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In order to maximize the solar radiation yield, it's imperative to optimize the inclination angle of the solar collector. To this end, a calculation model for solar radiation on inclined surfaces was established, and the computation processes for direct and scattered radiation were separately streamlined. MATLAB was utilized to analyze and perfect the elevation angle of the collector, which led to the determination of monthly and annual optimum inclination angles. The research disclosed that the ideal annual inclination angle in Tianjin is 36.3° , marginally inferior to the local latitude. The monthly tilt angle should vary between 10~64°, with lower degrees in summer and higher in winter. Placing the collector horizontally enhances annual solar radiation by 12.4% and 17.3% at the optimal yearly and monthly inclination angles, correspondingly. Adjusting the optimum tilt angle by 5.0% is feasible when compared with using the local latitude as the tilt angle. Taking Guangzhou, Lhasa, Jinan and Changchun as examples, the annual and monthly optimum tilt angles of these regions are calculated.The comparative analysis of various cities revealed that for regions with high direct radiation proportion, refining the optimal angle on a monthly basis leads to higher energy gains.

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为了使太阳能集热器获得更多的太阳辐射量,须对集热器倾角进行优化。文章在建立倾斜面太阳辐射计算模型的基础上,分别优化直接辐射、散射辐射的计算过程。以太阳能集热器运行期间倾斜面接收最大辐射量为求解目标,借助MATLAB 对集热器倾角进行优化分析,得到月度最佳倾角和年度最佳倾角。其中天津地区的太阳能集热器年度最佳倾角为36.3°,比当地纬度略小;月度最佳倾角为10~64°,表现为夏季小冬季大的特点。相较于水平放置,在年度最佳倾角和月度最佳倾角下,太阳能集热器接收的年太阳辐射量可分别增加12.4%,17.3%;相较当地纬度作为倾角时,以月度最佳倾角值逐月调整接收的太阳辐射量可增加 5.0%。分别以广州、拉萨、济南和长春为例,计算得到上述地区的年、月最佳倾角。对不同地区进行对比分析发现,直接辐射占比较高的地区逐月改变最佳倾角可获得更高的能量增益。

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王恩宇(1970-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事可再生能源建筑利用技术、清洁燃烧技术方面的研究。E-mail:

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王恩宇(1970-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事可再生能源建筑利用技术、清洁燃烧技术方面的研究。E-mail:

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王恩宇(1970-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事可再生能源建筑利用技术、清洁燃烧技术方面的研究。E-mail:

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Solar Energy, 1983, 31(3): 313-317., articleTitle=Statistical comparison of models for estimating solar radiation on inclined surfaces, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154429223574954387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429171880157949, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1997, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Muneer T, Kambezidis H, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Muneer T, Kambezidis H. Solar Radiation and Daylight Models for the Energy Efficient Design of Buildings[M]. London: Architectural Press, 1997., articleTitle=Solar Radiation and Daylight Models for the Energy Efficient Design of Buildings, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154429223650451863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429171880157949, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1963, volume=7, issue=2, pageStart=53, pageEnd=74, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Liu BY H, Jordan R C, journalName=Solar Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu BY H, Jordan R C. The long-term average performance of flat-plate solar-energy collectors[J]. 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大气透明系数及天气工况 适用散射模型
$0 < {K}_{\mathrm{t}} \leq {0.2}$ (阴天) Karonakis 模型 [ 13 ]
${0.2} < {K}_{\mathrm{t}} \leq {0.5}$ (多云) Perez 模型 [ 1 ]
${0.5} < {K}_{\mathrm{t}} \leq {0.7}$ (少云) Ma-lqbal 模型 [ 14 ]
${0.7} < {K}_{\mathrm{t}} < {1.0}$ (晴天) Muneer 模型 [ 15 ]
), ArticleFig(id=1154429221888844127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429171880157949, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=散射辐射耦合计算模型, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
大气透明系数及天气工况 适用散射模型
$0 < {K}_{\mathrm{t}} \leq {0.2}$ (阴天) Karonakis 模型 [ 13 ]
${0.2} < {K}_{\mathrm{t}} \leq {0.5}$ (多云) Perez 模型 [ 1 ]
${0.5} < {K}_{\mathrm{t}} \leq {0.7}$ (少云) Ma-lqbal 模型 [ 14 ]
${0.7} < {K}_{\mathrm{t}} < {1.0}$ (晴天) Muneer 模型 [ 15 ]
), ArticleFig(id=1154429221955952993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429171880157949, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Recommended value of the optimum tilt angle of the inclined plane for each month, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
角度/(°) 60 54 40 26 16 10 10 16 32 48 60 64
), ArticleFig(id=1154429222023061859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429171880157949, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=各月倾斜面最佳倾角推荐值, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
角度/(°) 60 54 40 26 16 10 10 16 32 48 60 64
), ArticleFig(id=1154429222081782117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429171880157949, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Recommended value of the optimum tilt angle for, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
eachmonthdifferentregions (°)
月份 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
广州 36 36 20 6 0 0 0 2 10 28 38 46
拉萨 58 46 30 14 0 0 0 8 26 44 58 62
济南 60 56 36 18 2 0 0 12 28 52 60 68
长春 70 64 46 20 14 8 12 16 42 56 70 74
