Article(id=1154429109133366021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429104116982720, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694534400000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166947873, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1724083200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166947873, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166947873, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166947873, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154429104116982720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='8', pageStart='994', pageEnd='1136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166946677, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694569475, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642114579583511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429104116982720, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642114579583512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429104116982720, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1095, endPage=1103, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154429109796066056, articleId=1154429109133366021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Research progress in recovery and utilization of low-temperature industrial waste heat, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A large amount of lowtemperature waste heat generated in the industrial production process dissipates in the atmosphere through flue gas and cooling media. Recovering and utilizing such heat is of a great significance for improving energy efficiency and promoting the achievement of "dual carbon" goals. With a detailed review of cases of utilization of lowtemperature waste heat by existing factories, this paper compares heat exchange schemes and energy conservation effects under different heat source conditions, deriving that lowtemperature waste heat has a wide range of applications from waste heat heating, raw material preheating and antifreezing, waste heat refrigeration to waste heat power generation. It is pointed out that when utilizing lowtemperature waste heat resources, attention should be paid to heat source characteristics and factory needs and utilization approaches adapted to enterprises should be selected. Further, this paper also presents a prospect of the important effect of lowtemperature waste heat in energy conservation and emission reduction.

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工业生产过程中产生的大量低温余热通过烟气、冷却介质等形式散发到环境中,将这些热能回收利用对提高能源利用率、促进实现“双碳”目标具有重要作用。文章通过详细回顾现有工厂利用低温余热的案例,对比不同热源条件下的换热方案及节能效果,得出低温余热具有余热制热、原材料预热及防冻、余热制冷、余热发电等广泛用途;指出在利用低温余热资源时,应重点关注热源的特点及工厂需求等方面,选择与企业适配的余热利用方式;并对低温余热在节能减排中发挥的重要作用提出展望。

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吴维成(1977-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为工业减污降碳、工业废气、废水的深度处理。E-mail:

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吴维成(1977-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为工业减污降碳、工业废气、废水的深度处理。E-mail:

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吴维成(1977-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为工业减污降碳、工业废气、废水的深度处理。E-mail:

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工业低温余热回收利用研究进展
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吴维成 1 , 谷志卿 1 , 鞠朋 1 , 彭贝贝 2 , 张静 3
可再生能源 | 2024,42(8): 1095-1103
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(8): 1095-1103
工业低温余热回收利用研究进展
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吴维成1 , 谷志卿1, 鞠朋1, 彭贝贝2, 张静3
作者信息
  • 1 沈阳工程学院 碳达峰碳中和研究院 辽宁 沈阳 110136
  • 2 辽宁石油化工大学 石油化工学院 辽宁 抚顺 113005
  • 3 南京理工大学 新能源学院 江苏 南京 210000
  • 吴维成(1977-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为工业减污降碳、工业废气、废水的深度处理。E-mail:

Research progress in recovery and utilization of low-temperature industrial waste heat
Weicheng Wu1 , Zhiqing Gu1, Peng Ju1, Beibei Peng2, Jing Zhang3
Affiliations
  • 1 Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutralization Research Institute Shenyang Institute of Engineering Shenyang 110136 China
  • 2 College of Petrochemical Engineering LiaoNing Petrochemical University Fushun 113005 China
  • 3 College of New Energy Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210000 China
出版时间: 2024-08-20
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工业生产过程中产生的大量低温余热通过烟气、冷却介质等形式散发到环境中,将这些热能回收利用对提高能源利用率、促进实现“双碳”目标具有重要作用。文章通过详细回顾现有工厂利用低温余热的案例,对比不同热源条件下的换热方案及节能效果,得出低温余热具有余热制热、原材料预热及防冻、余热制冷、余热发电等广泛用途;指出在利用低温余热资源时,应重点关注热源的特点及工厂需求等方面,选择与企业适配的余热利用方式;并对低温余热在节能减排中发挥的重要作用提出展望。

节能减排  /  工业低温余热  /  余热供暖  /  余热制冷  /  低温余热发电

A large amount of lowtemperature waste heat generated in the industrial production process dissipates in the atmosphere through flue gas and cooling media. Recovering and utilizing such heat is of a great significance for improving energy efficiency and promoting the achievement of "dual carbon" goals. With a detailed review of cases of utilization of lowtemperature waste heat by existing factories, this paper compares heat exchange schemes and energy conservation effects under different heat source conditions, deriving that lowtemperature waste heat has a wide range of applications from waste heat heating, raw material preheating and antifreezing, waste heat refrigeration to waste heat power generation. It is pointed out that when utilizing lowtemperature waste heat resources, attention should be paid to heat source characteristics and factory needs and utilization approaches adapted to enterprises should be selected. Further, this paper also presents a prospect of the important effect of lowtemperature waste heat in energy conservation and emission reduction.

