Article(id=1154429169745252759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429165668393604, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698681600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166962324, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1721404800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166962324, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166962324, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166962324, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154429165668393604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='7', pageStart='853', pageEnd='994', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166961351, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694581412, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642164642796057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429165668393604, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642164646990362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429165668393604, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=868, endPage=876, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154429170215014824, articleId=1154429169745252759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Effect of emulsifier on evaporation and micro-explosion characteristics of methanol-diesel droplets, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The microexplosion of emulsified fuel can promote fuel atomization and mixing, however the key to affect its microexplosion characteristic is the emulsifier. Emulsified methanoldiesel was prepared by mechanical emulsification and phacoemulsification, to study the effect of emulsifier types and content on the stability and dispersion of micro emulsified methanoldiesel. The results show the dispersion of the micro emulsified methanoldiesel can be improved by using compound emulsifiers and increasing the emulsifier content; The increase of emulsifier content can improve the microexplosion intensity, delay the initial time of microexplosion, reduce the droplet life, and reduce the droplet evaporation rate in the stabilization stage; The microexplosion intensity of methanol emulsifier content ratio of 10:5 and 10:8 was increased by 34.3% and 37.6% compared with methanol emulsifier content ratio of 10:3 respectively.

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乳化燃油微爆能够促进燃油雾化和混合,影响其微爆性能的关键是乳化剂。文章采用机械搅拌加超声搅拌法制备了微乳化甲醇柴油,研究了乳化剂种类和含量对微乳化甲醇柴油稳定性和分散性的影响规律。研究结果表明:采用复合乳化剂和增加乳化剂含量均能提高微乳化甲醇柴油的分散性;增加乳化剂含量能够提高液滴微爆强度,推迟初次微爆时刻,减少液滴寿命,降低稳定阶段的液滴蒸发速率;当甲醇和乳化剂的质量比为10:5和10:8时,液滴微爆强度分别比甲醇和乳化剂质量比为10:3时提高了34.3%和37.6%。

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杨伟(1985-),男,博士,讲师,研究方向为可再生能源燃烧理论及应用。E-mail:

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杨伟(1985-),男,博士,讲师,研究方向为可再生能源燃烧理论及应用。E-mail:

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杨伟(1985-),男,博士,讲师,研究方向为可再生能源燃烧理论及应用。E-mail:

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, figureFileSmall=ubJnGhfXzkCLMM7DrwyMpA==, figureFileBig=9ScUOtVqbyvWlZ3LZslh/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429233775497626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429169745252759, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Characterization of droplet evaporation process, figureFileSmall=BHEFhRvwnsQIh2laEgZrnw==, figureFileBig=ojwe4yaQDCB5Q6lRQzgvYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429233830023580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429169745252759, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=液滴蒸发过程特征描述, figureFileSmall=BHEFhRvwnsQIh2laEgZrnw==, figureFileBig=ojwe4yaQDCB5Q6lRQzgvYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429233880355230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429169745252759, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The dispersed phase under different emulsifiers, figureFileSmall=w+ZvESpNeh83kyXrfx+h+w==, figureFileBig=7ofkK+cBzNqKbd86h9cowg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429233943269792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429169745252759, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=不同乳化剂下的分散相, figureFileSmall=w+ZvESpNeh83kyXrfx+h+w==, figureFileBig=7ofkK+cBzNqKbd86h9cowg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429233997795746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429169745252759, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Histogram of dispersed phase diameter under different