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This study proposes a coagulationdissolved air flotation and microwave drying processes based on biologic coagulant for harvesting cyanobacteria biomass, and a pilot system with a treatment capacity of 20 m³/h was developed. Continuous operation in Lake Tai demonstrated that the system achieved a harvesting efficiency of up to 95% for cyanobacterial biomass, with the moisture content of the biomass reduced to below 85% after dehydration. After 10 min of continuous microwave drying, the moisture content of the biomass was further reduced to below 10%, with no adverse effects on the main nutrients, such as proteins and sugars. Further technoeconomic and cost sensitivity analyses revealed that the total cost of harvesting and drying cyanobacterial biomass was 4 134.1 ¥/t dry biomass, with bioflocculant costs accounting for more than 50% of this total. The processing costs were found to be significantly influenced by the dosage and cost of bioflocculants, as well as the hourly microwave drying capacity.

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文章提出一种基于生物混凝剂的蓝藻生物质混凝−气浮收获与微波干燥工艺,开发了处理量为20 m³/h的中试系统。在太湖的连续运行结果表明:该系统对蓝藻生物质的收获效率高达95%,脱水后生物质的含水率可降低到85%以下;经微波连续干燥10min后,生物质含水率可以降低到10%以內,且微波干燥对生物质中的蛋白质和糖类等主要营养物质的含量没有影响。经济性分析和成本敏感性分析结果表明,蓝藻生物质的收获与干燥总成本为4134.1元/t,其中生物混凝剂成本占50%以上,蓝藻生物质处理成本与生物混凝剂用量和成本以及微波干燥量密切相关。

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张海阳(1986-),男,博士,副研究员,主要从事藻类水华防控与资源化利用研究。E-mail:

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张海阳(1986-),男,博士,副研究员,主要从事藻类水华防控与资源化利用研究。E-mail:

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张海阳(1986-),男,博士,副研究员,主要从事藻类水华防控与资源化利用研究。E-mail:

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项目 数值
蓝藻细胞浓度 $/\mathrm{g} \cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}$ 1
收获效率1% 91.5
生物混凝剂用量 $/\mathrm{{mg}} \cdot {\mathrm{g}}^{-1}$ 20
收获总功率(含脱水)/kW 7.5
生物质收获电耗 $/\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h} \cdot {\mathrm{t}}^{-1}$ 409.8
工业电价 $/$$\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 1
收获电耗成本/元 $\cdot {\mathrm{t}}^{-1}$ 409.8
生物混凝剂单价/元 $\cdot {\mathrm{t}}^{-1}$ 100 000
收获药剂成本/元 $\cdot {\mathrm{t}}^{-1}$ 2185.8
微波干燥功率/kW 10
微波干燥处理量 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 6.5
生物质干燥电耗 $/\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h} \cdot {\mathrm{t}}^{-1}$ 1538.5
干燥成本/元 $\cdot {\mathrm{t}}^{-1}$ 1538.5
总成本/元 $\cdot {\mathrm{t}}^{-1}$ 4134.1
收获电耗成本占比/% 9.9
收获药剂成本占比/% 52.9
干燥成本占比/% 37.2
), ArticleFig(id=1154429156055044288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429106914579187, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=生物混凝剂或传统化学混凝剂的中试系统成本核算, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 数值
蓝藻细胞浓度 $/\mathrm{g} \cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}$ 1
收获效率1% 91.5
生物混凝剂用量 $/\mathrm{{mg}} \cdot {\mathrm{g}}^{-1}$ 20
收获总功率(含脱水)/kW 7.5
生物质收获电耗 $/\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h} \cdot {\mathrm{t}}^{-1}$ 409.8
工业电价 $/$$\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 1
收获电耗成本/元 $\cdot {\mathrm{t}}^{-1}$ 409.8
