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In the design of highpower directdrive wind turbines, this paper proposes to design axial flux permanent magnet generators as highpower half directdriven wind turbines to address the issues of large radial dimensions and high maintenance costs in the later stage. Taking the 2 MW semi direct drive axial flux permanent magnet generator as the research object, the parameter design principle and method are studied. By exploring the influence of different pole pairs on the output performance of the generator, the optimal scheme of the generator meeting the design goal is determined. The 3D finite element method is used to analyze the air gap flux density, voltage, current waveform, output power, loss and efficiency of the generator under noload and rated load conditions, and verify the correctness of the electromagnetic design of the generator. The efficiency of the generator can reach 97.79%, which has the advantages of low loss and high efficiency. By comparing with generators in the existing research, it is concluded that the radial size of the MW half directdriven axial flux permanent magnet generator proposed in this paper is significantly reduced, and it has better performance than the existing radial flux structure highpower semi direct drive permanent magnet generator in terms of axial dimension and cogging torque.

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在大功率直驱式风力发电机设计中,针对轴向磁通永磁发电机径向尺寸大、后期维护成本高的问题,文章将轴向磁通永磁发电机设计为大功率半直驱式风力发电机。以2MW半直驱轴向磁通永磁发电机为研究对象,研究其参数设计原则和方法。通过探究不同极对数对发电机输出性能的影响,确定满足设计目标的电机优选方案。采用3D有限元分析法对发电机空载和额定负载工况下的气隙磁密、电压、电流波形以及输出功率、损耗和效率进行分析,验证发电机电磁设计的正确性,发电机效率可以达到97.79%,具有损耗小、效率高的优点。通过与现有发电机进行对比,文章所提出的半直驱 MW级轴向磁通永磁发电机径向尺寸显著减小,且在轴向尺寸和齿槽转矩方面比现有径向磁通结构的大功率半直驱永磁发电机表现更优。

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朱军(1984-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为新能源发电技术、特种电机驱动与控制。E-mail:

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朱军(1984-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为新能源发电技术、特种电机驱动与控制。E-mail:

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articleId=1154429166104601237, language=CN, label=图 8, caption=额定负载电压波形, figureFileSmall=+JqELUr+IJJ/cNCcPNmbeg==, figureFileBig=GmlyRIKRSh0hkOUMf9gfEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429239349732010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166104601237, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Rated load current waveform, figureFileSmall=fSctkPYFozh1PURbxEAhIA==, figureFileBig=jg1JHJglTDV7WdgVEXgalA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429239416840876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166104601237, language=CN, label=图 9, caption=额定负载电流波形, figureFileSmall=fSctkPYFozh1PURbxEAhIA==, figureFileBig=jg1JHJglTDV7WdgVEXgalA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429239467172526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166104601237, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Winding copper loss of generator, figureFileSmall=be2aq9rq7haEHuaKpEL6sg==, 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参数 数值
额定功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{N}}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 2000
额定转速 $n/\mathrm{r} \cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}$ 300
额定电压/V 690±3%
电压波形畸变率1% <5
电压调整率/% <10
功率因数
0.95
相数 3
效率1%
96
), ArticleFig(id=1154429240045986490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166104601237, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=2 MW 半直驱轴向磁通永磁风力发电机电磁设计参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
额定功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{N}}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 2000
额定转速 $n/\mathrm{r} \cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}$ 300
额定电压/V 690±3%
电压波形畸变率1% <5
电压调整率/% <10
功率因数
0.95
相数 3
效率1%
96
), ArticleFig(id=1154429240108901051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166104601237, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Generator dimension parameter, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