emulsifiers, figureFileSmall=S9MBQAaNubW4CbHjWmsGRA==, figureFileBig=pc/jOvkluq9CIrhPazm1Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429234060710308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429169745252759, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=不同乳化剂下的分散相直径直方图, figureFileSmall=S9MBQAaNubW4CbHjWmsGRA==, figureFileBig=pc/jOvkluq9CIrhPazm1Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429234127819174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429169745252759, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Dispersed phases under different emulsifier contents, figureFileSmall=S74Hnu5cPpPfmA44HZlddQ==, figureFileBig=k0+mRsdkIf2MeZzIMs7KLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429234182345128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429169745252759, language=CN, label=图 6, caption=不同乳化剂含量下的分散相, figureFileSmall=S74Hnu5cPpPfmA44HZlddQ==, figureFileBig=k0+mRsdkIf2MeZzIMs7KLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429234257842601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429169745252759, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Histogram of dispersed phase diameter under different emulsifier contents, figureFileSmall=rO/hmQoXe/cLsXQZmwII6A==, figureFileBig=L0+oCGiAggqCdKjvd07tCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429234299785642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429169745252759, language=CN, label=图 7, caption=不同乳化剂含量下的分散相直径直方图, figureFileSmall=rO/hmQoXe/cLsXQZmwII6A==, figureFileBig=L0+oCGiAggqCdKjvd07tCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429234345922987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429169745252759, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Droplet evaporation process under different emulsifier contents, figureFileSmall=4Ih+Fk23pHiNE/87/HmQ1w==, figureFileBig=j5j4N1ljQvY7AY2GBmBeTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429234400448940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429169745252759, language=CN, label=图 8, caption=不同乳化剂含量下液滴蒸发过程, figureFileSmall=4Ih+Fk23pHiNE/87/HmQ1w==, figureFileBig=j5j4N1ljQvY7AY2GBmBeTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429234446586285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429169745252759, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Normalized droplet diameter squared under different emulsifier contents, figureFileSmall=R6RT+EMnAOtz5fVTbWvDBg==, figureFileBig=mAM70Zw3lEnNaZOSm2Gzbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429234501112238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429169745252759, language=CN, label=图 9, caption=不同乳化剂含量下的归一化液滴直径平方, figureFileSmall=R6RT+EMnAOtz5fVTbWvDBg==, figureFileBig=mAM70Zw3lEnNaZOSm2Gzbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429234555638191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429169745252759, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Droplet evaporation rate and lifetime under different emulsifier contents, figureFileSmall=VdcUuymVGFiXAyGNVrh7Qw==, figureFileBig=PPbpa+3yluAtAX7U4tPsjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429234605969840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429169745252759, language=CN, label=图 10, caption=不同乳化剂含量下液滴蒸发速率及寿命, figureFileSmall=VdcUuymVGFiXAyGNVrh7Qw==, figureFileBig=PPbpa+3yluAtAX7U4tPsjg==, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429234824073652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429169745252759, language=CN, label=图 12, caption=不同乳化剂含量比下的各阶段占比, figureFileSmall=vRaCMm+cXXzt3WXN3i13EA==, figureFileBig=L4rcUSClVC4yn+LrDJmGLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429234874405304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429169745252759, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Evaporation and micro-explosion mechanism of emulsion droplet under different emulsifier contents, figureFileSmall=I0d4jkd9N7muYbmePqo9AA==, figureFileBig=KZvWxDfUdXo6PhB06Gyv/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429234928931260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429169745252759, language=CN, label=图 13, caption=不同乳化剂含量下的乳化液滴蒸发微爆机制, figureFileSmall=I0d4jkd9N7muYbmePqo9AA==, figureFileBig=KZvWxDfUdXo6PhB06Gyv/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429234991845823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429169745252759, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Physical properties of each component of emulsion, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 柴油 甲醇 正丁醇 油酸
分子式 ${\mathrm{C}}_{{12} \sim {25}}$ ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}\mathrm{{OH}}$ ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}{\left( {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{2}\right) }_{3}\mathrm{{OH}}$ ${\mathrm{C}}_{18}{\mathrm{H}}_{34}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$