), ArticleFig(id=1154429222148890983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429171880157949, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=不同地区各月倾斜面最佳倾角推荐值, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
eachmonthdifferentregions (°)
月份 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
广州 36 36 20 6 0 0 0 2 10 28 38 46
拉萨 58 46 30 14 0 0 0 8 26 44 58 62
济南 60 56 36 18 2 0 0 12 28 52 60 68
长春 70 64 46 20 14 8 12 16 42 56 70 74
), ArticleFig(id=1154429222207611241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429171880157949, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Monthly radiation at different tilt angles in different regions $\mathrm{{MJ}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
倾角 1 月 2 月 3 月 4 月 5 月 6 月 7 月 8 月 9 月 10 月 11 月 12 月 全年
广州 I 280.8 237.6 255.6 288.0 378.0 374.4 460.8 432.0 414.0 421.2 345.6 313.2 4 197.6
II 324.0 259.2 262.8 280.8 352.8 342.0 424.8 414.0 421.2 460.8 414.0 374.4 4 330.8
III 316.8 255.6 262.8 284.4 363.6 352.8 439.2 424.8 424.8 457.2 399.6 360.0 4 345.2
IV 334.8 259.2 262.8 288.0 378.0 374.4 460.8 432.0 424.8 460.8 428.4 388.8 4 492.8
拉萨 I 464.4 464.4 579.6 597.6 716.4 705.6 694.8 612.0 583.2 518.4 468.0 464.4 6 872.4
II 676.8 601.2 662.4 615.6 669.6 630.0 637.2 597.6 622.8 630.0 658.8 709.2 7 711.2
III 694.8 608.4 662.4 612.0 658.8 615.6 622.8 590.4 619.2 637.2 673.2 727.2 7 722.0
IV 759.2 630.0 662.4 619.2 716.4 705.6 694.8 619.2 622.8 644.4 727.2 820.8 8 222.4
济南 I 234.0 288.0 406.8 514.8 594.0 572.4 514.8 478.8 439.2 345.6 237.6 201.6 4 824.0
II 352.8 378.0 468.0 532.8 558.0 511.2 468.0 471.6 482.4 424.8 338.4 298.8 5 284.8
III 338.4 370.8 468.0 543.6 576.0 532.8 486.0 482.4 486.0 417.6 327.6 284.4 5 313.6
IV 370.8 385.2 468.0 547.2 601.2 572.4 514.8 493.2 486.0 424.8 349.2 313.2 5 526.0
长春 I 230.4 309.6 457.2 536.4 619.2 630.0 558.0 522.0 453.6 331.2 223.2 183.6 5050.8
II 468.0 525.6 612.0 597.6 612.0 590.4 529.2 536.4 540.0 478.8 392.4 356.4 6 238.8
III 493.2 543.6 619.2 590.4 594.0 568.8 511.2 525.6 540.0 489.6 406.8 378.0 6 260.4
IV 550.8 576.0 622.8 601.2 637.2 637.2 565.2 550.8 540.0 496.8 439.2 414.0 6 631.2
), ArticleFig(id=1154429222274720107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429171880157949, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=各地区不同倾角下各月辐射量, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
倾角 1 月 2 月 3 月 4 月 5 月 6 月 7 月 8 月 9 月 10 月 11 月 12 月 全年
广州 I 280.8 237.6 255.6 288.0 378.0 374.4 460.8 432.0 414.0 421.2 345.6 313.2 4 197.6
II 324.0 259.2 262.8 280.8 352.8 342.0 424.8 414.0 421.2 460.8 414.0 374.4 4 330.8
III 316.8 255.6 262.8 284.4 363.6 352.8 439.2 424.8 424.8 457.2 399.6 360.0 4 345.2
IV 334.8 259.2 262.8 288.0 378.0 374.4 460.8 432.0 424.8 460.8 428.4 388.8 4 492.8
