Article(id=1154429106591622106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429104116982720, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1673539200000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166947267, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1724083200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166947267, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166947267, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166947267, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154429104116982720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='8', pageStart='994', pageEnd='1136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166946677, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694569475, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642114579583511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429104116982720, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642114579583512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429104116982720, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=994, endPage=1003, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154429107090744291, articleId=1154429106591622106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Co-pyrolysis characteristics of biomass and polypropylene, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To further understand the interaction in copyrolysis of biomass and waste plastics, the pyrolysis characteristics of poplar wood(PW) and the effect of polypropylene (PP) addition on the product distribution and composition of PW and PP co pyrolysis were studied by thermogravimetric analysis and fixed bed reactor. The results showed that 500 °C is the optimal temperature for PW pyrolysis to obtain tar product, and the maximum tar yield is 31.2%. The experimental value of the maximum weight loss rate of copyrolysis is slightly greater than the theoretical value in the low temperature range, and the peak temperature of the DTG curve in the high temperature range shifts to higher temperature zone. Copyrolysis of PW and PP has a positive synergistic effect on the generation of gas products, increasing the low heating value of gas products. Copyrolysis has a negative synergistic effect on the generation of tar. However, the oxygencontaining compounds (phenols, acids, ketones and furans) in tar decrease, and olefin compounds increase significantly. In addition, the degree of graphitization of copyrolytic char becomes higher.

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为深入认识生物质与废塑料共热解过程中的相互作用,通过热重分析仪和固定床反应器研究了杨木单独热解特性以及聚丙烯添加量对杨木和聚丙烯共热解产物分布和产品组成的影响。结果表明:500℃为杨木单独热解时获得焦油产物的最佳温度,最高焦油产率为31.2%;在低温段(小于380℃),杨木和聚丙烯共热解的最大失重速率实验值略大于理论值,在高温段(大于430℃),共热解 DTG 曲线的峰值温度向高温区偏移;共热解对气体产物的生成起到了正协同作用,提高了气体产物的低位热值,对焦油的生成起到了负协同作用,但共热解使焦油中的酚类、酸类、酮类、呋喃类等含氧化合物的含量降低,烯烃类化合物的含量显著提高;此外,共热解使半焦的石墨化程度提高。

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胡浩权(1961-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为能源化工。E-mail:
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Energy Conversion and Management, 2017, 146: 20-33., articleTitle=Study on the co-pyrolysis of rice straw and high density polyethylene blends using TG-FTIR-MS, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154429166247207576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429106591622106, awardId=22078053, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(22078053), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154429161365037562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429106591622106, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154429161369231867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429106591622106, companyId=1154429161365037562, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Institute of Coal Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China), 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样品 工业分析/% 元素分析/%
水分 灰分 挥发分 固定碳 C H O