沸点/℃ 180~370 64.6 117.25 350~360
汽化潜热/kJ $\cdot {\mathrm{{kg}}}^{-1}$ 270 1 167
比热容 $\left( {{20}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}}\right) /\mathrm{{kJ}} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 1.9 2.55
表面张力系数 $\left( {{300} \sim {600}\mathrm{\;K}}\right) /\mathrm{{mN}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$ 0.003~0.040
), ArticleFig(id=1154429235071537600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429169745252759, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=乳化液各组分的物理性质, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 柴油 甲醇 正丁醇 油酸
分子式 ${\mathrm{C}}_{{12} \sim {25}}$ ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}\mathrm{{OH}}$ ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}{\left( {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{2}\right) }_{3}\mathrm{{OH}}$ ${\mathrm{C}}_{18}{\mathrm{H}}_{34}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$
沸点/℃ 180~370 64.6 117.25 350~360
汽化潜热/kJ $\cdot {\mathrm{{kg}}}^{-1}$ 270 1 167
比热容 $\left( {{20}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}}\right) /\mathrm{{kJ}} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 1.9 2.55
表面张力系数 $\left( {{300} \sim {600}\mathrm{\;K}}\right) /\mathrm{{mN}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$ 0.003~0.040
), ArticleFig(id=1154429235126063553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429169745252759, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Mass of each component of emulsion, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乳化剂种类 甲醇与乳化剂质量比 乳化剂质量/g 柴油质量/g
油酸 10:5 3.75 38.75
正丁醇 10:5 3.75 38.75
复合乳化剂 10:5 3.75 38.75
复合乳化剂 10:3 2.25 40.25
复合乳化剂 10:8 6.00 36.50
), ArticleFig(id=1154429235201561026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429169745252759, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=乳化液各组分的质量, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乳化剂种类 甲醇与乳化剂质量比 乳化剂质量/g 柴油质量/g
油酸 10:5 3.75 38.75
正丁醇 10:5 3.75 38.75
复合乳化剂 10:5 3.75 38.75
复合乳化剂 10:3 2.25 40.25
复合乳化剂 10:8 6.00 36.50
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乳化剂对甲醇柴油液滴蒸发微爆特性的影响
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杨伟 1 , 邹润 1 , 马富康 1 , 苏立旺 2 , 胡佳康 1
可再生能源 | 2024,42(7): 868-876
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(7): 868-876
乳化剂对甲醇柴油液滴蒸发微爆特性的影响
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杨伟1 , 邹润1, 马富康1, 苏立旺2, 胡佳康1
作者信息
  • 1 中北大学 能源与动力工程学院 山西 太原 030051
  • 2 中国北方发动机研究所(天津) 天津 300400
  • 杨伟(1985-),男,博士,讲师,研究方向为可再生能源燃烧理论及应用。E-mail:

Effect of emulsifier on evaporation and micro-explosion characteristics of methanol-diesel droplets
Wei Yang1 , Run Zou1, Fukang Ma1, Liwang Su2, Jiakang Hu1
Affiliations
  • 1 Shool of Energy and Power Engineering North University of China Taiyuan 030051 China
  • 2 China North Engine Research Institute (Tianjin) Tianjin 300400 China
出版时间: 2024-07-20
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乳化燃油微爆能够促进燃油雾化和混合,影响其微爆性能的关键是乳化剂。文章采用机械搅拌加超声搅拌法制备了微乳化甲醇柴油,研究了乳化剂种类和含量对微乳化甲醇柴油稳定性和分散性的影响规律。研究结果表明:采用复合乳化剂和增加乳化剂含量均能提高微乳化甲醇柴油的分散性;增加乳化剂含量能够提高液滴微爆强度,推迟初次微爆时刻,减少液滴寿命,降低稳定阶段的液滴蒸发速率;当甲醇和乳化剂的质量比为10:5和10:8时,液滴微爆强度分别比甲醇和乳化剂质量比为10:3时提高了34.3%和37.6%。

甲醇柴油  /  液滴  /  蒸发特性  /  微爆

The microexplosion of emulsified fuel can promote fuel atomization and mixing, however the key to affect its microexplosion characteristic is the emulsifier. Emulsified methanoldiesel was prepared by mechanical emulsification and phacoemulsification, to study the effect of emulsifier types and content on the stability and dispersion of micro emulsified methanoldiesel. The results show the dispersion of the micro emulsified methanoldiesel can be improved by using compound emulsifiers and increasing the emulsifier content; The increase of emulsifier content can improve the microexplosion intensity, delay the initial time of microexplosion, reduce the droplet life, and reduce the droplet evaporation rate in the stabilization stage; The microexplosion intensity of methanol emulsifier content ratio of 10:5 and 10:8 was increased by 34.3% and 37.6% compared with methanol emulsifier content ratio of 10:3 respectively.

methanol-diesel  /  droplets  /  evaporation characteristics  /  micro-explosion
杨伟, 邹润, 马富康, 苏立旺, 胡佳康. 乳化剂对甲醇柴油液滴蒸发微爆特性的影响. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (7) : 868 -876 .
Wei Yang, Run Zou, Fukang Ma, Liwang Su, Jiakang Hu. Effect of emulsifier on evaporation and micro-explosion characteristics of methanol-diesel droplets[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (7) : 868 -876 .