拉萨 I 464.4 464.4 579.6 597.6 716.4 705.6 694.8 612.0 583.2 518.4 468.0 464.4 6 872.4
II 676.8 601.2 662.4 615.6 669.6 630.0 637.2 597.6 622.8 630.0 658.8 709.2 7 711.2
III 694.8 608.4 662.4 612.0 658.8 615.6 622.8 590.4 619.2 637.2 673.2 727.2 7 722.0
IV 759.2 630.0 662.4 619.2 716.4 705.6 694.8 619.2 622.8 644.4 727.2 820.8 8 222.4
济南 I 234.0 288.0 406.8 514.8 594.0 572.4 514.8 478.8 439.2 345.6 237.6 201.6 4 824.0
II 352.8 378.0 468.0 532.8 558.0 511.2 468.0 471.6 482.4 424.8 338.4 298.8 5 284.8
III 338.4 370.8 468.0 543.6 576.0 532.8 486.0 482.4 486.0 417.6 327.6 284.4 5 313.6
IV 370.8 385.2 468.0 547.2 601.2 572.4 514.8 493.2 486.0 424.8 349.2 313.2 5 526.0
长春 I 230.4 309.6 457.2 536.4 619.2 630.0 558.0 522.0 453.6 331.2 223.2 183.6 5050.8
II 468.0 525.6 612.0 597.6 612.0 590.4 529.2 536.4 540.0 478.8 392.4 356.4 6 238.8
III 493.2 543.6 619.2 590.4 594.0 568.8 511.2 525.6 540.0 489.6 406.8 378.0 6 260.4
IV 550.8 576.0 622.8 601.2 637.2 637.2 565.2 550.8 540.0 496.8 439.2 414.0 6 631.2
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基于耦合辐射模型的太阳能集热器倾角优化研究
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王恩宇 , 王天生 , 张学友 , 沈海笑 , 黄运兴
可再生能源 | 2024,42(7): 894-900
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(7): 894-900
基于耦合辐射模型的太阳能集热器倾角优化研究
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王恩宇 , 王天生, 张学友, 沈海笑, 黄运兴
作者信息
  • 1 河北工业大学 能源与环境工程学院 天津 300401
  • 王恩宇(1970-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事可再生能源建筑利用技术、清洁燃烧技术方面的研究。E-mail:

Optimization of solar collector tilt angle based on coupled radiation model
Enyu Wang , Tiansheng Wang, Xueyou Zhang, Haixiao Shen, Yunxing Huang
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Energy and Environmental Engineering Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300401 China
出版时间: 2024-07-20
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为了使太阳能集热器获得更多的太阳辐射量,须对集热器倾角进行优化。文章在建立倾斜面太阳辐射计算模型的基础上,分别优化直接辐射、散射辐射的计算过程。以太阳能集热器运行期间倾斜面接收最大辐射量为求解目标,借助MATLAB 对集热器倾角进行优化分析,得到月度最佳倾角和年度最佳倾角。其中天津地区的太阳能集热器年度最佳倾角为36.3°,比当地纬度略小;月度最佳倾角为10~64°,表现为夏季小冬季大的特点。相较于水平放置,在年度最佳倾角和月度最佳倾角下,太阳能集热器接收的年太阳辐射量可分别增加12.4%,17.3%;相较当地纬度作为倾角时,以月度最佳倾角值逐月调整接收的太阳辐射量可增加 5.0%。分别以广州、拉萨、济南和长春为例,计算得到上述地区的年、月最佳倾角。对不同地区进行对比分析发现,直接辐射占比较高的地区逐月改变最佳倾角可获得更高的能量增益。

太阳辐射模型  /  集热器  /  最佳倾角  /  设计优化

