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The output of wind, solar and other renewable energy sources is highly variable and stochastic, which poses a great challenge for the flexibility of the system. Therefore, a hybrid energy storage joint planning method for power systems that balances economy and flexibility is proposed. First, the flexibility requirements of the source and load sides are assessed from the perspective of power balance; then, a twolayer planning model that coordinates the flexibility retrofit of thermal power units and the hybrid energy storage is established, with three types of flexibility resources as the planning objects, namely, thermal power unit flexibility retrofit, Vanadium Redox flow Battery, and pumped storage. Using the upper and lower layer models, the scheme is iteratively optimized to obtain the optimal hybrid energy storage configuration scheme that balances economy and flexibility; secondly, an an improved whale algorithm based on inverse learning is adopted to optimize the planning model, and the validity of the model is verified by simulation. Finally, a case study is carried out using historical data from a certain region in Inner Mongolia Eastern to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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风电、光伏等可再生能源出力具有强波动性和随机性,增加了电力系统的灵活性需求。文章提出了兼顾经济性和灵活性的电力系统混合储能联合规划方法。首先,针对源荷两端灵活性需求,从电力电量平衡角度对系统灵活性进行了评估;其次,以火电机组灵活性改造、全钒液流电池、抽水蓄能3类灵活性资源为规划对象,构建火电机组灵活性改造和混合储能协调的双层规划模型;利用上、下层模型对方案不断进行迭代优化,得到兼顾经济性和灵活性的最优混合储能配置方案;再次,采用基于反向学习的改进型白鲸算法对规划模型进行优化,并通过仿真验证了模型的正确性;最后,以蒙东某地区历史数据进行算例分析,验证所提方法的有效性。

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唐健(1967-),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为新能源电力系统规划、分析、运行与控制技术。E-mail:

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唐健(1967-),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为新能源电力系统规划、分析、运行与控制技术。E-mail:

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articleId=1154429166792462653, companyId=1154429220970287221, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Electrical Engineering Northeast Electric Power University Jilin 132012 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154429220982870135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166792462653, companyId=1154429220970287221, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 东北电力大学 电气工程学院 吉林 吉林 132012)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1154429223742722222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166792462653, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Change in annual net load time series curve of the, figureFileSmall=RkNGU12eHJxM45KMKc7c1Q==, figureFileBig=CU3KxDMY7s+WxRrnutFj3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429223809831088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166792462653, language=CN, label=图 1, caption=可再生能源接入前后系统的年净负荷时序曲线变化, figureFileSmall=RkNGU12eHJxM45KMKc7c1Q==, figureFileBig=CU3KxDMY7s+WxRrnutFj3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429223876939954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166792462653, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Two-tier planning model for thermal power flexibility retrofit and hybrid storage capacity, figureFileSmall=sbBRy6CwIv8DXCcaiSuV4A==, figureFileBig=CFwC6CgXSs0s46oNoh/j/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429223952437428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166792462653, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=火电灵活性改造和混合储能容量双层规划模型, figureFileSmall=sbBRy6CwIv8DXCcaiSuV4A==, figureFileBig=CFwC6CgXSs0s46oNoh/j/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429224015351990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166792462653, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Flowchart 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figureFileSmall=JhtmxpCKLofbct3U0lrhkg==, figureFileBig=JtltjgVWFxiNyFWjDGZ8LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429225290420436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166792462653, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Scenario description, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景 描述
场景 1 仅考虑 VRB
场景 2 扩展了包括火电机组灵活性改造和 VRB
场景 3 扩展了包括火电机组灵活性改造、VRB 和 PS 的 HESS
), ArticleFig(id=1154429225361723605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166792462653, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=场景描述, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景 描述
场景 1 仅考虑 VRB
场景 2 扩展了包括火电机组灵活性改造和 VRB
场景 3 扩展了包括火电机组灵活性改造、VRB 和 PS 的 HESS