生物混凝剂单价/元 $\cdot {\mathrm{t}}^{-1}$ 100 000
收获药剂成本/元 $\cdot {\mathrm{t}}^{-1}$ 2185.8
微波干燥功率/kW 10
微波干燥处理量 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 6.5
生物质干燥电耗 $/\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h} \cdot {\mathrm{t}}^{-1}$ 1538.5
干燥成本/元 $\cdot {\mathrm{t}}^{-1}$ 1538.5
总成本/元 $\cdot {\mathrm{t}}^{-1}$ 4134.1
收获电耗成本占比/% 9.9
收获药剂成本占比/% 52.9
干燥成本占比/% 37.2
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基于生物混凝剂的太湖蓝藻生物质气浮收获与微波干燥中试系统研究
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张海阳 1 , 李莉莉 1, 2 , 程绍哲 1, 2 , 于桐泊 1 , 李成 1 , 李林 1 , 王佩忠 3 , 孙连军 3 , 黄俊波 3 , 张学治 1
可再生能源 | 2024,42(8): 1004-1011
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(8): 1004-1011
基于生物混凝剂的太湖蓝藻生物质气浮收获与微波干燥中试系统研究
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张海阳1 , 李莉莉1, 2, 程绍哲1, 2, 于桐泊1, 李成1, 李林1, 王佩忠3, 孙连军3, 黄俊波3, 张学治1
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院水生生物研究所 湖北 武汉 430072
  • 2 中国科学院大学 北京 100049
  • 3 无锡工源环境科技股份有限公司 江苏 无锡 214194
  • 张海阳(1986-),男,博士,副研究员,主要从事藻类水华防控与资源化利用研究。E-mail:

Study on the pilot-scale system of flotation harvesting and microwave drying of cyanobacteria biomass from Lake Tai based on biological coagulant
Haiyang Zhang1 , Lili Li1, 2, Shaozhe Cheng1, 2, Tongbo Yu1, Cheng Li1, Lin Li1, Peizhong Wang3, Lianjun Sun3, Junbo Huang3, Xuezhi Zhang1
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430072 China
  • 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
  • 3 Wuxi Gongyuan Environmental Technology Sock Co., Ltd. Wuxi 214194 China
出版时间: 2024-08-20
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文章提出一种基于生物混凝剂的蓝藻生物质混凝−气浮收获与微波干燥工艺,开发了处理量为20 m³/h的中试系统。在太湖的连续运行结果表明:该系统对蓝藻生物质的收获效率高达95%,脱水后生物质的含水率可降低到85%以下;经微波连续干燥10min后,生物质含水率可以降低到10%以內,且微波干燥对生物质中的蛋白质和糖类等主要营养物质的含量没有影响。经济性分析和成本敏感性分析结果表明,蓝藻生物质的收获与干燥总成本为4134.1元/t,其中生物混凝剂成本占50%以上,蓝藻生物质处理成本与生物混凝剂用量和成本以及微波干燥量密切相关。

蓝藻  /  生物质  /  生物混凝剂  /  收获  /  微波干燥

This study proposes a coagulationdissolved air flotation and microwave drying processes based on biologic coagulant for harvesting cyanobacteria biomass, and a pilot system with a treatment capacity of 20 m³/h was developed. Continuous operation in Lake Tai demonstrated that the system achieved a harvesting efficiency of up to 95% for cyanobacterial biomass, with the moisture content of the biomass reduced to below 85% after dehydration. After 10 min of continuous microwave drying, the moisture content of the biomass was further reduced to below 10%, with no adverse effects on the main nutrients, such as proteins and sugars. Further technoeconomic and cost sensitivity analyses revealed that the total cost of harvesting and drying cyanobacterial biomass was 4 134.1 ¥/t dry biomass, with bioflocculant costs accounting for more than 50% of this total. The processing costs were found to be significantly influenced by the dosage and cost of bioflocculants, as well as the hourly microwave drying capacity.

cyanobacteria  /  biomass  /  biologic coagulant  /  harvesting  /  microwave drying
张海阳, 李莉莉, 程绍哲, 于桐泊, 李成, 李林, 王佩忠, 孙连军, 黄俊波, 张学治. 基于生物混凝剂的太湖蓝藻生物质气浮收获与微波干燥中试系统研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (8) : 1004 -1011 .