energy conservation and emission reduction  /  low-temperature industrial waste heat  /  waste heat-based heat supply  /  waste heat refrigeration  /  low-temperature waste heat power generation
吴维成, 谷志卿, 鞠朋, 彭贝贝, 张静. 工业低温余热回收利用研究进展. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (8) : 1095 -1103 .
Weicheng Wu, Zhiqing Gu, Peng Ju, Beibei Peng, Jing Zhang. Research progress in recovery and utilization of low-temperature industrial waste heat[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (8) : 1095 -1103 .
提高能源利用率、降低碳排放是实现“双碳” 目标的基础 [ 1 - 5 ] 。工业生产中,由于设备效率不高造成能源利用率低等因素外,工业余热利用效率低、能源没有得到充分利用也是造成单位 GDP 能耗高的重要原因 [ 6 ] 。高温余热和中温余热往往热量较为集中,温度较高,回收简单,目前企业利用这类余热较多 [ 7 ] ,约占我国工业余热资源总量 54%的低温余热资源却以各种形式散发而流失。 根据我国工业低温余热的分布情况, 发展低温余热利用技术,建立合适的低温余热利用系统,提高工业低温余热利用率, 是努力实现节能减排目标的有利措施。
国内外学者对余热利用、低温余热利用的研究主要集中在余热利用技术、不同行业余热利用以及温度对口、梯级利用等方面,对于低温余热综合实际应用的研究还很少。工业余热是指在工业生产过程中所剩余但无法被生产再利用的这部分热能,其中温度低的热源则为“低温余热”。我国工业余热资源十分丰富且广泛存在于各种生产过程中,特别是在煤炭、石油、钢铁、化工、建材、机械和轻工等行业 [ 8 ] ,但低温余热存在回收困难、回收效率低、投资回报期长等诸多问题,需要研究人员在不同的场景, 根据低温余热介质的物态、流量、温度以及余热回收的难度, 选择合适的低温余热回收技术。
本文在不同的低温余热场景下, 重点讨论利用不同的余热回收方法, 根据不同的供热、制冷、 发电需求, 在考虑回收效率以及经济性的情况下, 综述了可实际应用的低温余热回收案例, 为低温余热回收系统的应用提供参考。
由于我国热源需求量大, 新增热源则需要消耗更多的能源, 充分利用工业低温余热供热完全可以替代一部分供热需求。利用余热供热需要先回收来源于不同场景的余热资源, 例如锅炉烟气余热、低温热油或者将供热管网中未充分利用的低温余热进行多次利用。
提取低温余热进行供热通常首先需要利用换热设备来回收热量, 通过换热器或热泵将热量传递给热水管网。文献[ 9 ]提出了一种利用横流喷淋塔提高换热效率的思路, 并结合燃气吸收式热泵回收某热电集团水煤浆锅炉烟气余热,该方案的工艺流程如 图 1 所示[ 9 ]
图 1 可知,将高温烟气导流后,烟气进入横流喷淋塔, 将燃气吸收式热泵机组的供热管网回水也送至喷淋塔, 烟气与低温冷源在塔内达到充分换热的目的后, 将换热后的水收集送回热泵机组,便可将热量由烟气换热至供热管网。在对某热源厂内的两台 116 MW 水煤浆锅炉改造后, 通过实际测量, 两台水煤浆锅炉总的余热量约 36.7 MW,热泵 COP 约为 1.70, 单台热泵总体回收余热热量可达 18 MW。
文献[ 10 ]分析了赤峰市利用铜冶炼厂和水泥厂余热的案例, 采用级联余热收集工艺将余热锅炉出口烟气、冶炼炉冷却以及硫酸冷却等系统的余热进行收集后,利用区域供热系统进行供热,如 图 2 所示 [ 10 ]
图 2 可知,该系统由工业余热系统、调峰系统和吸收式热泵系统 3 个独立的系统组成。工业余热系统包括铜冶炼厂和水泥厂的所有余热资源,调峰系统间接连接热水锅炉,供热公司在变电站安装吸收式热泵, 吸收式热泵由一次管网供水驱动形成供热网络,收集的余热约有 ${122}\mathrm{{MW}}$ 。采暖季,水泥厂热能利用率可由 62.9%提高到 74.3%, 铜冶炼厂热能利用率由 30.1%提高到 74.7%,每年可减排 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$${168644}\mathrm{t}$
