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Lignin nanoparticles (LNP) as the carbon precursor is used to prepare hierarchical porous carbon using template methods in this study. In comparison to the porous carbons (SLC, FLC) prepared with a single template method, the LNPbased porous carbon (FSLC) is fabricated using nanoSiO2 coupled with PluronicF127 as double templates. This approach results in a honeycomb like structure with typical mesoporous characteristics for FSLC, achieving a mesoporous ratio of up to 87%. As a supercapacitor electrode, FSLC demonstrates good electrochemical performance, with a mass specific capacitance of 250 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g, representing a 163% increase over mass specific capacitance (95 F/g) of the SLC. The dualtemplate method for producing highperformance porous carbon offers a novel approach for utilizing lignin in energy storage application.

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文章以纳米木质素(LNP)为碳前驱体,借助模板法制备了LNP基分级多孔碳。相比于单模板法制备的LNP 基分级多孔碳(SLC 和 FLC),纳米 SiO2 耦合 PluronicF127 作为双模板剂制备的 LNP 基分级多孔碳(FSLC)呈现“蜂窝状”结构,并具有典型的介孔特征,介孔率高达87%。作为超级电容器的电极,FSLC 展现出了很好的电化学性能,当电流密度为0.5 A/g时,其质量比电容为 250 F/g,是SLC 质量比电容(95F/g)的163%。双模板法制备高性能分级多孔碳可为木质素在储能领域的应用提供新途径。

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娄瑞(1983-),女,博士,副教授,研究方向为生物质高效转化利用。E-mail:

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娄瑞(1983-),女,博士,副教授,研究方向为生物质高效转化利用。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=+9rZOuDx2/BYoLQ616J5tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429217522569258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429168507933051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=cSKfwlz9yv78MWIYgHl6qg==, figureFileBig=6rXC6so8oKYPTBkxjjJGbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429217572900907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429168507933051, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=SLC 的热重曲线 Fig. 3 TG curve of SLC, figureFileSmall=cSKfwlz9yv78MWIYgHl6qg==, figureFileBig=6rXC6so8oKYPTBkxjjJGbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429217660981292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429168507933051, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=SEM images of LNP-based porous carbon prepared using different methods, figureFileSmall=Y1RQcSMofz73RywDiYpoWg==, figureFileBig=v48MZ5wq44qLWYDUYBg3Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429217715507245, 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figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 比表面积cm 总孔容cm 微孔孔容cm 介孔率1% 孔径分布/nm
LC 28
FLC 315 0.34 0.11 68
SLC 664 0.85 0.17 80 50~150
FSLC 696 1.29 0.17 87 50~120
), ArticleFig(id=1154429218357235772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429168507933051, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=LNP 基多孔碳的比表面积和孔道结构参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 比表面积cm 总孔容cm 微孔孔容cm 介孔率1% 孔径分布/nm
LC 28
FLC 315 0.34 0.11 68
SLC 664 0.85 0.17 80 50~150