PW 1.22 12.11 73.65 13.02 46.28 5.75 0.90 47.07
PP 100.00 85.91 14.09
), ArticleFig(id=1154429165953606288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429106591622106, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=杨木和聚丙烯的工业分析和元素分析, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 工业分析/% 元素分析/%
水分 灰分 挥发分 固定碳 C H O
PW 1.22 12.11 73.65 13.02 46.28 5.75 0.90 47.07
PP 100.00 85.91 14.09
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转 化 率 PW PP PW:PP=1:1
kJ/mol kJ/mol kJ/mol
0.1 191.7 0.978 172.9 0.987 153.3 0.993
0.2 191.9 0.983 210.7 0.938 156.1 0.995
0.3 195.2 0.984 225.9 0.962 154.7 0.993
0.4 197.5 0.984 230.5 0.971 125.4 0.973
0.5 199.8 0.984 230.3 0.979 215.1 0.990
0.6 202.5 0.984 227.2 0.983 231.5 0.993
0.7 205.6 0.983 222.9 0.986 236.2 0.995
0.8 212.7 0.983 219.9 0.988 238.1 0.996
平均值 199.6 217.5 188.8
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转 化 率 PW PP PW:PP=1:1
kJ/mol kJ/mol kJ/mol
0.1 191.7 0.978 172.9 0.987 153.3 0.993
0.2 191.9 0.983 210.7 0.938 156.1 0.995
0.3 195.2 0.984 225.9 0.962 154.7 0.993
0.4 197.5 0.984 230.5 0.971 125.4 0.973
0.5 199.8 0.984 230.3 0.979 215.1 0.990
0.6 202.5 0.984 227.2 0.983 231.5 0.993
0.7 205.6 0.983 222.9 0.986 236.2 0.995
0.8 212.7 0.983 219.9 0.988 238.1 0.996
平均值 199.6 217.5 188.8
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生物质与聚丙烯共热解特性研究
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陈佳奇 , 武云飞 , 王一鸣 , 班延鹏 , 靳立军 , 胡浩权
可再生能源 | 2024,42(8): 994-1003
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(8): 994-1003
生物质与聚丙烯共热解特性研究
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陈佳奇, 武云飞, 王一鸣, 班延鹏, 靳立军, 胡浩权
作者信息
  • 1 大连理工大学 化工学院,煤化工研究设计所 辽宁 大连 116024

通讯作者:

胡浩权(1961-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为能源化工。E-mail:
Co-pyrolysis characteristics of biomass and polypropylene
Jiaqi Chen, Yunfei Wu, Yiming Wang, Yanpeng Ban, Lijun Jin, Haoquan Hu
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Coal Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
出版时间: 2024-08-20
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为深入认识生物质与废塑料共热解过程中的相互作用,通过热重分析仪和固定床反应器研究了杨木单独热解特性以及聚丙烯添加量对杨木和聚丙烯共热解产物分布和产品组成的影响。结果表明:500℃为杨木单独热解时获得焦油产物的最佳温度,最高焦油产率为31.2%;在低温段(小于380℃),杨木和聚丙烯共热解的最大失重速率实验值略大于理论值,在高温段(大于430℃),共热解 DTG 曲线的峰值温度向高温区偏移;共热解对气体产物的生成起到了正协同作用,提高了气体产物的低位热值,对焦油的生成起到了负协同作用,但共热解使焦油中的酚类、酸类、酮类、呋喃类等含氧化合物的含量降低,烯烃类化合物的含量显著提高;此外,共热解使半焦的石墨化程度提高。

生物质  /  聚丙烯  /  共热解  /  产物分布  /  协同效应

To further understand the interaction in copyrolysis of biomass and waste plastics, the pyrolysis characteristics of poplar wood(PW) and the effect of polypropylene (PP) addition on the product distribution and composition of PW and PP co pyrolysis were studied by thermogravimetric analysis and fixed bed reactor. The results showed that 500 °C is the optimal temperature for PW pyrolysis to obtain tar product, and the maximum tar yield is 31.2%. The experimental value of the maximum weight loss rate of copyrolysis is slightly greater than the theoretical value in the low temperature range, and the peak temperature of the DTG curve in the high temperature range shifts to higher temperature zone. Copyrolysis of PW and PP has a positive synergistic effect on the generation of gas products, increasing the low heating value of gas products. Copyrolysis has a negative synergistic effect on the generation of tar. However, the oxygencontaining compounds (phenols, acids, ketones and furans) in tar decrease, and olefin compounds increase significantly. In addition, the degree of graphitization of copyrolytic char becomes higher.

biomass  /  polypropylene  /  co-pyrolysis  /  product distribution  /  synergistic effect
陈佳奇, 武云飞, 王一鸣, 班延鹏, 靳立军, 胡浩权. 生物质与聚丙烯共热解特性研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (8) : 994 -1003 .
Jiaqi Chen, Yunfei Wu, Yiming Wang, Yanpeng Ban, Lijun Jin, Haoquan Hu. Co-pyrolysis characteristics of biomass and polypropylene[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (8) : 994 -1003 .