目前,全国制备生活热水造成全年 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 排放约 0.8 亿 $\mathrm{t}$ ,接近全国碳排放总量的 $1\%$ [ 11 ] 。利用余热制取热水,也将是一种有效的节能减排方式。空压机在运行工作时,会产生大量低温热油,此热油存在很大的余热利用空间。空压机余热回收原理如 图 3 所示。
在空压机外部增设油-水板式换热器, 将空压机油气分离器排出的润滑油送入换热器换热后,依次通过油冷却器以及过滤器再次回到空压机,循环水吸收压缩机热油的热量后进入热水箱, 将润滑油废热释放给热用户。文献[ 12 ]结合某设计实例, 对 4 台 SA200A 型喷油螺杆式空气压缩机组润滑油热量进行回收, 该系统利用板式换热器, 将高温润滑油热量传递给软化水, 当二次循环管道回水温度小于 55°C时,将循环热水送至热水箱以用做供热,按 4 台空压机组 60%的加载率, 与燃煤蒸汽锅炉制备热水相比, 每年可节约燃料成本约 7.9 万元。在安装此空压机余热回收利用系统后,每年可回收热量约 ${2.71}\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{{MJ}}$ 。文献[ 13 ] 介绍了某造纸厂利用 6 台 ${250}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 双螺杆式风冷压缩机余热制取热水的应用系统。完成改造后每天至少有 3 台空压机运行, 空压机运行时排气温度降低, 故障跳停明显减少, 可回收热量约 1 734.6 MJ/h, 节约电费约 18.94 万元/月。在建设空压机余热系统时主要成本为油路改造、换热器设备,制取热水费用为 0.3~0.4 元/t,此余热回收系统具有回收系统简单、经济可靠等优点 [ 14 ] ,除此之外, 利用余热系统还可以提高空压机的运行效率,实现更好的经济性。
据统计, 城镇建筑供暖用能占我国总的城镇建筑用能的 52%,是建筑用能的主要部分 [ 15 ] 。因此供暖节能也是建筑节能工作中潜力最大、最主要的途径, 通过扩大供回水温差来多次利用低品位热量也可节约一部分能源。尤其是在冬季城市集中供热中, 供暖高峰期存在着供热热源空缺的困扰 [ 16 ] ,通过研究发现,增大热网供回水温差具有提高供热效率的效果 [ 17 ]
文献[ 18 ]提出了基于吸收式换热的热电联产集中供热方法, 通过大幅度降低热网回水温度来充分利用热网余热,提高供热效率,其原理如 图 4 所示。
图 4 可知, 将原先的一次网供热回水再次与高温热源、常规换热、低温热源在吸收式换热装置中进行多次换热来吸收回水热能, 将一次网回水温度降至 30°C以下,利用此系统可将一次网供水温度为 ${130}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的一次网回水温度降至约 ${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ , 二次网回水经过加热升温后再次供向热用户。文献 [ 19 ] 对太原市的双级大温差吸收式换热器在 2018-2019 年供暖季的运行性能进行了实测, 该系统由两级吸收式热泵和板式换热器构成, 供热进水先后经过一次热泵、换热器, 再经过二次热泵, 达到增大供热温差的效果, 在供暖季, 一次网供水温度为 ${75}\sim {85}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,该 $1\mathrm{{MW}}$ 机组能够将一次网回水温度降低至 22~27°C。
工厂也可通过利用此循环供热工艺实现低温余热的高效利用。例如某石化公司利用尿素及合成氨装置的凝液余热作为冬季厂区所有建筑物的采暖热源,其工艺流程如 图 5 所示 [ 20 ]
图 5 可知, 在供热末站安装吸收式换热机组,利用厂内供应的 ${120}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 一次网热水驱动吸收式换热机组,供应厂区建筑物的采暖需求。通过在用户热力站内设置吸收式换热机组,将供热回水温度降低至 ${35}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。通过大幅度降低热网回水温度, 甚至显著低于二次侧进水温度, 达到提高供热效率的目的, 解决在冬季用汽高峰时期, 工厂低压蒸汽出现缺口的问题。在 2013-2014 年采暖季运行结果显示,节能蒸汽达 115 471.35 t,总节能效益约为 1154.72 万元 $/\mathrm{a}$