目前,全球气候变化的形势日趋严峻,二氧化碳排放在波动中逐渐增长 [ 1 ] 。世界各国使用的能源正逐渐向低碳、清洁的方向发展,因此,风能、太阳能等可再生能源的开发应用备受关注。预计到 2050 年,可再生能源在全球一次能源中的占比将增至 35%~65%,风能与太阳能发电量将有望增长约 20 倍,达到 ${40}\sim {45}\mathrm{{PW}}\cdot {\mathrm{h}}$ [ 2 ] 。但是,风能与太阳能的间歇性特点必然带来能源供应的波动性, 同时也会影响国家能源安全。因此,为了保障“双碳” 政策的稳步实施, 既要大力发展风能、太阳能等可再生能源, 也要进一步加强化石燃料的高效清洁利用。
柴油是重要的化石燃料之一, 其主要应用于柴油机,在国民生产中占有重要地位 [ 3 ] 。传统柴油机减碳主要通过优化油气室从而促进混合燃烧, 这种方式旨在提高柴油机热效率, 属于消极降 [ 4 , 5 ] 。而积极降碳的最有效方式是直接掺烧低碳燃料,即在确保动力性的前提下,尽量增加低碳燃料的替代率。甲醇属于工业副产品, 具有来源广泛、成本低的优点,是一种理想的低碳燃料 [ 6 - 8 ] 。当前, 甲醇主要采用高能燃料引燃和二元燃料双喷的方式与柴油掺烧 [ 9 ] ,这两种方法均需配备两套燃油系统,必然导致成本增加,而将甲醇和柴油乳化后使用,仅需一套燃油系统。随着温度的升高, 乳化燃料的热力学平衡会被打破,各自特性交叉浮现,从而相互促进,实现高效清洁燃烧 [ 10 ] 。这种特性就是微爆, 微爆既可导致液滴多次破碎, 促进雾化,还能引发多点着火,有助于形成均质燃烧 [ 11 ]
乳化剂会直接影响甲醇柴油分散相的分布、 大小及甲醇柴油乳化液的稳定性, 进而影响其微爆特性 [ 12 ] 。焦纬洲 [ 13 ] 发现,甲醇分散相的平均粒径随着分散器转速、乳化时间和乳化剂用量的增大而减小,随着甲醇含量的增加而增大。宋印东 [ 14 ] 研究发现,由油酸、乙酸乙酯、异丁醇和大豆油配制的复合乳化剂可使微乳化燃油的稳定性持续一年。Fedorenko R M [ 15 ] 研究了乳化柴油的液滴喷射/ 微爆过程, 发现首次微爆时间随着环境温度和初始液滴半径的增加而减小。齐正达 [ 16 ] 研究发现,随着甲醇体积分数的增加, 乳化液液滴的破碎时刻先提前后推迟,当甲醇体积分数为 30%时,微爆效果最优。Wang Z [ 17 ] 研究了含有 $5\%$ (质量分数) Span 80 的乳化柴油在不同背景温度下的蒸发过程, 结果表明, 随着背景温度的增加, 归一化平方直径峰值出现在 ${773}\mathrm{\;K}$ ,而后逐渐减小。Zhang H [ 18 ] 通过连续激光技术发现, 乳化剂的增加能够改善乳化液的稳定性,但会减小强微爆发生的几率。
综上可知, 现有研究主要关注乳化剂配比对乳化液特性的影响, 以及固定乳化剂配比的情况下乳化剂含量对乳化液液滴蒸发微爆特性的影响, 有关乳化剂对乳化液液滴蒸发微爆特性的影响机理尚不明确。鉴于此,本文采用显微摄像法研究了乳化剂种类和配比对乳化液稳定性和分散性的影响, 进而采用高速摄影技术研究了乳化剂含量对乳化液液滴蒸发微爆过程的影响, 揭示了乳化剂对乳化液液滴蒸发微爆特性的影响机理,为可控微爆雾化技术的应用提供了参考依据。
本文选用 ${0}^{\#}$ 柴油作为乳化液(微乳化甲醇柴油)油相组分,市售甲醇为乳化液水相组分。乳化剂为油酸、正丁醇和两者混合配制而成的复合乳化剂, 其中复合乳化剂中油酸和正丁醇的体积比为 $9 :{1}$ [ 19 ] 。乳化液相关组分的物理性质如 表 1 所示。
为了确保乳化液的稳定性及分散性,采用机械搅拌加超声搅拌的方式制备乳化液, 首先采用 JJ-1B 型恒速电动搅拌器进行预乳化,然后采用 KH-2860J 型超声波搅拌乳化机进行最终乳化。 乳化后通过静置观察法评定乳化液是否分层, 通过 AE2000Met 型光学显微镜观察分散相的分布情况。乳化液的稳定性及分散相情况如 图 1 所示。
