(如 ${\mathrm{{SO}}}_{x},{\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 和烟尘) [ 6 ] ,利用锅炉成熟的烟气处理设备,油泥燃烧产生的污染物也能得到有效处理。受制于季节性和集散度差等缺点, 我国的生物质利用仍以低效率的小规模直燃机组为主,生物质、油泥与煤的掺混燃烧技术水平亟待提高。
生物质和油泥有着与煤不一样的组成和结构特点,掺烧应用前,准确了解生物质、油泥和煤掺烧的燃烧特性尤为重要。由于不同物质掺混时的相互作用复杂、燃烧特性规律模糊,因此,研究不同掺混比例燃料的燃烧特性和动力学特性对掺混燃烧的实际应用意义重大。很多学者研究了不同生物质与煤的掺混燃烧特性。武鹏魁[ 7 ]和李美军 [ 8 ] 利用热重分析和动力学分析研究了不同掺混比例的生物质掺混燃料的燃烧特性,研究结果表明,当兰炭和玉米秸秆的掺混比为 $7 : 3$ 时,掺混燃料的放热效果最好,兰炭和玉米秸秆发生了协同作用。 Prompubess C [ 9 ] 研究了循环流化床反应器中烟煤与稻壳的掺混比对产物气体浓度沿炉膛竖直向上方向分布的影响。Kazagic A [ 10 ] 在循环流化床中进行了生物质与煤混燃的硫元素迁移试验, 发现掺混生物质有利于脱除烟气中的 ${\mathrm{{SO}}}_{2}$ ,且生物质比例越高, 飞灰和底渣中的硫含量越大, 烟气中的 ${\mathrm{{SO}}}_{2}$ 排放浓度越低。寿恩广 [ 11 ] ${50}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 循环流化床富氧燃烧试验台上研究了煤与棉杆掺混燃烧特性,发现大同煤和棉杆以 75:25 的比例混合可以实现稳定燃烧。Li S [ 12 ] 通过热重试验研究了油泥、 银杏种子及其混合物的燃烧特性。
目前,关于油泥和煤掺烧的研究很少。因此, 本文通过热重试验对烟煤、杂木颗粒和油泥进行掺混燃烧特性分析, 选择 8 种不同掺混比例的样品进行混合燃料燃烧特性分析和协同作用分析, 讨论了各个比例掺混燃烧的可行性, 并基于热重分析结果进行了动力学分析。研究结果可为杂木颗粒、油泥和煤的掺烧提供指导。
本文选用烟煤、杂木颗粒和油泥为研究对象, 其中,烟煤 (SC) 是新疆屯南煤,杂木颗粒 (HTB) 来自新疆呼图壁地区, 油泥 (OS) 来自新疆克拉玛依地区。3 种原料经粉碎筛分后,取粒径为 106~150 $\mu \mathrm{m}$ 的样品置于干燥箱中,在 ${105}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下干燥 ${24}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后备用。原料的工业分析和元素分析见 表 1
将烟煤、杂木颗粒和油泥按照 表 2 所示的比例混合得到不同掺混燃料。样品混合均匀后再次干燥备用。热重试验在 TGA/DSC3+热重同步分析仪(瑞士 METTLER TOSEDO 公司)中进行。试验中以模拟空气 $\left({\mathrm{O}}_{2}\right.$${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ 的体积比为 ${21}: {79})$ 为燃烧气氛,模拟空气的流速为 ${50}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ,每次取 $\left({{5.00}\pm {0.10}}\right)\mathrm{{mg}}$ 样品,平铺在氧化铝坩埚中,以 10 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 的升温速率从 ${35}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 加热至 ${1000}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。为保证数据的可靠性和重复性, 试验前进行空白校准试验, 且所有测试至少重复两次。