Haiyang Zhang, Lili Li, Shaozhe Cheng, Tongbo Yu, Cheng Li, Lin Li, Peizhong Wang, Lianjun Sun, Junbo Huang, Xuezhi Zhang. Study on the pilot-scale system of flotation harvesting and microwave drying of cyanobacteria biomass from Lake Tai based on biological coagulant[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (8) : 1004 -1011 .
目前,水体富营养化日益严峻,导致湖库蓝藻水华频繁暴发, 严重威胁到水生态系统健康和饮用水安全 [ 1 ] 。近年来,我国在藻类水华防控与治理方面做出了诸多努力,也取得了喜人的成绩。如在太湖、滇池、巢湖等蓝藻季节性暴发湖泊周边建设有数十座藻水分离站, 用于蓝藻的打捞, 不仅实现了水体中藻类的快速去除,还可以带走大量的 $\mathrm{N}$ , $\mathrm{P}$ 等营养盐 [ 2 ] 。我国每年可打捞出几十万 $\mathrm{t}$ 的藻泥 (含水率 $<{90}\%$ ),因未能形成有效的资源化利用途径,绝大多数藻泥只能通过填埋进行处置,这不仅耗费大量的人力财力,还有可能导致二次污染 [ 3 ] 。 因此, 蓝藻生物质的高效资源化利用是蓝藻治理过程中一个不可或缺的环节, 也是实现蓝藻打捞从财政补贴转为产业化盈利模式的必经之路。
蓝藻生物质中富含蛋白质、多糖、色素等营养成分, 其中蛋白质含量占细胞干重的 50%左右, 因此,其可以作为蛋白质原料生产饲料等 [ 4 , 5 ] 。相比填埋、堆肥等处理方式, 利用蓝藻生物质生产饲料可显著提高其资源化利用价值, 实现高值化资源利用。李宛津 [ 6 ] 的研究表明,含 67%(质量分数) 蓝藻生物质的饲料可以显著提高草金鱼皮肤的红度值、黄度值和类胡萝卜素含量。张晔 171 认为,蓝藻中的蛋白质为水溶性蛋白,可消化系数为 83%~ 85%,具有动物性蛋白的一切优点,在脱毒后可作为生产鱼、虾、蟹饲料的原料。在每年 8 月之前, 太湖水域的蓝藻以无毒株——水华微囊藻为主,其生物质中的藻毒素较低 [ 5 , 8 ] ,不经过脱毒处理即可作为蛋白质原料生产鱼饲料。
目前,蓝藻打捞所采用的工艺均为基于化学混凝剂——聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚丙烯酰胺 (PAM)的混凝-沉降/气浮技术 [ 2 ] ,导致大量的化学混凝剂在蓝藻生物质中富集, 造成蓝藻生物质中的 Al 盐严重超标。同时, PAM 分解产生的单体丙烯酰胺具有非常强的毒性。这也是制约蓝藻生物质资源化利用的重要因素, 尤其是限制了蓝藻生物质作为蛋白质原料用于饲料等生物利用产品的生产。另外, 由于蓝藻细胞自身的特性(胞内和间隙水含量高), 在收获和脱水后, 其藻泥的含水率仍高达 85%以上 [ 3 ] ,容易腐败变质,难以长时间的存储和运输, 因而需要对蓝藻生物质进一步干燥处理。然而,常用的藻类干燥方式,如冷冻干燥、喷雾干燥等通常成本较高,且处理量较小;热源烘干等方式干燥速率较慢,且难以实现连续处理 [ 9 , 10 ] , 这同样限制了蓝藻生物质的资源化利用。
基于以上化学混凝剂污染和生物质干燥成本高等制约蓝藻生物质资源化利用的问题, 本文提出一种基于生物混凝剂的蓝藻生物质混凝-气浮收获与微波干燥工艺,并研制了处理量为 ${20}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ 的中试系统,探索了生物混凝剂(壳聚糖)对蓝藻生物质收获和脱水性能的影响, 以及干燥条件对微波连续干燥性能的影响, 并分析干燥后总蛋白质和总糖的含量,论证微波干燥的可行性;另外, 通过 ${12}\mathrm{\;d}$ 连续运行的数据对该中试系统应对太湖蓝藻浓度多变的能力和系统的连续运行性能进行了验证; 最后, 基于该中试系统的实际运行数据, 对该新型收获和干燥技术进行了经济性分析, 论述了蓝藻生物质作为蛋白质原料生产鱼饲料的经济可行性。本研究可有效避免蓝藻生物质由于水分高而不能长时间存储和运输的问题, 为蓝藻生物质的高效、无污染收获以及快速干燥提供了新的解决方案, 为蓝藻生物质生产饲料等资源化利用提供技术支撑。