配制的乳化液的总质量为 ${50}\mathrm{g}$ ,其中甲醇的质量为 ${7.5}\mathrm{g}$ ,其他组分的质量见 表 2
为了保证试验的一致性,确定试验温度为 $({20}\pm$ 1) ${}^{c}$ C,乳化时间为 $6\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 。乳化剂含量和种类决定着乳化液的稳定性和分散性, 进而会影响乳化液液滴的蒸发微爆特性。因此, 本文分别研究了乳化剂种类(油酸、正丁醇和复合乳化剂)和乳化剂含量(甲醇与乳化剂的质量比分别为 ${10}: 3,{10}: 5$ 和 10:8)对乳化液特性的影响。
本文搭建了如 图 2 所示的挂滴式液滴蒸发试验台。
该试验台主要包括高温蒸发弹体及加热系统、液滴制备传送系统和图像采集系统。高温蒸发弹体及加热系统由加热丝、温度传感器、温控仪和保温箱体等多个组件构成, 其主要功能是给液滴提供稳定的高温蒸发环境。通过微量进样器控制微乳化液的体积进而控制液滴大小。液滴悬挂装置采用耐高温的热电偶丝, 为了确保热电偶丝不受外部环境的影响, 热电偶丝外部增加了耐高温陶瓷管。液滴传输系统采用电控线性模组,能够将液滴准确、快速地传送到容弹内的指定位置。图像采集系统主要包括高速摄影机、微距镜头、冷光源和计算机采集软件等部分。
为了定量评价乳化液的分散性, 引入索特平均直径 ${D}_{32}$ ,其计算式为
${D}_{32}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{n}_{i}{d}_{i}^{3}/\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{n}_{i}{d}_{i}^{2}$
式中: ${d}_{i}$ 为分散相直径; ${n}_{i}$ 为直径为 ${d}_{i}$ 的分散相的体积分布概率; $N$ 为分散相总数。
在乳化液液滴蒸发过程中, 常伴随着液滴膨胀、微爆及喷射等现象,而液滴内部主要发生气泡的成核与生长。这些现象最终表现为液滴体积的变化, 但采用高速摄影技术无法直接获得液滴体积的变化。由于液滴体积变化与液滴面积变化成正相关,因此采用归一化液滴直径的平方 $L$ 来表征液滴体积变化 [ 17 ]
$ L ={d}^{2}/{d}_{0}^{2}$
式中: $d$ 为不同时刻的液滴直径, $\mathrm{{mm}};{d}_{0}$ 为液滴初始直径, mm。
随时间变化的归一化液滴直径平方 ( 图 3 )基本包含了研究乳化液液滴蒸发过程的主要信息。 乳化燃油液滴蒸发过程中主要发生微爆和喷射现象。为了定量分析乳化燃油的微爆特性, 可采用液滴达到最大尺寸且即将微爆时与液滴开始膨胀前的尺度参数比, 该比值表征的是液滴微爆前所集聚的能量,也称为膨胀比 [ 16 ] ;也可采用液滴微爆后与液滴达到最大尺寸且即将微爆时的尺度参数比,该比值表征的是液滴微爆后液滴自身的能量损失 [ 20 ] 。本试验中,在微爆发生前,液滴自身的蒸发速率与液滴膨胀的速率基本成正比,未出现显著突变,因此,本文不能采用膨胀比定义微爆强度 ${I}_{o}$图 3 可知,液滴微爆经过了液滴体积的瞬时减小,而后出现不断波动直至恢复的过程。将液滴体积瞬时减少前定义为微爆初始时刻, 液滴不断波动到恢复后定义为液滴微爆终止时刻, 本文采用后一种方法定义微爆强度。
$ I =\frac{{L}_{2}- {L}_{1}}{{L}_{2}}$
式中: ${L}_{1}$ 为液滴微爆结束后的归一化液滴直径平方; ${L}_{2}$ 液滴达到最大尺寸且即将微爆时的归一化液滴直径平方。
稳定蒸发阶段的关键参数是蒸发速率, 蒸发速率为单位时间内单位面积上蒸发出来的燃油质量,通过常规测试手段难以准确测量。单位时间内液滴的蒸发量与液滴直径的平方呈正相关 [ 17 ] ,因此, 本文通过直线拟合稳定蒸发阶段的数据, 以直线斜率的绝对值 $\left| k\right|$ 表征蒸发速率 $K$
