Article(id=1154429168054948199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429165668393604, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1663603200000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166961921, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1721404800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166961921, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166961921, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166961921, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154429165668393604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='7', pageStart='853', pageEnd='994', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166961351, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694581412, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642164642796057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429165668393604, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642164646990362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429165668393604, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=986, endPage=994, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154429168528904573, articleId=1154429168054948199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Dynamic pricing and optimal scheduling of multi-virtual power plants based on master-slave game, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under the background of "double carbon", distributed renewable energy and flexible resources such as energy storage and demand response develop rapidly. Virtual power plants integrate distributed resources efficiently through control technology, which improves the power generation efficiency of distributed energy. With the social capital entering the power market, different virtual power plants will belong to different investors, forming a multiagent game pattern. According to the investment preferences of investors, virtual power plants will be composed of resources with different flexibility. In order to give consideration to the interests of virtual power plant operators and virtual power plants, a twolevel masterslave game model between operators and multivirtual power plants is constructed. Considering the interaction between upper pricing and lower output, the dynamic pricing of operators and the optimal operation and scheduling of virtual power plants are studied. In the lower layer, aiming at the minimum operating cost of each virtual power plant, the optimal scheduling models of multiple virtual power plants including electric energy storage, demand response and hydrogen energy storage are established respectively. The upper layer takes the operator's profit as the goal, and combines the lower layer's output plan to dynamically formulate the purchase and sale price of virtual power plants. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used to solve the game model iteratively. Through the analysis of an example, the model can give consideration to the interests of multiagents, effectively improve the operators' income and reduce the operating cost of virtual power plants.

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在“双碳”背景下,分布式可再生能源以及储能、需求响应等灵活性资源快速发展,虚拟电厂通过控制技术将分布式资源高效整合,提高了分布式能源发电效益。随着社会资本进入电力市场,不同虚拟电厂将会属于不同的投资商,形成多主体博弈格局,根据投资商投资偏好,虚拟电厂将由不同灵活性的资源构成。为兼顾虚拟电厂运营商和虚拟电厂利益,文章构建了运营商和多虚拟电厂双层主从博弈模型,考虑上层定价与下层出力的相互影响,研究运营商动态价格制定和虚拟电厂优化运行调度问题。下层以各虚拟电厂运行成本最小为目标,分别建立含有电储能、需求响应和氢储能的多虚拟电厂优化调度模型;上层以运营商利润最大为目标,结合下层出力计划进行虚拟电厂购售电价动态制定。采用粒子群算法迭代求解博弈模型,通过算例分析,该模型能够兼顾多主体利益,有效提高运营商收益并降低虚拟电厂运行成本。

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栗然(1965-),女,教授,研究方向为新能源并网技术、电力系统分析与运行控制。E-mail:

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栗然(1965-),女,教授,研究方向为新能源并网技术、电力系统分析与运行控制。E-mail:

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栗然(1965-),女,教授,研究方向为新能源并网技术、电力系统分析与运行控制。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429168054948199, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=load change curve, figureFileSmall=NBnq9/JlmSVy33vfXhCUVA==, figureFileBig=fpOe0HjyokZHwBcs6kEilA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429223860162737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429168054948199, language=CN, label=图 10, caption=负荷变化曲线, figureFileSmall=NBnq9/JlmSVy33vfXhCUVA==, figureFileBig=fpOe0HjyokZHwBcs6kEilA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429223927271603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429168054948199, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Equipment parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
燃气轮机
VPP ${a}_{i}$ ${b}_{i}$ ${c}_{i}$ ${P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{{MT}}}/\mathrm{{MW}}$ ${P}_{\mathrm{{dn}}}^{\mathrm{{MT}}}/\mathrm{{MW}}$ ${P}_{\mathrm{{up}}}^{\mathrm{{MT}}}/\mathrm{{MW}}$
1 0.95 0.5 1.1 6 -2.5 2.5
2 0.09 0.7 1.3 6 -3.0 3.0
3 0.30 0.6 0.9 5 -2.5 2.5
), ArticleFig(id=1154429223985991861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429168054948199, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=设备参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
燃气轮机
VPP ${a}_{i}$ ${b}_{i}$ ${c}_{i}$ ${P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{{MT}}}/\mathrm{{MW}}$ ${P}_{\mathrm{{dn}}}^{\mathrm{{MT}}}/\mathrm{{MW}}$ ${P}_{\mathrm{{up}}}^{\mathrm{{MT}}}/\mathrm{{MW}}$
1 0.95 0.5 1.1 6 -2.5 2.5
2 0.09 0.7 1.3 6 -3.0 3.0
3 0.30 0.6 0.9 5 -2.5 2.5