本实验收获的藻类为原位泵取太湖的蓝藻, 具体地点在江苏太湖湖泊生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站附近。OLYMPUS BX53 型显微镜镜检表明,水样中 ${90}\%$ 以上的藻类为水华微囊藻(Mi-crocystis aeruginosa)( 图 1 )。实验期间藻细胞干重为 ${0.1}\sim {1.0}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{L}$ ,藻细胞密度为 $4 \times {10}^{9}\sim 4 \times {10}^{10}$$/\mathrm{L}$
本实验收获的蓝藻生物质优势种为产藻毒素较少的水华微囊藻,由于其蛋白质含量高,可作为生产鱼饲料的蛋白质原料 [ 6 ] 。因而,不能采用现有的藻水分离站基于化学混凝剂(PAC 和 PAM)的收获工艺进行采收。本文在前期研究的基础上, 设计了基于生物混凝剂的蓝藻生物质收获工艺, 选用的生物混凝剂是壳聚糖。通过添加生物混凝剂, 在先后 ${300}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$${50}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 的搅拌下,使水华微囊藻细胞混凝,然后通过气浮工艺收获蓝藻生物质。收获后的生物质含水率在 96%左右,需要进一步利用叠螺机进行脱水, 脱水后的生物质含水率降低到 85%左右。由于生物质中还含有大量的水分, 不利于长时间保存与运输, 需对其进行进一步的干燥处理。本研究通过前期的干燥工艺比选, 选用微波连续干燥工艺对脱水后的生物质进行干燥,干燥后的蓝藻生物质含水率低于 10%,可用作生产鱼饲料的蛋白质原料。
蓝藻生物质收获与干燥工艺流程如 图 2 所示。经过设备选型,最终确定:收获工艺采用处理量为 ${20}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ 的混凝-气浮系统,溶气水压力为 ${0.6}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,循环比 ${20}\%$ ;脱水工艺选用 201 型叠螺机;干燥工艺选用定制的 ${10}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 隧道式连续微波干燥系统;水体原位吸藻口采用表层漂浮式泵吸, 吸口高度可以调节;浮渣通过螺杆泵运送至叠螺机,脱水的生物质通过螺杆泵输送到微波干燥系统,干燥后的蓝藻生物质通过刮板卸料并装袋。
本研究在中试系统安装调试稳定后, 进行了收获和干燥的测试实验。含有水华微囊藻细胞的原水经由表层吸藻器泵入收获系统, 泵取流量为 ${20}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ ,藻细胞干重为 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;g}/{\mathrm{L}}_{\circ }$ 通过调节壳聚糖的用量 $\left({0 \sim {110}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}}\right)$ ,研究生物混凝剂用量对蓝藻生物质的混凝气浮收获效率和叠螺机脱水后含固率的影响。脱水后的蓝藻生物质经由螺杆泵推送到带式微波干燥系统中进行连续干燥。通过调节微波干燥的温度 $\left({{70}\sim {75},{95}\sim {100}\mathrm{C}}\right)$ ,研究干燥温度对微波干燥蓝藻生物质性能的影响。分析干燥时间分别为 $5,8,{10},{15},{20},{30}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 的蓝藻生物质, 绘制干燥曲线。另外, 对不同干燥条件下, 蓝藻生物质中的蛋白质和糖类进行了分析, 考察微波干燥是否会影响生物质中主要营养成分的组成。
蓝藻生物质收获效率 $Y$ 的计算式为
$ Y =\left({1 -\frac{{C}_{1}}{{C}_{0}}}\right)\times {100}\%$
式中: ${C}_{1}$ 为收获后气浮系统出水清液中藻细胞的干重, $\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L};{C}_{0}$ 为蓝藻生物质收获前的干重, $\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}$