永磁体外径 ${D}_{\mathrm{o}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 2400
永磁体内径 ${D}_{\mathrm{i}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 1 380
永磁体厚度 ${h}_{\mathrm{{pm}}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 35
单侧气隙长度 $g/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 8
线圈边宽/mm 75
极弧系数 0.8
并联支路数 4
), ArticleFig(id=1154429240167621308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166104601237, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=发电机尺寸参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
永磁体外径 ${D}_{\mathrm{o}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 2400
永磁体内径 ${D}_{\mathrm{i}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 1 380
永磁体厚度 ${h}_{\mathrm{{pm}}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 35
单侧气隙长度 $g/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 8
线圈边宽/mm 75
极弧系数 0.8
并联支路数 4
), ArticleFig(id=1154429240226341565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166104601237, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Comparison of generator performance under different pole pairs, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 方案一 方案二 方案三
极对数 12 16 24
气隙磁密/T 0.778 0.766 0.748
额定负载电压/V 702.35 711.66 710.02
额定功率/kW 2 034.45 2088.97 2063.27
效率1% 97.65 97.79 97.72
磁极用量/kg 1 218.86 1 234.02 1 422.52
电压波形畸变率1% 5.43 3.95 3.63
电压调整率/% 15.84 5.29 11.06
), ArticleFig(id=1154429240285061822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166104601237, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=不同极对数下发电机性能对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 方案一 方案二 方案三
极对数 12 16 24
气隙磁密/T 0.778 0.766 0.748
额定负载电压/V 702.35 711.66 710.02
额定功率/kW 2 034.45 2088.97 2063.27
效率1% 97.65 97.79 97.72
磁极用量/kg 1 218.86 1 234.02 1 422.52
电压波形畸变率1% 5.43 3.95 3.63
电压调整率/% 15.84 5.29 11.06
), ArticleFig(id=1154429240360559296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166104601237, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Loss table of the generator, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损耗类别 铜耗 铁耗 附加损耗 机械损耗 总损耗
损耗值/kW 20.05 17.13 10 47.18
损耗占比/% 42.5 36.3 21.2
), ArticleFig(id=1154429240427668162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166104601237, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=发电机损耗, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损耗类别 铜耗 铁耗 附加损耗 机械损耗 总损耗
损耗值/kW 20.05 17.13 10 47.18
损耗占比/% 42.5 36.3 21.2
), ArticleFig(id=1154429240486388420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166104601237, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Comparison table of output performance parameters of low-power analog prototypes, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 性能指标 样机性能
额定功率/W 300 315.94
额定电压/V 30 30.76
电压波形畸变率1% <5 2.4
电压调整率/% <10 8.9
效率1%
85
90.27
), ArticleFig(id=1154429240545108678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166104601237, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=小功率模拟样机输出性能参数对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 性能指标 样机性能
额定功率/W 300 315.94
额定电压/V 30 30.76
电压波形畸变率1% <5 2.4
电压调整率/% <10 8.9
效率1%
85
90.27
), ArticleFig(id=1154429240608023240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166104601237, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=External dimension parameter comparison table of different kinds of generators, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发电机类型 直驱式[ 12 ] 本文半直驱 半直驱式[ 17 ] 半直驱式团
磁路结构 轴向磁通 轴向磁通 径向磁通 径向磁通
额定功率/MW 1 2 1.65 3.2
级联级数 2 1 1 1
外径/m 4.8 2.4 2.3 1.9
轴向长度/m 0.36 0.186 0.54 0.46
), ArticleFig(id=1154429240670937802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166104601237, language=CN, label=表 6, caption=不同类型发电机外尺寸参数对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发电机类型 直驱式[ 12 ] 本文半直驱 半直驱式[ 17 ] 半直驱式团
磁路结构 轴向磁通 轴向磁通 径向磁通 径向磁通
额定功率/MW 1 2 1.65 3.2
级联级数 2 1 1 1
外径/m 4.8 2.4 2.3 1.9
轴向长度/m 0.36 0.186 0.54 0.46