), ArticleFig(id=1154429225437221078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166792462653, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Planning capacity and flexibility resource compensation costs for different scenarios, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优化结果 场景 1 场景 2 场景 3
VRB/MW (MW·h) 2 100/1 260 2 2 346/1 407.6 1 655/993
火电灵活性改造/MW 0 1200 1 425
PS/MW (MW·h) 0 0 437/1 048.8
灵活性不足惩罚成本/万元 5 301.36 5020.18 3 269.23
弃风弃光率/% 11.43 5.58 2.87
综合成本/亿元 3.54 3.37 3.25
), ArticleFig(id=1154429225508524247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166792462653, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=不同场景规划容量及灵活性资源补偿成本, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优化结果 场景 1 场景 2 场景 3
VRB/MW (MW·h) 2 100/1 260 2 2 346/1 407.6 1 655/993
火电灵活性改造/MW 0 1200 1 425
PS/MW (MW·h) 0 0 437/1 048.8
灵活性不足惩罚成本/万元 5 301.36 5020.18 3 269.23
弃风弃光率/% 11.43 5.58 2.87
综合成本/亿元 3.54 3.37 3.25
), ArticleFig(id=1154429225567244505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166792462653, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=The combined cost of different optimization algorithms, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成本 白鲸 算法 单目标 算法 粒子群 算法 改进型白鲸 算法
综合成本/亿元 3.48 3.42 3.35 3.25
), ArticleFig(id=1154429225630159067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166792462653, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=不同优化算法的综合成本, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成本 白鲸 算法 单目标 算法 粒子群 算法 改进型白鲸 算法
综合成本/亿元 3.48 3.42 3.35 3.25
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考虑电力系统灵活性供需平衡的混合储能联合规划
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唐健 1 , 何义琼 1 , 于啸宇 2 , 刘宏扬 1 , 刘建飞 1 , 黄南天 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(7): 946-953
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(7): 946-953
考虑电力系统灵活性供需平衡的混合储能联合规划
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唐健1 , 何义琼1, 于啸宇2, 刘宏扬1, 刘建飞1, 黄南天2
作者信息
  • 1 国网内蒙古东部电力有限公司 经济技术研究院 内蒙古 呼和浩特 010010
  • 2 东北电力大学 电气工程学院 吉林 吉林 132012
  • 唐健(1967-),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为新能源电力系统规划、分析、运行与控制技术。E-mail:

Joint planning of hybrid energy storage considering the flexibility of supply and demand balance in power system
Jian Tang1 , Yiqiong He1, Xiaoyu Yu2, Hongyang Liu1, Jianfei Liu1, Nantian Huang2
Affiliations
  • 1 Economic Research Institute State Grid East Inner Mongolia Economic Research Institute Huhhot 010010 China
  • 2 School of Electrical Engineering Northeast Electric Power University Jilin 132012 China
出版时间: 2024-07-20
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风电、光伏等可再生能源出力具有强波动性和随机性,增加了电力系统的灵活性需求。文章提出了兼顾经济性和灵活性的电力系统混合储能联合规划方法。首先,针对源荷两端灵活性需求,从电力电量平衡角度对系统灵活性进行了评估;其次,以火电机组灵活性改造、全钒液流电池、抽水蓄能3类灵活性资源为规划对象,构建火电机组灵活性改造和混合储能协调的双层规划模型;利用上、下层模型对方案不断进行迭代优化,得到兼顾经济性和灵活性的最优混合储能配置方案;再次,采用基于反向学习的改进型白鲸算法对规划模型进行优化,并通过仿真验证了模型的正确性;最后,以蒙东某地区历史数据进行算例分析,验证所提方法的有效性。

灵活性  /  混合储能  /  双层规划模型  /  改进型白鲸算法

The output of wind, solar and other renewable energy sources is highly variable and stochastic, which poses a great challenge for the flexibility of the system. Therefore, a hybrid energy storage joint planning method for power systems that balances economy and flexibility is proposed. First, the flexibility requirements of the source and load sides are assessed from the perspective of power balance; then, a twolayer planning model that coordinates the flexibility retrofit of thermal power units and the hybrid energy storage is established, with three types of flexibility resources as the planning objects, namely, thermal power unit flexibility retrofit, Vanadium Redox flow Battery, and pumped storage. Using the upper and lower layer models, the scheme is iteratively optimized to obtain the optimal hybrid energy storage configuration scheme that balances economy and flexibility; secondly, an an improved whale algorithm based on inverse learning is adopted to optimize the planning model, and the validity of the model is verified by simulation. Finally, a case study is carried out using historical data from a certain region in Inner Mongolia Eastern to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

flexibility  /  hybrid energy storage system  /  two-layer planning model  /  improved beluga whale optimization
唐健, 何义琼, 于啸宇, 刘宏扬, 刘建飞, 黄南天. 考虑电力系统灵活性供需平衡的混合储能联合规划. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (7) : 946 -953 .
Jian Tang, Yiqiong He, Xiaoyu Yu, Hongyang Liu, Jianfei Liu, Nantian Huang. Joint planning of hybrid energy storage considering the flexibility of supply and demand balance in power system[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (7) : 946 -953 .