FSLC 696 1.29 0.17 87 50~120
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模板法制备的纳米木质素基分级多孔碳性能研究
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娄瑞 1, 2 , 闫宇欣 1 , 田杰 1 , 牛涛嫄 1 , 董龙华 1 , 张斌 1 , 刘云云 1
可再生能源 | 2024,42(7): 853-859
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(7): 853-859
模板法制备的纳米木质素基分级多孔碳性能研究
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娄瑞1, 2 , 闫宇欣1, 田杰1, 牛涛嫄1, 董龙华1, 张斌1, 刘云云1
作者信息
  • 1 陕西科技大学 机电工程学院 陕西 西安 710021
  • 2 浙江大学 能源高效清洁利用全国重点实验室 浙江 杭州 310027
  • 娄瑞(1983-),女,博士,副教授,研究方向为生物质高效转化利用。E-mail:

Study on the properties of hierarchical lignin nanoparticles-based porous carbon using template method
Rui Lou1, 2 , Yuxin Yan1, Jie Tian1, Taoyuan Niu1, Longhua Dong1, Bin Zhang1, Yunyun Liu1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Shaanxi University of Science & Technology Xi'an 710021 China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
出版时间: 2024-07-20
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文章以纳米木质素(LNP)为碳前驱体,借助模板法制备了LNP基分级多孔碳。相比于单模板法制备的LNP 基分级多孔碳(SLC 和 FLC),纳米 SiO2 耦合 PluronicF127 作为双模板剂制备的 LNP 基分级多孔碳(FSLC)呈现“蜂窝状”结构,并具有典型的介孔特征,介孔率高达87%。作为超级电容器的电极,FSLC 展现出了很好的电化学性能,当电流密度为0.5 A/g时,其质量比电容为 250 F/g,是SLC 质量比电容(95F/g)的163%。双模板法制备高性能分级多孔碳可为木质素在储能领域的应用提供新途径。

纳米木质素  /  模板法  /  多孔碳  /  电化学性能

Lignin nanoparticles (LNP) as the carbon precursor is used to prepare hierarchical porous carbon using template methods in this study. In comparison to the porous carbons (SLC, FLC) prepared with a single template method, the LNPbased porous carbon (FSLC) is fabricated using nanoSiO2 coupled with PluronicF127 as double templates. This approach results in a honeycomb like structure with typical mesoporous characteristics for FSLC, achieving a mesoporous ratio of up to 87%. As a supercapacitor electrode, FSLC demonstrates good electrochemical performance, with a mass specific capacitance of 250 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g, representing a 163% increase over mass specific capacitance (95 F/g) of the SLC. The dualtemplate method for producing highperformance porous carbon offers a novel approach for utilizing lignin in energy storage application.

lignin nanoparticles  /  template method  /  porous carbon  /  electrochemical performance
娄瑞, 闫宇欣, 田杰, 牛涛嫄, 董龙华, 张斌, 刘云云. 模板法制备的纳米木质素基分级多孔碳性能研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (7) : 853 -859 .
Rui Lou, Yuxin Yan, Jie Tian, Taoyuan Niu, Longhua Dong, Bin Zhang, Yunyun Liu. Study on the properties of hierarchical lignin nanoparticles-based porous carbon using template method[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (7) : 853 -859 .
木质素是制浆造纸、生物乙醇和制糖等工业加工过程的剩余物, 长期以来未得到高附加值的转化利用,大部分作为工业废弃物被焚烧处理,带来环境污染和 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 排放等问题。作为第二大天然聚合物, 木质素具有丰富的官能团和无定形的三维网状结构, 其碳含量高、可再生、成本低廉, 是制备超级电容器电极材料的理想碳源 [ 1 ] 。与传统的工业木质素和酶解木质素相比,纳米木质素 (Lignin Nanoparticles, LNP)具有纳米粒子的一般特性, 表现出更高的比表面积、表面能和表面张力, 更多的表面原子数以及高反应活性, 在传感器、吸附催化、电极材料、微纳米器件和生物医学等领域有广泛应用 [ 2 ]