), ArticleFig(id=1154429240738046668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166104601237, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=Comparison of performance parameters of generators with two magnetic circuit structures, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
磁路结构类型 本文轴向磁通 径向磁通 径向磁通
额定功率/MW 2 1.65 3.2
效率1% 97.79 97.14 97.80
齿槽转矩/N·m 657.13 4.22(斜槽后)
), ArticleFig(id=1154429240800961230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429166104601237, language=CN, label=表 7, caption=两种磁路结构发电机性能参数对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
磁路结构类型 本文轴向磁通 径向磁通 径向磁通
额定功率/MW 2 1.65 3.2
效率1% 97.79 97.14 97.80
齿槽转矩/N·m 657.13 4.22(斜槽后)
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半直驱 MW级轴向磁通永磁风力发电机电磁设计与分析
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朱军 1 , 南怀春 1 , 刘瞳亮 1 , 郭向伟 1 , 刘鹏辉 1 , 杜少通 1 , 钦金祥 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(7): 929-936
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(7): 929-936
半直驱 MW级轴向磁通永磁风力发电机电磁设计与分析
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朱军1 , 南怀春1, 刘瞳亮1, 郭向伟1, 刘鹏辉1, 杜少通1, 钦金祥2
作者信息
  • 1 河南理工大学 电气工程与自动化学院 河南 焦作 454000
  • 2 河南龙源新能源发展有限公司 河南 郑州 450012
  • 朱军(1984-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为新能源发电技术、特种电机驱动与控制。E-mail:

Electromagnetic design and performance analysis of half direct-drive MW class axial flux permanent magnet generator for wind turbine
Jun Zhu1 , Huaichun Nan1, Tongliang Liu1, Xiangwei Guo1, Penghui Liu1, Shaotong Du1, Jinxiang Qin2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electrical Engineering and Automation Henan Polytechnic University Jiaozuo 454000 China
  • 2 Henan Longyuan New Energy Development Co., LTD Zhengzhou 450012 China
出版时间: 2024-07-20
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在大功率直驱式风力发电机设计中,针对轴向磁通永磁发电机径向尺寸大、后期维护成本高的问题,文章将轴向磁通永磁发电机设计为大功率半直驱式风力发电机。以2MW半直驱轴向磁通永磁发电机为研究对象,研究其参数设计原则和方法。通过探究不同极对数对发电机输出性能的影响,确定满足设计目标的电机优选方案。采用3D有限元分析法对发电机空载和额定负载工况下的气隙磁密、电压、电流波形以及输出功率、损耗和效率进行分析,验证发电机电磁设计的正确性,发电机效率可以达到97.79%,具有损耗小、效率高的优点。通过与现有发电机进行对比,文章所提出的半直驱 MW级轴向磁通永磁发电机径向尺寸显著减小,且在轴向尺寸和齿槽转矩方面比现有径向磁通结构的大功率半直驱永磁发电机表现更优。

轴向磁通  /  大功率半直驱式  /  有限元分析  /  电磁特性

In the design of highpower directdrive wind turbines, this paper proposes to design axial flux permanent magnet generators as highpower half directdriven wind turbines to address the issues of large radial dimensions and high maintenance costs in the later stage. Taking the 2 MW semi direct drive axial flux permanent magnet generator as the research object, the parameter design principle and method are studied. By exploring the influence of different pole pairs on the output performance of the generator, the optimal scheme of the generator meeting the design goal is determined. The 3D finite element method is used to analyze the air gap flux density, voltage, current waveform, output power, loss and efficiency of the generator under noload and rated load conditions, and verify the correctness of the electromagnetic design of the generator. The efficiency of the generator can reach 97.79%, which has the advantages of low loss and high efficiency. By comparing with generators in the existing research, it is concluded that the radial size of the MW half directdriven axial flux permanent magnet generator proposed in this paper is significantly reduced, and it has better performance than the existing radial flux structure highpower semi direct drive permanent magnet generator in terms of axial dimension and cogging torque.

axial flux  /  high power semi-direct drive  /  finite element analysis  /  electromagnetic characteristics
朱军, 南怀春, 刘瞳亮, 郭向伟, 刘鹏辉, 杜少通, 钦金祥. 半直驱 MW级轴向磁通永磁风力发电机电磁设计与分析. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (7) : 929 -936 .
Jun Zhu, Huaichun Nan, Tongliang Liu, Xiangwei Guo, Penghui Liu, Shaotong Du, Jinxiang Qin. Electromagnetic design and performance analysis of half direct-drive MW class axial flux permanent magnet generator for wind turbine[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (7) : 929 -936 .