发展可再生能源是实现“双碳”目标的重要举措 [ 1 ] 。灵活性供需不匹配是高渗透率可再生能源 (Renewable Energy, RE)系统的主要问题, 而储能系统能够解决可再生能源接入电网所带来的不良影响 [ 2 , 3 ] 。因此,为了缓解当前风电消纳矛盾,研究火电机组灵活性改造与混合储能(Hybrid Energy Storage System, HESS) 之间的协调规划具有重要意义。
系统灵活性的研究主要在于合理配置和充分利用灵活性资源。文献[ 4 ]深入研究了火电灵活性改造对系统调节能力的提升作用。文献[ 5 ]提出了灵活性供需平衡机理。文献[ 6 ]对储能和可中断负荷等灵活性资源进行规划。上述研究缺乏从系统整体性能优化角度对灵活性资源进行综合规划。 储能是电力系统中重要的灵活性资源,可以实现对电力系统的削峰填谷, 降低电力系统的装机容量,缓解传输拥堵。文献[ 7 ]从抽水蓄能容量配置与火电机组协调运行的角度出发, 构建了抽水蓄能电站最佳容量配置的双层规划模型。此外, 还有研究对混合储能进行协同优化。文献[ 8 ]在分析储能特性时, 采用储能统一模型建立电储能有功- 无功特性模型和热/冷储能精细化模型,并定义混合储能综合效率用于控制不同类型储能效率对能源综合利用效率和经济性的影响。然而上述研究侧重于不同类型储能之间的协同规划, 或火电机组灵活性改造与单类型储能的协同规划, 对于火电机组灵活性改造与混合储能的协同规划研究较少。多目标优化求解方法可归为两类:一类是将多目标问题转化为单目标问题进行求解, 文献[ 9 ]将碳排放量通过碳税转化为经济成本, 进而以单目标优化的形式建模和求解。这类方法只能得到一个解, 无法得到多个非支配解, 因此解的多样性不足; 另一类是直接求解多目标问题以获得非劣解集,目前常采用粒子群优化算法 [ 10 ] 、遗传算法求解最优解集。这类方法对于参数的选择比较敏感,容易陷入局部最优解。改进型白鲸算法(Improved Beluga Whale Optimization, IBWO)具有收敛速度快, 计算精度高等优点。文献[ 11 ]对 BWO 进行了改进, 通过引入更新精英群体机制和反向学习策略提高种群多样性, 避免过早收敛, 提高搜索精度。
目前,关于电力系统灵活性规划的研究大多未能同时考虑火电机组 (Thermal Power Unit, TPU)、全钒液流电池(Vanadium Redox Flow Battery, VRB)、抽水蓄能(Pumped Storage, PS)3 类灵活性资源的协同规划。TPU 是电力系统的主要发电设备,具有较大的容量和灵活性改造潜力。VRB 是一种高效、可靠、长寿命的储能技术, 具有较大的容量和快速响应能力。PS 有较大的容量和长周期的储能能力, 可以快速响应系统的负荷变化, 提供灵活性调节能力。本文提出一种 TPU 灵活性改造和 HESS 协调的多目标规划方法。首先, 从电力电量平衡角度对源、荷两端灵活性进行了评估; 其次,以 TPU 灵活性改造, VRB, PS 3 类灵活性资源为规划对象, 构建火电机组灵活性改造和混合储能协调的双层规划模型。利用上、下层模型对方案进行迭代优化后, 得到最优混合储能配置方案; 然后采用基于反向学习(Opposition-Based Learning, OBL)的改进型白鲸算法(Improved Beluga whale optimization, IBWO)对规划模型进行优化, 并通过仿真验证了模型的正确性; 最后, 采用蒙东某地区历史数据进行算例分析, 验证所提方法的有效性。
系统灵活性需求为应对净负荷变化,系统内的灵活性资源所能提供的调节能力,即:
${F}_{\mathrm{n}, t}= {P}_{\mathrm{J}, t + 1}- {P}_{\mathrm{J}, t}$
${P}_{\mathrm{J},\mathrm{t}}= {P}_{\text{Load }, t}- {P}_{\mathrm{{RE}}, t}$
式中: ${F}_{\mathrm{n}, t}$$t$ 时刻系统灵活性需求; ${P}_{\mathrm{J}, t},{P}_{\mathrm{J}, t + 1}$ 分别为系统 $t$ 时刻和 $t + 1$ 时刻的净负荷; ${P}_{\mathrm{{RE}}, t}$$t$ 时刻可再生能源功率; ${P}_{\text{Load }, t}$$t$ 时刻系统负荷。
图 1 为当可再生能源接入比例较高时, 系统年净负荷时序曲线。
system before and after new energy connection
图 1 中振幅和频率变化很大, 由于系统灵活性调节空间不足,会导致运行安全或限电问题。可再生能源与负荷均为灵活性资源的典型消耗主体, 在可再生能源发电与负荷非可控功率双变量共同影响下,系统灵活性需求迅速增长,要求电网具有更高的灵活性供给能力。
1.2 火电机组灵活性改造与混合储能灵活性供给能力分析
$\begin{array}{l}{F}_{\mathrm{S},\max }^{\left(\mathrm{p}\right)}\left( t\right)= \min \left\{{{R}_{\mathrm{g}}^{+ },{T}_{\mathrm{p},\max }- P\left( t\right)}\right\}\\{F}_{\mathrm{s},\mathrm{w}}^{\left(\mathrm{p}\right)} =\min \left\{{{P}_{\mathrm{{el}},+ \max },\frac{E\left( t\right)- {S}_{\min }}{\delta }}\right\}\\{F}_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{{VRB}}}^{\left(\mathrm{p}\right)}\left( t\right)= \min \left\{{{P}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right),\frac{\operatorname{Evap}\left\lbrack {{P}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right)- {S}_{\min }^{\min }}\right\rbrack }{\tau }}\right\}\\{F}_{\mathrm{S},\max }^{\left(\mathrm{p}\right)}\left( t\right)= \min \left\{{{R}_{\mathrm{g}}^{+ },\tau , P\left( t\right)- {P}_{\mathrm{p},+ \min }}\right\}\\{F}_{\mathrm{s},- \mathrm{C}}^{\left(\mathrm{p}\right)} =\min \left\{{{P}_{\mathrm{e},+ \mathrm{{max}}},\frac{{S}_{\max }- S\left( t\right)}{\delta }}\right\}\\{F}_{\mathrm{s},- \mathrm{C}}^{\left(\mathrm{p}\right)} =\min \left\{{{P}_{\mathrm{e}}, t}\right\}= \min \left\{{{P}_{\mathrm{e}}, t}\right\}= \min \left\{{{P}_{\mathrm{e}}, t}\right\}\end{array}$