相比于石墨烯、氧化石墨烯、碳纳米管等碳材料, 木质素衍生多孔碳具有更廉价的前驱体来源, 且具有可再生、比表面积高等优势, 可围绕 “微观结构-宏观调控”开展多尺度、定向调控、高效制备多孔碳材料 [ 3 ] 。前期研究显示 [ 4 ] ,在直接热解碳化过程中, LNP 易发生团聚和骨架坍塌, 使得木质素衍生碳的比表面积较小、孔结构单一、活性位点较低,影响了木质素衍生碳材料的导电性和电化学性能; 通过化学活化法热解木质素可形成总孔容积更大, 介孔率更高的分级多孔碳, 从而获得更出色的电化学性能。此外, 模板法也是改善多孔碳的孔道结构和提高其反应活性的一种有效调控方法。Song Y [ 5 ] 以纳米氧化酶和 Pluronic-F127 作为软模板, 以麦草碱法制得的木质素为碳源制备电极材料,当电流密度为 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;A}/\mathrm{g}$ 时,该电极材料的质量比电容可达到 ${186.3}\mathrm{\;F}/\mathrm{g}$ 。Huang S [ 6 ] 以碱木质素为碳源,以 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 作为硬模板制备的负极材料在 100 圈循环后仍表现出较高的可逆容量( 1 109 $\mathrm{{mA}}/\mathrm{g}$ )。由此可见,模板法可以有效调节、优化木质素衍生碳的孔道结构, 增强碳材料的电化学性能。
目前,以纳米 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 或 PluronicF127 为模板制备多孔碳电极材料的研究取得了一定的进展, 但以 LNP 作为前驱体,通过双模板法制备应用于超级电容器的多孔碳电极材料的研究鲜有报道 [ 7 , 8 ] 。 因此, 本文以从麦草秸秆中分离、制备的 LNP 为原料,以纳米 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 和 PluronicF127 作为模板剂, 采用单模板与双模板对照法制备 LNP 基多孔碳, 并对其结构和电化学性能进行研究。本研究将麦秸秆中提取的性能均一、廉价易得的木质素作为前驱体制备多孔碳用于储能领域, 为生物质的高值化利用提供了新的途径。
麦草类纳米木质素的分离制备参考文献[ 4 ], 纳米 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ (粒径为 ${10}\sim {15}\mathrm{\;{nm}}$ ) 和 PluronicF127 均购自上海麦克林试剂官网。
${1.000}\mathrm{\;g}$ LNP 溶解在 ${40}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 四氢呋喃中,将 ${0.500}\mathrm{\;g}$ 纳米 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 粉末分散在 ${10}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 无水乙醇中, 将上述混合物混合后在室温下搅拌 ${12}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,置于60 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下烘干,研磨,随后置于管式炉中在 ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ (纯度为 99.999%)气氛下热解,以 ${3}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 的升温速率从室温升至 ${600}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 并保温 ${15}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,之后随炉冷却至室温,样品取出后置于 ${200}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 氢氟酸 $\left({1\mathrm{{mol}}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$ 溶液中搅拌 ${12}\mathrm{\;h}$ 以去除纳米 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ ,去离子水洗 $3 \sim$ 5 次, 直至溶液呈中性。最后, 将所得固体在 105 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下烘干,即得到纳米 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 单模板法制备的 LNP 基多孔碳(SLC)。
${1.000}\mathrm{\;g}\mathrm{{LNP}}$ 溶解于 ${20}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 四氢呋喃中,将 0.400 g PluronicF127 溶解于 ${10}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 去离子水中, 将上述溶液混合后在室温下搅拌 ${12}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,置于 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下烘干,研磨,随后置于管式炉中在 ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ 气氛下热解,以 ${3}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 的升温速率从室温升至 ${600}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 并保温 ${15}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,之后随炉冷却至室温,即得到 PluronicF127 单模板法制备的 LNP 基多孔碳 (FLC)。