随着风电技术的不断成熟以及海上风电的大力发展,大功率风力发电机成为研究热点 [ 1 ] 。永磁风力发电机具有结构简单、功率密度高、效率高以及可靠性高等优点, 被广泛应用于大功率风力发电机的研发与设计 [ 2 , 3 ]
电磁设计作为大型永磁风力发电机研发与设计的基础,受到众多研发机构和研究学者的广泛关注。文献[ 4 ]以 3MW 半直驱永磁风力发电机为例, 研究了半直驱永磁风力发电机主要设计参数的选取过程和原则。文献[ 5 ]分析了 ${3.2}\mathrm{{MW}}$ 半直驱永磁风力发电机电机结构参数对电机性能的影响, 并对比了相近功率下直驱、半直驱以及双馈风力发电机的电机性能, 得出半直驱式的大功率风力发电机性能表现更优的结论。也有研究学者对直驱式 MW 级永磁风力发电机的电磁设计优化、 性能分析以及机组的控制策略进行了大量研究 [ 6 - 8 ] 。但是,上述研究中的风力发电机磁路结构均采用的是传统径向磁通结构,而对于结构紧凑、 效率高的轴向磁通结构的永磁风力发电机, 国内尚缺少相关的设计经验和参考。轴向磁通永磁发电机作为垂直轴风力发电系统的主体, 在小功率低风速微风发电领域已经得到了实践应用并取得了有益效果 [ 9 , 10 ] 。国外学者对直驱式 $\mathrm{{MW}}$ 级轴向磁通结构的永磁发电机进行了设计和研究 [ 11 , 12 ] 。文献[ 12 ]对功率为 $1\mathrm{{MW}}$ 直驱式轴向磁通发电机进行了电磁结构设计与优化, 但是由于轴向磁通发电机具有较高的径、轴向之比, 使发电机径向尺寸高达 ${4.8}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,增加了后期装配、运输以及维护的困难。
本文提出将轴向磁通永磁发电机设计为半直驱式的设计方案, 可以将半直驱式永磁风力发电机较高转速的特点与轴向磁通永磁发电机结构紧凑、效率高的优点相结合,解决现有直驱式 MW 级轴向磁通永磁发电机设计中存在的技术难点。 通过对 $2\mathrm{{MW}}$ 半直驱轴向磁通永磁风力发电机参数进行设计分析, 采用有限元法对发电机空载以及额定负载工况下电磁特性进行分析, 其效率可达 97.79%,验证了半直驱式 MW 级轴向磁通永磁发电机在大功率风力发电领域应用的可行性和有益性。与现有直驱式 $\mathrm{{MW}}$ 级轴向磁通永磁发电机外尺寸参数相比, 本文的设计可以有效解决直驱式 MW 级轴向磁通永磁发电机径向尺寸过大、不便于制作运输与维护的现实问题。通过与现有关于径向磁通结构的半直驱 MW 级风力发电机进行参数和性能对比, 显示了本文所提出的半直驱 MW 级轴向磁通永磁发电机设计方案的优越性。
本文研究对象为 $2\mathrm{{MW}}$ 半直驱轴向磁通永磁风力发电机,目前国内外尚缺乏相关设计经验。参考传统 MW 级径向磁通永磁风力发电机的设计额定参数 [ 4 ] ,结合轴向磁通永磁发电机的结构特点, 确定了 2 MW 半直驱轴向磁通永磁风力发电机的电磁设计参数, 如 表 1 所示。
轴向磁通永磁发电机的磁路结构可分为单转子单定子、内单转子外双定子和外双转子内单定子 3 种。设计用半直驱 MW 级轴向磁通永磁发电机采用双外转子内无铁芯定子结构, 发电机磁路结构如 图 1 所示。
采用该拓扑结构可以克服单边磁拉力问题, 并且定子采用树脂浇筑成型, 无铁芯结构可以使定子不受转子磁拉力的作用, 有利于电机装配的同时消除了传统径向永磁电机转子和铁芯定子齿之间的齿槽转矩, 并且可以消除发电机定子铁心损耗。因此, 电机电磁转矩波动更小, 运行更加平稳,效率更高。
轴向磁通永磁电机与传统径向磁通结构电机相似,其尺寸计算式 [ 13 ]
$\frac{{D}_{\mathrm{{av}}}^{2}\left({{D}_{\mathrm{o}}- {D}_{\mathrm{i}}}\right) n}{P}= \frac{6.1}{{\alpha }_{\mathrm{i}}{K}_{\mathrm{{Nm}}}{k}_{\mathrm{w}}{B}_{\mathrm{g}}{A}_{\mathrm{{av}}}}$
式中: ${D}_{\mathrm{{av}}}$ 为电枢平均直径, ${D}_{\mathrm{{av}}}= \left({{D}_{\mathrm{o}}+ {D}_{\mathrm{i}}}\right)/2;{D}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 为永磁体内径; ${D}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为永磁体外径; $n$ 为额定转速; $P$ 为输出功率; ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为计算极弧系数; ${K}_{\mathrm{{Nm}}}$ 为气隙磁场波形系数; ${k}_{\mathrm{w}}$ 为绕组系数; ${B}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为气隙磁密; ${A}_{\mathrm{{av}}}$ 为平均电负荷。