式中: ${F}_{\mathrm{S},\max }^{\mathrm{{up}}}\left( t\right)$${F}_{\mathrm{S},\min }^{\mathrm{{down}}}\left( t\right)$ 分别为火电机组灵活性改造后向上、向下灵活性供给能力; $P\left( t\right)$ 为火电机组在 $t$ 时刻的出力; ${P}_{\mathrm{j},\max }$ 为火电机组灵活性改造前最大出力; ${P}_{{j}^{* },\min }$ 为火电机组灵活性改造后最小出力; ${R}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为灵活性改造火电机组 $g$ 向下爬坡速率; ${R}_{\mathrm{g}}^{+ }$ 为灵活性改造火电机组 $g$ 向上爬坡速率; $\tau$ 为时间尺度; ${F}_{\mathrm{{st}},+ }^{\mathrm{{up}}},{F}_{\mathrm{{st}},- }^{\mathrm{{down}}}$ 分别为抽水蓄能向上、向下灵活性调节能力; ${P}_{\mathrm{{st}},+,\max },{P}_{\mathrm{{st}},-,\max }$ 分别为抽水蓄能最大发电和蓄水功率; $S\left( t\right),{S}_{\max },{S}_{\min }$ 分别为 $t$ 时刻的蓄水量和蓄水容量上下限; $\delta$ 为爬坡时间间隔; ${F}_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{{VRB}}}^{\mathrm{{up}}}\left( t\right),{F}_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{{VRB}}}^{\mathrm{{down}}}\left( t\right)$ 分别为全钒液流电池的向上、 向下灵活性供应能力; $S\mathrm{{OC}}\left( t\right)$ 为液流电池的实际荷电状态; ${S}_{\mathrm{{OC}}}^{\max },{S}_{\mathrm{{OC}}}^{\min }$ 分别为液流电池的最大、最小荷电状态; ${E}_{\mathrm{{VRB}}}$ 为液流电池的额定容量; ${P}_{+ }\left( t\right)$ , ${P}_{- }\left( t\right)$ 分别为液流电池的充、放电功率; ${\eta }_{\text{in }},{\eta }_{\text{out }}$ 分别为液流电池的充、放电效率。
机组增大发电速率的能力为向上发电, 减小发电速率的能力为向下发电。在相同方向上, 相同时间段中灵活性供给和需求的差值被定义为系统灵活性裕量 ${F}_{\mathrm{{MAR}}, t}$ ,其表达式为
${F}_{\mathrm{{MAR}}, t}= {F}_{\mathrm{S}, t}- {F}_{\mathrm{n}, t}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{F}_{\mathrm{{MAR}}, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}}= {F}_{\mathrm{S},\max }^{\mathrm{{up}}}\left( t\right)+ {F}_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{{RE}}}^{\mathrm{{up}}}\left( t\right)+ {F}_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{{HESS}}}^{\mathrm{{up}}}\left( t\right)- {F}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{{up}}}\left( t\right)\\{F}_{\mathrm{{MAR}}, t}^{\mathrm{{down}}}= {F}_{\mathrm{S},\min }^{\mathrm{{down}}}\left( t\right)+ {F}_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{L}}^{\mathrm{{down}}}\left( t\right)+ {F}_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{{HESS}}}^{\mathrm{{down}}}\left( t\right)- {F}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{{down}}}\left( t\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${F}_{\mathrm{S}, t}$ 为系统内灵活性资源所能提供的灵活性供给能力; ${F}_{\mathrm{{MAR}}, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}}$${F}_{\mathrm{{MAR}}, t}^{\mathrm{{down}}}$ 分别为系统所能提供的向上、向下灵活性裕量; ${F}_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{{RE}}}^{\mathrm{{up}}}\left( t\right)$ 为可再生能源提供的向上灵活性调节能力; ${F}_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{L}}^{\text{down }}\left( t\right)$ 为需求响应提供的向下灵活性调节能力; ${F}_{\mathrm{S},\text{ HESS }}^{\mathrm{{up}}}\left( t\right),{F}_{\mathrm{S},\text{ HESS }}^{\mathrm{{down}}}\left( t\right)$ 分别为混合储能系统所能提供的向上、向下灵活性调节能力; ${F}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{{up}}}\left( t\right),{F}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{{down}}}\left( t\right)$ 分别为系统向上、向下灵活性需求。