余热的直接利用具有提取热量少的特点,但直接利用可以减少余热利用的环节,在不用增加太多设备的情况下, 通过加热不同的介质来利用低温余热,例如井筒防冻、预热原料、干燥空气以及加热循环工质等。
煤矿井下大量的挖掘、运输设备在运行时, 由于机械运转会不可避免地产生释放出热量, 空气经地下巷道与岩壁及生产设备换热则会升温, 成为可利用且风量稳定的低品位热源。文献[ 21 ]利用分离式热管换热技术建立了井口防冻系统,其工艺流程如 图 6 所示。
图 6 可知, 该系统将回风引至蒸发换热器中换热后再排出, 蒸发器中介质换热升温后被引至冷凝器换热冷凝后送回蒸发器, 进风口新风在冷凝器中换热升温后送入井下。考虑热损测算后, 系统存在可回收余热约 ${8690}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}$ ,在 2022 年 2 月试运行后得出系统蒸发器回收余热 ${3160}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,且余热提取量会随着负荷需求增大而增大, 使得系统换热能力达到理论预期目标。文献[ 22 ]通过利用分离式热管技术回收矿井回风余热用于预热新风,该技术可以克服传统换热器安装环境的限制、 换热不充分等缺点。
将余热回收后用于生产过程中形成回热效果, 也是一种较为方便直接利用余热的思路。文献 [ 23 ]在某油田注汽生产改造项目中, 在烟道布置了新型热管换热器来回收天然气锅炉烟气余热, 其余热回收原理如 图 7 所示。
图 7 可知,在烟道中设置高效换热器,烟气与低温循环水在换热器中换热后排出, 烟气中的显热余热以及循环水中的潜热都可以被有效利用,进而提高系统的能源利用率。以某台注汽锅炉为例,锅炉水进口温度可由 ${28}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 提高至 ${43}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,年耗汽量可减少 ${2.62}\times {10}^{5}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}$
文献[ 24 ]在纯水制备厂中, 利用洁净室中温冷水机组的回水对原水进行预热以达到节约一部分能源的目的, 系统技术改造如 图 8 所示。
图 8 可知, ${9.3}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的原水经板式换热器换热后可升温至 ${19}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,原水经预热后再次加热达到 23 ℃后进行利用,经过 2019 年冬季测试,原水预热温度达到预期设计目标,可回收余热量 7558 $\mathrm{{kW}}$
随着社会和经济的发展, 工业和家用的制冷需求也不断增长, 冷却制冷设备作为一种典型的制冷技术设备,广泛应用于各种工业场景 [ 25 ] ,不断增长的制冷需求给电力供应带来了巨大压力。如果利用由低温余热提供动力的热冷却系统来进行制冷,不仅可以提高能源效率,且工业低温余热的热供应比太阳能的热供应更稳定。例如, 煤矿开采工作面或者某些化工产品的生产过程中,均需要通过制冷来控制温度的升高, 进而确保生产工作的正常进行。在低温制冷技术的研发使用中,目前吸收式制冷技术是应用最为广泛的热驱动制冷技术,其中溴化锂制冷系统得到了广泛应用,其工作原理如 图 9 所示。
制冷剂在发生器中被低温热源加热后形成冷凝蒸汽, 冷凝蒸汽通过管道进入冷凝器后凝结成为冷剂水,而在蒸发器中,冷剂水在低压下蒸发会吸收热量形成制冷的效果。在溴化锂制冷中,制冷剂存在的额外循环为发生器中形成的浓溶液需要与蒸发器中的冷剂蒸汽在吸收器中进行汇合, 之后再被送往发生器中,从而形成循环。