由式 (1) 可得轴向磁通永磁电机的功率方程为
${D}_{\mathrm{o}}= \sqrt[3]{\frac{{r}^{3}P}{\frac{{\pi }^{2}}{480}{mn}{\alpha }_{\mathrm{i}}{k}_{\mathrm{w}}{B}_{\mathrm{g}}{A}_{\mathrm{{av}}}\left({{r}^{2}- 1}\right)\left({r + 1}\right)}}$
式中: $m$ 为发电机相数; $r$ 为电机外径与内径之比, $r ={D}_{\mathrm{o}}/{D}_{\mathrm{i}\odot }$
参考传统 MW 级径向磁通永磁风力发电机电、磁负荷,初始设计中取平均电负荷 ${A}_{\mathrm{{av}}}$ 为50000 $\mathrm{A}/\mathrm{m}$ ,气隙磁密 ${B}_{\mathrm{g}}$${0.7}\mathrm{\;T}$ ,绕组系数 ${k}_{\mathrm{w}}$${0.866}_{\circ }$ 由功率尺寸方程可得永磁体外径 ${D}_{0}= {2334.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ , 取 ${D}_{\mathrm{o}}$${2400}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 。进一步取电机外径与内径之比 $r$ 为1.732,可得永磁体内径 ${D}_{\mathrm{i}}= {1385.6}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,取 ${D}_{\mathrm{i}}$${1380}{\mathrm{\;{mm}}}_{\circ }$
磁极内外径确定后, 可以根据定子无铁芯永磁发电机气隙磁密值、永磁体材料、气隙长度和永磁体厚度间的关系,求取永磁体厚度。
${h}_{\mathrm{{pm}}}= \frac{{\mu }_{\mathrm{m}}{B}_{\mathrm{g}}\left({{L}_{\mathrm{{SC}}}+ {2g}}\right)}{2\left({{0.9}{B}_{\mathrm{r}}- \frac{{B}_{\mathrm{g}}}{{K}_{\mathrm{{pm}}}}}\right)} $
式中: ${h}_{\mathrm{{pm}}}$ 为永磁体磁化方向长度; ${L}_{\mathrm{{SC}}}$ 为无铁芯定子厚度; $g$ 为气隙长度; ${\mu }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为磁导率; ${K}_{\mathrm{{pm}}}$ 为漏磁系数; ${B}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为永磁体剩余磁通密度。
设计中, 永磁体选用的钕铁硼材料对应的剩余磁通密度 ${B}_{\mathrm{r}}$${1.22}\mathrm{\;T}$ ,磁导率 ${\mu }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为1.07。参考传统径向磁通发电机定转子间隙, 本设计取气隙 $g$$8\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,定子绕组厚度 ${L}_{\mathrm{{SC}}}$${20}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,气隙磁密 ${B}_{\mathrm{g}}$${0.7}\mathrm{\;T}$ ,计算可得永磁体磁化方向长度 ${h}_{\mathrm{{pm}}}$${35}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 。得到的发电机模型基本尺寸参数如 表 2 所示。
对于分数槽永磁同步电机, 若分数槽绕组槽数 $z$ 和极对数 $p$ 有最大公约数 $t$ ,则电机每极每相槽数为
$ q =\frac{{z}_{0}}{2{p}_{0}m}$
${z}_{0}$${p}_{0}$ 组成单元电机,两者的选取存在如下约束条件:
①为保证三相电机中三相绕组的对称性,每相绕组槽数要保持相同,即 ${z}_{0}/m$ 必须为 3 的倍数; ② ${z}_{0}$${p}_{0}$ 应互为质数,因此 ${p}_{0}$ 不能是 3 的倍数。