), ArticleFig(id=1154429224057295031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429168054948199, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氢储能
${\lambda }_{\mathrm{{EL}}}$ ${\lambda }_{\mathrm{{FC}}}$ ${\eta }_{\text{EL }}$ ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{FC}}}$ ${\eta }_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}^{\mathrm{{in}}}$ ${\eta }_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}$
0.2 0.2 0.6 0.75 0.98 0.98
), ArticleFig(id=1154429224128598201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429168054948199, language=CN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氢储能
${\lambda }_{\mathrm{{EL}}}$ ${\lambda }_{\mathrm{{FC}}}$ ${\eta }_{\text{EL }}$ ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{FC}}}$ ${\eta }_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}^{\mathrm{{in}}}$ ${\eta }_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}$
0.2 0.2 0.6 0.75 0.98 0.98
), ArticleFig(id=1154429224212484283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429168054948199, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=VPO and VPP benefit comparison 千元/MW, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
效益 策略 1 策略 2
VPP1 成本 22.56 23.28
VPP2 成本 78.85 79.77
VPP3 成本 34.25 34.46
VPO 利润 16.23 14.63
), ArticleFig(id=1154429224271204540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429168054948199, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=VPO 和 VPP 效益对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
效益 策略 1 策略 2
VPP1 成本 22.56 23.28
VPP2 成本 78.85 79.77
VPP3 成本 34.25 34.46
VPO 利润 16.23 14.63
), ArticleFig(id=1154429224346702014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429168054948199, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=The impact of flexible resources on the benefits of, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
each subject 千元/MW
效益 情景 1 情景 2 情景 3
VPP1 成本 22.56 24.06 24.17
VPP2 成本 78.85 80.21 78.53
VPP3 成本 34.25 35.26 34.05
VPO 利润 16.23 17.34 16.52
), ArticleFig(id=1154429224413810880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429168054948199, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=灵活性资源对各主体效益影响, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
each subject 千元/MW
效益 情景 1 情景 2 情景 3
VPP1 成本 22.56 24.06 24.17
VPP2 成本 78.85 80.21 78.53
VPP3 成本 34.25 35.26 34.05
VPO 利润 16.23 17.34 16.52
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基于主从博弈的多虚拟电厂动态定价与优化调度
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栗然 , 王炳乾 , 彭湘泽 , 吕慧敏 , 李少岩
可再生能源 | 2024,42(7): 986-994
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(7): 986-994
基于主从博弈的多虚拟电厂动态定价与优化调度
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栗然 , 王炳乾, 彭湘泽, 吕慧敏, 李少岩
作者信息
  • 1 华北电力大学 电气与电子工程学院 河北 保定 071000
  • 栗然(1965-),女,教授,研究方向为新能源并网技术、电力系统分析与运行控制。E-mail:

Dynamic pricing and optimal scheduling of multi-virtual power plants based on master-slave game
Ran Li , Bingqian Wang, Xiangze Peng, Huimin Lü, Shaoyan Li
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering North China Electric Power University Baoding 071000 China
出版时间: 2024-07-20
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在“双碳”背景下,分布式可再生能源以及储能、需求响应等灵活性资源快速发展,虚拟电厂通过控制技术将分布式资源高效整合,提高了分布式能源发电效益。随着社会资本进入电力市场,不同虚拟电厂将会属于不同的投资商,形成多主体博弈格局,根据投资商投资偏好,虚拟电厂将由不同灵活性的资源构成。为兼顾虚拟电厂运营商和虚拟电厂利益,文章构建了运营商和多虚拟电厂双层主从博弈模型,考虑上层定价与下层出力的相互影响,研究运营商动态价格制定和虚拟电厂优化运行调度问题。下层以各虚拟电厂运行成本最小为目标,分别建立含有电储能、需求响应和氢储能的多虚拟电厂优化调度模型;上层以运营商利润最大为目标,结合下层出力计划进行虚拟电厂购售电价动态制定。采用粒子群算法迭代求解博弈模型,通过算例分析,该模型能够兼顾多主体利益,有效提高运营商收益并降低虚拟电厂运行成本。

主从博弈  /  多虚拟电厂  /  多灵活性资源  /  动态定价  /  优化调度

Under the background of "double carbon", distributed renewable energy and flexible resources such as energy storage and demand response develop rapidly. Virtual power plants integrate distributed resources efficiently through control technology, which improves the power generation efficiency of distributed energy. With the social capital entering the power market, different virtual power plants will belong to different investors, forming a multiagent game pattern. According to the investment preferences of investors, virtual power plants will be composed of resources with different flexibility. In order to give consideration to the interests of virtual power plant operators and virtual power plants, a twolevel masterslave game model between operators and multivirtual power plants is constructed. Considering the interaction between upper pricing and lower output, the dynamic pricing of operators and the optimal operation and scheduling of virtual power plants are studied. In the lower layer, aiming at the minimum operating cost of each virtual power plant, the optimal scheduling models of multiple virtual power plants including electric energy storage, demand response and hydrogen energy storage are established respectively. The upper layer takes the operator's profit as the goal, and combines the lower layer's output plan to dynamically formulate the purchase and sale price of virtual power plants. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used to solve the game model iteratively. Through the analysis of an example, the model can give consideration to the interests of multiagents, effectively improve the operators' income and reduce the operating cost of virtual power plants.

master -slave game  /  multiple virtual power plants  /  multiple flexible resources  /  dynamic pricing  /  optimized scheduling
栗然, 王炳乾, 彭湘泽, 吕慧敏, 李少岩. 基于主从博弈的多虚拟电厂动态定价与优化调度. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (7) : 986 -994 .