吸收式制冷循环作为一种可以由低品位热能驱动的制冷技术 [ 26 ] ,与其他制冷技术相比电能消耗更少,具有更好的经济性,制冷效率也更高 [ 27 ] , 在工业生产中应用更为广泛。例如在煤矿开采中, 开采面需要降温来确保开采面的温度在安全范围内,平煤某矿的开采面温度约为 ${36}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,降温所需冷负荷为 ${5000}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,文献[ 28 ]设计了将低温余热回收制冷的工艺流程, 将电厂蒸汽作为低温热源, 利用溴化锂制冷机进行一级制冷, 然后再使用压缩式制冷机,制出 $-{3.4}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的乙二醇水溶液,将乙二醇循环工质与循环水在换热器中进行换热, 最后将 ${3}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 左右的低温水送到空冷器中进行冷热交换,达到降低综采工作面温度的目的 [ 29 ] 。经过运行实测分析, 此方案通过降温的方法, 使矿井生产效率提高了 48%,每月可增加利润约 380.2 万元。
当工业生产中,存在既产生低温余热,又需要进行降温的情况时, 应用低温余热制冷可进一步提高工厂的能源利用效率。文献[ 30 ]提出一种复叠式制冷技术(CRT),它结合了溴化锂吸收式制冷和氨吸收式制冷,由低于 150 ℃的低温余热驱动,可以产生 $-{30}\sim -{40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的冷能。例如,在某 40 亿Nm ${}^{3}/\mathrm{a}$ 煤制 $\mathrm{{SNG}}$ 工厂中, $\mathrm{{CRT}}$ 从甲烷化单元获取大量低温热量(最低温度 ${90}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ )用于生产冷源,可以替代压缩制冷所产生的部分能量。冷能用于冷却循环甲醇、富 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 甲醇、富硫化氢甲醇和热再生塔顶富硫化氢气体。结果表明,复叠式制冷技术 $-{40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的制冷总量约 ${7.1}\mathrm{{MW}}$ ,可使压缩制冷负荷降低 16%,经济效益约 3400 万元 $/\mathrm{a}$ 。文献[ 31 ]分析了在某浸出油厂的溴化锂制冷系统中, 通过利用浸出油厂的二次蒸汽和汽提毛油的低温余热 (100 °C左右) 加热溴化锂制冷机的循环水,然后将制冷机制出的冷冻水 $\left({{7}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 用于尾气和石蜡油的降温系统。以某 ${2500}\mathrm{t}/\mathrm{d}$ 的大豆加工厂为例, 利用一台高效管式换热器回收二次蒸汽热量, 利用一台板式换热器回收汽提毛油的热量, 系统装备一台吸收式溴化锂制冷机制取低温冷冻水,将尾气和石蜡油冷却器改为用冷冻水进行降温。该项目改造后,溴化锂制冷机可吸收约324.2 kW 的热量,系统整体创效可达 46.7 万元 $/\mathrm{a}$
吸附式制冷是绿色制冷技术之一, 除了使用无污染的氨、水、甲醇等介质外,还可以利用低品位热源,既能满足日益严格的节能环保要求,又可以提高企业经济效益 [ 32 ] 。文献[ 33 ]在热源温度低于 80 °C的条件下,搭建了一台采用质量回收工艺的硅胶-水吸附式制冷机,制冷机测试系统如 图 10 所示。
驱动热量由电锅炉提供,制冷机制冷后,冷量由风机输送至环境中, 吸附和冷凝热由冷却塔冷却后排放。经测试后,该制冷机利用 51.4~61.3 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的温度作为低温余热驱动温度, 冷水机组运行良好,生产冷水温度为 ${18.8}\sim {22.4}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ; 对于玻璃和液晶显示面板制造余热利用的情况, 吸附式制冷机可以在驱动温度为 ${56.2}\sim$ 74.9 °C的条件下良好运行,生产冷水温度为 ${14.2}\sim {16.8}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
发电作为工业部门燃料消耗占比最大,如果利用余热进行部分发电则可以有效地减少使用化石燃料, 降低燃料成本。由于中低温热能温度较低,传统的水蒸汽朗肯循环导致汽轮机发电效率大幅度降低,无经济性可言,无法对这些热能进行有效利用。而有机朗肯循环系统可以采用低沸点有机工质 [ 34 ] ,工质在较低的热源温度下产生较高的压力,大大提高了膨胀机的运行效率。近年来, 有机朗肯循环的研究也得到了加强, 且逐步被用作将低温热源转化为电力的首要技术 [ 35 ] 。尤其一些大型工厂, 如果可以利用自身产生的大量低温余热进行发电来供给工厂用电,可节约大量发电能耗,具有很大的经济、社会效益。