永磁发电机采用分数槽集中绕组可以减少定子端部绕组,进而减小电机定子铜线的内阻,可以减少发电机铜耗, 有利于提高发电机效率, 使发电机具有较强的容错能力以及较高的功率密度 [ 14 ] 。 设计中取 ${z}_{0}/{p}_{0}= 3/2$ ,对应的发电机每极每相槽数 $q$$1/4$ ,绕组分布系数 ${k}_{\mathrm{w}}$ 为 0.866。
对于分数槽永磁同步电机和永磁发电机而言, 额定转速确定后, 极对数的改变会影响发电机的输出电压频率、波形畸变率以及电压调整率。在保证发电机结构参数, 电、磁负荷参数一定且额定电压、额定功率等设计目标相同的条件下, 设计极对数分别为12,16,24对极的 3 种发电机方案进行对比。采用有限元法进行建模仿真, 得出不同极对数下发电机性能,如 表 3 所示。
表 3 可知, 3 种极对数对应的发电机电磁方案均能满足额定电压和额定功率的要求, 并且定子无铁芯结构避免了发电机定子铁心损耗, 发电机效率均可达到 97%以上。其中极对数为 12 时磁极用量最少, 极对数为 24 时电压波形畸变率 (THD)最小。当极对数设计的过大 (24 对极) 或者过小 (12 对极) 时,发电机会存在电压调整率偏高、带负载能力较弱的问题。当极对数为 16 时, 发电机可以取得更好的综合性能。综合考虑选取极对数为 16 的电磁方案作为发电机的优选方案。
气隙磁密幅值大小以及波形正弦性将会直接影响发电机输出电磁性能, 不同极对数下发电机工作气隙磁密幅值以及波形畸变率如 图 2 所示。
图 2 可知, 极对数变化会影响发电机工作气隙磁密的幅值和波形正弦性。随着极对数的增加,漏磁逐渐增大,同等磁极厚度下,工作气隙磁密幅值减弱, 若要取得满足设计要求的工作气隙磁密, 则会消耗更多的永磁体用量; 反之, 随着极对数的减小,气隙磁密波形会趋近于平顶波,正弦性变差, 进而使电压波形畸变率变大。而 16 对极发电机可以很好地平衡气隙磁密幅值和波形之间的影响, 即在不增加磁极用量的情况下获得较高的气隙磁密幅值,同时具有较好的波形正弦性。验证了选取极对数为 16 对极的电机方案作为优选方案的正确性。
为分析所设计的 $2\mathrm{{MW}}$ 轴向磁通永磁发电机优选方案的电磁特性,本文建立了该发电机的 3D 有限元模型进行静态和瞬态三维仿真。为缩短仿真计算时间,提高计算机运算效率,借助轴向磁通发电机对称性的结构特点,建立发电机的 $1/2$ 有限元模型, 如 图 3 所示。
通过有限元仿真, 可以获得发电机各部分磁通密度分布,如 图 4 所示。
图 4 可以看出,最大磁密约为 ${1.61}\mathrm{\;T}$ ,低于设计材料的磁通饱和密度。
发电机空载状态下不同半径处工作气隙磁密三维分布以及平均半径处轴向气隙磁密波形如 图 5 ,6 所示。
图 5 可知, 发电机气隙磁密在不同半径处均呈现出近似于正弦波的平顶波形, 在平均半径处气隙磁密取得最大值, 气隙磁密幅值沿着电机径向由平均半径处向内和向外呈现逐渐递减的趋势。由 图 6 可得平均半径处气隙磁密幅值为 0.766 T,波形畸变率为 10.78%,具有良好的正弦波形,满足发电机气隙磁密设计要求。
进一步对发电机在空载情况下的线反电势进
行分析, 得出线反电势波形如 图 7 所示。
图 7 中可以看出, 三相电压均呈正弦分布, 空载线电压幅值为 ${1056.32}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,对应线电压有效值为 ${746.93}{\mathrm{\;V}}_{\circ }$ 对空载线电压进行傅里叶分解,可以得到空载线电压主要谐波含量为 3 次谐波,计算得到线电压的总谐波畸变率为 ${3.95}\%$ ,满足国标小于 5%的要求。因此,所设计的发电机输出电压波形具有良好的正弦性。
基于 $3\mathrm{D}$ 有限元模型,对发电机额定负载运行时的电磁特性进行分析, 得到额定负载电压和负载电流波形,如 图 8 ,9 所示。
图 8 可知: 发电机额定负载运行时, 额定负载线电压幅值为 ${1006.44}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,对应的负载线电压有效值为 ${711.66}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,略高于设计值 ${690}\mathrm{\;V}$ ;额定负载电流幅值为 ${2445.615}\mathrm{\;A}$ ,对应的电流有效值为 ${1729.31}\mathrm{\;A}$ 。计算得到发电机输出功率为 2088.97 $\mathrm{{kW}}$ ,满足电磁设计要求。