为了评价混合燃料的燃烧特性, 本文采用了多种燃烧指标。其中,着火温度 ${T}_{\mathrm{i}}$ (表征燃料发生燃烧反应的难易程度) 和燃尽温度 ${T}_{\mathrm{h}}$ 的确定方法如 图 1 所示。在最大失重速率(DTG)和失重(TG) 曲线所代表的初始失重阶段取切线, ${T}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 定义为两条切线相交的点; 在最大失重速率和失重曲线所代表的最终失重阶段取切线, ${T}_{\mathrm{h}}$ 定义为两条切线的交点 [ 13 ] ; ${T}_{\max }$ 为最大失重速率对应温度。
为比较 $\mathrm{{SC}},\mathrm{{HTB}},\mathrm{{OS}}$ 及其混合物的燃烧性能,引入综合燃烧特性指数 ${S}$ [ 14 ] $S$ 通常用来反映样品的综合燃烧性能, 是综合反映着火性能和燃尽性能的参数。 $S$ 值越大,表明燃料的燃烧特性越好, $S$ 值越低,说明燃料的燃烧特性越差。
$ S =\frac{{\left(\mathrm{d}w/\mathrm{d}t\right)}_{\max }\cdot {\left(\mathrm{d}w/\mathrm{d}t\right)}_{\text{mean }}}{{T}_{\mathrm{i}}^{2}\cdot {T}_{\mathrm{h}}}$
式中: ${\left(\mathrm{d}w/\mathrm{d}t\right)}_{\max },{\left(\mathrm{d}w/\mathrm{d}t\right)}_{\text{mean }}$ 分别为最大失重速率和平均失重速率,%/min。
图 2 为 SC, HTB 和 OS 的 TG-DTG 曲线图。
图 2(a)可知, SC 的 TG 曲线仅存在一个失重温度区间, DTG 曲线仅在 487 ℃出现一个峰。 SC 的燃烧大致可分为 3 个阶段: ${310}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 前质量变化缓慢,主要为煤中结晶水和部分挥发分的析出; 310~666 °C出现明显失重,因煤中挥发分含量较少,故以固定碳燃烧为主; 666 ℃以后质量无明显变化,燃烧反应结束。
图 2(b)可知, HTB 的 TG 曲线呈现多段下降现象, DTG 曲线出现 2 个明显峰,燃烧被分为 4 个阶段。第 1 阶段发生在 236 ℃以下,质量变化缓慢,无明显反应; 第 2 阶段发生在 ${236}\sim {382}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ , DTG 曲线在 326 ℃附近出现第一个峰,该峰值温度区间较窄,可能是 HTB 中部分碳以化合物的形式存在, 在高温下受热分解形成气态产物, 从而发生碳氧燃烧反应,除此之外,由于 HTB 中的碳分布不均匀,此阶段的燃烧不集中;第 3 阶段发生在 383~560°C, DTG曲线出现第二个峰,与 SC 在此温度区间的 DTG 曲线相比, HTB 的峰值较低,温度区间较窄, 这是由于 HTB 的固定碳含量较 SC 少,且分布不均匀; 第 4 阶段发生在 ${560}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 以后, 质量无明显变化,燃烧反应结束。
图 2(c)可知, OS 的 TG 曲线与 HTB 类似, 呈现多段下降现象, DTG 曲线出现 2 个明显峰, 燃烧过程被分为 4 个阶段,这与前人研究相似 [ 3 ] 。 与 HTB 不同的是, OS 的 DTG 曲线的第二个峰值较第一峰值有所提高, 但第三阶段的失重速率峰值为 3 种原料最低,这是由于其本身的 C 含量最少。OS 的质量损失主要集中在 ${190}\sim {590}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,最大失重速率为 ${1.9}\%/\mathrm{{min}}$ ,整体速率较 HTB 有明显降低,失重率仅为 44%。在 OS 燃烧过程中,先发生含碳化合物的受热分解, 随后发生固定碳的燃烧。OS 和 HTB 的 DTG 曲线中均出现了第 3 个 DTG 峰,峰值温度为 ${600}\sim {650}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,这可能是燃料中包括 ${\mathrm{{CaCO}}}_{3}$ 在内的杂质热分解,以及燃尽物和不可燃物等汽化熔融造成的 [ 15 ] ,此种现象在前人的研究中 [ 16 ] 也有出现。