Ran Li, Bingqian Wang, Xiangze Peng, Huimin Lü, Shaoyan Li. Dynamic pricing and optimal scheduling of multi-virtual power plants based on master-slave game[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (7) : 986 -994 .
在“双碳”背景下, 以风光为主的分布式可再生能源成为主流,风光大规模接入系统,其不确定性以及不稳定性给电网带来了巨大挑战 [ 1 ] 。虚拟电厂(Virtual Power Plant, VPP)聚合了分布式发电机组、储能、可控制负荷等分布式能源, 利用控制技术进行协调优化,减少了分布式能源(Distributed Energy Resource, DER) 出力波动, 提高了电网整体稳定性和参与电力市场能力 [ 2 ]
随着社会资本进入电力市场, 不同分布式资源将分属于不同的投资商, 投资商将资源聚合后参与电力市场交易。文献[ 3 ]分析了多个投资商在不同风险偏好下的 VPP 容量配置问题, 提出一种风险导向下基于成本效益分析的多投资商 VPP 容量配置模型。文献[ 4 ]考虑电储能系统收益,建立了含电储能的商业 VPP 优化调度模型。文献[ 5 ] 提出将电转氢与燃料电池结合成氢储能系统作为微网的灵活性资源, 构建含有氢储能的微网调度模型。文献[ 6 ]结合电储能以及需求响应建立了光伏微网模型,提升了分布式能源的消纳率。
目前,针对单一 VPP 的优化运行 [ 7 , 8 ] 以及参与电力市场 [ 9 - 11 ] 等方面的研究比较多。文献[ 7 ]建立了含 P2G-CCS 和掺氢燃气轮机的 VPP 模型, 在阶梯碳交易机制下研究 VPP 的优化策略。文献[ 9 ]考虑 VPP 同时参与多市场交易, 建立了 VPP 三阶段竞标模型。由于 VPP 隶属于不同投资商主体, 各主体都希望自身可以获得最大收益, 因此只考虑单一主体进行优化将不再适用。针对 VPP 之间以及内部不同主体的利益关系问题, 文献[ 12 - 14 ] 主要利用多主体博弈思想进行分析研究。目前多数研究集中在固定分时电价, 并未过多考虑动态电价, 也没有考虑 VPP 运行对电价制定的影响。 因此引入虚拟电厂运营商(Virtual Power Plant Operator, VPO) 来领导博弈, 构建 VPO 与多 VPP 双层主从博弈优化模型, 考虑上下层策略之间的相互影响, 研究 VPO 动态定价问题并实现多 VPP 优化运行。传统的 VPP 采用直接与电网交易的模式, 而引入 VPO 可以增强 VPP 间资源共享, 减小电力系统调度压力, 其动态定价能力也可以提升 VPP 参与市场的积极性。
主从博弈模型含有约束均衡优化问题, 下层博弈过程作为上层优化过程的约束条件, 属于混合整数规划问题 [ 15 ] 。该模型的求解方法主要有基于 KKT 条件的优化方法 [ 16 , 17 ] 和启发式智能算法 [ 18 ] 。 KKT 条件将多层优化问题转换为单层规划问题来简化模型,上层模型要获取下层所有信息, 不利于隐私保护, 对于多利益主体模型并不适用。在本文模型中采用智能算法, 上下层之间只须交换电量和电价信息,利于不同主体间隐私保护。考虑到粒子群优化算法结构更为简单, 控制参数更少, 具有记忆特点, 采用智能算法中的粒子群算法求解博弈模型, 粒子群算法的迭代过程也能较好地模拟上下层之间顺次策略博弈。
综上, 本文构建了运营商和多 VPP 之间的双层主从博弈模型, 研究运营商的动态定价和 VPP 的优化调度。上层以运营商收益最大化为目标,结合汇总的下层出力计划动态制定 VPP 的购售电价;下层以各 VPP 运行成本最小化为目标, 分别建立含有电储能、需求响应和氢储能的多 VPP 优化调度模型。上层模型采用粒子群算法迭代求解动态电价, 下层利用 YALMIP 求解器求解优化调度模型。
本文采用的 VPO 与 VPP 交易运行框架如 图 1 所示。
根据工程博弈论 [ 19 ] ,本文建立的多 VPP 主从博弈模型由参与者、效用函数和博弈策略 3 部分构成。
①参与者。上层 VPO 和下层各 VPP 作为本文主从博弈的参与者。
②效用函数。博弈过程中, VPO 以最大化自身利益为目标, VPP 以最小化运行成本为目标,两者效用函数分别为 ${C}^{\mathrm{{VPO}}}$${C}^{\mathrm{{VPP}}}$
③博弈策略。VPO 以购售电价作为自身博弈策略, VPP 以购售电量和 DER 出力作为自身博弈策略。
VPO 和 VPP 具有不同的地位且隶属于不同的利益主体, VPO 和 VPP 作为博弈参与者构建的主从博弈模型如 图 2 所示。VPO 作为上层领导博弈, 结合各 VPP 出力计划及电价信息, 并考虑 VPP 的自主响应,以自身效益最大化为目标,动态制定各 VPP 的交易电价。VPO 会根据汇总的下层 VPP 出力情况, 按电网电价和上网电价与上层的电力市场进行电量交易, 利用上下层之间的电价差值获取收益。VPP 作为下层跟随博弈,根据 VPO 制定的交易电价, 以最小化成本为目标进行优化运行, 安排内部 DER 出力并制定与 VPO 交易电量。上下层之间为 Stackelberg 博弈关系, 各 VPP 之间为非合作博弈关系。
VPO 的博弈策略为制定 VPP 各时段的购售电价格 ${\lambda }_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}},\mathrm{b}}$${\lambda }_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}},\mathrm{s}}$ , VPO 以自身利润最大化为目标,包括分别与上层电力市场和下层 VPP 进行购售电交易的效益, 目标函数表达式如下:
$\max {C}^{\mathrm{{VPO}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left(\begin{array}{l}{\lambda }_{t}^{\mathrm{W},\mathrm{s}}{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPO}},\mathrm{s}}- {\lambda }_{t}^{\mathrm{W},\mathrm{b}}{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPO}},\mathrm{b}}+ \\{\lambda }_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}},\mathrm{b}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{M}{P}_{j, t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}},\mathrm{b}}- {\lambda }_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}},\mathrm{s}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{M}{P}_{j, t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}},\mathrm{s}}\end{array}\right)$
式中: ${\lambda }_{t}^{\mathrm{W},\mathrm{s}}$${\lambda }_{t}^{\mathrm{W},\mathrm{b}}$ 分别为电力市场的上网电价和电网电价; ${P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPO}},\mathrm{b}}$${P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPO}},\mathrm{s}}$ 分别为 $\mathrm{{VPO}}$ 向电力市场购买电量和出售电量; ${P}_{j, t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}},\mathrm{b}}$${P}_{j, t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}},\mathrm{s}}$ 分别为第 $j$ 个 VPP 向 VPO 购入电量和出售电量; $M$ 为 VPP 个数; $t$ 为时间步长; $T$ 为一个调度周期。