永磁同步风力发电机稳态运行时的损耗主要包括绕组铜耗 ${P}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$ 、铁心损耗 ${P}_{\mathrm{{Fe}}}$ 、附加损耗 ${P}_{\mathrm{{Ad}}}$ 以及摩擦损耗 ${P}_{\mathrm{{Fr}}}$ ,其中附加损耗和摩擦损耗按照百分比取为发电机额定功率的固定值 [ 15 ] ,本研究取为发电机额定功率的 $5\%$ 。输出功率为 ${P}_{\mathrm{o}}$ ,则发电机的效率 $\eta$
$\eta =\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{P}_{\mathrm{o}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{Fe}}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{Ad}}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{Fr}}}}\times {100}\%$
经有限元仿真, 发电机绕组瞬时铜耗见 图10
发电机铜耗为一个周期内任一时刻三相绕组铜耗之和的平均值, 发电机铜耗为
${P}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}= \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{T}\left\{{{P}_{\mathrm{{CuA}}}\left( i\right)+ {P}_{\mathrm{{CuB}}}\left( i\right)+ {P}_{\mathrm{{CuC}}}\left( i\right)}\right\}}{T}$
经计算,发电机铜耗 ${P}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$${20.05}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 。由于发电机定子为无铁芯结构,定子不存在铁心损耗,故本文将发电机转子背铁的铁耗考虑在内。基于经典 Bertotti 铁耗解析模型 [ 16 ] ,可将转子背铁中产生的铁心损耗 ${P}_{\text{iron }}$ 分为磁滞损耗 ${P}_{\mathrm{h}}$ 、涡流损耗 ${P}_{\mathrm{{ec}}}$ 和附加损耗 ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}$ ,铁心损耗的转子背铁铁耗为
${P}_{\mathrm{{iron}}}= {K}_{\mathrm{h}}{B}_{\mathrm{m}}^{x}f +{K}_{\mathrm{c}}{B}_{\mathrm{m}}^{2}{f}^{2}+ {K}_{\mathrm{e}}{B}_{\mathrm{m}}^{1.5}{f}^{1.5}$
式中: ${K}_{\mathrm{h}}$ 为磁滞损耗系数; ${K}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为涡流损耗系数; ${K}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 为附加损耗系数; ${B}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为磁通密度幅值; $f$ 为磁场频率。
由上述分析得到发电机各部分损耗, 如 表 4 所示。
表 4 可知, 发电机最大损耗为铜耗, 占总损耗的42.5%,发电机效率为 97.79%。证明了轴向磁通永磁发电机用于大功率风力发电具有较高的发电效率。
为验证本文提出的半直驱 MW 级轴向磁通永磁发电机设计方案的正确性和可行性, 制作了一台与本文设计的 MW 级轴向磁通永磁发电机磁路结构相同、额定转速相同、内外径比值相同和极槽配合相同的 ${300}\mathrm{\;W}$ 小功率发电机样机作为模拟样机,发电机内部结构和模拟样机实物以及性能测试实验平台如 图 11 ,12所示。
为制作的小功率模拟样机搭建性能测试平台进行负载工况实验, 实验中接入三相星形负载, 通过控制变频器调节风能模拟原动机的转速, 使模拟小功率样机工作在额定转速 ${300}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 。用示波器测得发电机一个周期内负载实验的输出线电压和输出电流波形数据, 与有限元仿真数据进行对比,结果如 图 13 所示。