${F}_{\mathrm{{MAR}}, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}}\leq 0$ 时,系统会面临切负荷风险; 当 ${F}_{\mathrm{{MAR}}, t}^{\mathrm{{down}}}\leq 0$ 时,系统将产生可再生能源出力浪费。 引入灵活性不足惩罚成本量化灵活性缺额,根据是否满足灵活性供需平衡约束进行迭代反馈, 以实现灵活性资源的优化配置。
结合相同时间段中灵活性供给和需求的差值, 建立计及灵活性的火电机组灵活性改造和混合储能的双层规划模型, 如 图 2 所示。
双层规划模型以综合成本最低为优化目标, 上层经济性模型以混合储能的容量和并网位置作为该模型的决策变量; 下层灵活性模型以灵活性惩罚成本最小和碳收益最大为目标,决策变量为系统电源机组与混合储能等灵活性资源的输出功率。
上层经济性规划模型目标函数为
$\min {C}_{\mathrm{L}}= {C}_{\mathrm{K}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{S}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{H}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{T}}- {R}_{\mathrm{t}}$
${C}_{\mathrm{T}}= {\mu }_{\mathrm{T}}{T}_{\mathrm{S}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{365}}{\int }_{0}^{24}\left\lbrack {{P}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( t\right)- {P}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack \mathrm{d}t $
式中: ${C}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为系统综合成本; ${C}_{\mathrm{K}}$ 为系统综合运行成本,包括常规火电机组的建设和运维成本等; ${C}_{\mathrm{T}}$ 为弃风成本; ${C}_{\mathrm{H}},{C}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 分别为 $\mathrm{{PS}},\mathrm{{VRB}}$ 的投资成本和运维成本; ${R}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为火电机组发电收益; ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right)$ 为储能在 $t$ 时刻吸收的弃风功率; ${\mu }_{\mathrm{T}}$ 为单位弃风电量惩罚值; ${T}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 为规划周期。
PS 成本包括新增抽水蓄能机组的建设成本以及抽水蓄能机组的运维成本, 可表示为
${C}_{\mathrm{H}}= {P}_{\mathrm{H}}{K}_{\mathrm{H}}+ {E}_{\mathrm{H}}{k}_{\mathrm{H}}/{n}_{\mathrm{H}}$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{H}},{K}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 分别为抽水蓄能机组的总装机容量及其运维成本系数; ${E}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 为新建抽水蓄能容量; ${k}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 为抽水蓄能建设成本系数; ${n}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 为抽水蓄能运行年限。
假设所有全钒液流电池均是新建的, 其成本包括投资成本、运维成本, 全钒液流电池投资成本主体为电池成本, 按照其额定容量计算, 全钒液流电池的成本表示为
${C}_{\mathrm{s}}= {E}_{\mathrm{{es}}}{k}_{\mathrm{{es}}}\left({{m}_{\mathrm{s}}/{n}_{\mathrm{s}}+ v}\right)$
式中: ${E}_{\mathrm{{es}}}$ 为新增全钒液流电池容量; ${k}_{\mathrm{{es}}}$ 为 VRB 的建设成本系数; ${m}_{\mathrm{s}},{n}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 分别为全钒液流电池的充放电次数、全生命周期内可充放电总次数; $v$ 为全钒液流电池的运维成本系数。
③火电机组发电收益
火电机组的发电收益包含了电网公司给火电机组的上网电量收入以及电网对参与灵活性改造的火电机组的运营补偿费用,具体表达式为
${R}_{\mathrm{t}}= {F}_{\mathrm{{fit}},\text{ pro }}^{\mathrm{G}}+ {F}_{\mathrm{G}}$
${F}_{\text{fit },\text{ pro }}^{\mathrm{G}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{W}_{\mathrm{G}, i}{C}_{\text{fit }}$
${F}_{\mathrm{G}}= {\int }_{0}^{{t}_{1}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}\left\{{{C}_{\mathrm{{pr}},\mathrm{{GP}}}\left\lbrack {{P}_{\mathrm{a}, i}- {P}_{\mathrm{G}, i}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack }\right\}\mathrm{d}t $