$ K =\left| k\right|$
此外,液滴蒸发寿命 $t$ 表征液滴蒸发的快慢, 定义为从液滴出现在挂丝上的时间开始, 至其完全蒸发的时间。
高速摄像机所获得的原始图片包含背景、陶瓷管、热电偶丝和燃油液滴等元素。为了仅获取试验需要的液滴信息, 本文编写了 Matbab 程序对原始图片进行了处理。首先对原始图片进行取灰度图和二值化处理,进而剪除与液滴无关的元素,选定目标液滴图像。填充液滴中心反光区域, 而后根据刚玉管尺寸确定单个像素点投影面积, 由像素和运算得到液滴投影面积, 根据拍摄图片中液滴投影面积变化分析液滴蒸发过程。试验过程中,环境温度对蒸发过程的影响和液滴微爆的发生影响较大,为确保试验结果的准确性,试验前后温度的变化误差控制在 0.5%以内。本文中每组数据均重复做 3 次, 以确保数据的可重复性。
图 4 为不同乳化剂种类下的乳化液分散相。 由 图 4 可知,单一乳化剂下的分散相数量较少、均匀程度较差,而复合乳化剂下的分散相数量众多, 均匀程度较好。
不同乳化剂种类下的分散相直径如 图 5 所示。由 图 5 可知: 复合乳化剂下的分散相总数量为 113 ,显著大于油酸的 26 和正丁醇的 31 ;直径小于 ${100\mu }\mathrm{m}$ 的分散相在复合乳化剂、油酸和正丁醇下的占比分别为 ${75.2}\%,{19.2}\%$$0\%$ ; 直径大于 ${300\mu }\mathrm{m}$ 的分散相在复合乳化剂、油酸和正丁醇下的占比分别为 1.8%, 15.3% 和 16.1%; 复合乳化剂、油酸和正丁醇下的分散相的索特平均直径分别为 258.7,394.9,395.4 $\mu \mathrm{m}$ 。综上可知,分散相在复合乳化剂作用下的均匀性要显著优于在油酸和正丁醇作用下的均匀性。
图 6 为不同乳化剂含量下的乳化液分散相。 由 图 6 可知,随着乳化剂含量的增加,分散相数目逐渐增加, 且分布的均匀性更好。这是由于乳化剂能够有效降低柴油和甲醇之间的界面张力, 从而使甲醇与柴油有效乳化,提高乳化效率 [ 20 ]
不同乳化剂含量下的乳化液分散相直径如 图 7 所示。由 图 7 可知: 当甲醇与乳化剂的质量比分别为 ${10}: 3,{10}: 5$${10}: 8$ 时,分散相的数目分别为 87,113 和 277,直径 ${100\mu }\mathrm{m}$ 以下的分散相的占比分别为 ${1.1}\%,{75.2}\%$${88.4}\%$ ,直径大于 200 $\mu \mathrm{m}$ 的分散相的占比分别为 ${19.5}\%,{3.5}\%$$0\%$ , 分散相的索特平均直径分别为 258.7,164.8,92.28 $\mu {\mathrm{m}}_{\circ }$ 综上可知:随着乳化剂含量的增加,乳化液分散相的粒径变得更小,分布更均匀 [ 21 ] ;在本文研究的乳化剂含量范围内,当甲醇与乳化剂的质量比为 10:8 时,乳化液乳化效果最佳。
图 8 为不同乳化剂含量下液滴的蒸发过程。
图 8 可知, 液滴蒸发过程可分为瞬时蒸发膨胀阶段、波动蒸发阶段和稳定蒸发阶段。在瞬时蒸发膨胀阶段,液滴瞬间受热膨胀,时间比较短, 此时液滴内气泡还未生成, 该阶段由于受到容弹入口处高温气体的影响, 在液滴伸入容弹中指定位置前就已经发生液滴瞬时膨胀。在波动蒸发阶段,液滴膨胀后,由于液滴内甲醇相吸收热量后开始产生气泡核并逐渐长大, 此时液滴膨胀速度与蒸发速度基本成正比, 液滴体积呈现线性减小的趋势;随着液滴进一步受热,液滴内的气泡核不断长大并融合, 直至破碎, 产生较多子液滴, 随后液滴不断波动直至恢复, 进而开始下一次微爆或者进入稳定蒸发阶段。在稳定蒸发阶段, 液滴蒸发速率基本保持恒定, 由于液滴内存在残余的甲醇相, 因而会生成少量小气泡并伴随小液滴的喷射, 液滴逐渐变小至最终消失。随着乳化剂含量的增加, 液滴内初始阶段形成的气泡较大、发生的微爆较剧烈,且伴随子液滴的产生。在稳定蒸发阶段,乳化剂含量高的乳化液出现小液滴喷射的次数较多、强度较大,反之则次数较少、强度较小。这是由于乳化剂含量较多时,液滴内分散相的尺度有助于气泡的生长, 绝大多数甲醇相在波动蒸发阶段通过微爆逸散;而乳化剂含量较少时,液滴分散相的尺度不利于波动蒸发阶段气泡的生长, 绝大多数甲醇相主要在稳定蒸发阶段以喷射的形式逸散。