表 3 给出了 3 种原料的燃烧特性参数。由 表 3 可知: 在 3 种原料中, HTB 的 ${T}_{\mathrm{i}}$${T}_{\mathrm{h}}$ 均最低, $S$ 最大,即 HTB 的燃烧性能最好; OS 的 $S$ 最小,仅为 ${0.17}\times {10}^{-7}$ ,所以 $\mathrm{{OS}}$ 的燃烧性能最差。
图 3$\mathrm{{SC}}$$\mathrm{{HTB}}$ 掺混燃料的 $\mathrm{{TG}}- \mathrm{{DTG}}$ 曲线图。
结合 图 2 ,3 可以看出: SC 和 HTB 掺混燃料的 DTG 曲线的第一个峰出现在 ${211}\sim {378}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,与 HTB 的 DTG 曲线的第一个峰值区间几乎重合;当 HTB 掺混比例为 ${80}\%$ 时, DTG 曲线的第一个峰值比 HTB 的高, 其余掺混比例燃料的峰值均低于 HTB,原因是 SC 在 211~378 °C 的前、中期几乎不发生失重,从 310 °C 才出现明显失重,当 HTB 掺混比例低时, 掺混燃料中仅有 HTB 和少部分 SC 中的固定碳发生燃烧;SC 和 HTB 掺混燃料 DTG 曲线的第二个峰出现在 ${380}\sim {560}\mathrm{C}$ ,较 $\mathrm{{SC}}$ 有明显提前,当 HTB 的掺混比例为 ${40}\%$${60}\%$ 时, DTG 曲线第二个峰的峰值均大于 SC 的峰值; 所有比例的掺混燃料的 DTG 曲线第二个峰的峰值均大于 HTB 的峰值 $\left({{3.2}\%/\mathrm{{min}}}\right)$ ,原因是 HTB 和 $\mathrm{{SC}}$ 中固定碳燃烧的温度区间存在重合,两种物质中不同形式的碳燃烧相互促进, 使得燃烧反应更剧烈。从 表 3 可以看出:SC 和 HTB 掺混燃料的综合燃烧指数均比 $\mathrm{{SC}}$ 高,这与李美军 [ 8 ] 的研究结果相同;当 HTB 的掺混比例为 80%时,掺混燃料的综合燃烧特性指数高达 ${2.07}\times {10}^{-7}$ ,相比 HTB 的 ${1.93}\times {10}^{-7}$ 有所提升,这是由于二者掺混时会促进燃烧。
图 4$\mathrm{{SC}},\mathrm{{HTB}}$$\mathrm{{OS}}$ 掺混燃料的 $\mathrm{{TG}}- \mathrm{{DTG}}$ 曲线图。
结合 图 2 ,4 可以看出:三者掺混燃料的 DTG 曲线均在 310 °C 左右出现第一个峰,峰值较 HTB 明显降低,较 OS 明显提高;第二个峰出现在 365~ ${542}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,峰值温度较 $\mathrm{{SC}}$ 明显降低,即掺混 $\mathrm{{OS}}$$\mathrm{{HTB}}$ 使混合物的燃烧反应提前。当 $\mathrm{{SC}}$ 的掺混比例为 ${40}\%$ 时,随着 OS 掺混比例的升高,掺混燃料的 DTG 曲线的峰值随之升高, 这是因为 OS 与 SC 和 HTB 充分混合后,会隔开相邻的 SC 和 HTB 粒子,使其在燃烧过程中以相对小的单元体进行燃烧反应,故在相同受热条件下,相较颗粒排布密集的纯 $\mathrm{{SC}}$ 能接触到更多的氧气,从而促进燃烧。但 OS 本身燃烧性能差, 混合物燃尽时的灰含量随着 OS 掺混比上升而增加。以上两种作用相互影响, 导致三者掺混燃料的燃烧特性与 HTB 和 SC 掺混燃料的燃烧特性有所不同。
表 3 可知: 当 HTB 与 SC 掺混时, 随着 HTB 掺混比例的增加, 掺混燃料的着火温度先升后降,且综合燃烧性能均优于 $\mathrm{{SC}};\mathrm{S}{40}\mathrm{H}{60}$ 的综合燃烧特性指数最低,为 ${0.97}\times {10}^{-7}$ ,对于 $\mathrm{S}{20}\mathrm{H}{80}$ , HTB 成为燃烧主体,故其燃烧性能明显上升; S45H45010 的着火温度和燃尽温度均在 SC 和 HTB 之间, 其综合燃烧特性为三者掺混样品中最好。OS 对掺混燃料的着火温度改变明显,而且 OS 本身可燃性较差, 掺混会严重影响掺混燃料的燃尽性能。当 HTB 掺混比例较高时, 适当掺混 OS, 可以提高燃烧性能。OS 对掺混燃料燃尽性能的影响大于对着火性能的影响,随着 SC 和 HTB 含量的降低,过量的 OS 会降低掺混燃料的燃烧性能, 这符合燃烧性能差的物质过量掺混会降低混合燃烧性能的预期。