In order to maximize the solar radiation yield, it's imperative to optimize the inclination angle of the solar collector. To this end, a calculation model for solar radiation on inclined surfaces was established, and the computation processes for direct and scattered radiation were separately streamlined. MATLAB was utilized to analyze and perfect the elevation angle of the collector, which led to the determination of monthly and annual optimum inclination angles. The research disclosed that the ideal annual inclination angle in Tianjin is 36.3° , marginally inferior to the local latitude. The monthly tilt angle should vary between 10~64°, with lower degrees in summer and higher in winter. Placing the collector horizontally enhances annual solar radiation by 12.4% and 17.3% at the optimal yearly and monthly inclination angles, correspondingly. Adjusting the optimum tilt angle by 5.0% is feasible when compared with using the local latitude as the tilt angle. Taking Guangzhou, Lhasa, Jinan and Changchun as examples, the annual and monthly optimum tilt angles of these regions are calculated.The comparative analysis of various cities revealed that for regions with high direct radiation proportion, refining the optimal angle on a monthly basis leads to higher energy gains.

solar irradiance model  /  collector  /  optimum tilt angle  /  optimization design
王恩宇, 王天生, 张学友, 沈海笑, 黄运兴. 基于耦合辐射模型的太阳能集热器倾角优化研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (7) : 894 -900 .
Enyu Wang, Tiansheng Wang, Xueyou Zhang, Haixiao Shen, Yunxing Huang. Optimization of solar collector tilt angle based on coupled radiation model[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (7) : 894 -900 .
太阳能作为一种清洁、易获取的可再生能源 [ 1 , 2 ] ,对其高效地开发利用具有重要意义。太阳能热利用技术广泛应用于生活热水、建筑供暖和工业干燥等领域。太阳能集热器是太阳能热利用的关键设备, 优化其安装倾角, 可以增加集热器对太阳辐射能的吸收,另外利用集成热管技术、添加相变材料或纳米流体和安装太阳能反射板装置等, 都可以获得更多的太阳辐射能, 但由于造价因素和复杂结构等,限制了其实际应用。相比于上述几种方法, 优化太阳能集热器倾角不涉及成本支出,简单实用,易于操作。Le Roux W G [ 4 ] 利用南非地区的实测数据, 计算了不同固定倾角下太阳能集热器的年接收太阳辐射量,发现置于全年最佳倾角的太阳能集热器相比于水平固定集热器, 其年累计接收辐射量可增加 10%。Despotovic M [ 5 ] 研究了贝尔格莱德地区太阳能集热器的年度、季度、月度最佳倾角,将太阳能集热器设置在年、季、 月最佳斜角时, 相比屋顶角度放置每年收集的能量将分别提高 ${5.98}\%,{13.55}\%,{15.42}\%$ 。Skeiker K [ 6 ] 使用数学模型对叙利亚地区的最佳倾角展开研究, 发现太阳能集热器使用月最佳倾角相比于水平放置时,可多获得 ${28}\%$ 的年太阳辐射量。因此在实际工程应用中, 合理设计安装倾角对于太阳能集热器系统设计至关重要。
在国内太阳能集热器设计安装时, 大多依据文献[ 7 ]的建议, 即全年使用的太阳能集热器可选择正南方向为方位角、当地纬度为倾角。该建议并未全面考虑当地的气象条件、太阳累计辐照时间, 与最佳值还有一定的差距。已有学者基于水平辐射数据对太阳能集热器最佳倾角进行了大量研究, 但是大多数研究仅采用单一散射计算模型以及忽略了对直接辐射的修正, 考虑到散射计算模型适用天气工况不同 [ 8 ] ,单一散射计算模型并不能较好地计算出倾斜面辐射数据。
本文以天津地区的太阳辐射数据和地理位置为依据, 以太阳能集热器表面累计接收辐射量最大为目标, 采用修正后的直接辐射模型和散射辐射耦合计算模型 [ 9 ] ,利用 MATLAB 仿真模拟软件对太阳能集热器的月度和年度最佳倾角进行计算分析, 以期为天津地区太阳能热利用提供理论借鉴。
天津地区经度为 ${117.2}^{\circ }$ ,纬度为 ${39.13}^{\circ }$ ,年累计日照时长 ${2600}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,太阳年平均辐射量 5108 $\mathrm{{MJ}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 。天津地区各月的辐射数据如 图 1 所示。
图 1 可知, 水平面每月累计总辐射量为 ${186}\sim {618}\mathrm{{MJ}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 。由于水平面累计反射辐射量在总辐射量中占比较小, 图 1 中忽略。天津地区各月水平面散射辐射、直射辐射呈现先升高后降低的趋势。天津 4-8 月雨季集中, 以多云和阴天天气为主,使得散射辐射强度增大、直射辐射强度减小, 因此散射辐射模型的准确性对 4-8 月份辐射量计算显得尤为重要。