凝液精制装置工艺凝液存在大量约 ${88}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的低温余热, 凝液还需要利用循环冷却介质进行冷却,文献[ 36 ]尝试利用此部分低温余热进行有机朗肯循环发电。此厂凝液温度为 ${88}\sim {95}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,设备主要利用螺杆膨胀机,采用 R245fa(五氟丙烷)作为有机工质。工艺凝液在加热高温级的冷媒后,回水温度约为 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。系统流程如 图 11 所示。
有机工质与低温余热在蒸发器中换热后产生蒸汽,蒸汽进入膨胀机做功带动发电机发电,之后再经过冷凝器冷凝后, 由工质泵送入蒸发器吸热蒸发,以此循环。通过测试,当工厂凝液流量为 ${223.4}\mathrm{t}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,可实现净发电功率 ${516}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 。文献[ 37 ] 通过对煤制甲醇过程中的余热进行分析, 气化激冷过程及水煤气变换过程中具有低温余热的回收潜力。将 145 °C的合成气作为热源,利用合成气气化激冷过程中的热量作为低温回收的热源, 与有机朗肯循环发电技术相结合。以年产 ${50}\mathrm{万}\mathrm{t}$ 的甲醇煤化工厂为例,余热发电功率可达 ${3270}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 左右,净输出电能约 ${2970}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$
通过充分利用工厂低温余热, 能够有效降低企业能耗, 是实现 “双碳” 目标的重要途径, 未来在建立工业低温余热回收利用系统时, 应考虑如下几个场景的特点:
①锅炉烟气的余热具有资源集中度高、流量大的特点, 通过热泵等换热器与供热管网连接进行供暖,可降低冬季供暖负荷,达到节能的目的;
②空压机设备运行过程中会产生大量低温热油,通过增设换热器可将热油余热回收制取热水, 具有回收系统简单、经济可靠的优点;
③当余热资源为烟气等气体时,根据气态物质体积大, 受热面广的特点, 用来加热工厂的原材料或预热空气是一种有效利用热源的途径;
④在某些既有低温热源,又有制冷需求的企业中,利用低温余热进行制冷也是一种可行的选择;
⑤有机朗肯循环作为一种绿色低温余热回收技术, 可利用各种形式的低温热源, 但存在发电效率低等缺点。
  • 辽宁省科技厅应用基础研究计划(2022JH2/101300122)
  • 辽宁省教育厅重点攻关项目(LJKZZ20220142)
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2024年第42卷第8期
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  • 接收时间:2023-09-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-13
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辽宁省科技厅应用基础研究计划(2022JH2/101300122)
辽宁省教育厅重点攻关项目(LJKZZ20220142)
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    1 沈阳工程学院 碳达峰碳中和研究院 辽宁 沈阳 110136
    2 辽宁石油化工大学 石油化工学院 辽宁 抚顺 113005
    3 南京理工大学 新能源学院 江苏 南京 210000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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