为了比较 $\mathrm{{SC}},\mathrm{{HTB}},\mathrm{{OS}}$ 混合燃烧过程中存在的协同效应,现引入总失重量 ${W}_{\text{total }}$ [ 17 ] ,通过式 (2) 计算得到的 ${W}_{\text{total }}$ 为计算失重量 ${W}_{\text{cal }}$ ,通过试验得到的 ${W}_{\text{total }}$ 为试验失重量 ${W}_{\exp }$ ,通过比较两者之间的差距来表征不同燃料共同燃烧的相互影响。
${W}_{\mathrm{{cal}}}= {\lambda }_{\mathrm{{SC}}}{W}_{\mathrm{{SC}}}+ {\lambda }_{\mathrm{{HTB}}}{W}_{\mathrm{{HTB}}}+ {\lambda }_{\mathrm{{OS}}}{W}_{\mathrm{{OS}}}$
式中: ${\lambda }_{\mathrm{{SC}}},{\lambda }_{\mathrm{{HTB}}}$${\lambda }_{\mathrm{{OS}}}$ 分别为混合物中 $\mathrm{{SC}},\mathrm{{HTB}}$ 和 OS 的质量分数, $\%;{W}_{\mathrm{{SC}}},{W}_{\mathrm{{HIB}}}$${W}_{\mathrm{{OS}}}$ 分别为 $\mathrm{{SC}}$ , HTB 和 OS 的失重量,%。
为了对比 ${W}_{\text{cal }}$${W}_{\text{exp }}$ 的区别,引入参数 ${\Delta W}$ :
${\Delta W}= {W}_{\exp }- {W}_{\text{cal }}$
图 5 为掺混燃料的 ${\Delta W}$ 曲线图。
图 5(a)可知: $\mathrm{S}{20}\mathrm{H}{80}$$\mathrm{S}{40}\mathrm{H}{60}$${\Delta W}$ 大部分小于 0 , 即试验失重量小于计算失重量, 真实混合燃烧的失重速率小于按比例计算得出的失重速率, 说明二者混合燃烧时失重量并非简单的线性叠加,这与 Prompubess C [ 9 ] 的研究结果相似; S40H60 和 S60H40 的 ${\Delta W}$ 在 370 °C 和 ${510}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 附近存在峰值, 与失重速率最大峰所在温度接近, 510 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 附近出现峰值的主要原因为 $\mathrm{{SC}}$$\mathrm{{HTB}}$ 中固定碳的燃烧。由上述分析可知, HTB 有促进燃烧的作用,故在 ${460}\sim {560}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,掺混燃料中固定碳的燃烧反应提前完成, ${\Delta W}$ 的绝对值增大。在 ${560}\sim {610}$ ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,随着温度上升,试验失重量又逐渐趋向计算失重量,主要原因是该阶段属于固定碳燃烧后期,生成物的抑制作用成为影响反应速率的主要因素, 掺混燃料中仅存在以固定碳为主的燃烧反应。
图 5(b)可知: $\mathrm{S}{30}\mathrm{H}{50}\mathrm{O}{20},\mathrm{\;S}{40}\mathrm{H}{45015}$ , S50H30O20 的 ${\Delta W}$ 大部分大于 0,即试验失重量大于计算失重量, 真实混合燃烧的失重速率小于按比例计算得出的失重速率,说明三者混合燃烧时失重量并非简单的线性叠加, 三者共同燃烧时存在一定的相互抑制作用;在 ${500}\sim {600}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,随着温度升高 , S30H50O20, S40H45O15 , S50H30O20 的 ${\Delta W}$ 增大,说明 3 种原料相互抑制燃烧的作用增强; 除 S40H40O20 外,其余掺混燃料的 ${\Delta W}$ 均在 ${380}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 附近存在峰值,这与失重速率最大峰所在温度接近。