为保障各 VPP 之间电量供需平衡, ${P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPO}},\mathrm{b}}$${P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPO}},\mathrm{s}}$ 的表达式如下:
$\begin{array}{l}{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPO}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{N}\left({{P}_{j, t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}, b}}- {P}_{j, t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}, s}}}\right)\\{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPO}, b}}= \left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPO}}},{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPO}}}\geq 0 \\ 0,{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPC}}}\leq 0 \end{array}\right.\\{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPO}, s}}= \left\{\begin{array}{l}- {P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPO}}},{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPO}}}< 0 \\ 0,{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPO}}}\geq 0 \end{array}\right.\end{array}$
式中: ${P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPO}}}$ 为 VPO 与上层电力市场的交易电量, ${P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPO}}}> 0$ 表示购电, ${P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPO}}}< 0$ 表示售电。
为保证各 VPP 更愿意与 VPO 进行交易而不单独与电力市场交易, VPO 制定的购售电价格应满足如下约束条件:
${\lambda }_{t}^{\mathrm{W},\mathrm{s}}\leq {\lambda }_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}},\mathrm{s}}\leq {\lambda }_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}},\mathrm{b}}\leq {\lambda }_{t}^{\mathrm{W},\mathrm{b}}$
式(3)中, VPO 制定的购售电价格不大于电力市场电网电价且不小于上网电价, 同时购电价不小于售电价, 则各 VPP 为降低运行成本, 会优先选择与 VPO 进行购售电交易。
电储能设备可以快速储存或释放电能, 帮助发电设备存储多余电能, 同时利用电价的峰谷差增加 VPP 售电收益,降低运行成本。
①目标函数
目标函数为最小化成本, 包括购售电成本、燃气轮机成本 ${C}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{MT}}}$ 和储能成本 ${C}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{ES}}}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\min {C}^{\mathrm{{VPP}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left\lbrack {{\lambda }_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}},\mathrm{b}}{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}},\mathrm{b}}- {\lambda }_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}},\mathrm{s}}{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}},\mathrm{s}}+ }\right\rbrack \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t \in N}}\left({{C}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{ES}}}+ {C}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{MT}}}}\right)\\{C}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{ES}}}= {\lambda }_{i}^{\mathrm{{ES}}}\left({{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{ES}},\mathrm{{in}}}+ {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{ES}},\mathrm{{out}}}}\right)\\{C}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{MT}}}= {a}_{i}{\left({P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{MT}}}\right)}^{2}+ {b}_{i}{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{MT}}}+ {c}_{i}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{ES}},\text{ in }}$${P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{ES}},\text{ out }},{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{MT}}}$ 分别为电储能 (ES) 充电功率和放电功率、燃气轮机 (MT) 输出功率; ${a}_{i},{b}_{i}$ , ${c}_{i}$ 为燃气轮机成本系数; ${\lambda }_{i}^{\mathrm{{ES}}}$ 为储能运行成本系数; $N$ 为 VPP 包含的所有电源合集。
②约束条件
VPP 功率平衡约束、购售电约束、储能荷电状态约束、储能充放电约束、燃气轮机出力约束和爬
坡约束以及风光出力约束如下:
$\begin{array}{l}{P}_{i}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}= {P}_{i}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}+ {P}_{i}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}+ {P}_{i}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}= {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}+ {P}_{i}^{\mathrm{{NP}}}+ {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}= {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\\ 0 \leq {P}_{i}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq 0 \\ 0 \leq {P}_{i}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq \left({1 -\theta }\right){P}_{i}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}= {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}= \frac{1}{{P}_{i, t}}{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}= \frac{1}{{P}_{i, t}}{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\\ 0 \leq {P}_{i}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}= \frac{1}{{P}_{i, t}}{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}= \frac{1}{{P}_{i, t}}{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\\ 0 \leq {P}_{i}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\\ 0 \leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\\ 0 \leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\\ 0 \leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}> {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}> {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}> {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}> {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}> {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}> {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}> {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}> {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{NP}},\mathrm{{NP}}}> \end{array}$
式中: ${P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{W}},{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{S}}$ 分别为风电和光伏出力; ${P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{LD}}}$ 为负荷预测出力; ${P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{{VPP}}}$ 为最大电能交易量; ${\theta }_{t},{\theta }_{\mathrm{{ES}}}$ 为布尔变量,1 表示售电,0 表示购电; ${E}_{\mathrm{{ES}}}$ 为储能荷电状态; ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{ES}}},{\eta }_{\mathrm{{ES}}}^{\text{out }}$ 分别为储能充放电效率; ${P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{{ES}},\mathrm{{in}}},{P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{{ES}},\text{ out }}$ 分别为最大充放电功率; ${P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{{MT}}},{P}_{\mathrm{{up}}}^{\mathrm{{MT}}},{P}_{\mathrm{{dn}}}^{\mathrm{{MT}}}$ 分别为 $\mathrm{{MT}}$ 最大出力和爬坡功率上下限; ${P}_{t,\max }^{\mathrm{W}},{P}_{t,\max }^{\mathrm{S}}$ 分别为风光最大预测出力。
需求响应(Demand Response, DR)根据机制分为基于分时电价的价格型 DR 和基于补偿机制的激励型 ${\mathrm{{DR}}}_{\circ }$ 本文采用可中断负荷 (Interruptible Load, IL)和可转移负荷(Transferable Load, TL)构成的激励型 DR 参与 VPP 运行。
①目标函数
最小成本包括购售电成本、燃气轮机成本、IL 中断补偿成本 ${C}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{IL}}}\text{、}\mathrm{{TL}}$ 补偿成本 ${C}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{TL}}}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\min {C}^{\mathrm{{VPP}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\lambda }_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}},\mathrm{b}}{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}},\mathrm{b}}- {\lambda }_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}},\mathrm{s}}{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}},\mathrm{s}}+ \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in N}}\left({{C}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{IL}}}+ {C}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{TL}}}}\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack \\{C}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{IL}}}= {\lambda }_{\mathrm{{IL}}}{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{IL}}}\\{C}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{TL}}}= {\lambda }_{\mathrm{{IL}}}{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{LL}},\mathrm{{out}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${\lambda }_{\mathrm{{IL}}},{\lambda }_{\mathrm{{TL}}}$ 分别为 $\mathrm{{IL}}$$\mathrm{{TL}}$ 补偿系数; ${P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{IL}}}$$\mathrm{{IL}}$ 中断功率; ${P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{LD}},\text{ out }}$ 为调度前 $\mathrm{{TL}}$ 功率。