生物质含水率 $M$ 的计算式为
$ M =\left({1 -\frac{{m}_{1}}{{m}_{0}}}\right)\times {100}\%$
式中: ${m}_{1}$${105}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 烘至恒重的生物质质量, $\mathrm{g};{m}_{0}$ 为脱水后或干燥后的生物质质量, g。
干燥后的蓝藻生物质分别利用考马斯亮蓝法 [ 11 ] 和苯酚硫酸法 [ 12 ] 测试总蛋白和总糖含量。
壳聚糖用量对蓝藻生物质收获效率的影响如 图 3 所示。
图 3 可以看出, 当不添加壳聚糖时, 蓝藻生物质的收获效率为 75.8%。这主要是由于水体中的藻类主要是水华微囊藻, 其细胞中含有伪空胞 (气囊),密度小于水 [ 2 ] ,且大多以团聚体形态存在, 具有较好的自浮能力 [ 13 ] 。当壳聚糖用量为 18.8 $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$ 时,蓝藻生物质收获效率快速增加到 91.5%。 从中试系统的运行过程中可以看到, 此时大量的蓝藻细胞混凝生成大的絮体, 因而气浮收获效率明显增加。当壳聚糖用量增加到 ${50.0}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$ 时,收获效率可以达到 95.0%以上, 继续增加壳聚糖用量到 ${107.1}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$ 时,收获效率为 ${98.9}\%$
壳聚糖是一种天然的生物混凝剂, 由于分子链上氨基的电离而带正电, 类似阳离子大分子混凝剂,如阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM),具有高的电荷密度,混凝时可生成尺寸较大的絮体 [ 14 ] 。因此, 随着壳聚糖的添加,由于电中和、吸附架桥和网捕等作用使藻细胞混凝,尤其是使游离的单细胞混凝成大絮团,所以蓝藻生物质收获效率显著增加。 由此可见, 该中试系统具有较好的蓝藻生物质收获能力, 不仅可以实现蓝藻生物质的回收, 还可以清除水体中的藻类, 防止蓝藻水华进一步危害水生态系统健康和饮用水安全。
蓝藻生物质经混凝-气浮收获后, 其浮渣由气浮系统上部的刮渣板收集到浮渣槽中。经测试发现,气浮收获后浮渣的含水率在 ${96}\%$ 左右,如果直接进行干燥,会显著增加干燥时间和成本 [ 15 ] 。 因此, 在干燥前, 还需要对浮渣做进一步的脱水处理。浮渣槽的生物质通过螺杆泵被输送到叠螺机的混凝槽中, 由于藻细胞絮体在输送过程中易被打散而影响脱水效果, 常需要通过慢速搅拌使散开的絮体重新生成大絮团。气浮收获过程的壳聚糖用量对蓝藻生物质脱水效果的影响如 图 4 所示。
图 4 可以看出, 当不添加壳聚糖时, 脱水后的生物质含水率为 94.6%。从中试系统的运行过程中可以看到, 不添加壳聚糖时, 仅靠水华微囊藻自身的群体团聚体很难进行脱水处理, 在螺旋挤压过程中,大部分藻细胞由于不能在内部形成过滤饼层而从叠螺片间隙挤出, 导致大部分蓝藻生物质从叠螺机出水中流走, 仅有少部分生物质由出料口排出, 且脱水后的生物质含水率也较高。由此可以证明, 未经混凝而收获后的蓝藻生物质由于不能形成过滤饼层而较难实现脱水处理。
当添加少量的壳聚糖时 $\left({{7.5}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}}\right)$ ,浮渣经脱水后得到的蓝藻生物质含水率降低到 87.4%。此时, 收获后的浮渣的脱水性能明显增加, 绝大部分生物质经挤压由叠螺机出料口排出, 水分从叠片间隙排走。虽然此时生物质中还有大量的水分,但主要水分为胞内或细胞间隙水, 因而生物质表观上水分较少,且基本不具备流动性。当壳聚糖用量增加到 ${18.8}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$ 时,脱水后的生物质含水率进一步降低到 85.4%。当继续增加壳聚糖用量时,脱水后的生物质含水率反而略微增加。这与混凝形成的絮体结构有关,当壳聚糖用量过大时,由于其吸附架桥或网捕作用,形成的絮体较大,且容易形成松散的絮体,这类絮体内部空隙较多,所以在脱水时会导致生物质的含水率略有增加 [ 16 ]