不同乳化剂含量下的液滴归一化直径平方如 图 9 所示。
图 9 可知,在液滴发生初次微爆前,乳化剂含量较高的液滴蒸发速度较快, 微爆发生时刻较为延后, 但微爆后液滴面积损失较大。这是由于乳化剂含量较高时, 液滴的甲醇分散相较小且均匀性较高,甲醇相受热面积较大,容易促进大气泡的生长;而乳化剂含量较少时,液滴的甲醇分散相较大且均匀性较差,有利于小气泡的生长。在稳定蒸发阶段,不同乳化剂含量的液滴基本呈正比蒸发, 蒸发曲线上会出现数个阶梯状面积突变, 这是蒸发后期液滴内少量残余的甲醇相汽化导致的液滴喷射现象。随着乳化剂含量的增加,稳定蒸发阶段出现的喷射次数和强度均逐渐减少。这是由于乳化剂含量较少的液滴在波动蒸发阶段的微爆强度较小,被汽化和子液滴形式带走的甲醇较少,甲醇相主要在稳定蒸发阶段消耗, 反之则主要在波动蒸发阶段消耗。从促进液滴蒸发雾化的角度分析, 乳化液液滴的微爆应主要控制在波动蒸发阶段, 以促进燃油的快速雾化。
图 10 为不同乳化剂含量下的液滴蒸发速率和寿命。
由 10 可知: 随着乳化剂含量的增加, 液滴的寿命呈线性减小的趋势, 这是因为较高的乳化剂含量有助于改善液滴内甲醇相的大小和均匀性, 促进大气泡的形成,进而导致强微爆的产生,有助于液滴快速雾化;随着乳化剂含量的增加,液滴稳定阶段的蒸发速率逐渐减小。当甲醇和乳化剂的质量比为 10:5 和 10:8 时,液滴蒸发速率基本相同,比甲醇和乳化剂的质量比为 ${10}: 3$ 时的液滴蒸发速率降低了 23.3%~23.8%。这是因为甲醇和乳化剂的质量比为 ${10}: 5$${10}: 8$ 的液滴在稳定蒸发阶段含有很少量的甲醇相,其蒸发速率基本接近柴油的蒸发速率,而甲醇和乳化剂的质量比为 10:3 的液滴在稳定蒸发阶段仍然含有较多的甲醇相, 液滴的不断喷射有助于加快液滴在稳定蒸发阶段的蒸发速率。
图 11 为不同乳化剂含量下的液滴微爆强度和初始微爆时刻。由 图 11 可知, 随着乳化剂含量的增加, 液滴的微爆强度逐渐增大, 当甲醇和乳化剂的质量比为 10:5 和 10:8 时,液滴的微爆强度分别比甲醇和乳化剂的质量比为 ${10}: 3$ 时提高了 34.3%和 37.6%。这是因为微爆强度的大小决定于液滴微爆破碎前液滴内气泡所集聚的能量, 当乳化剂含量较高时,液滴内的甲醇相分布更为均匀, 有助于气泡的生长和气泡间的融合; 当乳化剂含量较低时, 液滴内的甲醇相分布不均匀, 存在部分甲醇相提前汽化生成气泡并发生强度较弱的微爆。这可从不同乳化剂含量下液滴微爆的初始时刻予以佐证。随着乳化剂含量的增加,乳化液滴的初始微爆时刻基本呈逐渐推迟的趋势。当甲醇和乳化剂的质量比为 10:5 和 10:8 时,液滴的初始微爆时刻分别比甲醇和乳化剂的质量比为 10:3 时推迟了 ${0.451}\mathrm{\;s}$${0.397}\mathrm{\;s}$ 。这可能是因为乳化剂含量较高时,液滴内气泡生成时间较长,有助于积蓄更多的能量;反之,则气泡生成时间较短。
不同乳化剂含量下液滴的微爆特性也会影响乳化液液滴蒸发各阶段的占比( 图 12 ),本文中主要体现波动蒸发和稳定蒸发阶段的时间占比。
图 12 可以看出, 当乳化剂含量较低时, 波动蒸发阶段的时间占比较小, 稳定蒸发阶段的时间占比较大,随着乳化剂含量的增加,波动蒸发阶段的时间占比有所增大, 而稳定蒸发阶段的时间占比有所减小。