生物质是储量丰富的碳中性能源, 其清洁高效利用能有效缓解化石能源危机,对实现“双碳” 目标具有重要意义 [ 1 ] 。热解技术可以在相对温和的条件下将生物质等含碳原料转化为高附加值的焦油和富氢气体,是实现生物质等固体废弃物清洁高效利用的有效途径 [ 2 , 3 ] 。但生物质因其氧含量高、有效氢碳原子比低,使热解焦油呈现出酸性强、粘度大、热值低等特点,限制了热解焦油进一步转化为高附加值燃料及化学品。
研究表明, 生物质与富氢原料共热解可有效降低焦油的含氧量,提升焦油品质。废旧塑料来源广泛,具有较高的氢碳原子比,能够在生物质热解过程中作为供氢体以改善焦油品质。Shadangi K P[ 4 ]研究了向日葵种子和聚苯乙烯共热解的协同效应,发现共热解焦油在粘度、酸性、热值和含水量等方面均优于生物质单独热解焦油的品质。Dewangan A[ 5 ] 发现,甘蔗渣和低密度聚乙烯以 $1 : 1$ 的质量比共热解时具有更高的焦油产率, 并促进了酚类和酸类等含氧组分的脱除。Chen W[ 6 ] 通过对废旧报纸和高密度聚乙烯进行共热解研究,发现共热解的协同效应促进了生物质组分的热裂解, 同时生物质热解自由基也有利于高密度聚乙烯进一步裂解产生小分子物质。此外,共热解可使反应的活化能降低,有利于减少反应体系的能量需求 [ 7 ]
废旧塑料种类繁多, 不同种类塑料因结构上的差异导致其与生物质在共热解过程中的协同作用机制不同。目前,关于聚烯烃类塑料与生物质共热解的研究大多以结构简单的聚乙烯作为塑料的代表组分。聚丙烯具有和聚乙烯相似的结构和较高的氢碳比,且每年的消耗量仅次于聚乙烯,因此, 深入研究其与生物质共热解的交互作用机制具有重要的意义。Chen R[ 8 ] 通过热重分析证明了生物质三组分和聚丙烯在共热解过程中存在协同作用。然而,相较于聚乙烯与生物质共热解的研究, 聚丙烯和生物质共热解的研究多集中于高附加值的液体产品及过程参数的优化, 缺乏对气、液、固三相产物变化规律及动力学变化的整体性研究。
基于此, 本文旨在采用热重分析仪和固定床反应器考察生物质和聚丙烯的热解失重特性及不同聚丙烯添加量对共热解过程的影响, 通过对共热解产物分布规律和产品特性进行分析, 探究生物质和聚丙烯热解过程中的协同效应。研究成果可为生物质与废塑料共热解工艺的优化提供理论支持。
选取杨木(PW)和聚丙烯(PP)作为生物质和废塑料的代表组分, 其中 PW 取自河北石家庄地区, PP由中国石油化工集团有限公司生产。实验开始前,将 PW 粉碎至 ${0.18}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 以下,然后置于 ${65}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 真空烘箱中持续干燥 ${24}\mathrm{\;h}$ 以保证除去样品中的水分, 干燥后的样品放置于广口瓶中密封保存。采用 SDTGA 5000a 型工业分析仪和 Vario EL III型元素分析仪对样品进行分析, 样品的工业分析和元素分析结果见 表 1
PW 和 PP 在热解过程中的失重行为通过瑞士 Mettler-Toledo TGA/SDTA851e 型热重分析仪进行测定。实验载气为 ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ (流速为 ${60}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ),初始温度设为 ${30}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,待炉体内温度稳定后,以 10 ${}^{o}\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 的升温速率加热至 ${600}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,连续记录实验过程中样品质量随温度(时间)的变化情况。
PW 和 PP 共热解实验在 图 1 所示的固定床热解装置中完成。
热解装置由气路控制系统、管式炉热解系统和产物收集系统构成。取 $2\mathrm{\;g}$ 样品于样品管中并放置在反应管恒温区,以流速为 ${100}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{{min}}$${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ 作为载气,反应开始前连续吹扫 ${20}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 以排除反应管内的空气,吹扫完成后以 ${10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 的升温速率从室温升至设定热解温度并保持 ${10}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 。热解产物经载气吹扫后通过温度为 $-{20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的冷阱,焦油和水在此冷凝并被收集在冷阱罐中, 不凝气通过气袋收集后用气相色谱分析。