分别将 ${1.000}\mathrm{\;g}$ LNP 溶解在 ${40}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 四氢呋喃中, ${0.500}\mathrm{\;g}$ 纳米 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 分散在 ${10}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 无水乙醇中, 0.400 g PluronicF127 溶解在 ${10}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 去离子水中, 将上述溶液在室温下混合搅拌 ${12}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,随后置于60 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下烘干,研磨。将上述粉末置于管式炉中,在 ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ 气氛下进行热解,以 ${3}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 的升温速率从室温升至 ${600}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 并保温 ${15}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,之后随炉冷却至室温。 样品取出后在 ${200}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 氢氟酸溶液 $\left({1\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$ 中搅拌 ${12}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,去离子水洗 $3 \sim 5$ 次,直至溶液呈中性, ${105}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下烘干,即得到双模板法制备的 LNP 基多孔碳(FSLC)。
${1.000}\mathrm{\;g}$ LNP 样品直接置于管式炉中,在 ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ 气氛下进行热解,以 ${3}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 的升温速率从室温升至 ${600}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 并保持 ${15}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,之后随炉冷却至室温,即得到 LNP 基多孔碳(LC)。
采用 STA7200RV 型热重分析仪(TGA, 日本日立公司)检测纳米 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 模板剂在多孔碳中的残留量(氧气气氛下以 25°C/min 的升温速率从室温加热至 ${800}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ); 采用 Vega $3\mathrm{{SBH}}$ 型扫描电镜 (SEM,美国 FEI 公司) 和 Tecnai G2 F20型透射电镜(TEM,美国 FEI 公司)观察碳材料的微观形态; 采用 Brunauer Emmett Teller(BET)方法和 Barret-Joyner-Halenda(BJH)方法计算多孔碳的比表面积和孔径分布;采用 D8Advance 型 X 射线衍射仪 (XRD,德国 Bruker 公司) 和 DXRxi 型激光显微拉曼成像光谱仪(Raman,美国 THEM 公司)分析多孔碳的形态和石墨化程度; 在 CHI660E 型电化学工作站(上海辰华仪器有限公司)上进行电化学测试。
将多孔碳样品(80mg)、聚偏氟乙烯和乙炔黑以 8:1:1 的质量比在研钵中混合均匀,向混合物中加入适量 $\mathrm{N}$ -甲基吡咯烷-2-酮(NMP),将其研磨均匀至泥浆状,取适量浆料均匀铺在泡沫镍上(1 cm×1 cm),在 ${80}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下干燥 ${12}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,制备得到工作电极。
在三电极体系中,以铂片为对电极、饱和甘汞为参比电极,以 $6\mathrm{{mol}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{KOH}}$ 溶液为电解液,采用循环伏安 (CV) 和恒电流充放电 (GCD) 方法对电极材料进行电化学性能测试。测试 CV 曲线的电压窗口为 $- 1 \sim 0\mathrm{\;V}$ ,扫描速率为 $5 \sim {200}\mathrm{{mV}}/\mathrm{s}$ ;测试 GCD 曲线的电压窗口为 $- 1 \sim 0\mathrm{\;V}$ ,电流密度为 ${0.5}\sim$ ${20}\mathrm{\;A}/\mathrm{g}$
工作电极的质量比电容 $C$ 的计算式为
$ C =\frac{I\Delta t}{m\Delta U}$
式中: $I$ 为放电电流, $\mathrm{A};{\Delta t}$ 为放电时间, $\mathrm{s};{\Delta U}$ 为电压窗口, V; $m$ 为活性物质的质量, ${g}_{0}$
以 LNP 为碳前驱体,纳米 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 耦合 PluronicF127 为模板剂, LNP 基分级多孔碳的制备流程如 图 1 所示。木质素结构单元中含有丰富的甲氧基和酚羟基,在热解过程中木质素的活性基团会与 PluronicF127 大分子通过强氢键形成胶束,胶束结构域促使活性碳得到更多的介孔(孔隙率是原来的 1.56 倍) [ 7 ] 。在 LNP 热解过程中, PluronicF127 作为整体的框架支撑,纳米 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 作为合适的模板均匀分散在 LNP 形成的碳基底中 ( 图 2 ), 使得介孔高度有序排列, 经酸性溶液刻蚀后, 所制备的 FSLC 形成新的大孔-中孔-微孔分级孔道结构 [ 8 ] 。因此,在纳米 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 和 PluronicF127 耦合作用下, 可制备出孔道丰富且均匀的分级结构多孔碳。此外, 由 SLC 的热重曲线 ( 图 3 ) 可以看出,经酸洗后制备的 $\mathrm{{SLC}}$ 中未残留纳米 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ ,当热解温度高于 ${600}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时, $\mathrm{{SLC}}$ 的失重量已基本达到 ${100}\%$ ,可见其中的纳米 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 已脱除完全。