②约束条件
购售电约束、燃气轮机约束、风光出力约束同式(5)。VPP 功率平衡约束、可中断负荷约束和可转移负荷约束如下:
$\begin{array}{l}= {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{UP}},\mathrm{{out}}}= {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{UP}},\mathrm{s}}+ {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{MT}},\mathrm{{in}}}+ {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{S}}+ {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{S}}= {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{LD}},\mathrm{{in}}}+ {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{LD}},\mathrm{{in}}}+ {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{LD}},\mathrm{{out}}}\\ 0 \leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{LL}}\in }\leq {P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{{LL}}}\\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{LD}},\mathrm{{out}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{LD}},\mathrm{{in}}}\\ 0 \leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{LD}},\mathrm{{in}}}\leq {P}_{i, t}\leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{LD}},\mathrm{{in}}}\\ 0 \leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{LD}},\mathrm{{out}}}\leq \left({1 -{\theta }_{i, t}}\right){P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{LD}},\mathrm{{out}}}\end{array}$
式中: ${P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{{IL}}}$$\mathrm{{IL}}$ 最大可中断功率; ${P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{{LD}},\text{ out }},{P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{{LD}},\text{ in }}$ 分别为转移前后 TL 功率上下限; ${\theta }_{\mathrm{{TL}}}$ 为布尔变量, 1 表示负荷转入, 0 表示负荷转出。
氢储能系统中,电解槽通过电解水产生氢气, 燃料电池燃烧氢气发电, 储氢罐可将氢气压缩储存,配合电解槽和燃料电池工作。氢储能运行拓扑如 图 3 所示。
①目标函数
最小成本包括购售电成本、燃气轮机成本、电解槽成本 ${C}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{EL}}}$ 、燃料电池成本 ${C}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{FC}}}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\min {C}^{\mathrm{{VPP}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\lambda }_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}},\mathrm{b}}{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}},\mathrm{b}}- {\lambda }_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}},\mathrm{s}}{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}},\mathrm{s}}+ \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in N}}\left({{C}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{MT}}}+ {C}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{ET}}}+ {C}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{FC}}}}\right)\\\end{array}\right\rbrack \\{C}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{EL}}}= {\lambda }_{\mathrm{{EI}}}{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{EL}},\mathrm{e}}\\{C}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{FC}}}= {\lambda }_{\mathrm{{IPP}}}{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{FC}},\mathrm{e}}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${\lambda }_{\mathrm{{EL}}},{\lambda }_{\mathrm{{FC}}}$ 分别为电解槽和燃料电池运行成本系数; ${P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{EL}},\mathrm{e}},{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{FC}},\mathrm{e}}$ 分别为电解槽和燃料电池功率。
②约束条件