通过反应管前后的质量差求得固体产物(半焦)的质量; 按照 ASTMD95-05(2005)方法以甲苯为溶剂分析冷阱罐收集的液体产物(焦油和水)中的含水量,由此得到焦油和水的质量,并分别计算产率;气体产率通过差减法求得。通过 Quanta 450型扫描电镜、DXR型拉曼光谱仪和Equinox55 型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对半焦结构进行分析; 液体产物溶于 后用无水 脱水,并用旋转蒸发器除去 得到焦油样品,使用 SCION 456-GC 型模拟蒸馏气相色谱仪分析焦油中的馏分分布;通过 Agilent 7890A/5975C 型气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对焦油组成进行分析; 采用 GC9190 II 型气相色谱仪分析气体产物中 和低碳烃类 等组分的含量。
等转化率法常用于动力学参数的求解。其中, FWO 法具有拟合准确性好、适用范围广等优点, FWO 法可简化为如下形式 [ 9 ] :
$\ln \left(\beta \right)= C -{1.052}\left(\frac{{E}_{a}}{R{T}_{\alpha }}\right)$
式中: $\beta$ 为升温速率, $C/\mathrm{{min}};C$ 为常数; ${E}_{a}$ 为反应活化能, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{mol}};R$ 为气体常数, $\mathrm{J}/\left({\mathrm{{mol}}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{T}_{\alpha }$ 为一定升温速率下转化率为 $\alpha$ 时的温度, $\mathrm{K}$
在固定床热解实验中, 样品干燥无灰基的半焦产率 $\left({Y}_{\text{char }}\right)$ 、焦油产率 $\left({Y}_{\text{tar }}\right)$ 、水产率 $\left({Y}_{\text{water }}\right)$ 和气体产率 $\left({Y}_{\text{gas }}\right)$ 计算式如下所示:
${Y}_{\text{char }}= \frac{{W}_{\text{char }}- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{2}{W}_{0}\times {x}_{i}\times {A}_{\mathrm{{ad}}, i}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{2}{W}_{0}\times {x}_{i}\times \left({1 -{A}_{\mathrm{{ad}}, i}- {M}_{\mathrm{{ad}}, i}}\right)} \times {100}\%$
${Y}_{\mathrm{{tar}}}= \frac{{W}_{\mathrm{{tar}}}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{2}{W}_{0}\times {x}_{i}\times \left({1 -{A}_{\mathrm{{ad}}, i}- {M}_{\mathrm{{ad}}, i}}\right)} \times {100}\%$
${Y}_{\text{water }}= \frac{{W}_{\text{water }}- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{2}{W}_{0}\times {x}_{i}\times {M}_{\mathrm{{ad}}, i}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{2}{W}_{0}\times {x}_{i}\times \left({1 -{A}_{\mathrm{{ad}}, i}- {M}_{\mathrm{{ad}}, i}}\right)} \times {100}\%$
${Y}_{\text{gas }}= {100}\%- {Y}_{\text{char }}- {Y}_{\text{tar }}- {Y}_{\text{water }}$
式中: ${W}_{\text{char }},{W}_{\text{tar }},{W}_{\text{water }},{W}_{0}$ 分别为半焦、焦油、水和初始样品的质量, $\mathrm{g};{A}_{\mathrm{{ad}}, i}$${M}_{\mathrm{{ad}}, i}$ 分别为 $\mathrm{{PW}}$$\mathrm{{PP}}$ 空气干燥基的灰分和水分含量, $\%;{x}_{i}$ 为混合物中 PW 或 PP 的质量分数,%。
共热解实验中,采用实验值 ${Y}_{\text{exp }}$ 与计算值 ${Y}_{\text{cal }}$ 的差值 ${\Delta Y}$ 来量化评价 PW 和 PP 共热解过程中的协同效应 [ 10 ]
${\Delta Y}= {Y}_{\text{exp }}- {Y}_{\text{cal }}$
${Y}_{\mathrm{{cal}}}= {x}_{1}{Y}_{\mathrm{{pw}}}+ \left({1 -{x}_{1}}\right){Y}_{\mathrm{{PP}}}$
式中: ${Y}_{\mathrm{{pw}}}$${Y}_{\mathrm{{PP}}}$ 分别为 $\mathrm{{PW}}$$\mathrm{{PP}}$ 单独热解的实验值。