式中: ${F}_{\mathrm{{fit}},\text{ pro }}^{\mathrm{G}},{F}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 分别为火电机组上网电量收入和火电机组的运营补偿费用; ${W}_{\mathrm{G}, i}$ 为第 $i$ 台机组上网电量; ${C}_{\text{fit }}$ 为火力发电上网电价; ${P}_{\mathrm{G}, i}\left( t\right)$ 为第 $i$ 台机组在 $t$ 时刻的功率; ${C}_{\mathrm{{pr}},\mathrm{{GP}}}$ 为火电机组灵活性改造补偿单价; ${t}_{1}$ 为火电机组灵活性改造时间段; ${P}_{\mathrm{a}, i}$ 为第 $i$ 台机组常规调峰阶段的最小出力。
电量平衡约束:
${W}_{\mathrm{g}}+ {W}_{\mathrm{w}}- \Delta {W}_{\mathrm{w}}\geq {W}_{\mathrm{L}}$
式中: ${W}_{\mathrm{g}},{W}_{\mathrm{w}},\Delta {W}_{\mathrm{w}},{W}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 分别为火电机组发电量、 可再生能源发电量、弃风电量以及负荷电量。
抽水蓄能库容约束与日清约束:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{E}_{\mathrm{H},\min }\leq {E}_{\mathrm{H}, i}\leq {E}_{\mathrm{H},\max }\\{E}_{\mathrm{H},{96}}= {E}_{\mathrm{H},{96}\left({x - 1}\right)}, x = 1,2,\cdots ,{365}\end{array}\right.$
${E}_{\mathrm{H}, i}= {E}_{\mathrm{H}, i - 1}+ T\left({{\mu }^{\mathrm{{pump}}}{P}_{\mathrm{p}, i}{\eta }^{\mathrm{{pump}}}- \frac{{\mu }^{\mathrm{{gen}}}{P}_{\mathrm{p}, i}}{{\eta }^{\mathrm{{gen}}}}}\right)$
式中: ${E}_{\mathrm{H}, i}$$i$ 时刻抽蓄电站的蓄水量; ${E}_{\mathrm{H},\min },{E}_{\mathrm{H},\max }$ 分别为抽蓄电站上水库最小蓄水量与最大蓄水量; ${\eta }^{\text{pump }},{\eta }^{\text{gen }}$ 分别为抽水和发电功率; $T$ 为单位时间; ${\eta }^{\text{pump }}$ 为 0-1 变量,且满足 ${\mu }^{\text{pump }}{\mu }^{\text{gen }}= 0,{\mu }^{\text{gen }}$ 为抽水标志,抽水时值为 1,不抽水时值为 $0;{P}_{\mathrm{p}, i}$$i$ 时刻抽水蓄能机组的实时功率。
抽水蓄能机组出力约束:
$\max \left\{{-{P}_{\mathrm{H}},\frac{{E}_{\mathrm{H}, i}- {E}_{\mathrm{H},\text{ max }}}{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{\eta }^{\text{pump }}}\right\}\leq {P}_{\mathrm{P}, i}\leq \\\min \left\{{{P}_{\mathrm{H}},\frac{{E}_{\mathrm{H}, i}- {E}_{\mathrm{H},\min }}{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{\eta }^{\text{gen }}}}\right\}\\{E}_{\mathrm{{eH}}}= {\alpha }_{\mathrm{H}}{P}_{\mathrm{H}}$
式中: ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{H}}$ 为抽水蓄能机组在额定功率下上水库从死水位到满水位或从满水位到死水位的抽/蓄时间; ${E}_{\mathrm{{eH}}}$ 为抽蓄上水库额定蓄水量; ${P}_{\mathrm{P}, i}$$i$ 时刻抽水蓄能机组的实时功率; ${E}_{\mathrm{H},\min },{E}_{\mathrm{H},\max }$ 分别为抽蓄电站上水库最小蓄水量与最大蓄水量。
全钒液流电池功率和容量约束:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{E}_{\mathrm{e}, t + 1}= {E}_{\mathrm{e}, t}+ {\eta }_{\mathrm{C}}{P}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{e}, t}{\Delta t}- \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{D},\mathrm{s}, t}{\Delta t}}{{\eta }_{\mathrm{D}}}\\{E}_{\mathrm{e}}^{\min }\leq {E}_{\mathrm{e}, t}\leq {E}_{\mathrm{e}}^{\max }\end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} 0 \leq {P}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{e}, t}\leq {c}_{\mathrm{e}, t}{P}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{e},\max }\\ 0 \leq {P}_{\mathrm{D},\mathrm{e}, t}\leq {d}_{\mathrm{e}, t}{P}_{\mathrm{D},\mathrm{e},\max }\\{P}_{\mathrm{e}, t}\equiv {P}_{\mathrm{D},\mathrm{e}, t}- {P}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{e}, t}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${\eta }_{\mathrm{C}}$${\eta }_{\mathrm{D}}$ 分别为全钒液流电池的充、放电效率; ${E}_{\mathrm{e}}^{\min }$${E}_{\mathrm{e}}^{\max }$ 分别为全钒液流电池容量的最小值和最大值; ${E}_{\mathrm{e}, t}$ 为全钒液流电池 $t$ 时间段的容量; ${\Delta t}$ 为时间间隔; ${c}_{\mathrm{e}, t}$${d}_{\mathrm{e}, t}$ 分别为储能充、放电状态的 0-1 变量; ${P}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{e}, t}$${P}_{\mathrm{D},\mathrm{e}, t}$ 分别为全钒液流电池 $t$ 时刻的充、放电功率; ${P}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{e},\max }$${P}_{\mathrm{D},\mathrm{e},\max }$ 分别为全钒液流电池的最大充、放电功率。
碳排放量约束:
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{g \in {Th}}}{\mu }_{\mathrm{g}}{E}_{\mathrm{g}, t}\leq {\theta }_{t}^{\mathrm{C}}$
式中: ${\theta }_{t}^{\mathrm{C}}$ 为第 $t$ 年最大碳排放量; ${\mu }_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为碳排放率; ${E}_{\mathrm{g}, t}$ 为第 $t$ 年火电机组发电量。
①目标函数
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{C}_{\mathrm{{MAR}}}= {\beta }^{\text{down }}{F}_{\mathrm{{MAR}}, t}^{\text{down }}+ {\beta }^{\mathrm{{up}}}{F}_{\mathrm{{MAR}}, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}}\\{B}_{\mathrm{c}}= {e}_{\mathrm{c}}{\theta }_{\mathrm{c}}{a}_{\mathrm{c}}{E}_{\mathrm{{RE}}, t}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${C}_{\mathrm{{MAR}}}$ 为灵活性不足惩罚成本; ${\beta }^{\text{down }},{\beta }^{\text{up }}$ 分别为向下、向上灵活性不足惩罚系数; ${B}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为碳收益; ${e}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为单位质量的煤炭燃烧所产生的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 的转换系数; ${\theta }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为生产单位电能的煤耗量; ${a}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为碳交易的费用; ${E}_{\mathrm{{RE}}, t}$ 为可再生能源的发电量。
火电机组灵活性改造成本为
${C}_{\mathrm{F}}= {O}_{\mathrm{g}}\left({{P}_{\mathrm{a}}- {P}_{{j}^{* },\min }}\right)$
式中: ${C}_{\mathrm{F}}$ 为火电机组灵活性改造成本; ${O}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为火电机组灵活性改造的单位成本; ${P}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为火电机组灵活性改造前出力下限; ${P}_{{j}^{* },\min }$ 为火电机组 $j$ 灵活性改造后的出力下限。
②约束条件
约束条件包括灵活性供需平衡约束、系统功率平衡约束、计及灵活性的火电机组出力等 [ 12 ]
OBL 主要是为了增强算法的整体搜索能力。 OBL 可以给当前位置提供一个与之相反的位置, 从而探索出另一种可能性, 加大全局的勘探, 避免局部收敛。最后将两个位置个体的适应度作对比, 留下更优解。在每次迭代的最后,采用反向学习策略,给当前白鲸个体一个新的机会去了解反向位置的适应度值,能更好得完成全局的勘探。
算法流程如 图 3 所示。
本文基于 YALMIP 工具箱进行建模,以蒙东某地区电网实际数据为例, 该地区常规火电机组装机共为 ${5200}\mathrm{{MW}}$ ,风电装机容量为 ${4880}\mathrm{{MW}}$ , 风电功率最大值为 ${3459.42}\mathrm{{MW}}$ ,光伏装机容量为 ${856}\mathrm{{MW}}$ ,最大光伏出力为 ${731.37}\mathrm{{MW}}$ ,可再生能源渗透率约为 ${80}\%$ 。峰谷电价分别为低谷时段 $\left({{00}: {00}- {05}: {00},{22}: {00}- {24}: {00}}\right){0.4536}$$/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ , 平价时段 $({05}: {00}- {07}: {30},{11}: {30}- {17}: {00},{21}: {00}-$ ${22}: {00}){0.7303}$$/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ ,高峰时段 $({07}: {30}- {11}$ : ${30},{17}: {00}- {21}: {00}){1.088}$$/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ 。弃风和弃光惩罚成本分别取0.100,0.063万元 $/\left({\mathrm{{MW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ ,向上和向下灵活性不足的惩罚成本分别为 0.0517 , 0.1290 万元/MW。考虑到风电机组和光伏设备的发电量和供电负荷的波动性, 在现有设备的基础上考虑了混合储能系统的扩展。其他参数参考文献 [ 13 , 14 ] 。本文选取改进的 IEEE30 节点系统进行分析,其中风电场连接在节点3,17,光伏电站连接在节点 9 ,风电场和光伏电站就近配置储能, 结构如 图 4 所示。