收获后的蓝藻生物质在脱水处理后, 还含有 85%左右的水分,长时间堆放容易腐败变质,因而需要对其进行进一步的干燥处理。微波干燥温度对蓝藻生物质含水率的影响如 图 5 所示。
图 5 可以看出,在干燥温度为 ${95}\sim {100}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的条件下,随着干燥时间的增加,蓝藻生物质含水率快速降低,尤其是在前 ${10}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,蓝藻生物质含水率从 88% 快速降低到 10%,此时微波干燥出料口的生物质已可以从皮带上被自动刮下,生物质呈易碎的小块状; 当干燥时间为 ${15}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时,干燥后的蓝藻生物质中基本不含有水分。在干燥温度为 70~75°C的条件下,蓝藻生物质含水率的降低速度明显变慢,当干燥时间为 ${10}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时,蓝藻生物质含水率高达 66.7%,即使干燥时间延长到 30 min,生物质中的含水率仍有 38.5%。因此,70~75 C的干燥温度难以实现蓝藻生物质的连续干燥, 不满足中试系统的连续运行要求。
微波干燥的原理是通过振荡水分子而产生大量的热能,不同于传统干燥方式,其热传导方向与水分扩散方向相同,因而具有干燥速率快、节能、 干燥均匀等优点 [ 17 ] 。在实际运行中发现,当干燥温度为 ${95}\sim {100}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,在前 $8\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,由于生物质含水率较高,水分干燥速率较大,为 ${8.6}\%/\mathrm{{min}}$ ,当生物质含水率从 20%干燥到 10%时,水分干燥速率降低为 ${5.1}\%/\mathrm{{min}}$ 。然而,当干燥温度较低 $\left({{70}\sim {75}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 时, 由于水分没能即时汽化而从物料中带走, 因而水分干燥速率仅为 ${2.2}\%/\mathrm{{min}}$ 。由此可见,针对蓝藻生物质这样初始含水率近 90%的物料,微波干燥也能实现快速提高干燥温度, 显著提升水分汽化速率,使水分从物料中和表面被快速带走,从而提高干燥速率。
为了判断微波干燥是否会对蓝藻生物质中的蛋白质和糖类等营养成分造成影响,本文研究了微波干燥时间对蓝藻生物质的总蛋白质和总糖含量的影响,并与冷冻干燥和 65 ℃烘干的结果进行对比, 结果如 图 6 所示。由冷冻干燥后的测试数据可知, 收获后的蓝藻生物质的总蛋白质和总糖分别占生物质干重的 40.1%和 7%。前人研究表明, 蓝藻生物质的蛋白质含量一般为 ${50}{\%}$ [ 5 ] ,多糖类物质含量一般为 ${10}\%$ [ 18 ] 。本研究收获的是太湖实际水体的蓝藻生物质, 其优势种为水华微囊藻, 使得生物成分含量略有差别;另外, 在收获过程中会有少量的水体悬浮颗粒混入, 这也会导致收获后的蓝藻生物质的总蛋白质和总糖含量略有下降。
图 6 可以看出, 与冷冻干燥的蓝藻生物质相比,在 65 ℃烘箱中烘干的生物质中总蛋白质和总糖分别占生物质干重的 41.9%和 6.6%,与冷冻干燥的结果仅有细微差别,这说明在 65 ℃烘干也像冷冻干燥一样, 对蓝藻生物质的蛋白质和糖类等营养物质的含量没有影响。微波干燥 8 min 的蓝藻生物质的总蛋白质和总糖含量分别为 42.5% 和 ${8.2}\%$ ,略高于冷冻干燥和 65 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 烘干的生物质。 这或许是由于不同批次收获的蓝藻生物质所引起的细微差异。随着干燥时间的延长,微波干燥后的蓝藻生物质的总蛋白质和总糖含量均有略微的降低,干燥 10 min 时,分别为 41.1% 和 7.3%,干燥 ${15}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时,分别为 ${40.6}\%$${6.4}\%$ 。虽然微波干燥时间过长可能会导致蓝藻生物质中的蛋白质和糖类含量轻微地降低, 但整体影响较小。由此可见, 微波干燥不仅可以在短时间内(10min)将蓝藻生物质的含水率从 90%降低到 10%以内,实现生物质的快速干燥,也能像冷冻干燥或低温烘干一样不会对蓝藻生物质中的蛋白质和糖类等营养物质的含量造成影响。