杨木在不同热解温度下的热解产物产率及气体组分产率如 图 2 所示。
图 2(a)可以看出,随着热解温度的升高, 半焦产率逐渐下降,气体产率逐渐提高,焦油产率呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,并在 ${500}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时获得最大焦油产率(31.2%)。在 500 ℃之后,半焦产率的变化趋于平缓,产物间的相互转化主要发生在焦油和气体产物之间, 说明此时生物质热解挥发分的脱除已经基本完成, 温度升高对挥发分的释放和焦油的生成贡献不大。但随着温度升高, 挥发分间的二次反应增强, 促进了焦油前驱体的裂解和缩聚反应的进行,使气体产物增加。
图 2(b)可以看出,随着热解温度的升高, 所有气体组分的产率均呈现出增加的趋势, 但在 ${500}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 之后, ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}- {\mathrm{C}}_{3}$ 产率的变化相对较小。 $\mathrm{{CO}}$${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 为生物质单独热解时气体产物的主要组成, 约占气体总量的 ${85}\%$$\mathrm{{CO}}$${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 的生成主要来自羰基和羧基化合物中弱键的断裂以及一部分含氧杂环的裂解。在实验所选的温度区间内,温度升高对二者生成的贡献较小,因此,随着温度升高, $\mathrm{{CO}}$${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 产率的变化逐渐趋向平缓。 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 一般来自 $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{H}$ 键的裂解, ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 主要来自甲氧基脱甲基化反应以及高温下脂肪族碳原子和芳香族碳骨架的二次重组 [ 11 ] 主要来自二次反应过程中侧链基团的脱落 [ 12 ] 。随着温度升高,大分子裂解和不稳定侧链基团的断裂有利于上述小分子物质的生成, 因此其产率呈现出和温度的正相关关系。
根据沸点的不同,可将焦油划分为轻油 ( $<$ 170 °C)、酚油(170~210 °C)、萘油(210~230 °C)、洗油(230 300°C)、蔥油(300 360°C)和沥青(>360 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ )。不同热解温度下 $\mathrm{{PW}}$ 热解焦油的模拟蒸馏馏分分布如 图 3 所示。
图 3 可以看出:当热解温度为 ${450}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,轻油和酚油为焦油的主要馏分,占焦油的 50%以上;当热解温度从 ${450}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 升高到 ${500}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,焦油品质变化相对较小,轻油、酚油和沥青的含量降低, 萘油、洗油和蒽油的含量升高;在 ${500}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 以后,随着热解温度的升高, 轻油的含量显著降低, 洗油、 蒽油和沥青的含量逐渐提高, 这说明高温促进了挥发分间缩聚反应的发生, 使轻质组分转变为分子量较大的重质组分。通过分析产物的分布规律和产品特性可以发现,在 ${500}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 之后,热解温度升高有利于生物质热解产生 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 和低碳烃类气体,但不利于焦油的生成以及焦油品质的提升。
为了解 $\mathrm{{PW}}$$\mathrm{{PP}}$ 共热解特性,本文通过热重分析研究了 PP 含量分别为 0(单独 PW),25%, ${50}\%,{75}\%,{100}\%$ (单独 PP)时样品的热失重行为, 结果如 图 4 所示。