图 13 可得, 发电机负载线电压幅值为 43.5 $\mathrm{V}$ ,对应的有效值为 ${30.76}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,负载电流幅值为 ${8.39}\mathrm{\;A}$ ,对应的有效值为 ${5.93}\mathrm{\;A}$ 。发电机负载电压和电流的实验值均略低于有限元仿真值, 实验波形与仿真波形吻合度较好。
小功率模拟样机输出性能参数与额定设计参数对比如 表 5 所示。
表 5 可知, 小功率样机输出电压幅值、波形正弦性、效率以及电压调整率均满足电磁设计指标。模拟样机输出功率为 ${315.94}\mathrm{\;W}$ ,效率为 90.27%,可在一定程度上验证本文设计方法和方案的正确性。
为验证本文半直驱 MW 级轴向磁通永磁发电机在外尺寸参数方面的优势, 将本文发电机模型外尺寸参数与其它文献方案进行对比,不同类型发电机外尺寸参数见 表 6
表 6 可知: 文献[ 12 ]中设计的 1 MW 直驱式轴向磁通永磁发电机在采用多盘级联数为 2 的情况下,外径仍然高达 ${4.8}\mathrm{\;m}$ ; 而本文提出的半直驱式轴向磁通永磁发电机在功率扩大两倍且未采用多盘级联的情况下,外径缩小为直驱式的 $1/2$ 。因此,考虑外径限制以及制作运输条件的情况下,本文提出的 MW 级半直驱式轴向磁通永磁发电机设计方案更加合理可行。此外, 通过与现有研究中径向磁通结构的大功率半直驱永磁发电机进行对比,本文提出的半直驱式轴向磁通永磁发电机在外径相近的情况下, 轴向长度更小, 在减小发电机轴向尺寸方面具有一定的优势。
为进一步评估本文提出的半直驱 MW 级轴向磁通永磁发电机电磁方案性能的优越性, 将其与现有研究中相近功率等级的半直驱径向磁通永磁发电机进行对比, 两种磁路结构发电机性能参数如 表 7 所示。
表 7 可知, 两种磁路结构的半直驱 MW 级永磁发电机效率均可达到 97%以上,体现了永磁电机高效率的优点。但是, 现有研究中, 采用定子斜槽的方式削弱齿槽转矩,增加了发电机工艺复杂性。本文提出的轴向磁通结构发电机不存在齿槽转矩, 这得益于设计中定子采用无铁芯结构。因此, 相比于现有半直驱径向磁通结构, 本文提出的轴向磁通结构半直驱式 $\mathrm{{MW}}$ 级永磁发电机设计方案在齿槽转矩方面表现出一定优势, 具有一定的研究与应用价值。
本文以半直驱 2 MW 轴向磁通永磁发电机为研究对象, 研究了 MW 级轴向磁通永磁发电机参数设计的选取方法和原则, 设计了发电机的电磁方案。通过对发电机的空载、额定负载以及损耗效率进行分析,得出以下结论。
①在发电机结构参数和电、磁负荷一定的条件下, 极对数变化会对发电机输出电压、气隙磁密波形畸变率以及电压调整率影响较大。选取合适的极对数可以在节约磁极用量的前提下, 获得更好的电磁性能。
②发电机空载状态下各部分磁密分布合理, 气隙磁密波形以及幅值均能满足设计要求, 空载电压波形畸变率为 3.95%,小于国标 5% 的要求, 波形正弦性良好。并且额定负载状态下发电机输出功率达到了 2.088 MW, 略高于额定功率 2 MW, 满足设计要求, 验证了发电机电磁方案设计的正确性。此外,发电机损耗分析显示,所设计的半直驱 MW 级轴向磁通永磁发电机具有损耗小、效率高的优点。
③本文的设计方案可以有效解决轴向磁通发电机径向尺寸过大的问题。与现有径向磁通结构的大功率半直驱永磁发电机相比,本文提出的半直驱 MW 级轴向磁通永磁发电机在减小发电机轴向尺寸以及消除齿槽转矩方面具有一定优势。
  • 国家自然科学基金(U1504506)
  • 河南省科技攻关项目(212102210256)
  • 河南省科技攻关项目(202102210093)
  • 河南省高等学校青年骨干教师培养计划项目(2020GGJS055)
  • 河南理工大学青年骨干教师培养计划项目(2018XQG-08)
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2024年第42卷第7期
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  • 接收时间:2023-03-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-26
基金
国家自然科学基金(U1504506)
河南省科技攻关项目(212102210256)
河南省科技攻关项目(202102210093)
河南省高等学校青年骨干教师培养计划项目(2020GGJS055)
河南理工大学青年骨干教师培养计划项目(2018XQG-08)
作者信息
    1 河南理工大学 电气工程与自动化学院 河南 焦作 454000
    2 河南龙源新能源发展有限公司 河南 郑州 450012
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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