在上述中试实验研究下, 确定壳聚糖用量为 ${50}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$ ,微波干燥温度为 ${95}\sim {100}\mathrm{C}$ ,干燥时间为 ${10}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,由此进行中试系统连续 ${12}\mathrm{\;d}$ 的运行效果测试。连续运行过程中的入料和出水藻浓度、收获效率和干燥后生物质含水率的变化如 图 7 所示。
图 7 可以看出, 在中试系统连续运行的 12 $\mathrm{d}$ 中,由于风向、气温等原因,中试系统所在地点的蓝藻细胞浓度差异较大,入料藻浓度为 0.1~1.0 $\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}$ ,绝大部分天数的出水藻浓度均能降低到 0.02 $\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}$ 以下。经基于生物混凝剂的混凝-气浮收获后,除第 1 天外,其它时间的蓝藻生物质收获效率均能达到 95%以上。第 1 天的蓝藻生物质收获效率仅为 90%, 由中试现场观察推测, 是由于之前没有开机,导致蓝藻细胞堆积而腐败,大量胞内藻源有机物溶出, 对藻细胞混凝产生抑制作用。前期研究发现, 水华微囊藻的藻源有机物对其藻细胞的混凝具有较强的抑制作用, 随着藻源有机物量的增加,抑制作用增强 [ 19 ] 。蓝藻生物质经微波干燥后的含水率降低到 5%~8.5%,满足长时间存储和运输要求 $\left({ \leq {10}\%}\right)$ 。由此可见:该中试收获系统在针对低浓度 $\left({{0.1}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$ 和高浓度 $\left({1\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$ 的蓝藻水华时均表现出较高的收获效率(≥95%);隧道式连续微波干燥系统能实现蓝藻生物质的快速干燥, 将含水率降低到 10% 以内,且不影响蓝藻生物质的蛋白质和多糖等主要营养成分的含量。
由中试系统连续运行的实际处理量、功率、药剂用量等参数,对该中试系统进行经济成本分析, 计算参数如 表 1 所示。
表 1 可知, 在不考虑人工成本的情况下, 该中试系统在收获效率大于 ${90}\%$ 时,获得 $1\mathrm{t}$ 干生物质 (含水率 $<{10}\%$ ) 需要的总成本为 4134.1 元, 其中收获电耗成本为 409.8 元/t,占总成本的 9.9%,壳聚糖成本为 2185.8 元/t,占 52.9%,微波干燥成本为 1538.5 元/t, 占 37.2%。由此可见, 由于壳聚糖单价较高 $\left({{10}\text{万元}/\mathrm{t}}\right)$ ,导致收获药剂成本较高。目前,生产鱼饲料的蛋白质原料主要为豆粕和菜粕,其成本分别为3000,2500元 $/\mathrm{t}$ ,与之相比,蓝藻生物质的收获与干燥成本较高,但也明显低于鱼饲料价格(11500 元/t)。据报道,蓝藻破壁蛋白质的市场价可达 1.8 万元 $/{\mathrm{t}}$ [ 7 ] 。蓝藻生物质中除了蛋白质、多糖等主要营养成分外,还含有一些有助于鱼类生长的色素,如叶黄素等,若蓝藻生物质的销售价格能高于其生产成本, 即可实现资源化盈利, 且可以减少政府为了蓝藻打捞和无害化处置而投入的大量财政补贴。另外,壳聚糖也是水产饲料的营养添加成分, 可以提高鱼、虾的抗氧化和免疫能力等 [ 20 ] ,这或许可以提高基于壳聚糖收获的蓝藻生物质生产饲料的价值。
收获与干燥中试系统的成本敏感性分析如 图 8 所示。