倾斜面总辐射量由倾斜面直接辐射量、散射辐射量和地面反射辐射量组成,关系式为
${I}_{\mathrm{t}}= {I}_{\mathrm{{bt}}}+ {I}_{\mathrm{{dt}}}+ {I}_{\mathrm{{rt}}}$
式中: ${I}_{\mathrm{t}},{I}_{\mathrm{{bt}}},{I}_{\mathrm{{dt}}},{I}_{\mathrm{{rt}}}$ 分别为倾斜面接收到的总辐射量、直射辐射量、散射辐射量、反射辐射量, $\mathrm{{MJ}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$
太阳直接辐射指的是未经过散射和反射作用以平行光到达地面上的辐射。直接辐射量受大气透明度、太阳高度角,赤纬角等多重因素影响。倾斜面、水平面直接辐射、直接辐射转换系数表达式 [ 10 ]
${I}_{\mathrm{{bt}}}= {I}_{\mathrm{{bn}}}\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{i}}$
式中: ${I}_{\mathrm{{bn}}}$ 为法向直接辐射量, $\mathrm{{MJ}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};{\theta }_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为倾斜面太阳入射角,(°)。
${I}_{\mathrm{{bh}}}= {I}_{\mathrm{{bn}}}\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{z}}$
式中: ${I}_{\mathrm{{bh}}}$ 为水平直接辐射量, $\mathrm{{MJ}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};{\theta }_{\mathrm{z}}$ 为水平面太阳入射角 (太阳天顶角),(°)。
${R}_{\mathrm{b}}= {I}_{\mathrm{{bt}}}/{I}_{\mathrm{{bh}}}= \cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{i}}/\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{z}}$
式中: ${R}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为直接辐射转换系数。
考虑到实际计算中 ${R}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 在入射角较大时存在一定偏差,依据 Perez 模型 [ 11 ] 对其进行修正:
${R}_{\mathrm{b}}= \max \left({0,\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{i}}}\right)/\max \left({{0.087},\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{z}}}\right)$
太阳天顶角计算式 [ 12 ]
$\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{z}}= \sin \varphi \cdot \sin \delta +\cos \varphi \cdot \cos \delta \cdot \cos \omega $
式中: $\varphi$ 为当地纬度, $\left({}^{\circ }\right);\delta$ 为太阳赤纬角, $\left({}^{\circ }\right);\omega$ 为太阳时角,(°)。
方位角 $\gamma$ 为零时 (即正南方向),倾斜面太阳入射角表达式 [ 12 ]
$\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{i}}= \sin \delta \cdot \sin \left({\varphi -\beta }\right)+ \cos \delta \cdot \cos \omega \cdot \cos \left({\varphi -\beta }\right)$
$\delta ={23.45}\sin \left({{360}\times \frac{{284}+ n}{365}}\right)$
式中: $\beta$ 为倾斜面倾角, $\left({}^{\circ }\right);n$ 为日序数。
太阳辐射模型各角度空间位置及关系如 图 2 所示。
由于太阳赤纬角 $\delta$ 随时间不断发生变化,并不是日序数 $n$ 的简单函数,进而导致倾斜面直接辐射的计算偏离误差较大, 故采用赤纬角拟合公式(9)对直接辐射计算过程进行优化。
散射辐射的强度大小主要与大气透明系数 ${K}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 、云量、太阳高度等因素有关,为了使倾斜面散射辐射计算结果更为准确, 本文采用散射辐射耦合计算模型 [ 9 ] 。该模型将不同天气工况下相对误差较小的散射计算模型进行耦合, 可提高模型的计算精度,进一步优化最佳倾角的计算结果。其中 ${K}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 定义为法向直接辐射与太阳常数的比值。耦合散射辐射模型见 表 1
倾斜面反射辐射量计算表达式 [ 16 ]
${I}_{\mathrm{{rt}}}= \left({{I}_{\mathrm{{bt}}}+ {I}_{\mathrm{{dt}}}}\right){R}_{\mathrm{r}}$