图 4 可以看出, PW 热解可以分为 3 个阶段:第一阶段为 ${200}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 之前的干燥脱水阶段,为生物质内部自由水和部分结合水的脱除; 第二阶段 $\left({{200}\sim {500}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 为热解挥发物的主要逸出阶段,在此阶段, PW 的失重量约为样品质量的 74%,最大失重速率约为 ${0.8}\%/\%$ ,是纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的热解反应共同作用的结果; 第三阶段为 500 °C之后的热解炭化阶段,在此阶段,生物质仍然缓慢失重直至稳定 [ 13 ] 。PP 的主要热解温度为 400~500 °C,在此区间挥发分大量逸出直至失重完全,454 °C时失重速率最大,约为 ${2.8}\%{/}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。相比于 $\mathrm{{PW}},\mathrm{{PP}}$$\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{C}$ 直链高分子碳氢化合物,发生热解反应所需的能量较高, 热解挥发分的逸出温度也更高。结合在固定床实验中所获得的 PW 产物分布规律,后续 PW 和 PP 共热解均选择 ${500}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 作为实验温度。
不同 PP 含量下实验 DTG 曲线和按混合物比例加权计算的 DTG 曲线如 图 5 所示。
图 5 可以看出,在低温段 (小于 ${380}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ )共热解失重速率的实验值略高于计算值, 说明共热解过程中的协同效应促进了混合物挥发分的释放, 有利于热解的进行。一般来说, PP 热解遵循自由基反应机理, 引发链式反应的自由基来自 PP 热解初期不稳定端键的断裂。当 $\mathrm{{PP}}$ 单独热解时, 400 ℃前化学键所吸收的能量不足以支持其断裂形成游离态的自由基。当 PW 与 PP 共热解时, PW 结构中的半纤维素和纤维素能够在相对较低的温度下开始裂解并向反应体系中释放小分子自由基, PP 长链和 PW 热解所形成的自由基相互作用促进了 PP 长链提前断裂形成分子碎片, 从而促进两种组分的热解。在高温段 (大于 ${430}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ),不同 PP 含量的实验 DTG 曲线的热解速率峰值温度均向高温区偏移, 这可能是因为共热解促进了挥发分与热解半焦的交互作用, 阻碍了热解挥发分的释放 [ 11 ]
FWO 法能够在不假设反应机理的条件下获得反应过程中活化能的变化情况, 通过 FWO 法得到的 PW 和 PP 单独热解及共热解时反应活化能的变化规律如 表 2 所示。
表 2 可以看出:当 PW 单独热解时,活化能相对稳定,呈缓慢增长的趋势; 当 PP 单独热解时,活化能随着转化率的提高先增加后减小;与两种样品单独热解时的活化能变化相比, 共热解时的活化能变化波动较大。这可能是因为共热解过程中存在多种反应相互影响, 组分间的交互作用相较于单独热解过程更加复杂。比较 3 种样品的平均活化能可以发现, 共热解的平均活化能低于 PW 和 PP 单独热解,表明共热解有利于减少反应体系的能量需求, 促进热解反应的进行。
PP 含量对共热解产物产率及协同作用效果的影响如 图 6 所示。
图 6(a)可以看出:PP 单独热解产物中只有焦油和气体, 未检测到水和半焦的生成, 这与 PP 的工业分析和元素分析的结果 ( 表 1 )相一致; 随着混合物中 $\mathrm{{PP}}$ 含量的提高,焦油产率逐渐增加, 从 PW 单独热解时的 30.3%增加到 PP 单独热解时的 81.8%; 半焦和水产率逐渐减小,分别从 PW 单独热解时的 33.2% 和 19.3%降低到 PP 单独热解时的 0 ; 共热解时的气体产率均高于 PW 和 PP 单独热解时的气体产率。从 图 6(b)可以看出, 共热解对气体的生成起到了正协同作用, 抑制了半焦和焦油的生成。这表明半焦能够与 PP 热解自由基相互作用促进半焦表面不稳定基团的脱除, 从而导致半焦产率下降。此外, 共热解增强了挥发分间的交互作用, 促进了焦油分子进一步裂解为小分子气体产物。
为了进一步研究共热解体系中 $\mathrm{{PP}}$ 含量对热解过程的影响, 采用气相色谱仪对热解气体产物进行分析, 结果如 图 7 所示。
图 7 可以看出:与PW 不同, PP 为高度聚合的 $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{H}$ 化合物,因此,其热解产生的气体产物主要为 ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}- {\mathrm{C}}_{3}$ ; 随着 $\mathrm{{PP}}$ 含量的增加, ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$$\mathrm{{CO}}$ 的产率显著下降, ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}- {\mathrm{C}}_{3}$ 逐渐成为气体产物的主要组分; 从协同作用分析,共热解有利于 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2},\mathrm{{CO}}$${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 的生成,显著抑制了 ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}- {\mathrm{C}}_{3}$ 的生成,当 PP 含量为 ${50}\%$ 时, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2},\mathrm{{CO}}$${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 产率分别提高了 ${5.4},{1.4},{2.1}\mathrm{{mL}}/\mathrm{g},{\mathrm{C}}_{2}- {\mathrm{C}}_{3}$ 产率降低了 ${15.3}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{g}$ 。