OS 是一种燃烧特性较差的原料, 水分和灰分含量分别为 39.8%和 34.24%,其燃烧产生的灰渣对掺混燃料的燃烧有抑制作用, 当 HTB 含量增加时,此种抑制作用有减弱的趋势。值得注意的是, $\mathrm{S}{40}\mathrm{H}{40}\mathrm{O}{20}$${\Delta W}$ 大部分小于 0,即 S40H40O20 的燃烧效果最好,尤其是在 428~610℃; 在 ${428}\sim {500}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ , $\mathrm{S}{45}\mathrm{H}{45}\mathrm{O}{10}$$\mathrm{S}{40}\mathrm{H}{40}\mathrm{O}{20}$${\Delta W}$ 迅速下降, 可能是 OS 粒子使掺混燃料在燃烧过程中以相对小的单元体进行燃烧反应, 故在相同受热条件下,相较颗粒排布密集的 SC 和 HTB, 掺混燃料能接触到更多的氧气, 虽然 OS 燃烧性能差,会对燃烧过程产生抑制,但是其在此掺混比例下会促进燃烧,整体呈现为 3 种原料相互促进燃烧的现象。综上可知, SC, HTB 和 OS 之间有着复杂的相互作用关系, HTB 对燃烧反应有促进作用, OS 本身燃烧产生的灰渣对其他反应物的燃烧有抑制作用,但是在高比例 HTB 掺混的条件下,适量掺混 OS 有助于提升掺混燃料的整体燃烧性能。
活化能(E)是化学反应中反应物分子活化所需要的能量。 $E$ 越小,反应越容易进行,反之则越困难,其能很好的体现化学反应发生的难易程度。 指前因子(A)是指单位质量反应物在单位时间参与反应的分子数。 $A$ 越大,分子有效碰撞频率越高,反应速率越快,反之越慢,其可以表征化学反应发生的快慢程度。综合考虑 $E$$A$ 可对混合物发生的燃烧反应做出较全面的评估。
选取相同转化率下的多个升温速率 $\beta ({10}$ , ${20},{30}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ )的 TG 曲线数据,采用 FWO 法对动力学参数进行求解。本文研究在同一转化率条件下,3 种升温速率的 TG 曲线对应的温度,利用 $\ln \beta$$1/T$ 作图,再利用最小二乘法拟合到一条斜率为 $-{1.052}{E}_{\alpha }/R$ 的直线,可求得样品在不同转化率下对应的活化能 ${E}_{\alpha }$ ,进一步可求得在不同温度区间内的平均活化能。
$\ln \beta =\ln \left\lbrack \frac{A{E}_{\alpha }}{G\left(\alpha \right) R}\right\rbrack -{5.331}- {1.052}\frac{{E}_{\alpha }}{RT}$
式中: $\alpha$ 为转化率, $\%;R$ 为气体常数; $T$ 为温度, ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C};G\left(\alpha \right)$ 为最概然函数。
在燃料燃烧过程中,燃烧反应机理是变化的, 分析不同燃烧阶段的最概然机理函数至关重要。 本文采用主曲线法求解燃烧反应机理函数, 根据 20 种标准曲线与试验曲线形状的相似程度确定掺混燃料在不同燃烧阶段的最概然机理函数。相比于由数值判断机理函数的方法, 主曲线法具有直观、可信度高的优点。 $G\left(\alpha \right)$ 可以转化为式 (5), 其中 $u ={E}_{\alpha }/{RT}, P\left( u\right)$ 为温度的积分。本文利用 Dolye 法求解温度积分, 其表达式如式 (6) 所示。之后选取 $\alpha ={0.5}$ 作为参考点,得到式(7),将式(5)与式 (7)相除,可以得到二者之比,进一步求得最概然机理函数。
$ G\left(\alpha \right)= \frac{A}{\beta }{\int }_{0}^{{T}_{0}}\exp \left({-\frac{{E}_{\alpha }}{RT}}\right)\mathrm{d}T =\frac{A{E}_{\alpha }}{\beta R}P\left( u\right)$
$ P\left( u\right)= {0.00484}\cdot \exp \left({-{1.0516u}}\right)$