式中: ${R}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为反射辐射转换系数。
${R}_{\mathrm{r}}= \rho \frac{1 -\cos \beta }{2}$
式中: $\rho$ 为地面反射率,通常取值为 0.2,地面积雪时取 0.7 。
依据上述辐射计算模型, 建立最佳倾角计算模型, 其计算流程如 图 3 所示。
图 3${R}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为散射辐射转换系数。辐照度瞬时值与累计辐射量的计算式为
$ I ={10}^{-6}\times {\int }_{{t}_{1}}^{{t}_{2}}G\mathrm{\;d}t $
式中: $I$ 为辐射量, $\mathrm{{MJ}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};G$ 为瞬时辐照度, $\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};t$ 为时间, s。
使用天津地区太阳辐射数据、地理位置, 采用遍历算法进行寻优计算, 程序运行时对太阳能集热器倾角进行初始化,以 2 ° 为步长遍历 0~90 °内的太阳能集热器倾角, 计算集热器累计获得辐射量, 其中最大值对应的倾角即是最优倾角。
模型验证基于 2023 年 5 月天津地区实测辐射数据。试验设备为 TINEL-QX5 型太阳能数据采集系统,该设备测量值为 $0 \sim {2000}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ,测量精度为 $\pm 2\%$ 。辐照数据采集频率为 1 次 $/\mathrm{{min}}$ ,可将辐照度逐分积分为辐射量并记录。采集内容包括直接辐射、散射辐射、水平面总辐射、倾斜面总辐射。 5 月 1-31 日倾斜面实测辐射量与计算值的对比见 图 4
图 4 可知, 耦合模型计算值与实测值较为吻合,平均误差可保持在 5% 以内,辐射模型可以较好地应对不同天气工况。
天津地区辐射数据来源于位于某节能楼的 TINEL-QX5 气象采集系统实测数据。对每日辐射数据进行小时均值处理, 确保计算所用辐射数据准确。
使用本文建立的倾斜面太阳辐射计算模型, 以天津地区为例, 仿真计算了 1-12 月不同倾角下倾斜面的全天累计太阳辐射量,太阳能集热器倾角设置为 $0 \sim {90}^{\circ }$ ,迭代步长为 ${2}^{\circ }$ ,计算结果见 图 5
图 5 中可以看出, 天津地区不同倾角的倾斜面接收太阳辐射量不同。天津地区位于北半球, 由于 1~6 月太阳直射点向北回归线移动,天津地区太阳高度角逐渐增加, 倾斜面太阳入射角随之减小,为获得倾斜面最大累计辐射量,应当减小倾斜面倾角; 6-12 月太阳直射点向南回归线移动,应当增大太阳能集热器倾角。每月太阳能集热器最优安装倾角推荐值见 表 2
根据辐射数据对各月最佳倾角进行加权计算,计算式见式(12),得出夏半年 (4-9月)、冬半年(10-3 月)最佳倾角分别为 ${20.6}^{\circ },{58.9}^{\circ }$
$ x =\frac{{x}_{1}{\omega }_{1}+ {x}_{2}{\omega }_{2}+ \cdots +{x}_{n}{\omega }_{n}}{{\omega }_{1}+ {\omega }_{2}+ \cdots +{\omega }_{n}}$
式中: $x$ 为加权平均值; ${x}_{1},{x}_{2},\ldots ,{x}_{n}$ 分别为各月最佳倾角; ${\omega }_{1},{\omega }_{2},\ldots ,{\omega }_{n}$ 分别为 ${x}_{1},{x}_{2},\ldots ,{x}_{n}$ 的权。
对于全年使用的太阳能集热器, 最佳倾角的求解必须从全年倾斜面的累计总辐射量来计算寻优,为此将该模拟程序的步长调整为 ${5}^{\circ }$ 。倾斜面上的全年累计太阳辐射量随倾角的变化关系如 图 6 所示。
图 6 可知, 天津地区倾斜面全年累计辐射量随安装倾角的增大而呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,辐射量峰值出现在 ${30}\sim {40}^{\circ }$ ,这表明天津地区太阳能集热器全年最佳安装倾角为 ${30}\sim {40}^{\circ }$ ,而各月倾斜面累计辐射量随安装倾角的增大而呈现出先增大后减小再增大的趋势, 这是因为天津地区冬半年各月最佳倾角较大, 夏半年各月最佳倾角较小。最佳安装倾角随月份不断变化,所以计算最佳倾角时应当充分考虑当地地理条件、气候特征等因素。进一步调整步长为 ${0.1}^{\circ }$ ,求解倾角为 ${30}\sim$ ${40}^{\circ }$ ,对全年太阳能集热器最佳安装倾角进行细化计算,得出天津地区太阳能集热器年最佳倾角为 ${36.3}^{\circ }$ ,这与传统工程经验认为的以当地纬度 39 ${}^{\circ }$ 作为安装倾角稍有不同。
以天津当地纬度 $\left({39}^{\circ }\right)$ 、年最佳倾角、月最佳倾角 (逐月改变) 和屋顶斜面 $\left({23}^{\circ }\right)$ 作为倾角,对倾斜面月累计太阳辐射量随月份的变化作进一步对比分析,结果如 图 7 所示。