通过不同方法制备的多孔碳 SEM 图如 图 4 所示。
图 4 可以看出:当 LNP 直接热解制备 LC 时, 粒子间出现严重的团聚和坍塌, 呈现的孔道结构较差;当采用纳米 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 作为模板剂制备 $\mathrm{{SLC}}$ 时, SLC 表现出较为丰富的孔道结构, 这是由于均一的纳米 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 粒子很好地起到了模板和支撑的双重作用 [ 6 ] ; 与 SLC 相比,以 PluronicF127 为模板剂制备的 FLC 仍不能改善 LNP 热解过程中团聚、结块的问题, 且所形成碳的微观结构松散, 机械强度较弱;采用双模板剂制备的 FSLC 具有更加均匀的孔道结构和丰富有序的介孔,这是由于在热解、碳化过程中, PluronicF127 与 LNP 发生共热解,挥发分气体析出形成更加细小的孔道,而纳米 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 作为硬模板均匀分散在碳基底中予以支撑, 最终形成具有高度有序介孔的分级多孔结构。
${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ 吸附/脱附法可以反映碳材料孔结构的性质,也可以用于研究不同方法制备木质素碳材料时对孔结构的影响。多孔碳的 ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ 吸附/脱附曲线和孔径分布如 图 5 所示。
图 5 可以看出, LC 中主要存在孔径为 20~ ${50}\mathrm{\;{nm}}$ 的介孔,这可能是木质素的支化分子结构或热解过程中介孔的坍塌导致的 [ 8 ] 。依据 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IU-PAC)分类 [ 9 ] , FLC 的 ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ 吸附/脱附等温曲线属于 IV 型吸附曲线,即典型的介孔结构特征,表明其存在介孔结构,且孔径大小主要集中在 $8\mathrm{\;{nm}}$ 。SLC 和 FSLC 的 ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ 吸附/脱附等温曲线均表现为 $\mathrm{{II}}$ 型和 IV 型复合吸附曲线, 表明其存在大量的大孔和介孔结构,其中 $\mathrm{{SLC}}$ 的大孔主要分布在 ${50}\sim {150}\mathrm{\;{nm}}$ , 介孔集中在 ${8.25}\mathrm{\;{nm}}$ 附近, FSLC 的大孔主要分布在 ${50}\sim {120}\mathrm{\;{nm}}$ ,介孔集中分布在 ${8.74}\mathrm{\;{nm}}$ 附近,这种具有大孔和介孔特征结构的碳材料对 ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ 有着较强的吸附/脱附能力。当相对压力为 0.4~0.9 时, SLC 和 FSLC 的 ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ 吸附/脱附等温曲线具有与孔道结构相关的 H2 型回滞环,这主要是窄孔径处的孔堵塞或空穴效应引发的挥发导致的, 表明该类型的孔径尺寸分布较有序 [ 10 ]
采用 BET 和 BJH 方法对制备的碳材料的比表面积和孔径分布进行分析,结果见 表 1
表 1 可以看出:与 FLC 相比, SLC 的比表面积 $\left({{664}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{2}/\mathrm{g}}\right)$ 和总孔容 $\left({{0.85}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{3}/\mathrm{g}}\right)$ 较大,更接近于 FSLC 的结构和性能; 相比于 SLC 和 FSLC, FLC 的孔道结构较差, 这对其电化学性能具有一定的影响。FSLC 拥有的高比表面积和丰富均匀的孔道结构为其电化学性能的稳定性和良好的限域作用提供了条件。
为了研究模板剂对多孔碳晶体结构和石墨化程度的影响,采用 XRD 和 Raman 对样品 FSLC 和 LC 进行测试, FSLC 和 LC 的 XRD 图和 Raman 图如 图 6 所示。
图 6(a)可见, FSLC 在 ${23}^{\circ }$${43}^{\circ }$ 处分别出现了石墨碳(002)晶面的宽衍射峰和无定型碳 (101)晶面的衍射峰,与 LC 的晶体形态基本一致。由 图 6(b)可以看出, FSLC 和 LC 在 ${1350}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$ (D 峰) 和 ${1587}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$ (G 峰)处均具有强吸收峰。其中, $\mathrm{D}$ 峰是由于碳材料结构的变化而引起的晶格缺陷, 以便于容纳形成的介孔, G 峰与石墨层中sp ${}^{2}$ 杂化的碳原子振动相关 [ 11 ] ,这说明 $\mathrm{{LC}}$$\mathrm{{FSLC}}$ 中存在石墨化结构,从而有利于电荷的快速传递。 ${I}_{\mathrm{D}}/{I}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 可以反映多孔碳结构的无序化程度, FSLC 和 $\mathrm{{LC}}$${I}_{\mathrm{D}}/{I}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 值分别为 0.82 和 0.98,这表明纳米 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 使得 $\mathrm{{FSLC}}$ 中碳原子的无序化程度增加,其非晶态和缺陷程度的增强有利于提高碳材料储电的容量。