购售电约束、燃气轮机约束、风光出力约束同式(5)。功率平衡约束和氢储能约束如下:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VP}},\mathrm{s}}= {P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{VP}},\mathrm{s}}+ {P}_{t, t}^{\mathrm{{MT}},\mathrm{H}}+ {P}_{t, t}^{\mathrm{{FC}},\mathrm{e}}- {P}_{t, t}^{\mathrm{{EL}},\mathrm{e}}+ {P}_{t, t}^{\mathrm{W}}+ {P}_{t, t}^{\mathrm{S}}= {P}_{t, t}^{\mathrm{{LD}}}\\{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{EL}},\mathrm{H}}= {\gamma }_{{\mathrm{H}}_{t}}{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{EL}},\mathrm{e}}+ {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{W}}= {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{M},\mathrm{e}}\\{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{FC}},\mathrm{e}}= {\gamma }_{{\mathrm{H}}_{t}}\left({{2t}- 1}\right)+ \left({{\eta }_{{\mathrm{H}}_{1}}^{\mathrm{{in}}}{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{EL}},\mathrm{H}}- {\eta }_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}^{\mathrm{{taL}}}{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{EL}},\mathrm{H}}}\right)\\{\mathrm{E}}_{t{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}\left( t\right)= {E}_{t{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}= {\varepsilon }_{0,{\mathrm{E}}_{t}}{\mathrm{{EL}}}_{t}\\ 0 \leq {P}_{t, t}^{\mathrm{{EL}},\mathrm{e}}\leq {P}_{t, t}{\mathrm{{EL}}}_{t}\\{P}_{t, t}^{\mathrm{{EL}},\mathrm{e}}\geq {P}_{t, t}^{\mathrm{{EL}},\mathrm{e}}\geq {P}_{t, t}^{\mathrm{{EL}},\mathrm{e}}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{EL}},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}$${P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{FC}},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}$ 分别为电解槽产氢功率和燃料电池耗氢功率; ${E}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}$ 为储氢罐存储能量; ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{EL}}}$ , ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{FC}}}^{\mathrm{e}},{\eta }_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}^{\mathrm{{in}}},{\eta }_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}^{\mathrm{{out}}}$ 分别为电制氢效率、氢发电效率、储氢罐充氢和放氢效率; ${P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{{EL}},\mathrm{e}},{P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{{FC}},\mathrm{e}}$ 分别为电制氢和燃料电池最大功率; ${\theta }_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}$ 为布尔变量,1表示电制氢产氢, 0 表示燃料电池发电。
VPO 策略空间由式 (3) 确定,记为 ${\Omega }^{\mathrm{{VPO}}}$ ; VPP 策略空间由所有约束条件确定,记为 ${\Omega }_{j}^{\mathrm{{VPP}}}$
$\mathop{\max }\limits_{{{\lambda }_{t}: {\lambda }_{t},{\lambda }_{t}: {\lambda }_{t}, p}}{C}^{\mathrm{{VPO}}}\left({{\lambda }_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}, b}},{\lambda }_{t}^{\mathrm{{VPP}},\mathrm{s}}, p}\right)\\\text{ s.t.}\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left({{\mathbf{\lambda }}_{t}^{\text{VPP, b }},{\mathbf{\lambda }}_{t}^{\text{VPP, s }}}\right)\in {\mathbf{\Omega }}^{\text{VPO }}\\{p}_{j}= \mathop{\operatorname{argmin}}\limits_{{\widehat{p}}_{j}}{C}_{j}^{\text{VPP, b }}\left({{\mathbf{\lambda }}_{t}^{\text{VPP, b }},{\mathbf{\lambda }}_{t}^{\text{VPP, s }},\widehat{p}}\right)\\{\widehat{p}}_{j}\in {\mathbf{\Omega }}_{t}^{\text{VPP }}\end{array}\right.$
博弈模型表示在上下层各自策略空间内,当下层各 VPP 运行成本最低时上层 VPO 收益最高。VPO 收益与制定的购售电价、VPP 购售电量有关, 同时 VPP 对电价的响应行为也影响 VPO 收益, 因此 VPO 与 VPP 之间存在利益博弈关系, 运营商须要考虑 VPP 的价格响应, 寻找纳什均衡解作为最佳电价策略。
本文模型采用粒子群算法进行求解, VPO 发布的 VPP 购售电价格对应每个粒子的位置, VPO 的效益函数对应粒子的适应度函数。粒子 $k$ 的位置和速度更新公式如下:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{v}_{k}^{d + 1}= \omega {v}_{k}^{d}+ {c}_{1}{r}_{1}\left({{pbes}{t}_{k}^{d}- {x}_{k}^{d}}\right)+ {c}_{2}{r}_{2}\left({{gbes}{t}^{d}- {x}_{k}^{d}}\right)\\{x}_{k}^{d + 1}= {x}_{k}^{d}+ {v}_{k}^{d}\end{array}\right.$
式中: $d$ 为迭代次数; ${v}_{k}^{d}$${x}_{k}^{d}$ 分别为第 $d$ 次迭代时粒子 $k$ 的搜索速度和当前位置; ${pb}{est}_{k}^{d}$${gb}{est}^{d}$ 分别为第 $d$ 次迭代后粒子 $k$ 的当前最优位置和粒子的全局最优位置; ${c}_{1}$${c}_{2}$ 分别为粒子个体和种群加速因子; ${r}_{1}$${r}_{2}$ 为取值在 $\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$ 内的随机数; $\omega$ 为粒子的惯性加速因子。
博弈模型具体求解步骤如下。
步骤 1: 对粒子群算法参数进行初始化;
步骤 2: 随机初始化粒子的位置信息和速度信息;
步骤 3: 下层模型根据粒子位置信息计算各 VPP 购售电量;
步骤 4: 上层模型根据汇总的 VPP 购售电量计算粒子适应度并更新最优位置;
步骤 5: 根据式 (11) 对粒子的位置和速度进行更新;
步骤 6:重复执行步骤 3~步骤 5,直至达到最大迭代次数,求解出博弈均衡解。
求解算法流程如 图 4 所示。