风电和光伏出力如 图 5 所示。
规划和优化过程主要包括两个部分:①基本参数的输入和 HESS 能力扩展规划, 向模型输入供电负荷、风电出力、光伏出力、能源价格等数据; ②模拟电网运行状态,建立基于系统功率平衡约束、设备状态约束、碳排放约束和混合储能约束的扩展规划模型。以综合成本最低为优化目标, 利用 IBWO 求解 HESS 的最优装机容量。不同储能配置方案对平滑风力发电机组、光伏输出波动的影响不同,对电力系统经济性也会产生不同影响。 为验证规划优化模型的有效性, 设置了 3 种场景, 如 表 3 所示。采用 IBWO 优化 HESS 系统规划和优化模型。算法优化参数的初始种群设置为 200 , 迭代次数为 150 。
不同场景下可再生能源消纳率如 图 6 所示。
图 6 可知: 场景 3 的可再生能源消纳率最高;场景 2 和场景 3 的可再生能源消纳率分别比场景 1 高出 4.76%和 8.23%。灵活性资源的投入可以提高系统的可再生能源消纳能力, 与场景 1 相比, 场景 2 和场景 3 分别增加了 1471 MW 和 1853 MW, 3 种场景的规划优化结果见 表 4
表 4 可以看出, 场景 3 中考虑了 HESS , 而场景 2 中只有 VRB 单一储能方式和 TPU 的灵活性改造。场景 1 由于仅考虑 VRB 的投入, 导致高渗透率可再生能源系统灵活性调节能力不足, 弃风率为 11.43%,同时也说明在可再生能源渗透率较高的情况下, 仅依靠单一类型的储能难以满足系统的灵活性需求, 有必要投入混合储能等不同类型的灵活性资源进行协调优化。在场景 3 中, 考虑到 TPU 的灵活性改造和 HESS 的优化配置, 选择 1425 MW TPU 进行灵活性改造, 为系统提供灵活性调节能力, 同时配置 437 MW PS 和 1655 MW VRB,弃风率仅为 2.87%。与灵活性资源较少的场景 1 和场景 2 相比, 场景 3 可提供更多的灵活性调节能力, 有助于促进可再生能源消纳,同时具有良好的经济性。
场景 2 和场景 3 的优化过程如 图 7 所示。
图 8 为粒子群算法、BWO、单目标算法和 IBWO 在优化过程中的对比。
表5 为不同优化算法的综合成本。
4 种算法中, IBWO 收敛速度最快, 成本最低。 IBWO 与单目标算法相比, 迭代速度基本相同, 综合成本较低。验证了本文所用算法的有效性。
HESS 在春、夏、秋、冬四季的 4 个典型日的运行模拟如 图 9 所示。相对应的充电状态 (State of Charge, SOC) 变化如 图 10 所示。
VRB/PS 为负值时表示 SOC 减小,此时为放电模式;正值时为充电模式, SOC 将增加。由于白天 $\left({8 :{00}- {16}: {00}}\right)$ 光伏发电量充足,可再生能源发电量充足且高于负荷。在秋、冬两个典型日, VRB 和 PS 有足够的能力吸收多余的 RE 能量。但在春、夏两个典型日, VRB 和 PS 的 SOC 均达到最大值,吸收 $\mathrm{{RE}}$ 能量的能力将减小。在冬季典型日 $\left({0 :{00}- 8 :{00}}\right),\mathrm{{RE}}$ 出力较小,无法满足负荷需求, VRB 和 PS 的 SOC 均达到最小值, 此时需要火电机组的大量投入。在秋冬季节的典型日夜间(20: ${00}- {24}: {00}),\mathrm{{RE}}$ 的功率不足以满足峰值负荷, $\mathrm{{VRB}}$ 和 PS 的 SOC 有足够的容量来满足不足的负荷, 但功率输出受到最大输出功率的限制, 会产生负荷的削减。
不同季节下, VRB 和 PS 的作用略有差异, 夏季可再生能源出力过剩, 在低负荷需求时段, PS 被视为主要的储能措施, VRB 作为 PS 的补充, 有效提高可再生能源利用率。同时, PS 可以快速响应负荷变化,提高系统灵活性调节能力。春秋季节, VRB 和 PS 均可根据需求稳定充放电,提供稳定可靠的电力供应。VRB 在冬季可以有效地存储各种来源的能量, 有助于在可再生能源发电波动的情况下保持稳定的电力供应。总的来说,能量存储的主体为VRB, PS作为补充。两者相互配合补充协调运行, 可以有效地调节 RE 和负荷之间的匹配关系,从而减少电量损失和出力较小而未满足负荷需求的情况。
为了研究不同 RE 水平与不同储能方案对结果的影响, 对不同功率水平的 WT 和 PV 下的储能方案进行优化, 不同方案的最优净现值(系统总寿命周期成本的现值, NPC)如 图 11 所示。
图 11 可知, 随着 WT 和 PV 功率水平的提高, NPC 均呈现下降趋势,这表明 RE 资源水平的提高将带来更高的经济效益。无论 $\mathrm{{RE}}$ 功率水平如何变化, HESS 的 NPC 总是低于 VRB 和 PS, 证明了本文方案和优化结果的有效性。
本文计及净负荷时序波动特征, 在灵活性供需平衡的基础上,构建了火电机组灵活性改造和混合储能协调的双层规划模型,得到以下结论。
①火电机组灵活性改造、全钒液流电池和抽水蓄能 3 种灵活性资源在时空上的能量转移特性不同,协调规划三者有助于满足系统调峰需求。
②在电力系统规划中,综合考虑多种灵活性资源协调优化, 可以有效延缓常规火电机组扩建, 提高系统灵活性调节空间,同时具有更好的经济和环保效益。
③通过求解本文提出的计及灵活性约束的火电机组灵活性改造和混合储能规划双层优化模型, 可以得到兼顾灵活性和经济性的配置方案。
  • 国网内蒙古东部电力有限公司科技项目(526606220005)
参考文献 引证文献
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2024年第42卷第7期
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  • 接收时间:2023-10-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-14
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国网内蒙古东部电力有限公司科技项目(526606220005)
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    1 国网内蒙古东部电力有限公司 经济技术研究院 内蒙古 呼和浩特 010010
    2 东北电力大学 电气工程学院 吉林 吉林 132012
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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