这可能是因为 PP 热解产生的小分子自由基与 PW 热解产生的含氧组分发生反应, 促进了含氧官能团的脱除。气体产物的热值主要与热解气体中可燃气体的含量相关, ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}- {\mathrm{C}}_{3},{\mathrm{H}}_{2},{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$$\mathrm{{CO}}$ 对气体产物热值的贡献较大, ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 对气体产物热值的增长没有贡献。随着 $\mathrm{{PP}}$ 含量的增加,气体产物中的 ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}- {\mathrm{C}}_{3}$ 增多,因此,其热值也逐渐提高。当PP含量为 75%时,气体产物的低位热值(LHV)达到 32.35 $\mathrm{{MJ}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ,与天然气的热值相近,说明在共热解体系中添加 PP 不仅能够改善焦油的品质, 也有利于生成高热值的气体产物。
PP 含量对共热解焦油模拟蒸馏结果及轻质焦油产率的影响如 图 8 所示。
图 8(a)可以看出:随着 PP 含量的增加,轻油含量呈现出先增加后减小的趋势, 在 PP 含量为 50%时, 轻油含量最高, 为 32.5%;沥青含量则呈显著增加的趋势, 从 14.0%逐渐升高到 33.5%; 酚油、萘油、蒽油含量逐渐降低,洗油含量的变化相对较小。与 PW 单独热解时的焦油馏分分布相比,共热解时的焦油馏分分布向两端集中,主要为轻油和沥青,这说明共热解能够促进中间馏分的裂解和缩聚反应, 在生成轻质组分的同时还有利于生成大分子重质组分。为了解共热解对轻质焦油产率的协同作用,将焦油中除沥青 (>360 °C 的馏分)以外的部分作为轻质焦油, 沥青为重质焦油。
图 8(b)示出了共热解时按 PW 与 PP 含量加权计算的理论轻质焦油产率。从 图 8(b) 可以看出:随着混合物中 $\mathrm{{PP}}$ 含量的增加,轻质焦油产率呈现出减少的趋势;当 PP 含量小于 50%时,轻质焦油产率的实验值明显低于理论值, 说明共热解对轻质焦油的生成起负协同效果; 当 PP 含量为 75%时, 轻质焦油产率的实验值与理论值基本相同,表明此时共热解对焦油中轻质焦油的产生影响不大。总体而言, 在共热解体系中, PP 含量的提高不利于轻质焦油的产生。
根据官能团结构的不同, 可将焦油中的有机组分分为酸类、酚类、酮类、呋喃类、酯类、单环芳烃、多环芳烃、烷烃和烯烃。通过 GC-MS 对 PW 和 PP 单独热解及 PW 和 PP 以 1:1 的质量比混合进行共热解得到的焦油组分进行分析, 对检测到的不同化合物进行归类并利用面积归一法计算含量, 得到的不同类型化合物的分布如 图 9 所示。
生物质由纤维素、半纤维素和木质素等基本结构单元构成, 结构中含有的丰富含氧基团导致其热解焦油以复杂的含氧化合物为主。从 图 9 可以看出:当 PW 单独热解时,酚类物质是焦油的重要组分, 约占焦油总量的 41.9%, 其中苯酚类、愈创木酚类和紫丁香酚类是酚类物质的主要结构形式,与构成木质素的基本单元相似 [ 14 ] ,推测酚类物质主要来自于木质素热解中间体与小分子自由基结合形成的稳定产物; 热解焦油中还包含多种酸类、酮类、酯类以及呋喃类化合物, 这部分产物主要来自于纤维素和半纤维素糖苷键断裂后的重组产物 [ 15 - 17 ] ; 当 PP 单独热解时,焦油的主要组分为烷烃和烯烃,含量分别为 64.9%和 30.5%,产物中还存在少量的芳烃产物,未检测到含氧组分的生成。
与 PW 单独热解时的焦油相比, 共热解时的焦油中,酚类、酸类、酮类、呋喃类化合物的含量显著降低,其含量分别为 1.8%, 0.9%, 4.7%, 0.5%。 说明共热解能够提高生物质热解焦油中含氧官能团的反应活性,促进含氧官能团的脱除。此外,共热解有利于单环芳烃和酯类的形成, 降低焦油中多环芳烃的含量。木质素单体热解过程中的缩聚反应有利于多环芳烃的形成, 在共热解过程中, PP 热解提供的小分子自由基可能参与了木质素的热解,从而提前稳定木质素热解产物,抑制木质素热解产物进一步缩聚成稠环物质。在共热解焦油中,烯烃的含量为 35.5%, 高于两种样品单独热解时焦油中的烯烃含量, 表明共热解促进了烯烃形成。这可归因于共热解中 $\mathrm{{PW}}$ 产生的自由基能够为 $\mathrm{{PP}}$ 热解的进行提供更多的活性中心,更有利于烯烃结构的产生。