图 8 可知:药剂用量、药剂成本和电价与成本成正相关, 每吨干生物质的处理成本随着这 3 个参数的增加而增加; 处理成本与微波干燥量成负相关,随着微波干燥量的增加,处理成本随之降低。另外, 从节约处理成本角度考虑, 由于药剂用量、药剂成本以及微波干燥量对处理成本较为敏感,通过降低壳聚糖用量和单价,以及增加微波干燥量,均可以显著降低蓝藻生物质的处理成本。 因此, 低成本、高效率、绿色无污染的混凝剂开发, 以及高效微波干燥设备的研发将成为蓝藻生物质作为饲料的蛋白质原料而资源化利用的重点解决方向。若能筛选出价格更便宜的生物混凝剂, 则可以进一步降低蓝藻生物质的处理成本。通过加宽微波干燥的皮带,从而使藻泥铺设厚度变薄,加快微波干燥速度,增加干燥量,也可以进一步降低蓝藻生物质的处理成本。
综上所述, 本研究开发了基于生物混凝剂的蓝藻生物质混凝-气浮收获与微波干燥中试系统,连续运行测试结果表明,该中试系统可以实现蓝藻生物质的高效收获与快速干燥, 且不会影响蓝藻生物质中的主要营养成分的含量。由经济性分析可知, 该中试系统有望实现蓝藻生物质作为蛋白质原料生产鱼饲料,为蓝藻生物质的资源化利用新途径提供数据与技术支撑。
另外,壳聚糖作为混凝剂也适用于小球藻 [ 21 ] 、 微拟球藻 [ 22 ] 等藻类的混凝收获; 同时,滇池、巢湖等混凝-气浮藻水分离站的实际运行结果, 以及该中试系统在南水北调中线干渠的测试结果, 均表明混凝-气浮收获工艺同样适用于其它藻类。 因此, 可以对现有藻水分离站的工艺流程和操作条件稍加改进, 如将现有的化学混凝剂更换成壳聚糖等生物混凝剂, 脱水工艺环节控制藻泥含水率在 85% 左右,并增加微波干燥工艺,由此可以实现水华藻类生物质的高效收获与快速干燥, 有望使藻类生物质从目前的填埋处置转变为生产饲料等高值化利用; 也有望减少各级政府为治理藻类水华而投入的大量财政补贴,推进藻类水华治理与资源化利用协同进程。
本文设计了一种基于生物混凝剂的蓝藻生物质混凝-气浮收获与微波干燥的工艺流程, 并研制了处理量为 ${20}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ 的中试系统。测试结果表明,在壳聚糖用量为 ${50}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$ 时,蓝藻生物质收获效率可达 95%以上,脱水后生物质的含水率可从 96%降低到 85% 左右,再经微波干燥 10 min 后, 生物质的含水率可以降低到 10%以下。与冷冻干燥相比,微波干燥的蓝藻生物质中总蛋白质和总糖含量并无明显变化,可在保证营养成分品质的情况下实现蓝藻生物质的快速干燥。在太湖连续运行 ${12}\mathrm{\;d}$ 的测试结果表明,针对波动较大的入料藻细胞浓度 $\left({{0.1}\sim {1.0}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$ ,该中试系统均能实现 95%以上的收获效率,且微波干燥后的生物质含水率能稳定在 5%~8%。经济性分析和成本敏感性分析结果表明: 该中试系统得到 $1\mathrm{t}$ 干蓝藻生物质的成本为 4134.1 元;蓝藻生物质处理成本与壳聚糖用量和成本以及微波干燥量密切相关, 降低壳聚糖用量和成本,增加微波干燥量,均可显著降低蓝藻生物质的处理成本。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42277076)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51909258)
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2024年第42卷第8期
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  • 接收时间:2023-03-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-08
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(42277076)
国家自然科学基金项目(51909258)
作者信息
    1 中国科学院水生生物研究所 湖北 武汉 430072
    2 中国科学院大学 北京 100049
    3 无锡工源环境科技股份有限公司 江苏 无锡 214194
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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