$ G\left({0.5}\right)= \frac{A{E}_{\alpha }}{\beta R}P\left({u}_{0.5}\right)$
$\frac{G\left(\alpha \right)}{G\left({0.5}\right)} =\frac{P\left( u\right)}{P\left({u}_{0.5}\right)} $
图 6 给出了 S40H45015 在 3 个升温速率下的 $P\left( u\right)/P\left({u}_{0.5}\right)$ 曲线。从 图 6 可以看出,当 ${0.5}< \alpha <$ 0.7 时,升温速率为 ${10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 的试验曲线与其他两个升温速率下的试验曲线有偏离, 但幅度较小, 并不影响选取单一升温速率研究燃烧反应的机理函数的可信性。
本文选取升温速率为 ${20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 的燃烧试验曲线与 20 种常见的动力学模型绘制的标准曲线进行对比,得到如 图 7 所示的结果。
20 种常见的机理模型包括抛物线法则 $\left({\alpha }^{2}\right)$ 、 Valensi 方程 $\left\lbrack {\alpha +\left({1 -\alpha }\right)\ln \left({1 -\alpha }\right)}\right\rbrack$ 、随机成核和随后生长的 Avrami-Erofeev 模型 $\left\{{\left\lbrack -\ln \left( 1 -\alpha \right)\right\rbrack }^{n}\right\}$ 、Jander 模型 $\left\{{\left\lbrack 1 -{\left( 1 -\alpha \right)}^{n}\right\rbrack }^{m}\right\}$ 等。如果试验曲线与标准曲线重合, 则可直接得出最概然函数, 如果没有完全重合但变化一致, 则需要利用机理函数的级数模型公式计算不同 $G\left(\alpha \right)$ ,根据 ${E}_{\alpha }, T$ 等求出 $A$ ,找到合适的 $n$ 值。 $\mathrm{{SC}},\mathrm{{HTB}}$$\mathrm{{OS}}$ 掺混燃料的燃烧反应最概然函数为 ${\left\lbrack -\ln \left( 1 -\alpha \right)\right\rbrack }^{2}$ 。以同样方法得到 $\mathrm{{SC}}$$\mathrm{{HTB}}$ 掺混燃料的燃烧反应最概然函数为 ${\left\lbrack -\ln \left( 1 -\alpha \right)\right\rbrack }^{-3/}$ 4。
各掺混样品的 $E$$A$表 4 所示。
表 4 可知: $\mathrm{S}{40}\mathrm{H}{60}$$\mathrm{S}{20}\mathrm{H}{80}$$E$ 分别比 SC 降低了 1.3% 和 0.2%, 即反应物颗粒不需要吸收更多能量转变为活化粒子, 有利于燃烧反应的正向进行; $\mathrm{S}{60}\mathrm{H}{40},\mathrm{\;S}{40}\mathrm{H}{60}$$\mathrm{S}{20}\mathrm{H}{80}$$A$ 均比 SC 降低了 1.2%左右,降幅并不明显,即单位时间内反应物颗粒有效碰撞频率降低, 但此现象不明显,说明 HTB 对促进 SC 燃烧的原因可能是 HTB 中固定碳的存在形式与 SC 类似,两者混合燃烧时相当于同种颗粒相互碰撞反应,相同时间内有更多分子参与反应;当 HTB 的掺混比从 60%增加到 ${80}\%$ 时, $A$ 小幅度下降,即 HTB 中不参与反应的颗粒逐渐增多,对燃烧有轻微抑制作用。整体来看, HTB 对于燃烧的促进作用占据主导地位。 