图 10 为 PW 与 PP 共热解半焦的扫描电镜图、拉曼光谱图和红外光谱图。
图 10(a)可以看出:PW 原材料由丝状纤维交织而成; 热解后的 PW 半焦丝状纤维交织结构减少,整体呈现出块状或条状;随着 PP 含量的提高, 半焦表面变得更加光滑, 球形度提高, 这主要是因为 PW 与 PP 共热解时, 熔融态的 PP 附着在 PW 表面, 有利于传热, 提高了 PW 的软化程度和流动性能, 并堵塞 PW 半焦内部的多孔结构 [ 7 , 18 ]
在拉曼光谱中, D 峰和 G 峰相对强度的变化可以反映样品的石墨化程度。从 图 10(b)可以看出,随着 $\mathrm{{PP}}$ 含量的增加,半焦的 ${I}_{\mathrm{D}}/{I}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 值逐渐减小, 表明半焦的石墨化程度逐步提高。这是因为 PP 是链状高分子聚合物, 热解过程中难以形成连续的芳环结构, 在与 PW 共热解时, PP 热解挥发分与具有一定芳环结构的 PW 发生反应, 已有的芳环结构作为晶核诱导了 PP 热解挥发分的有序组装,从而降低了体系的无序度 [ 19 ] 。此外, PP 的加入也促进了 PW 半焦中小芳环团簇缩合成大芳环团簇 [ 20 ] 。从图 ${10}\left(\mathrm{c}\right)$ 可以看出, ${1600}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$ 处的 $\mathrm{C}= \mathrm{C}$${3030}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$ 处的苯取代 $\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{H}$ 的伸缩振动增强, 说明共热解能够促进半焦中芳香结构的增强。
本文通过固定床反应器探究了生物质和塑料的共热解特性,得到如下结论。
① 热解温度是影响 PW 热解过程的重要参数;当 PW 单独热解时,在 500 ℃下获得最高焦油产率,为 31.2%; 高温可增强挥发分间的二次反应, 有利于生成小分子气体, 可促进焦油中轻质组分向重质组分转化。
②PW 与 PP 共热解增强了挥发分间的交互作用, 使气体产率增加, 焦油和半焦产率下降; 共热解可促进 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2},\mathrm{{CO}}$${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 的生成,抑制 ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}- {\mathrm{C}}_{3}$ 的生成; 当 PW 和 PP 以 1:1 的质量比共热解时,与 $\mathrm{{PW}}$ 单独热解时相比, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2},\mathrm{{CO}}$${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 产率分别提高了 ${5.4},{1.4},{2.1}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{g},{\mathrm{C}}_{2}- {\mathrm{C}}_{3}$ 产率降低了 ${15.3}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{g}$ ; 共热解半焦的表面更加光滑, 半焦的石墨化程度随着 PP 含量的增加而增大。
③PW 热解焦油的主要组分为酚类、酸类、酮类等含氧组分,其中酚类化合物含量约为 41.9%; PP 热解焦油的主要组分为烷烃和烯烃,含量分别为 64.9%和 30.5%;在共热解焦油中,酚类、酸类、 酮类、呋喃类含氧化合物的含量相比于PW 单独热解时显著降低,其含量分别为 ${1.8}\%,{0.9}\%,{4.7}\%$ , 0.5%。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(22078053)
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2024年第42卷第8期
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  • 接收时间:2023-01-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-13
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(22078053)
作者信息
    1 大连理工大学 化工学院,煤化工研究设计所 辽宁 大连 116024

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胡浩权(1961-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为能源化工。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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