图 7 中可以看出, 不同倾角的倾斜面月累计太阳辐射量随月份的变化关系趋向一致, 月最佳倾角的倾斜面累计太阳辐射量始终高于全年不变倾角的倾斜面。在 1-3 月、9-12 月,36.3 °倾角的斜面上的月累计太阳辐射量小于 39 °倾斜面上的累计辐射量,而 4-10 月则相反。这是因为月最佳倾角周期性波动所致。年最佳倾角 $\left({36.3}^{\circ }\right)$ 、月最佳倾角、当地纬度角 $\left({39}^{\circ }\right)$ 、屋顶斜面 $\left({23}^{\circ }\right)$ 和水平面全年累计接收到的太阳辐射量分别为 ${5418},{5652},{5385},{5371},{4820}\mathrm{{MJ}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 。以水平面年辐射量为基准,太阳能集热器分别处于年最佳倾角、月最佳倾角、当地纬度角和屋顶斜面倾角时, 倾斜面可分别提高太阳总辐射量的 12.4%, ${17.3}\%,{11.7}\%,{11.4}\%$ 。若按月最佳倾角推荐值对倾角进行调整, 相比于以当地纬度作为倾角情况下,太阳能集热器倾斜面每年可多获得 ${267}\mathrm{{MJ}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 的太阳能, 提高太阳总辐射量 5.0%。
选取广州 $\left({\varphi ={23.17}^{\circ }}\right)$ 、拉萨 $\left({\varphi ={29.67}^{\circ }}\right)$ 、济南 $\left({\varphi ={36.6}^{\circ }}\right)$ 和长春 $\left({\varphi ={43.9}^{\circ }}\right)$ 几个地区进行对比分析, 基于建筑用标准气象数据库辐射数据, 计算得出各地区月最佳倾角,见 表 3
计算所得广州、拉萨、济南和长春,年最佳倾角分别为 ${18}^{\circ },{28}^{\circ },{34}^{\circ },{42}^{\circ }$
以当地纬度、月最佳倾角 (逐月改变)、年最佳倾角作为倾角, 对不同地区的倾斜面上的月累计太阳辐射量作进一步计算,见 表 4
表 4 中可以看出, 各个地区的全年最佳倾角对应的辐射量均高于当地纬度角对应的辐射量, 而逐月改变的最佳倾角对应的辐射量始终大于另外两种倾角。以水平面年辐射量为基准,广州、拉萨、济南和长春地区年最佳倾角下可分别提高年辐射量的 ${3.5}\%,{12.4}\%,{10.1}\%,{24.0}\%$ ;月最佳倾角下可分别提高年辐射量 ${7.0}\%,{19.6}\%$ , ${14.6}\%,{31.3}\%$ 。不同地区逐月改变最佳倾角对辐射量的提升效果不同,其中拉萨、长春地区提升较为显著, 相比于当地纬度作为倾角, 月最佳倾角下倾斜面可分别提高年辐射量的 ${6.4}\%,{6.0}\%$ ,广州、 济南地区次之,年辐射量可提高 ${3.7}\%,{4.6}\%$ 。这是因为, 拉萨、长春地区年散射辐射占水平面年总辐射比值较低,两者分别为 ${38}\%,{46}\%$ ,而广州、济南地区这一比值为 ${68}\%,{61}\%$ 。散射辐射占比较低, 则直接辐射占比较高,因直接辐射趋向于各向异性,对倾角的改变提升更为明显,因此在直接辐射占比较高的地区逐月改变倾角可以获得更高的能量增益。
该研究基于太阳能集热器倾斜面获得累计最大辐射量为原则, 考虑到太阳能集热器运行过程中集热量受环境温度、传热工质进出口流量及温度、储热水箱温度等多重因素影响,最大集热量所处最佳倾角与最大辐射量对应最佳倾角是否一致, 有待建立太阳能集热器光学模型、热学模型进一步研究证实。
本文基于太阳能直接辐射和散射辐射耦合计算模型, 在 MATLAB 中建立仿真计算程序, 以倾斜面运行期间获得最大累计辐射量为目标,对天津地区太阳能集热器的最佳安装倾角进行仿真计算, 得到以下结论。
①仿真计算得出的天津地区太阳能集热器年最佳倾角与相关标准——《民用建筑太阳能热水系统应用技术规范》中的建议稍有差异。月最佳倾角为 ${10}\sim {64}^{\circ }$ ;冬半年、夏半年推荐倾角分别为 ${58.9}^{\circ }$ , ${20.6}^{\circ }$ ; 太阳能集热器全年使用以 ${36.3}^{\circ }$ 为最佳倾角。
②以水平面辐射量为参考,太阳能集热器倾角分别为年最佳倾角、月最佳倾角、当地纬度角和屋顶斜面时, 集热器吸收的太阳总辐射量分别提高 12.4%, 17.3%, 11.7%, 11.4%。
③以月最佳倾角值对安装倾角进行调整,较以天津当地纬度 39 °作为倾角时,集热器每年可多获得 ${267}\mathrm{{MJ}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 的太阳能,接收的总辐射量可提高 5.0%。将太阳能集热器安装在倾角可变的支撑结构上, 根据各月最佳倾角建议值进行调整, 从而提高太阳能获得量,效果明显。
④对不同地区年、月最佳倾角进行仿真分析, 广州、拉萨、济南、长春的太阳能集热器倾斜面年辐射量相比水平年辐射量,在年最佳倾角下可分别提高 ${3.5}\%,{12.4}\%,{10.1}\%,{24.0}\%$ ,在月最佳倾角下可分别提高 ${7.0}\%,{19.6}\%,{14.6}\%,{31.3}\%$ 。以当地纬度角下倾斜面所获年辐射量为基准时,广州、拉萨、济南和长春地区在月最佳倾角下,可提高总辐射量的 ${3.7}\%,{6.4}\%,{4.6}\%,{6.0}\%$ 。逐月改变最佳倾角对总辐射量的提升率不同,直射辐射占比较高的地区倾向于获得更高的能量增益。
  • 天津市重点研发计划项目(17YFCZZC00560)
  • 天津市重点研发计划项目(18YFCZZC00080)
  • 沧州市重大科技专项(202301005Z)
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  • 接收时间:2023-07-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-10
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天津市重点研发计划项目(17YFCZZC00560)
天津市重点研发计划项目(18YFCZZC00080)
沧州市重大科技专项(202301005Z)
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    1 河北工业大学 能源与环境工程学院 天津 300401
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