当 $\mathrm{{SC}},\mathrm{{HTB}}$$\mathrm{{OS}}$ 混合时,混合物的 $E$$A$ 的变化趋势比 HTB 和 SC 两者掺混时更复杂; $\mathrm{S}{45}\mathrm{H}{45}\mathrm{O}{10}$$E$${45.38}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}/\mathrm{{mol}}$ ,比 $\mathrm{{SC}}$ 有明显降低,但 $A$ 的变化不明显,该掺混比例下 3 种原料相互作用可有效促进燃烧反应的正向进行; 在 $\mathrm{{SC}},\mathrm{{HTB}}$$\mathrm{{OS}}$ 掺混燃料中, $\mathrm{S}{45}\mathrm{H}{45}\mathrm{O}{10}$$A$ 最高,为 ${7291}{\mathrm{\;{min}}}^{-1}$ ,这可能与前文提到的 OS 提供给 HTB 和 SC 相对富氧的反应空间有关; S40H40O20 的 $E$ 低于 $\mathrm{{SC}}$ ,说明此种掺混比例使燃烧反应更容易发生。
本文通过热重试验结合反应动力学对烟煤、 杂木颗粒和油泥及其不同掺混比例下的混合物的燃烧特性进行了研究, 得到如下结论。
①SC 燃烧过程主要为固定碳燃烧,失重速率曲线有唯一峰,其着火温度为 ${398.28}^{\circ }\mathrm{C};\mathrm{{HTB}}$ 燃烧过程复杂, 失重速率曲线有两个峰, 分别对应固定碳和化合物碳的燃烧, 化合物碳燃烧的峰值高于 $\mathrm{{SC}},\mathrm{{HTB}}$ 的着火温度为 ${278.63}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,综合燃烧特性指数高达 ${1.93}\times {10}^{-7};\mathrm{{OS}}$ 燃烧性能较差,重量变化小,综合燃烧特性指数仅为 ${0.17}\times {10}^{-7}$
②SC 和 HTB 混合燃烧时, HTB 可有效改善掺混燃料的热重曲线形态, 使其最大失重峰对应温度降低,燃烧更剧烈;掺混燃料的失重速率曲线均出现两个峰,第二个峰出现在 ${380}\sim {560}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,较 SC 燃烧有明显提前;当 HTB 的掺混比增加时,掺混燃料的燃烧性能提高; $\mathrm{S}{20}\mathrm{H}{80}$ 的着火温度较 SC 降低 35%,综合燃烧指数比 HTB 提高 7.2%; $\mathrm{{SC}}$$\mathrm{{HTB}}$ 掺混燃烧时, ${\Delta W}$ 大部分小于零,二者在燃烧过程中呈现相互促进作用;在 HTB 掺混比例为 ${40}\%$${45}\%$ 的情况下,适量掺混 OS 可以提升掺混燃料的燃烧特性。
③SC, HTB 和 OS 掺混燃烧时,不同掺混比例的混合物燃烧时呈现不同的现象, 适量的 OS 有助于提升混合物的燃烧性能; 三者掺混时的燃烧反应最概然函数为 ${\left\lbrack -\ln \left( 1 -\alpha \right)\right\rbrack }^{2};\mathrm{S}{40}\mathrm{H}{40}\mathrm{O}{20}$ 和 S45H45010 的活化能分别为 ${41.06},{45.38}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}/\mathrm{{mol}}$ , 与 SC 相比有所降低, 二者的综合燃烧特性指数是 SC 的 1.5 倍左右;在 S40H40O20 和 S45H45 010 燃烧过程中, SC, HTB 和 OS 有协同作用。
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  • 接收时间:2023-07-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-11
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新能源关键技术研究与现场试验(210099992002032)
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    1 中石油新疆油田分公司工程技术研究院 新疆 克拉玛依 834000
    2 西安交通大学 能源与动力工程学院 陕西 西安 710049
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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