为了进一步研究模板剂对木质素基多孔碳电化学性能的影响, 借助电化学工作站对 FSLC 和 SLC 进行三电极系统下的 CV 和 GCD 性能测试, 结果如 图 7 所示。
图 7(a),(b)可以看出: 所有 CV 曲线均近似为闭合类矩形曲线, 说明电极电容具有双电层电容特征 [ 12 ] ; 闭合曲线的面积大小一般表示材料的储能性能, 由此可见, 和 SLC 相比, FSLC 具有更大的电化学储能能力; 随着扫描速率增加至 ${100}\mathrm{{mV}}/\mathrm{s}$ , FSLC 的 CV 曲线仍能够保持类矩形,说明其具有很好的稳定性。从 图 7(c),(d)可以看出:FSLC 和 SLC 在电流密度为 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;A}/\mathrm{g}$ 下的 GCD 曲线呈现类等腰三角形,说明两者均有良好的充、 放电效率和电极稳定性; 在电流密度为 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;A}/\mathrm{g}$ 时, FSLC 的质量比电容为 ${250}\mathrm{\;F}/\mathrm{g}$ ,远高于 $\mathrm{{SLC}}$ 的质量比电容 $\left({{95}\mathrm{\;F}/\mathrm{g}}\right)$ ,说明 FSLC 的快速充放电能力更佳 [ 12 ] ; FSLC 在高电流密度 ${10}\mathrm{\;A}/\mathrm{g}$ 下的 $\mathrm{{GCD}}$ 曲线仍呈现类等腰三角形, 这主要是因为 FSLC 孔道结构中丰富的介孔有利于电解质离子的扩散。 随着电流密度的增加, FSLC 的质量比电容下降较快,其从 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;A}/\mathrm{g}$ 时的 ${250}\mathrm{\;F}/\mathrm{g}$ 减少至 $5\mathrm{\;A}/\mathrm{g}$ 时的 ${22.6}\mathrm{\;F}/\mathrm{g}$ (当电流密度分别为 $1,2,3\mathrm{\;A}/\mathrm{g}$ 时,质量比电容分别为 ${156.8},{85.6},{59.6}\mathrm{\;F}/\mathrm{g}$ )。这可能是由于随着电流密度的增加, FSLC 电极/电解质界面处的离子扩散受到限制, 导致电荷传输恶化。 Jayawickramage R A P [ 13 ] 将木质素与聚丙烯腈共混,通过静电纺丝法制备了具有高比表面积(2 370 ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{g}$ )的纳米碳纤维,该电极材料在离子液体电解质中具有 ${128}\mathrm{\;F}/\mathrm{g}$ 的质量比电容。Ajjan F N [ 14 ] 利用氧化法和电化学聚合法合成了木质素磺酸盐/聚噻吩复合材料, 该材料的最高质量比电容为 170.4 $\mathrm{F}/\mathrm{g}$ 。与上述文献报道的多孔碳材料相比, LNP 通过双模板法制备的多孔碳电极材料具有更高的质量比电容。
由于 FSLC 在三电极测试中表现出了较好的电化学性能, 因此, 在二电极体系中对 FSLC 进行 CV 和 GCD 测试,结果如 图 8 所示。
图 8 可以看出:FSLC 的所有 CV 曲线均近似为闭合类矩形曲线;当电流密度为 $2 \sim 5\mathrm{\;A}/\mathrm{g}$ 时, FSLC 的 GCD 曲线均呈等腰三角形, 表明 FSLC 可以非常快速地充、放电;在 ${0.5}\sim 5\mathrm{\;A}/\mathrm{g}$ 的电流密度下, FSLC 的质量比电容分别为 45.1, 43.1, 38.0, ${34.8},{31.6},{29.5}\mathrm{\;F}/\mathrm{g}$ 。由此可见, FSLC 具有较为优异的快速充放电能力, 这是由于离子可在缩短且连通的介孔孔道中快速扩散。
本文采用纳米 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 耦合 PluronicF127 双模板法, 以 LNP 为碳前驱体制备了高性能木质素基分级多孔碳 FSLC, FSLC 具有突出的分级多孔特征,比表面积最大可达 ${696}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{2}/\mathrm{g}$ ,介孔率高达 87%。作为双电层超级电容器的工作电极时, FSLC 表现出了出色的电化学性能,当电流密度为 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;A}/\mathrm{g}$ 时,其质量比电容为 ${250}\mathrm{\;F}/\mathrm{g}$ 。通过模板法制备的 LNP 基多孔碳因其有序的特征介孔孔道结构和良好的电化学性能, 在阻燃和吸附载体等方面极具应用潜力。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(22378252)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024GX-YBXM-472)
  • 陕西省青年创新团队项目(23JP016)
  • 能源高效清洁利用全国重点实验室开放基金课题(ZJUCEU2022023)
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2024年第42卷第7期
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  • 接收时间:2023-07-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-04
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(22378252)
陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024GX-YBXM-472)
陕西省青年创新团队项目(23JP016)
能源高效清洁利用全国重点实验室开放基金课题(ZJUCEU2022023)
作者信息
    1 陕西科技大学 机电工程学院 陕西 西安 710021
    2 浙江大学 能源高效清洁利用全国重点实验室 浙江 杭州 310027
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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