本文选取某地 3 个 VPP, VPP1 包含风电、光伏、MT 和电储能;VPP2 包含风电、光伏、MT、IL和 TL 组成的激励型 DR;VPP3 包含风电、光伏、MT 和氢储能设备。调度时间步长为 $1\mathrm{\;h}$ ,调度周期为 ${24}{\mathrm{\;h}}_{0}$ 各 VPP 风光预测出力及日负荷曲线如 图5 所示。MT、电储能、DR、氢储能参数如 表 1 所示。IL 最大调用率为 10%, TL 最大调用率为 20%。 粒子群算法中, 种群规模为 100 , 最大迭代次数为 ${50},{c}_{1}= {c}_{2}= {0.5},\omega = 2$
电储能
${\lambda }_{i}^{\mathrm{{ES}}}$ ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{ES}}}$ ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{ES}}}$ ${p}_{\max }^{\mathrm{{ES}},\text{ in }}/\mathrm{{MW}}$ ${P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{{ES}},\text{ out }}/\mathrm{{MW}}$
0.2 0.92 0.92 0.4 0.4
需求响应
${\lambda }_{\mathrm{{IL}}}$ ${\lambda }_{\mathrm{{TL}}}$ ${P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{{LD}},\text{ in }}/\mathrm{{MW}}$
1.2 0.2 0.3
为验证本文构建的双层主从博弈模型的有效性, 设置两种优化策略进行对比。
策略 1:VPO 采用本文提出的双层主从博弈模型为下层各个 VPP 制定动态电价;
策略 2:VPO 不对下层进行动态电价制定, 直接将上层固定电价作为购售电价, 各 VPP 以成本最小化为目标,采用非合作模式运行。
①上层 VPO 电价制定结果分析
在两种调度策略下, VPP 的购售电价格如 图6 所示, VPP 之间共享交易电量如 图 7 所示, VPO与上层电力市场之间的电能交易量如 图 8 所示。不同时刻 VPP 运行状态不同,若 VPP 向 VPO 售电,则交易电量大于 0,为售电 VPP;若 VPP 向 VPO 购电, 则交易电量小于 0, 为购电 VPP; 当 VPP 内部电源出力和负荷供需平衡时,与 VPO 交易电量为 0 , 为自平衡 VPP, 此时 VPO 可以通过电价引导出力, 改变 VPP 运行状态, 变成购电 VPP 或售电 VPP。
图 7 ,8 可以看出,与策略 2 的固定电价相比,运营商利用策略 1 进行动态电价制定后,各个 VPP 之间的共享电量得到明显提高, 同时有更多时段 VPP 间进行了电量共享, 减少了 VPO 和上层电网的电量交互,提高了运营商利润。
结合 图 6 ~8,在两种策略下对上层电价制定结果进行分析,在 1:00-16:00 以及 24:00 内, VPP 电能供大于求, 运营商须要将多余电量出售给电力市场, 运营商为保证自身收益, 这些时段 VPP 售电价格应等于上网电价。此时,为了吸引购电 VPP 和自平衡 VPP 更多地消耗多余电能,应当降低 VPP 的购电价格,引导 VPP 从运营商处增加购电量来降低运行成本。
在 17:00-23:00,各 VPP 电能总体供不应求, 运营商须要从电力市场购买电能出售给 VPP, 满足其功率需求, 运营商为了保证不亏本运行, 应该令 VPP 购电价格等于电网电价。此时运营商通过提高 VPP 的售电价格, 刺激售电 VPP 和自平衡 VPP 增加出力,并将多余电能出售,增加 VPP 收益, 降低运行成本, 同时能够增加运营商收益。
②下层 VPP 购售电量分析
两种策略下各 VPP 的购售电量如 图 9 所示。 通过运营商制定电价的引导, VPP调整自身购售电量, 优化运行以降低自身成本。以 VPP1 为例, 在 $4 :{00}- 6 :{00}$ , VPP1 为购电 VPP,由于策略 1 制定的 VPP 购电价格低于电网电价,所以 VPP 会更多地从VPO 购电; 在 7:00, VPP1 由自平衡 VPP 变为购电 VPP, VPP 间电量共享进一步增加; 19: 00 时, VPP1 从自平衡 VPP 变成售电 VPP, 通过出售多余电量获得收益, 同时增加了共享电量。
③上下层效益分析
两种策略下, 上下层各主体的运行效益如 表 2 所示。
表 2 可以看出, 策略 1 下, VPO 通过合理的动态制定 VPP 购售电价格,明显提高了自身收益。VPP 根据上层动态电价引导,有效优化内部出力, 同时 VPP 购售电价不高于电网电价且不低于电网电价, 进一步增加了购售电效益, 所以各个 VPP 的运行成本相比于策略 2 均有所下降, 上下层各主体运行效益均得到提高。
综上所述, VPP 的运行状态可以影响 VPO 的电价制定, 同时 VPO 可以利用电价制定过程合理引导多 VPP 的调度运行, 增大各 VPP 之间的电量交互,以此提高自身收益并且有效降低 VPP 运行成本。各利益主体通过本文的主从博弈模型优化均可以有效提高自身效益, 因此本文提出的博弈策略可以成为多 VPP 调度运行的一种方式。
灵活性资源利用电价的峰谷差, 通过合理优化出力或者负荷曲线降低 VPP 运行成本, 优化 VPP 出力。以 VPP2 为例,需求响应前后负荷如 图 10 所示。在 15:00-23:00, VPP 负荷量比较大,此时段购电价格相对较高, 通过负荷中断和负荷转移削减负荷, 达到削峰的目的; 7:00-14:00 是负荷的低谷期, VPP 内风电和光伏出力较大,将负荷转入此时段实现填谷; $4 :{00}- 6 :{00}$ ,虽然负荷较大,但是购电价格低,将负荷转移进此时段,通过增加购电量满足负荷需求。需求响应后,负荷峰谷差减少 1.37 MW,实现了负荷削峰填谷,缓解 VPP 运行压力,降低了运行成本。
为验证灵活性资源对各主体博弈结果的影响, 在策略 1 背景下设置以下 3 个情景: 情景 1, 各 VPP 加入灵活性资源;情景 2,各 VPP 不加入灵活性资源;情景 3 , VPP1 不加入灵活性资源,其余 VPP 加入灵活性资源。不同情景下各主体运行效益对比如 表 3 所示。
对比情景 1 和情景 2 , 由于缺少灵活性资源的调度能力, VPP 在有更多电量剩余或缺额时只能向上层 VPO 出售和购买, 无法利用电价峰谷差优化调度, 所以 VPP 不加入灵活性资源时运行成本明显增加,而且间接增加了 VPP 间电量交互, 使得 VPO 利润提高。但是各 VPP 运行成本总共增加 3.86 千元, 而 VPO 利润增加 1.11 千元, 各主体整体效益减少。对比情景 1 和情景 3 , VPP1 由于没有加入灵活性资源, 运行成本增加了 1.61 千元, 相比于情景 2 多增加了 0.11 千元。其余 VPP 通过灵活性资源优化调度在博弈中使得自身成本降低, 但是各主体整体效益依然减少。所以投资商在聚合虚拟电厂时更愿意将自身具有的灵活性资源加入 VPP 来降低运行成本, 增加自身在博弈中的优势, 从而获得更大效益。
①本文考虑投资商在聚合虚拟电厂时,由于自身偏好而导致灵活性资源的差异, 分别建立了含有电储能、需求响应、氢储能的多虚拟电厂优化调度模型,更符合实际多虚拟电厂联合运行情况。 算例表明, 加入灵活性资源可以优化 VPP 运行, 有效降低 VPP 运行成本。
②基于主从博弈建立了运营商与多 VPP 的一主多从的双层博弈模型。运营商通过合理的动态电价制定引导 VPP 购售电, VPP 以运行成本最小化为目标,运行结果影响运营商电价制定。在博弈过程中, 运营商通过合理制定购售电价格, 引导 VPP 优化运行, 增加 VPP 电量共享, 在提升自身利润的同时有效降低了 VPP 的运行成本。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52107092)
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  • 接收时间:2022-09-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-20
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国家自然科学基金(52107092)
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    1 华北电力大学 电气与电子工程学院 河北 保定 071000
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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