液滴微爆的前提是液滴内形成液相包裹气相的状态, 且气相在液相还未完全蒸发前, 由于内部压力大于环境压力与液相表张力之和, 将液相撕裂成多个子液滴。在以上分析的基础上, 本文绘制的不同乳化剂含量下液滴蒸发微爆机理如 图 13 所示。
图 13 可以看出:当乳化剂含量较低时,液滴内的甲醇分散相粒径差异较大, 大的分散相需要吸收较多的热量才能汽化,而小的分散相汽化需要的热量较少,能够快速汽化,当这种小气泡游离于液滴边界处时就能提前发生微爆; 当乳化剂含量较高时,液滴内的甲醇分散相粒径差异较小, 分布较均匀,在高温环境下,靠近液滴边界处的甲醇相和柴油相几乎会同时蒸发,因而不易发生微爆, 但有助于液滴中心气泡的生长和融合, 从而促进强微爆的产生。
本文采用机械搅拌加超声搅拌的方式制备了微乳化甲醇柴油, 研究了乳化剂种类和含量对乳化液品质的影响, 采用高速摄影和 Matlab 图像处理方法研究了高温环境下乳化剂含量对液滴蒸发微爆特性的影响规律。
①复合乳化剂下分散相的总数量为 113 ,显著大于单一乳化剂下的分散相数量(油酸为 26, 正丁醇为 31);复合乳化剂下分散相直径主要分布在 ${100\mu }\mathrm{m}$ 以下,占到整个分散相的 ${75.2}\%$ ;复合乳化剂、油酸和正丁醇下的分散相索特平均直径分别为 258.7,394.9,395.4μm。
②随着乳化剂含量的增加,甲醇分散相的数目逐渐增加,粒径尺度逐渐减小;当甲醇与乳化剂的质量比为 ${10}: 3,{10}: 5$${10}: 8$ 时,分散相的索特平均直径分别为 ${258.7},{164.8},{92.28\mu }\mathrm{m}$ ;随着乳化剂含量的增加,甲醇分散相分布越均匀,分散性越高;当甲醇与乳化剂的质量比为 10:8 时,乳化液的乳化效果最佳。
③乳化剂含量的增加会促使液滴寿命和蒸发速率的降低;甲醇与乳化剂的质量比为 10:5 和 10:8 的液滴的蒸发速率基本一致,比甲醇与乳化剂的质量比为 ${10}: 3$ 的液滴的蒸发速率降低了 23.3%~23.8%;乳化剂含量的增加会推迟液滴的初始微爆时刻, 并提高微爆强度; 甲醇与乳化剂的质量比为 10:5 和 10:8 的液滴的微爆强度分别比甲醇与乳化剂的质量比为 ${10}: 3$ 的液滴提高了 34.3%和 37.6%。
④乳化剂含量较低时能够促进气泡的早期成核,不利于大气泡的生成,所形成的液滴微爆强度较弱;乳化剂含量较高时不利于气泡的早期成核, 但能够促进大气泡的生长和融合,所形成的液滴微爆强度较强,能够加快液滴的雾化和蒸发;适当提高乳化剂含量有助于强化液滴微爆雾化, 从而实现可控微爆雾化。
  • 山西省基础研究计划资助项目(20210302123072)
  • 202103021224216
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2024年第42卷第7期
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  • 接收时间:2023-10-31
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-31
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山西省基础研究计划资助项目(20210302123072)
202103021224216
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    1 中北大学 能源与动力工程学院 山西 太原 030051
    2 中国北方发动机研究所(天津) 天津 300400
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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